World Bank Document

PNG Rural Communications ESMF

E2429 &217(176 Acronyms...... 3 Chapter 1: Introduction...... 5 1.1 General Context of the Report...... 5 1.2 Executive Summary ...... 6 1.2.1 General Summary ...... 6

Public Disclosure Authorized 1.2.2 Field Report Summary...... 7 Chapter 2. Environmental and Social Management Framework ...... 9 2.1 Background to ESMF ...... 9 2.2 Objectives of the ESMF...... 9 2.3 Background to PNG Information and Communication Sector ...... 10 2.4 PNG’s Current Rural Communication Project Description ...... 14 2.5 Project Location...... 17 Chapter 3. Legal and Policy Framework: Analysis for Environmental Management...... 22 3.1 National Legislation, Regulations and Policies...... 22 3.2 Papua New Guinea ICT Policy...... 32 3.3 The World Bank: Role and Safeguard Policies...... 33 3.4 Key Organizations: Legal and Regulatory issues ...... 38 3.5 Applicable Regulatory Framework ...... 41 Public Disclosure Authorized 3.6 Gaps in PNG and International Legislations...... 42 Chapter 4 - Environmental and Social Management Approach ...... 46 4.1 Project Management Team and Procedure ...... 46 4.2 Roles and Responsibilities...... 47 4.3 Environmental and Social Guidelines...... 51 4.4 Environmental Monitoring ...... 56 4.5 Environmental Education: Awareness and Trainings...... 56 4.6 Documentation ...... 58 4.7 Environmental and Social Management Framework Budget ...... 58 4.8 Project Screening, Review and Implementation Process ...... 58 (This section can be deleted and included in project documents as a separate document)...... 73

Public Disclosure Authorized 5.1 Purpose of the Social Assessment ...... 73 5.2 Conceptual Approach and Methodology ...... 73 5.3 Background ...... 73 5.4 The East Sepik Province...... 75 5.5 Field visits ...... 78 5.6. Mitigation strategies ...... 87 5.7. Chimbu Province ...... 88 Chapter 6. Biophysical Assessment of Demonstration Rural Communications Project...... 101 6.1 Locations of Demonstration Projects...... 101 6.2 East Sepik Province...... 102 6.3 Chimbu Province ...... 104 6.4 Results ...... 107 Chapter 7. Conclusions ...... 116

Public Disclosure Authorized 7.1 Document Overview...... 116 7.2 Field Study Recommendations and Conclusions...... 116 Appendixes...... 118 APPENDIX - A. Communications Conditions of Chimbu and East Sepik Provinces...... 118 APPENDIX B. Current Conservation, Protected and Wildlife Management Areas in PNG...... 128 APPENDIX C. Endangered, Rare and Endemic Flora and Fauna in Papua New Guinea...... 129 APPENDIX D. Environment Act 2000: Prescribed Activities ...... 134 1 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

APPENDIX - E. Some Safeguard Principles- ...... 139 APPENDIX - F. PNG’s Telecommunications and Information Technology ...... 140 APPENDIX.- G: Some Important Plants of PNG...... 142 APPENDIX – H: NICTA Occupational Health and Safety Policy...... 148 APPENDIX – I: Summary of Consultations held in the project...... 149 Appendix – J: Expected Environmental Impacts of the Rural Communications Project...... 154 Appendix – K: Land Acquisition Guidelines...... 174 Appendix – L: Community Consultation Guidelines...... 176 References: ...... 177

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Acronyms

PNG – Papua New Guinea PANGTEL – Papua New Guinea Radio communications and Telecommunications Technical Authority (regulator). GoPNG – Government of Papua New Guinea (National level). DCI – Department of Communications and Information, Papua New Guinea. DEC – Department of Environment and Conservation, PNG. GoJ - Government of Japan PHRD – Policy and Human Resources Development. ICT – Information and Communications Technology ICCC – Independent Consumer and Competition Commission PTC – Post and Telecommunication Corporation (PNG) now called Post PNG and Telikom PNG, respectively. GPRS - General Packet Radio Service VSAT - Very Small Aperture Terminal (satellite) NEC – National Executive Council NICTA – National Information and Communication Technology Authority. DSL - Digital Subscribers Line MTDS – Medium Term Development Strategy HIV/AIDS – Human Immune Viral / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome LLG – Local Level Government This includes community (Ward) councilors, council president who are under district (Open electorate) Members of Parliament. UAS - Universal Access Scheme PIU - Project Implementation Unit ICT - Information and Communication Technology SMS - Short Message Service MTDS - Medium Term Development Strategy ISP - Internet Service Provider NGO -Non Government Organization OP -Operational Policy WLL -Wireless Local loop ToR -Terms of Reference EMF -Environmental Management Framework (also denoted ESMF) EIA -Environmental Impact Assessment EC -Environmental Coordinator EPA -Environment Protection Agency LAA -Land Acquisition Act FAB -Frequency Allocation Board

PAPs -Project Affected People IEE -Initial Environmental Examination WB -World Bank PPE -Personal Protective Equipment EHS -Environment, Health and Safety EMP -Environment Management Plan UPNG -University of Papua New Guinea

