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Governing Resources in Changing Environment Mangku Purnomo Governing Resources in a Changing Environment This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License 3.0 “by-nd”, allowing you to download, distribute and print the document in a few copies for private or educational use, given that the document stays unchanged and the creator is mentioned. You are not allowed to sell copies of the free version. erschienen in der Reihe der Universitätsdrucke im Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2011 Mangku Purnomo Governing Resources in a Changing Environment Local Responses in Contemporary Rural East Java, Indonesia Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2011 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. Address of the Author Mangku Purnomo E-mail: [email protected] This work is protected by German Intellectual Property Right Law. It is also available as an Open Access version through the publisher’s homepage and the Online Catalogue of the State and University Library of Goettingen (http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de). Users of the free online version are invited to read, download and distribute it. Users may also print a small number for educational or private use. However they may not sell print versions of the online book. 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Heiko Faust 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Werner Kreisel Tag der Disputation: 29.06.2011 Satz und Layout: Mangku Purnomo, Franziska Lorenz Umschlaggestaltung: Franziska Lorenz Titelabbildung: Mangku Purnomo, Prof. Dr. Heiko Faust; Barbara Beckert (kleine Bilder: Pusung Tutup-Wanakitri; Ngadas / großes Bild: Ngadisari village) © 2011 Universitätsverlag Göttingen http://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de ISBN: 978-3-86395-030-9 Acknowledgements Many thanks are due to numerous individuals and institutions who have contributed to the various stages of my research and the final texture of this thesis. I am also very grateful to my supervisors, Prof. Heiko Faust and Prof. Werner Kreisel, for constantly providing intellectual support and space to let me find my own way of realizing this doctoral project as well as Prof. Christoph Dittrich, Human Geography division leader. I also learned from my colleagues from Division of Human Geogra- phy and Indonesian community in Göttingen and other presenters, as I try to attend as many sessions as I can at the venues where I speak. The contributions of all these people have been invaluable. For full scholarship and other support, thank to the Directorate General of Higher Education Republic of Indonesia and Brawijaya Uni- versity. Last but not least, I also want to express my appreciation to my wife and daughter, Fiska and Azzalea, who have served as a sounding board for supporting my work. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... i Table of Contents .................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ......................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ........................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations, Acronyms, Glossaries .................................................................. xi Executive Summary .............................................................................................. xiii 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem Statement and Research Goals .................................................. 4 1.3 Structure of the Book ................................................................................. 8 2. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................... 11 iv Table of Contents 2.1 Environmental Change: Political Ecology Perspective ....................... 11 2.2 Recent Environmental Changes ............................................................. 15 2.2.1 Physical Environmental Changes .................................................... 15 2.2.2 Development, Population Growth and Impoverishing Process ................................................................... 17 2.3 Ethnic Identity and Territorial Claim..................................................... 19 2.4. Livelihood Strategies in the Changing Environment ......................... 22 2.5 Transformation of Resources Governance and its Sustainability ...... 25 2.6 Working Hypothesis ................................................................................. 28 3. Research Method ............................................................................................... 29 3.1 Data Generation ........................................................................................ 29 3.1.1 Location and Sample Selection ........................................................ 29 3.1.2 In-Depth Interviews .......................................................................... 31 3.1.3 Semi-Structured Interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) ............................................................................................. 32 3.2 Verification and Validation ...................................................................... 33 3.3 Analysis ....................................................................................................... 34 3.4 Research Site: Turn up To Upland Bromo ........................................... 36 3.5 Research Villages Situation ...................................................................... 38 4. Socio-economic Background Shaping Local Resources Governance ....... 43 4.1 The Narrative of Commercialization of the Rural Economy ............. 43 4.1.1 The Influences of the Colonialist Regime ...................................... 43 4.1.2 The Influences of the Old-Order and New-Order Regimes ................ 47 4.1.3 Political Turmoil and the Reform Era ............................................ 49 4.2 Commercialization of State Forest Company and National Park ...... 53 4.3 Territorial Claims of the Tenggerese Ethnic Group ............................ 56 5. Environmental Changes: Social and Physical Dimensions Shaping Local Resources Governance ......................................................................... 63 5.1 Social Dimension: Marginalization of Rural Poor Households ......... 63 5.1.1 Excluded from Forest Resources .................................................... 63 5.1.2 Losing Control over Agricultural and Settlement Lands ............. 66 Governing resources in the changing environment v 5.2 Physical Dimension: The Variability of Rain, Fog and Wind Cycle .. 73 6. The Emerging New Resources Governance.................................................. 81 6.1 The Structure of Local Resource Tenure ............................................... 81 6.1.1 The Role of the State Forest Company ........................................... 81 6.1.2 The Role of Bromo National Park ................................................... 85 6.1.4 The Role of the Private Forest Companies (PFCs) ....................... 89 6.1.5 The Role of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) .............. 92 6.1.6 The Role of the Village Administration .......................................... 93 6.2 The Struggle for Resources ...................................................................... 94 6.2.1 Struggle for Power within Groups ................................................... 94 6.2.2 Struggle for Power among Groups .................................................. 96 6.3 Kinds of Local Resources Governance .................................................. 98 6.3.1 Multi-institutional Relationship based Resources Governance ... 98 6.3.2 Bilateral Institutional Relationship based Resources Governance ................................................................ 102 6.3.3 Personal Relationship based Resources Governance ................. 105 7. Adaptation and Typology of Rural Households Strategies and Sustainability of the New Local Resources Governance .....................109 7.1 Adaptation Strategies ............................................................................. 109 7.1.1 Involvement in Multi-institutionally Based Resources Governance ................................................................................... 109 7.1.2 Involved in Bilateral Institutionally Based Resources Governance ................................................................................... 119 7.1.3 Involved in Personally Based Resources Governance ............... 122 7.1.4 Illegal Activities for Accessing Resources .................................... 127 7.2 Typology of Rural Livelihood Strategies ............................................. 135 7.3 The Sustainability of the New Resources Governance ..................... 137 8. Discussion: Governing Resources in a Changing Environment ...............143 8.1 Spatial Production of the Upland Bromo ........................................... 143 8.2 The Emergence of New Local Resources Governance .................... 147 8.3 Rural Poor Household Strategies ......................................................... 153
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