Section 36.2 Students should identify the correct locations on the map for Section 36.2.

North Africa • Hitler hoped to cut off the Allies’ oil from the Middle East by securing North Africa for the Axis powers and pushing the British out of Egypt. • Hitler sent Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and the Afrika Korps to join the Italian army in North Africa. • By June 1942, Rommel had taken much of North Africa and had driven deep into Egypt.

Poland • Poles were treated with contempt by the Nazis. • Jews in Poland were forced into ghettos. • Thousands of Jews died from disease and starvation in the Warsaw Ghetto. • Six death camps were built in Poland. • Death camps were equipped with gas chambers, in which tens of thousands were killed each month.

Soviet Union • The Nazis invaded the western part of the Soviet Union. • The Nazis used blitzkrieg tactics to overcome Soviet troops. • A large German force approached Moscow. • A Nazi force marched toward the oil-rich Caucasus

Section 36.3 Students should identify the correct locations on the map for Section 36.3.

Southern Italy • The Allies used North Africa as a staging area to invade the island of Sicily in southern Italy. • The Allied assault met little opposition at first. • Italy’s political leaders voted to oust Mussolini and restore the king and parliament. Italy surrendered to the Allies and soon declared war on Germany. • German forces remained in Italy and battled Allied forces as they moved north.

Stalingrad • Axis troops moved farther into Soviet territory. • Hitler split his forces so they could seize the rest of the Caucasus and also take Stalingrad. • By mid-September, Axis troops had trapped a large Soviet force inside of Stalingrad. • The Soviet Red Army launched a counteroffensive against the Nazi assault. • The German troops were surrounded, but Hitler insisted that they fight to their death. • German troops surrendered to the Soviets. • More than 200,000 German and 1 million Soviet soldiers died in the Battle of Stalingrad. Normandy • Operation Overlord called for an invasion of France. • On D-Day, landing craft unloaded Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy. • German gun batteries targeted the invading Allies. • By the end of the first day, the Allies held 59 miles of the Normandy coast. • From Normandy, Allied troops began a rapid sweep across France and liberated Paris in August 1944.

Battle of the Bulge • Hitler planned for his armies to burst through the Allied lines in the Ardennes region of Belgium. • On December 16, 1944, eight German armored divisions smashed into the American forces, creating a large bulge in the Allied line. • Allied air support and the support of General Patton’s Third Army forced the Germans to withdraw. • The Battle of the Bulge was the last German offensive on the western front.

Section 36.4 Students should identify the correct locations on the map for Section 36.4.

Philippines • Under the command of General MacArthur, Americans and Filipinos battled a fierce Japanese onslaught. • Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to leave the Philippines, but MacArthur vowed to return. • After the Japanese completed their conquest of the Philippines, they rounded up approximately 70,000 American and Filipino prisoners and marched them up the Bataan Peninsula to a prison camp. • During the Bataan Death March, more than 7,000 American and Filipino prisoners died.

Tokyo • On April 18, 1942, 16 American bombers bombed Tokyo and other Japanese cities. • The bombs did little damage to Japan, but the surprise raids thrilled Americans and shocked the Japanese. • The Japanese responded by putting more resources into defending the home islands.

Coral Sea • After American code breakers learned that Japan was moving to isolate Australia, the Americans sent a small naval force to the Coral Sea. • The Battle of the Coral Sea was fought entirely by carrier-based aircraft. • This was the first naval battle in history in which the enemies’ warships never came within sight of each other. • Japanese aircraft sank two American carriers, while American planes sank one Japanese carrier and damaged the other two. • Americans gained a strategic victory despite fairly even losses.

Section 36.5 Students should identify the correct locations on the map for Section 36.5.

Midway • The Americans intercepted a coded Japanese message telling of plans for a major offensive, most likely at the U.S base at Midway. • American planes demolished the enemy force. • Japan never recovered from the loss of naval carriers and so many of its experienced pilots. • The Battle of Midway was Japan’s last offensive action in the war.

Okinawa • Knowing that Okinawa would give the Americans a prime staging area for the invasion of Japan, Japanese military leaders moved their best army units from Japan and China to defend the island. • The Allies launched a large amphibious invasion in April 1945. • The Japanese strongly resisted the American invaders. • Combat in Okinawa continued for two months and claimed the lives of more than 100,000 American and Japanese soldiers.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki • On August 6, 1945 an American bomber dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, instantly killing as many as 80,000 Japanese. • Thousands of structures toppled and hundreds of fires consumed the city as a result of the bombing. • Three days later the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki, instantly killing some 40,000 people. • As a result of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, up to 250,000 people may have died from burns, radiation poisoning, or cancer. • The destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki brought a Japanese surrender.