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UoG -University of Goroka Unitech -University of Technology, Lae UoV -University of Vudal (now known as University of Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability) OHS -Occupational, Health and Safety ITC -International Telecommunication Convention GIS -Geographic Information System GPS -Global Positioning System CFC -Chlorofluorocarbons ESHS -Environment, Social, Health and Safety WWF -World Wide Fund For Nature WHO -World Health Organization ICCC -Independent Consumer & Competition Commission BTS -Basic Telephony Services EBRD -European Bank for Reconstruction and Development WMA -Wildlife Management Area ICADP -Integrated Conservation and Development Program EA -Environmental Assessment BP -Bank Procedure OD -Operational Directive GP -Good Practice RESU -Regional Environment Sector Unit UNDP -United Nations Development Programme AusAID -Australian Agency for International Development JICA -Japanese International Cooperation for Assistance SPREP -South Pacific Regional Environment Programme. It is also referred to as Noumea Convention. CBO -Community Based Organizations (e.g: Churches, Youths, Women’s Groups, ILGs, Clan/Tribal Development Groups) Km2 -Square kilometers of Land Area DBH Diameter at Breast Height (usually measured in centimeters)

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Chapter 1: Introduction

This section provides the contextual overview by way of outlining the purpose for this document and the summary and the structure of the report. The subsection 1.3 on the structure of this report contains a brief on the contents of various sections of this report.

1.1 General Context of the Report

The need for development in rural areas is highly desired to cope with the advancing modern lifestyle. However, Papua New Guinea faces a lot of challenges for any sustainable development to occur. The factors of development are varied and sometimes localized to geopolitical areas. Communication infrastructure development is one of the important factors for effective and efficient delivery of goods and services to the people. Most often rural people are disadvantaged by the lack of basic infrastructures, resulting in poor or lack of delivery of much needed goods and services, which result in subsequent build up of rural poverty.

Access to better communications services not only affect individual interactions but also businesses’ behaviors and communities’ productivity. The recent mobile services improvements show that increasing overall service coverage and promoting access to telecommunications service have high economic benefits. Overall, it is evident that introduction of mobile telephony competitiveness is contributing to effective and efficient business activities in mobile coverage regions. The economic, social, environmental related information and communications in PNG have been poorly delivered in rural areas, which have contributed to negative or poor status of health, education and safety conditions. These can be further improved by developing more basic telephone, radio, Internet and broadband access throughout the country, especially in rural areas. However, the high benefits can also be concentrated only on a minority of Papua New Guineans if there are no proper legal and regulatory mechanisms to promote more widespread benefits. These involve management of various sectors including environmental aspect of telecommunications development.

The government of Papua New Guinea needs to re-develop an applicable legal and regulatory framework consistent with current changes, advancements in telecommunications. The government of Papua New Guinea acknowledges the importance of developing telecommunications in rural areas. . The government has adopted a new National ICT Policy (March 2009) which includes a Universal Access and Service (UAS) Fund, and passed a new National ICT law in support of the policy. In order to organize and start the UAS and UAS Fund, the Government has requested financing from the World Bank for a Rural Communications Project. This Project will be implemented by the PNG Department of Communications and Information (DCI) and by the new National ICT Authority (NICTA). The Government has already received a grant from the Government of Japan’s Policy and Human Resources Development Fund (PHRD) to prepare this project. This includes the preparation of environmental and social management framework.

As noted above, a main focus of the PNG ICT policy reform and the National ICT Act (2009) is the development of a Universal Access Scheme (UAS). Despite the rollout obligations of licensed mobile operators to provide services in 229 listed areas, and notwithstanding the likely impact of greater competition that the reforms of ICT will stimulate, a significant ‘’access gap’’ or ‘’digital divide’’ is likely to persist in PNG due to the operational and socio-economic constraints. Thus, the policy reform recommends establishing an incentive program in line with international best practices. The UAS Fund is intended to meet more ambitious targets including Internet access and voice access outside the mandatory rollout areas and those likely to be served by market forces in the medium term. The UAS fund will be financed by a levy on the telecommunications industry, starting in 2011.

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The proposed Rural Communication Project includes a Component to demonstrate how the Universal Access and Service Fund mechanism would work in practice. As well as technical assistance for the Government, the Project will finance a capital subsidy to prospective telecommunications service providers (through a competitive bidding process) to deploy telecommunications infrastructure in unserved and under-served rural areas. Specifically, the Project will finance two Demonstration Projects for telecommunications network and service expansion in PNG: one in Chimbu and one in E. Sepik provinces, both of which have large unserved populations. The Project component will finance a third demonstration project for the provision of public Internet access (using existing telecommunications infrastructure and facilities) in up to sixty district centres. Future UAS projects would be financed directly by the UAS Fund itself.

The objectives for this report are to assess possible environmental and social impacts and to:

1. Outline options for an Environmental Management Plan for the proposed Universal Access Scheme in PNG,

2. Provide Guidelines and appropriate Mitigation Measures for the activities related to the implementation of the Demonstration Projects under the World Bank-financed Rural Communications Project.

These report concerns the Environmental and Social components of communications assessments for legal and regulatory framework in Papua New Guinea. The need to have applicable legal and regulatory framework for environmental assessment, monitoring and management regarding rural communications in PNG are contained in various sections and subsections of the report.

1.2 Executive Summary 1.2.1 General Summary

The ESMF is aimed at ensuring that all new investments in telecommunications meet: o Applicable National Regulations o World Bank Safeguard Policies o International Conventions and treaties’ Commitments o International Best Practices in Environmental Management o Environmental and Socioeconomic Sustainability aspirations of development for Papua New Guinea.

