Front cover photograph:- Granite at Low’s Peak, Kinabalu Mountain, Malaysia. Back cover photographs:- (anti-clockwise from top left) 1. Peak clusters at Yuntaishan Geopark, China. 2. Merapi Volcano, Indonesia. 3. Columnar basalts at San-in Coast, Japan. 4. Lava Tube at Jeju Island, Korea. 5. Limestone pinnacles at Mulu, Malaysia. 6. Limestone of Chocolate Hills, Philippines. 7. Natural pillar at Phu Phra Baht, Thailand. 8. Karst Islands at Ha Long, Vietnam. Geoheritage of East and Southeast Asia EDITORS PROFESSOR DR. MOHD SHAFEEA LEMAN Chairman Geological Heritage Group of Malaysia Deputy Director, Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor, MALAYSIA e-mail: [email protected] DR. ANTHONY REEDMAN Honorary Adviser to CCOP 15 Malvern Road, Mapperley Nottingham NG3 5GZ UNITED KINGDOM e-mail: [email protected] MR. CHEN SHICK PEI CCOP IYPE Coordinator Honorary Adviser to CCOP No. 1617, Jalan Urat Mata, Lorong 3, Tabuan Heights Extension, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak MALAYSIA e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATORS DR. HEE-YOUNG CHUN Director e-mail: [email protected] MS. MARIVIC PULVERA UZARRAGA Geo-Information Sector Coordinator e-mail: [email protected] MR. NIRAN CHAIMANEE Geo-Environment Sector Coordinator e-mail: [email protected] CCOP Technical Secretariat CCOP Building 75/10 Rama VI Road, Payathai, Ratchathewi Bangkok 10400, THAILAND Tel: +66 (0) 2644 5468 Fax: +66 (0) 2644 5429 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.ccop.or.th Editors Mohd Shafeea Leman Anthony Reedman Chen Shick Pei Published in Malaysia by: Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Selangor Darul Ehsan. and, Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southest Asia (CCOP) CCOP Technical Secretariat CCOP Building 75/10 Rama VI Road, Payathai, Ratchathewi Bangkok 10400, THAILAND © Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI) 2008 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia © Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from CCOP and LESTARI UKM National Library Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Geoheritage of East and Southest Asia / edited by Mohd Shafeea Leman, Anthony Reedman, Chen Shick Pei. Includes index ISBN 978-967-5227-02-8 1. Geology--East Asia. 2. Geology--Southeast Asia. 3. Conservation of natural resources--Asia. 4. Conservation of natural resources--Southeast Asia. I. Mohd. Shafeea Leman. II. Reedman, Anthony. III. Chen, Shick Pei. 555 Printed in Malaysia by AMPANG PRESS SDN. BHD. 6, Jalan 6/91, Taman Shamelin Perkasa Batu 3½ Jalan Cheras 56100 Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA e-mail: [email protected] !Content! Message from IYPE vii Message from CCOP viii Message from UKM x Preface from Editors xii Chapter 1 Global Geoparks Network: An Integrated Approach for Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Use 1-13 Chapter 2 Geoheritage of China 15-56 Chapter 3 Geoheritage of Indonesia 57-92 Chapter 4 Geoheritage of Japan 93-111 Chapter 5 Geoheritage of Korea 113-147 Chapter 6 Geoheritage of Malaysia 149-184 Chapter 7 Geoheritage of the Philippines 185-216 Chapter 8 Geoheritage of Thailand 217-249 Chapter 9 Geoheritage of Vietnam 251-295 Glossary 297-308 vi Message from IYPE t is a great privilege introducing this book on the Geoheritage of East and Southeast Asia as a contribution to the International Year of Planet II Earth (IYPE) by the Coordination Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP). This book greatly supports the aims and objectives of the International Year of Planet Earth as proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations for 2008 and extended by the IYPE Corporation to 2007 and 2009. These aims and ambitions focus on raising awareness for the great importance of the geosciences for the daily life of citizens to arrive at safer, healthier and more prosperous societies on this planet. They are also geared at convincing politicians and decision makers to effectively apply the knowledge accumulated in the minds of and through the publications by the about 400,000 active geoscientists in the world, among which, rapidly growing numbers are serving in East and Southeast Asian region. Moreover, the IYPE aims to excite people and in particular youth in gaining interest in the world surrounding them and to be captured by the stories stones and landscapes can tell us about how our planet has developed to its present state. The Geoheritage of East and Southeast Asia is incredibly rich but has not yet gained the attention by the public at large that it