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13479 Laksono 2020 E.Docx International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. www.ijicc.net Volume 13, Issue 4, 2020 Study of Family Size Among Tenggerese in Indonesia Agung Dwi Laksonoa,b, Oedojo Soedirhamc, Pinky Saptandarid, *Ratna Dwi Wulandarie,aNational Institute of Health Research and Development, The Ministry of Health, The Republic of Indonesia, bDoctoral Program, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, cDepartment of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, dDepartment of Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, eDepartment of Policy and Administration, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, *Corresponding author: Ratna Dwi Wulandari. Email: [email protected] This research examines how tradition, religion, livelihood, and environment could influence and construct family sizes in Tenggerese. The study was conducted with a realist ethnographic study approach. The results showed that despite having another profession, Tenggerese people still claim to be farmers. Tenggerese realised that there was limited land. The amount of land is fixed, but the population continues to increase. Then there must be an effort to limit birth rate to maintain a balance between the number of people and land. Tenggerese religion comes from ancestors. Out of the region around Bromo, then the same as leaving the ancestral land of Tengger. Keywords: Family size, Family planning, Maternal health, Ethnography, Tenggerese. Introduction Family size can be seen in two perspectives. At the individual (micro) level, family size defines one aspect of one's family background or environment. In this context, the meaning and value of the family develop in the context of the local community environment. At the social or community level (macro), family size is an indicator of community structure that can vary from time to time, with concurrent implications for the development of individuals and social relations in different groups (‘Encyclopedia of Sociology’, 2001; Lai & Thornton, 964 International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. www.ijicc.net Volume 13, Issue 4, 2020 2014; Shulgina, Elena M.; Fang et al., 2014; Fontaine, 2015). In a social context, family size plays an important role in the area of population. Family size affects the fluctuation in the population (Thomson, 2015). In the context of the Tengger community, particularly in Wonokitri Village, Tosari Subdistrict, Pasuruan Regency, the tendency of increasing population, or in terms of the population referred to as the population growth rate, is observed to be lower than the population growth rate at the provincial and national levels. According to local traditional shaman informants, this low rate of population growth occurred in the eighties. The initiation of the family planning program from the government at that time was supported by the ownership of agricultural land in the increasingly narrow Tengger region. In 2015, the population growth rate in Wonokitri Village was about 0.27%. Meanwhile, the 2015-2020 population growth rate released by the Central Statistics Agency based on the results of Indonesia's population projections for 2015-2020 (Mid-year/June) in Indonesia reached 1.08% (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2018). Natural growth rate (growth based solely on birth and death events) in Wonokitri Village for three consecutive years was 0.13% in 2015; 0.24% in 2016; 0.54% in 2017; and 0.00% in 2018. Generally, the population growth rates in the Wonokitri Village during four years were still far below the population growth rate at the national level. The dominance of the Tengger tribe among people who live in rural areas on the slopes of Mount Bromo, especially in Wonokitri Village, makes people in these locations tend to have something in common. The majority of Wonokitri Village people are Hindu Tengger. The topography of the Wonokitri Village on the slopes of Mount Bromo with its fertile soil characteristics makes the local community almost entirely livelihood as farmers or cultivators (Utomo, Hidayat and Yuliati, 2015; Haryanto, 2016). The low population growth rate phenomenon in Wonokitri Village is a reflection of the family size chosen by the local community. The construction of small family size is likely the influence of the inherent factors that characterise the identity of the local community. Traditional Tengger, Tengger Hinduism, and livelihoods as farmers or cultivators are factors that have the potential to support the construction of the family size. Based on this background, this study is intended to describe the construction of family size in the Tengger tribe. This research examines how customs, religion, livelihoods and the environment can influence and construct family sizes in the Tengger tribe. The results of this study are important as an input for the improvement of family planning policies based on local contexts in the future, especially those based on local cultural elements. 965 International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. www.ijicc.net Volume 13, Issue 4, 2020 Research focus This research will focus on the phenomenon of the family size, which was put forward as a research background. The family size used in this study is the number of nuclear family members. A family consists of two parents (who are married, both administratively by the state and by customary recognition) and their children (one or more)(The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018). The children are referred to as only biological children who are siblings or blood relatives. Some researchers include stepparents and mixed children including stepchildren and adopted children in the nuclear family (Haviland et al., 2007; Blackwell, 2010), but this study is limited to family members who have a biological relationship with both parents. Methods Study design This qualitative research was conducted using a realist ethnographic study approach (Darmayantia, Ekawatib and Rachmat, 2020). The ethnographic method was chosen because of the phenomenon of small family size in the Tengger tribe which was felt to be very complex with many things interacting and influencing each other, which cannot be studied or examined using other approaches or methods. Ethnography with a realist approach seeks to describe the cultural situation of participants objectively based on information obtained directly from the participants in the research field. Ethnographic research methods require researchers to live together with research subjects to be able to feel what research subjects feel (natural context), in this case, the Tengger tribe community (Laksono, Soerachman and Angkasawati, 2016). The main data collection methods were in-depth interviews and participatory observation. Interview guides were semi-structured, open and probing. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Study sites This research was conducted for one year in 2019 at the Tengger Tribe in Wonokitri Village, Tosari District, Pasuruan Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. Wonokitri Village was chosen because it is one of the villages on the slopes of Mount Bromo which, according to the local community, is considered to be still holding strong the tradition of the Tengger tribe compared to other villages in the Bromo Mountains region. Wonokitri Village was also 966 International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. www.ijicc.net Volume 13, Issue 4, 2020 chosen due to locality, namely the location of the upper Tengger tribal settlement, approaching Mount Bromo, as the source and cultural centre of the Tengger tribe community. Study Informants Informants in the study at the beginning were Tengger's traditional shaman and the village head. The selection of the two men as key informants because of theirpositions as Tengger tribe figures who understand the culture and customs of the Tengger tribe. Furthermore, informants were obtained by purposive sampling. A total of 51 in-depth interviews were conducted in the community, traditional leaders, religious leaders, and government figures. The initial interview process was conducted formally by visiting the house of a traditional healer. This is done as an initial introductory step and explains the intention of the researcher to learn about the Tengger Tribe, as well as asking permission to record or recording to the informant. For subsequent interviews, the researcher attempted to conduct interviews following the daily cultural atmosphere. Interviews can be conducted while following or matching the ritual activities of the Tengger people. Data analysis Data were analysed using a phased forward research approach proposed by Spradley (Spradley, 1979). This approach was carried out as a process to help researchers find the domains, categories, themes, and patterns that emerge from the data. The temporary domain in the interview guide was used as the initial guide for analysing data. Themes and patterns emerge after looking at the data from all groups of informants. Data were coded manually by researchers. Trends and themes are relations and interactions of several cultural domains that are found to be related to the size of the Tengger family (Kusumawardani et al., 2015). Results The construction of family size in the Tengger tribe was very complex. This was the interaction of several cultural factors. The dominance of the Tengger tribe among people who live in rural areas on the slopes
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