In 2007, the Government introduced competition in mobile telecommunications, improving access to basic telephony in larger population centers. The competition regulator, ICCC, awarded two new mobile telecom licenses, to Digicel and GreenCom, in March 2007, anticipating the expiration of Telikom’s exclusive license (“regulatory contract”) in October that year. Digicel launched service in July 2007, whereas Greencom is unlikely to do so. In late 2008 the Government divested 50 percent of its share in Telikom PNG’s mobile subsidiary, B Mobile (now rebranded as bemobile), to an investor group comprising Capital Way (a subsidiary of a Hong Kong-based firm, GEMS) (35 percent) and three domestic investors: Nasfund (5 percent), Nambawan Superannuation (5 percent) and PNG Sustainable Development Ltd (5 percent). bemobile’s performance and market share are improving. Telikom, the incumbent, has diversified from fixed-line into fixed mobile (CDMA) service.

The main constraints to broadband Internet are high wholesale access prices, linked to Telikom’s monopoly for whole sale access and the Tiare international gateway. The international gateway is intended to be liberalized in October 2009. Other constraints include limited domestic backbone, Limited international bandwidth pending the landing of a new submarine cable (PPC-1 to be built by Pipe Networks), and availability and cost of 6 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF electricity and computers. As with basic telephony, public internet access facilities are very limited. Telikom is in the process of upgrading its microwave backbone which has seen little investment in 20 years, while Digicel is building a new microwave network.

Increased competition in telecommunications and a more favorable regulatory environment will increase access to and variety of telecoms infrastructure and services around the country, but will not take care of all rural areas. Locations that are isolated, remote, very sparsely-populated, and with many low income inhabitants are commercially unattractive in the short-term and in some cases even in the medium-term. Operators typically compete aggressively in more densely populated areas, and will slowly cover adjacent rural areas. However, a country such as PNG with over 80 percent rural population widely dispersed over difficult terrain poses a tough environment for network development and coverage of telecommunications services.

1.2.2 Field Report Summary

The Universal Access Scheme introduced in the National ICT Act promises to make enormous differences in peoples’ lives across PNG. It aims to supply telecommunications to areas where the need is great, and the likelihood of commercial telecommunications attraction is poor. A pilot project, to be introduced by the Department of Communications and Information with World Bank financing will increase phone coverage in East Sepik and Chimbu provinces. This report examines the potential benefits and detriments of mobile phone towers being installed in the East Sepik and Chimbu Provinces. In the first instance, Digicel and Bemobile have effectively covered the northern half of the province, more particularly along the Sepik highway from Wewak to Dreikikir. People there have come to understand the pluses and minuses of mobile phones and could talk to us directly about their experience. The highway is also where all the telephone towers have been placed, and access to these sites is relatively easy. Digicel places towers in residential sites as well as open land, whereas Bemobile likes to put towers in schools or church grounds. We were able to assess the environmental and safety impacts of many towers placed by both companies, and compare them to establish a set of best practice social and environmental guidelines.

Our recommendation for the East Sepik Province is to have towers installed where no mobile telephony exists at all. Bemobile plans to install a tower on the Karawari River, in the central south. Other locations of interest could be the Keram River area where there is now a lot of cocoa, and west of the Freida River where there is a major gold project coming online, and where cocoa, health services and schools can all benefit. In both sites the costs to market are prohibitive for most smallholder growers or gold panners, with motor canoe petrol sold on these tributaries at K25/gallon. Even bringing an emergency case to the nearest aid post can bankrupt a village. But the relatively small investment of mobile phones and solar or generator power can improve these access routes and strengthen the quality of life in these remote villages enough to stem urban drift, make agricultural investments worthwhile, and keep public servants in schools and aid posts for their contract period. The positive impacts are unlimited, and far outweigh the nuisance calls and bad behavior some phone users will experience at the beginning.

In Chimbu we observed a community that has long been dedicated to smallholder agriculture and recently expanded to include new crops like cocoa, rice and oil palm. Their entrepreneurial efforts are remarkable in light of the restrictions they face in getting produce to market. There is no road reaching Karamui, and only costly mission flights come and go. Big men charter the twin engine planes to bring coffee, peanuts and other goods to market on a regular seasonal schedule. But emergency health and civic issues are expensive, as a single seat on these planes can cost either K180 to Kundiawa or K 220 to Goroka, where there are base hospitals, National High Schools, retail suppliers and connections by bus or plane to other parts of PNG. The single most important addition to their lives right now is communications, and we have no qualms in recommending tower(s) in Karamui.

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Social and environmental issues vary slightly between these locations, and may be said to vary in the same ways between lowland and highlands provinces across PNG. In lowlands communities, the questions of land ownership are not as fraught as they are in the highlands, and single residential unit or clans can negotiate directly with a supplier. In the highlands, there is greater possibility of multiple claims to a site and therefore long term or repeat negotiations with landowners. There is also more complex logistical matters in getting a tower erected on a mountainside where there are no roads, but this is surmountable. Our recommendations are for all towers to be installed in locations with as few landowners as possible, that they be removed from residential or potentially sacred sites (including haus tambaranΘ sites or old graveyards), and fenced securely to prevent children or trees entering the yard.