deserves. Therefore, IYPE Corporation is very happy that the initiators for this book selected geoheritage as the topic for their contribution to the International Year of Planet Earth. By distributing this beautiful book widely throughout the region we hope and expect that it will enhance the appreciation for the beauty of the Earth and interest of the public in the exciting science behind it. The International Year of Planet Earth is being celebrated in 74 nations around the globe including China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. The IYPE Corporation is very pleased that all these countries in East and Southeast Asia have contributed to this book. Our gratitude also extends to LESTARI and UKM for their generous financial contribution to realize this book. This is a fine example of the successful and effective cooperation among the geoscientific communities in the region which is an extra asset to the legacy of the IYPE. We are most thankful, therefore, to CCOP and the persons behind this great initiative and we wish them that this accessible book will be read and appreciated by the numerous citizens that populate this region. Eduardo de Mulder Executive Director IYPE Corporation vii Message from CCOP he year 2008 was declared by the 60th United Nations General Assembly to be the International Year of Planet Earth. It was agreed that “the TT Assembly would encourage Member States, the United Nations system and other actors to use the Year to increase awareness of the importance of Earth sciences in achieving sustainable development and promoting local, national, regional and international action” To this end the International Year of Planet Earth aims not only to organize wide ranging geoscientific programmes but also a programme of outreach activities appropriate to audiences from all sectors of society. It is the biggest ever international effort to promote the Earth sciences as sources of knowledge that are vital to mankind’s future survival. The principal target groups for the Year’s broader messages are: " Decision makers and politicians who need to be better informed about how Earth scientific knowledge can be used to achieve sustainable development. " The public who need to know how Earth scientific knowledge can contribute to a better society; a safer and wealthier society. " Geoscientists, who are very knowledgeable about various aspects of the Earth but who need help in applying their knowledge for the benefit of the world’s population today and tomorrow. The Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP) strongly supports the aims of the International Year of Planet Earth. CCOP is an inter-governmental organization with eleven Member Countries from the region: Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Its mission is to facilitate and coordinate the implementation of applied geoscience programmes in order to contribute to the economic development and an improved quality of life within the region. This is achieved through the promotion of capacity building, technology transfer, exchange of information and institutional linkages focused on sustainable resource development, management of geoinformation, geohazard mitigation and protection of the environment. The suggestion that CCOP should produce a book on geoheritage in the CCOP region to mark the International Year of Planet Earth was first put forward by two senior Honorary Advisers of CCOP, Dr Anthony Reedman and Dr Yoshihiko Shimazaki. This suggestion was endorsed by the CCOP Steering Committee in October, 2006. In the following Steering Committee meeting in March 2007, Dr Anthony Reedman, Prof Dr Mohd Shafeea Leman and Chen Shick Pei were named viii as co-editors of the proposed book and were given the task of guiding it through to publication and launch in 2008. A book production team comprising a National Coordinator from each CCOP Member Country, the Geo-information Coordinator of the CCOP Technical Secretariat, and the three co-editors was officially formed at the first Coordinators’ meeting held in Bangi, Malaysia in July 2007. During the meeting, the guidelines for Member Countries’ contributions were clarified, and agreed. Other overall aspects of the book were also discussed. Each Member Country was requested to prepare a chapter for the book following guidelines prepared by the co-editors and agreed in the Coordinators’ meeting. Member Countries were also encouraged to prepare a more detailed version of their chapter that could be published in their own language by their own IYPE National Committee. Subsequently, a further