In all areas we also recommend that radio awareness programs be produced that would reach these communities prior to the phones themselves, warning them of the potential abuses and pitfalls of owning a mobile phone and reminding them of the many benefits they will enjoy. Newspaper announcements are also important, and yet in some of the more remote sites (like Karamui) these will only arrive irregularly. Everyone listens to the radio in remote PNG, and it is still one of the most effective tools for spreading awareness and contacting constituents when improvements come their way. Local language inserts should also be produced where possible, so that the potential impact of prank or pornographic calls can be announced to women on mountainside gardens and in Sepik tributaries before they even see their first mobile phone. These programs should emphasize the positive effects of phones, outlining how they may be used in emergencies and what numbers may be of use to market women, parents, and health patients. The future may include a means of HIV-positive people calling their doctors in private or receiving blood test news by mobile phone; farmers receiving market prices by phone text; school children receiving education bulletins as text messages, and so forth.

Finally, awareness campaigns need to make the point that there are public services and lifesaving resources available at your fingertip when you own a mobile phone.

Θ Haus Tambaran – is also men’s haus or traditionally a spirit house for men in rural Papua New Guinea Communities. 8 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

Chapter 2. Environmental and Social Management Framework

This chapter provides the Environmental Management Framework (ESMF) in order to address the Environmental, social and associated concerns, which must be implemented by the GoPNG. This Framework will be implemented during various phases of the project by the project implementing agency from the GoPNG, NICTA, DEC and Contractors for the project. This ESMF will be used to assist in the environmental and social screening, appraisal and review process for PNG (Rural) telecommunications subprojects to be financed under RCF funds by the World Bank. This ESMF will be made an integral part of the bidding documents, both for administrative and technical application, thus included in the performance criteria of the contractors for the telecommunications project throughout Papua New Guinea.

2.1 Background to ESMF

The ESMF aims to provide the mechanism to manage the environmental issues that will arise during the proposed activities. ESMF defines the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders and also provides guidelines to be followed during the project implementation in order to maintain natural environmental quality and/or improve the environmental performances of the proposed activities within the sustainable environmental and development conditions.

This ESMF provides the overall approach for screening, appraisal, approval, implementation and monitoring of subprojects as well as guidelines for mitigation measures and environmental management during operation of the telecommunications project. Table 3 contains an in-country procedures with World Bank Safeguard policies requirements and best practices designed for this process. The NICTA and DCI, with support from DEC will ensure that such process is completed diligently and that project proponents adhere to the requirements.

2.2 Objectives of the ESMF

The basic aim of this report is to provide the Papua New Guinea Government through the Department of Communications and Information and the National Information and Communications Authority with the following:

o Information on the applicable set of legal and regulatory framework for Environmental Management of Telecommunications Sector with regard to the Universal Access Scheme and any projects it may fund (including but not limited to the demonstration projects included in the Rural Communications Project), o A Reference framework for the Environmental Management of Universal Access Projects under the Universal Access Scheme. This ESMF includes: (i) site select criteria; (ii) guideline for construction works and Environmental Management; and (iii) Guidelines for Mitigation and Monitoring of Environmental Impacts, taking into account safeguards for protection of natural habitats and protected

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areas, natural and environmental resources, significant historical and cultural heritage and concerns of vulnerability of project sites to natural disasters. o An Action Plan of the ESMF and urgent regulatory measures for Universal Access Scheme projects appropriately applicable to Papua New Guinea. o An Environmental assessment Manual for the projects to be financed by the Universal Access and Service Fund (UASF).

This report is a guide for implementation of rural telecommunications projects funded through the UASF. Thus, even though the specific demonstration projects included in the Rural Communications Project funded by the World Bank have only triggered the Bank’s Environmental Assessment Policy, and given that there is no environmental management framework for telecommunications projects in general in the country, the proposed framework includes provisions and guidelines for future projects that may involve other type of telecommunications infrastructure.

2.3 Background to PNG Information and Communication Sector

2.3.1 General Telecommunications in PNG

Modern telecommunications systems have a vital part to play in our national development by bringing significant economic and social benefits. But it is essential that Infrastructures needed to underpin this system is delivered sensitively, keeping the impact on the environment to a minimum. The current access to mobile services1 and infrastructures due to competition between two main service providers has resulted in cost decrease and improved information and communication services. However, there still many challenges that needs development and better improved sustainable services in rural areas. The following are brief outline on some development issues concurrent within the Information and Communication sector in Papua New Guinea.

2.3.2 Legal and Regulatory Instruments

The Government recognized the need for increased competition, and has adopted a comprehensive sector reform program. The main objectives of these reforms are to increase competition; rationalize the institutional/oversight arrangements for regulation of the sector, in particular clarifying the respective roles of the ICCC, the competition regulator, and the technical regulator, PANGTEL; and to promote more access in rural and remote areas. Under Phase 2 of the new National ICT Policy—transition to open competition—adopted by the National Executive Committee (NEC) in February 2008, the DCI launched a review of telecoms market conditions, the legal and regulatory environment, the performance of TELIKOM, and network coverage obligations of the licensed mobile operators. Phase 2 of the National ICT Policy was approved by the NEC in March 2009. The Policy provides for the (a) implementation of a new technology-neutral licensing regime; (b) liberalization of the international gateway; (c) introduction of a new regulatory regime for wholesale access and interconnection; (d) deregulation of retail telecommunications tariffs, (e) establishment of a universal access and service regime (UAS), and associated fund (UAS fund); and (f) establishment of a new converged ICT regulator, NICTA, independent of Government and operators. The latter reform entails the dissolution of PANGTEL. ICCC’s role in the sector will be limited strictly to the area of ex-post competition regulation.

In November 2009, the National Parliament passed the National Information and Communications Technologies Act (“the Act”) to regulate the information and communications technology industry and to update and replace the Telecommunications Act 1996 and the Radio Spectrum Act 1996. The Act also provides for the

1The two mobile phone service providers currently in competition in PNG are Bemobiles and Digicel, with Digicel aggressively penetrating into most rural areas of the Country, while GreenCom is yet to commence its operations. 10 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF creation of the National ICT Authority (NICTA) as the main regulatory authority in the Telecommunications Sector.

NICTA has the following functions:

(a) to provide advice to the Minister of Communications and Information in the formulation of Government Policy in Information and Communications Technologies (ICT); (b) to exercise all licensing and regulatory functions in relation to the ICT industry; (c) to oversee the performance of ICT licensees and their compliance with the Act and any mandatory instrument; (d) to assist the ICCC to investigate complaints regarding market conduct for the purposes of the ICCC enforcing compliance with laws relating to market conduct in the ICT industry in Papua New Guinea; (e) to develop and monitor a system for reviewing and responding to complaints by retail customers in relation to ICT services; (f) to consult, where appropriate, commercial, industrial and consumer organizations about any matter relating to the ICT industry; (g) to act as the duly appointed representative of the State at all international bodies or authorities which have the purpose of regulating or administering ICT services and radio communications; (h) to develop and monitor procedures for ensuring the safety and quality of ICT services and radio communications; (i) to make available to persons engaged in the ICT industry and other interested persons general information for their guidance with respect to the carrying out of the functions, or the exercise of the powers, of NICTA; (j) to conduct research in relation to matters affecting the interests of consumers of ICT services; (k) to make available to the public general information in relation to matters affecting the interests of retail customers of ICT services; and (l) to perform such other functions as are assigned to or conferred on NICTA under the Act.

NICTA is expected to begin its functions not earlier than April 1, 2010. A transition Committee led by the Department of Communications and Information with participation of ICCC (Competition Authority), PANGTEL (until the creation of NICTA, the licensing agency for spectrum), and NICTA, was also created by the Act to ensure an ordered transition towards the new arrangement.

2.3.3 Basic Telephone Access

Access to ICT infrastructure and services in Papua New Guinea is among the lowest in the world, despite recent improvements. In mid 2007 total teledensity was about 4 percent country wide (among the ten lowest among 198 countries worldwide reported by the International Telecommunications Union), and zero in the majority of rural areas. Despite some positive developments, operators are finding that there is still limited business profitability when it comes to providing services in rural areas, compared with economic attractive of adding new subscribers in urban areas.

The physical geographic and subsistence based economic conditions in Papua New Guinea possesses number of socioeconomic development challenges. These challenges include ICT development which has to be effectively and efficiently managed through sound applicable legal and regulatory framework for proper environmental management.

The development of telecommunications has been constrained by several factors, particularly in rural areas. Telecommunications network development in PNG requires high investment, and entails high operational and maintenance costs due to difficult terrain and lack of supporting infrastructure. Additionally, the population is

11 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF highly dispersed, with over 80 percent living in rural areas and many living in settlements of 1,000 or fewer people. These factors, together with the lack of investments in transmission networks over the 30 years and the monopolistic market structure of the sector, have contributed to overall low penetration levels nationwide.

2.3.4 Mobile Services

In 2007, the Government introduced competition in mobile telecommunications, improving access to basic telephony in larger population centers. The competition regulator, ICCC, awarded two new mobile telecom licenses, to Digicel and GreenCom, in March 2007, anticipating the expiration of Telikom’s exclusive license (“regulatory contract”) in October that year. Digicel launched service in July 2007, whereas GreenCom is unlikely to do so. In late 2008 the Government divested 50 percent of its share in Telikom PNG’s mobile subsidiary, B Mobile (now rebranded as Bemobile), to an investor group comprising Capital Way (a subsidiary of a Hong Kong-based firm, GEMS) (35 percent) and three domestic investors: Nasfund (5 percent), Nambawan Superannuation (5 percent) and PNG Sustainable Development Ltd (5 percent). Bemobile’s performance and market share are improving. Telikom, the incumbent, has diversified from fixed-line into fixed mobile (CDMA) service.

The entry of private operators and aggressive competition in the mobile sector has largely benefited consumers. The number of mobile subscribers has now increased to about 1.8 million (though this figure includes individuals with more than one SIM card), bringing mobile teledensity to an estimated 20 percent as of December 2009. Meanwhile, prices for SIM cards, local and international calls have fallen significantly and consumers now benefit from promotions that include free air time and/or SMS. Moreover, all mobile operator licenses included mandatory rollout obligations (by 2012) to a list of 229 locations prepared by ICCC. This includes all provincial and district centers and a selection of “smaller administrative centers,” Despite these developments, access will still be low overall (for example, in Chimbu and East Sepik it is only expected that 18% of the population is covered by the mandatory rollout), and public access facilities are still limited or nonexistent.

2.3.5 Internet Access

In PNG, Internet service penetration is extremely low due to high prices and lack of adequate infrastructure. There are approximately 10,000 to 15,000 internet subscribers, most of who are in the capital, Port Moresby and few in various other main provincial centres. In many areas access is via dial-up connections at speeds below 9600kbps. PNG now have five (5) Internet Service Providers (ISP), currently operating, involves four privately-owned companies and PNG Telikom. The high speed data access is required by large corporate users such as mine and petroleum sites and they typically use their own telecommunications infrastructure. For the general user community, broadband Internet – some fixed broadband DSL plus WiFi hotspots – is scarce and limited to Port Moresby.

Telikom is considering deployment of WiMAX broadband wireless and has also been deploying VSATs to rural areas, including to large institutional users. Digicel recently launched 2.5G (GPRS) basic Internet service for mobile phone users, while it is anticipated that mobile Internet usage is likely to increase in the medium-term.

The main constraints to broadband Internet are high wholesale access prices, linked to Telikom’s monopoly for whole sale access and the Tiare international gateway. The international gateway is intended to be liberalized in October 2009. Other constraints include limited domestic backbone, Limited international bandwidth pending the landing of a new submarine cable (PPC-1 to be built by Pipe Networks), and availability and cost of electricity and computers. As with basic telephony, public internet access facilities are very limited. Telikom is in the process of upgrading its microwave backbone which has seen little investment in 20 years, while Digicel is building a new microwave network.

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2.3.6 Universal Access Scheme

The development of a Universal Access Scheme (UAS) is, consequently, a major focus of the Government’s policy reform. The new National ICT Policy acknowledges that, despite the mandatory network rollout obligations of licensed mobile operators noted above, and the willingness of some operators to exceed mandatory requirements in some locations, a significant “access gap” or “digital divide” is likely to persist in PNG due to the operational constraints noted above. This access gap is defined as the portion of the market that, due to high costs and/or low income, is not attractive enough for operators to reach.

The UAS Fund, also established under the Act, replicates successful experiences in other developing countries as applied to the situation in PNG to close this “access gap”. The UAS Fund will finance competitive one-time capital subsidies to create incentives for operators to cover commercially unattractive areas. For design and evaluation of projects, including the tenders that will be carried out to award such subsidies, a UAS Secretariat will be created, within the telecommunications regulator, NICTA.

The approved UAS for PNG proposes three sets of targets, following a nationwide study on the potential strategy and implementation roadmap for rural telecommunications in PNG:

(a) Target 1. Access to voice services in the 229 areas covered by the mandatory rollout obligations. This target is expected to be achieved in 2012. (b) Target 2. Access to voice services outside the mandatory rollout obligations and access to Internet services in all areas where provision is commercially unviable yet sustainable. (c) Target 3. Proponent-initiated development projects: subject to standard selection criteria related to development relevance, likely impact, financial and technical capacity of proponents, competitive neutrality.

Target 2 objectives have been identified as follows:

(a) One public telecommunications point of presence 5km or less away from every “Village Group” with a population of 500 inhabitants or less; (b) At least one public telecommunications point of presence per 500 inhabitants in every Village Group that contains a population of 500 or greater; (c) Telecommunications service coverage in at least the largest Census Unit (village) in every 5 x 5 km village group containing a population of 1,500 or greater; (d) Internet public access points in all district centers with a population over 500.

Under this scheme, the UASF is to be administered by a cross-government Board (NICTA). Department of Communication and Information, in collaboration with NICTA will assess proposals for target 2 and target 3 against statutory criteria and recommended to the Minister for Communication and Information under a fully transparent process. Even though final decision on the allocation of funds would be made by the Minister,

13 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF administration and project implementation would be carried out by the ICT Regulator which will establish a secretariat for the purpose.

The management arrangements are currently under discussion. Funding for the UASF will be drawn from an industry levy, together with possible development partner and government contributions. The contributing industry participants will include licensed operators of telecommunications services. Collection of levies will begin once the UASF institutional arrangement, including fund management, are fully in place, and target 2 projects are ready for tender. When the tenders are offered and developers with lowest cost bid will be awarded the projects in which they can develop or implement physical interventions of prescribed telecommunications projects.

2.4 PNG’s Current Rural Communication Project Description

The objective of the Rural Communications Project is to facilitate improved access to affordable and reliable telecommunications infrastructure and services in rural and remote areas of Papua New Guinea through a sustainable and transparent public-private funding mechanism. The project will initially provide access to telecommunications to over 420,000 rural Papua New Guineans in the provinces of Chimbu and East Sepik, and facilitate public Internet access in at least 60 district centers.

The DCI will be responsible for overall project administration, including the selection of consultants, organization of Capacity Building programs, and preparation of project bidding documents, in collaboration with NICTA.

2.4.1 Expected Outcomes

The expected outcomes of the PNG Rural Communications projects, coupled with overall ICT policy reforms are that;

• An increased percentage of the population in PNG will have access to telecommunications services by 2015. While much of this will comprise telephone coverage, the availability of a public access point (e.g. public phone) in communities or within a 5 km walk, is included in this outcome • Internet access will have increased with at least one Internet access point (e.g. Internet Café) available in every district. • There will be a measurable increase in the use of information and communications technologies (ICTs), in every district. • The resources and subsidies will have been used to leverage increased investment from the private sector for rural communications development. • The service providers will have implemented sustainable business models that provide a positive contribution to the economic development of the rural areas. • ICT training, content development projects and computer literacy will have increased in all districts. • The retail cost to consumers will decrease.

The overall improvement in above projects and its outcomes should empower rural and remote Papua New Guineans, to be active participants in the development initiatives for themselves and country as a whole. The improved services in information and communications technologies should enable people to have access to vital services that are needed for improved socio-economic wellbeing, which have been a constraint to better sustainable rural development in PNG.

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2.4.2 Project Components

The components of the Rural Communications project are as follows:

(a) Component 1. Technical assistance for NICTA ($1.0 million). The scope is primarily to help the UAS Secretariat to manage the implementation of Target 2 and Target 3 projects to be financed under the UAS fund, but also to provide regulatory support in other areas as required. The subcomponents are:

(i) Development of UAS Regulations and Operational Procedures. After approval of the National ICT Act, detailed implementing regulations and procedures for the UAS fund have to be prepared. This component will help NICTA draft these procedures and regulations, including the accounting and reporting procedures for the financial management of the Fund. The technical assistance will also support the establishment of the Secretariat and assignment of functional responsibilities for the staff. (ii) UAS Management and Monitoring. This component will assist NICTA staff for the duration of the Project in overseeing the implementation of Demonstration Projects outlined below, and also to prepare new and evaluate proponent-initiated UAS projects. The scope of technical assistance will include demand analysis, project preparation and execution, financial modeling, procurement and monitoring/evaluation, and UAS financial management. (iii) General regulatory advisory assistance. As NICTA is in some respects a new institution, operating in a new legal environment, additional regulatory advice is anticipated, particularly to strengthen the competitiveness of the telecommunications market for the medium-term, and to address emerging challenges. This subcomponent will finance technical support to NICTA, including but not limited to: spectrum management, licensing implementation, next-generation regulatory issues such as passive infrastructure-sharing, number portability, quality of service, and additional competition in wholesale markets, for example, the component also includes study visits/exchanges with other regulators, particularly those implementing universal service programs.

(b) Component 2. UAS Demonstration Projects ($13.5 million) will finance the first three Target 2 Demonstration Projects to be supported under the UAS scheme and hence demonstrate the proposed “least-cost” subsidy mechanism. These Demonstration Projects will test the funds management aspects as well as the governance, selection, approval and monitoring and evaluation systems. Two Demonstration Projects for telecommunications services are proposed in two geographically distinct locations, namely Chimbu and East Sepik. For these areas, the Project will finance one-time capital subsidies for telecommunications network expansion and public access. Selection of these two provinces has been done on the basis of: (i) expected economic benefits per inhabitant in those provinces; and (ii) representation of different geographical regions. Other factors taken into consideration included population distribution, and existing and projected commercial coverage. Lists of all locations (census areas, geo-referenced locations and estimated population) in these provinces have been prepared. The proposed three subcomponents are:

(i) Demonstration Project in Chimbu Province which will benefit up to 175,000 people. This includes approximately 85,000 inhabitants living in areas where a subsidy would accelerate service delivery. At least 90,000 people live in areas that would receive no service without a one-time subsidy. (ii) Demonstration Project in East Sepik Province which will benefit up to 245,000 people, including acceleration of services provision to 70,000 inhabitants. The remaining 175,000 people live in locations that would not be attractive enough for private operators to go without the one-time subsidy expected to be allocated through the UAS.

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(iii) A third Demonstration Project for Internet service in district centers will provide a one-time capital subsidy to prospective bidders to establish Internet points of presence in at least 60 district centers (with a population catchment area of 4.9 million), and subcontract with local entrepreneurs to operate Internet cafes, possibly on a franchise basis. These public access Internet facilities are expected to be commercially run, in the interests of financial sustainability. By providing access to information and, potentially, public services, to a large population catchment area, they are expected to contribute to local economic and social development and support local business development.

(c) Component 3. Project Management ($0.5 million) will finance telecommunications technical advisory assistance to the Department of Communication and Information (DCI) to facilitate policymaking and review. Additionally, this component will support the Department in project administration, including financing for a project manager/procurement specialist, a financial management specialist, incremental operating costs (e.g., of computer and basic office equipment, travel to project sites), and external audits.

2.4.3 Physical Interventions of the Rural Communications Project

The development of telecommunications projects will require various activities and physical facilities. The project activities likely to involve following physical interventions:

™ Modification of existing buildings for the proposed facilities, mainly Public Internet Centers or Internet Cafes ™ Clearing sites of vegetation for masts and towers ™ Erection of pylons and towers [mobile base transceiver stations/BTS] ™ Construction of Access roads to or helipad at transmitter-receivers towers ™ Erection of Security fences and Buffer Zones around pylon and tower corridors ™ Installation of Computers and associated (auxiliary) equipments ™ Operations of the Facilities

The development of these physical interventions will interact with various aspects of the environment. The complexity of PNG’s biophysical, cultural and socio-economic aspects of the environment means that these interactions will greatly vary from different geographic areas. The careful environmental assessment of specific sites proposed for developments of physical facilities is vital to minimize any associated costs.

The options for the design of various interventions used by the developers must seek the local communities’ advice, which must be clearly explained to the affected community on the safety and reasons on why a particular design is to be developed. The options for the design of physical features used by the developer will be affected by site conditions, technical constraint, landscape features, local community values and perceptions, and capacity requirements.

The Environmental Management Manual (EMM) is an important tool for site management plans related to various development activities of the telecommunications projects. The EMM is a general guide to be used by stakeholders including the developers, and Local affected communities.

2.4.4 Project Implementation Institutions

The Rural Communication Project will be implemented by the Department of Communications and Information and by NICTA. The Department will be responsible for the overall project administration, including the selection

16 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF of consultants, organization of Capacity-building programs, and preparation of project bidding documents, in collaboration with NICTA.

2.4.5 Costs and Benefits of the Project

The costs and benefits of the project are those related to improved access to telecommunications services in rural areas. The costs of the project expected are those related to construction and establishment of physical components. The clearing of vegetation for pylon or tower erection will result in displacement of animals and subsequent changes to natural landscape. The most of the costs will involve the monetary expenses which will accrue to the developers but benefit the landowners through land-use compensation payments.

The most benefits to accrue to the local communities will basically be related to telecommunications services and associated improvement to business activities. The benefits will be cumulative over the long-term and nationwide. Most of the negative impacts are expected to be minor and temporary; especially those site specific occurring mostly during the initial construction phases.

2.5 Project Location

2.5.1 Papua New Guinea

The Rural Telecommunications project is aimed at establishing, and improving access to telecommunications services and or facilities in rural areas of Papua New Guinea. Hence, the various components of the project will be located nation wide, throughout rural areas of PNG. The target 2 projects will be implemented in all provinces according to their rank as shown in table 4 below. The rank is the analysis of the Economic Benefits per province.

Prior to establishing target 2 projects in other provinces, the demonstration project will be implemented in two geographically distinct and representative provinces. These are associated to geophysical, social and economic aspects which are parameters used to assess feasibility and economic sustainability of the projects in rural areas. The two demonstration projects include East Sepik and Chimbu provinces (figure 1. Demonstration Project Locations), which represent PNG’s Coastal and Highland geographic regions, respectively. These demonstration projects will provide broad perspective for further interest for investment in rural telecommunications sector.

The initial projects will demonstrate the practical and technical operational strengths and weaknesses which will determine the financial mechanisms incorporating the environmental and social impact concerns pertinent for the rollout program. The UAS Funds will be used to expand or replicate telecommunications services in remote rural areas of PNG. The expansion will be guided by experiences of the demonstration projects.

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Figure 1: Location of Telecommunications Demonstration Projects for RCF in PNG.

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2.5.2 Demonstration Projects

(i). Demonstration Project for Basic Telecommunications Services

Two Demonstration Projects for telecommunications services are in two geographically distinct locations, namely Chimbu and East Sepik. Selections of these two locations are based on: (a) highest economic benefit per benefited inhabitant; (b) representation of different geographical regions; and (c) overall expected subsidy around the estimated size of the sub-component ($12.0 million). Other factors taken into consideration included population distribution, and existing and projected commercial coverage. (The following Table includes the information used for this.)

Table 1: Analysis of Economic Benefits per Province

Econ. Ben. Econ.Capital Ben. / Capital / Rank RegionProvince Provinceper inhab. perSubsidy inhab. Subsidy (A) (A) (A)(B) (B)

East Sepik East Sepik 100.4100.4 1.7 8.0 Madang Madang 87.187.1 1.5 14.0 Northern Morobe Morobe 99.499.4 1.6 9.0 West Sepik West Sepik 88.088.0 1.6 13.0 Chimbu Chimbu 144.4144.4 1.9 1.0 Eastern HighlandsEastern Highlands128.2128.2 1.6 4.0 s EngaHighlands Enga 132.9132.9 1.7 3.0 Southern HighlandsSouthern Highlands141.7141.7 1.7 2.0 Western HighlandsWestern Highlands120.2120.2 2.0 5.0 Central Central 96.296.2 1.5 11.0 Gulf Gulf 85.085.0 1.3 15.0 MilneSouthern Bay Milne Bay 79.179.1 1.8 16.0 Northern (Oro)Northern (Oro) 97.797.7 1.6 10.0 Western Western 45.145.1 1.8 18.0 East New BritainEast New Britain 106.8106.8 1.8 6.0 Manus Manus 34.334.3 2.2 19.0 NewIslands Ireland New Ireland 49.949.9 2.2 17.0 North SolomonsNorth Solomons 105.7105.7 1.5 7.0 West New BritainWest New Britain 96.296.2 1.7 12.0

Subsidy estimations have been done on a conservative basis, to ensure availability of funds for the Demonstration Projects. There is a possibility that, due to reductions in costs for the prospective bidders these projects end up requiring smaller subsidies than the ones projected.

(a) Demonstration Project in Chimbu Province ($3.7 million). The table below describes the main characteristics of the projects in Chimbu and East Sepik. Out of the 314,928 estimated population for Chimbu province2, it is expected that existing obligations will reach 63,627 people. Approximately 72,500 additional people have been covered by operators in excess of the obligations. Of the remaining, approximately 85,000 additional inhabitants could be covered by private operators without

2 Based on statistics from the 2000 census. In general, all the information used to calculate the subsidies and thresholds should be constantly reviewed and updated. 19 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

the need for subsidy.3 Around 90,000 people would benefit directly from this subproject, 8,000 of them living in group of villages with between 500 and 1,500 inhabitants would receive one public access point per every 500 inhabitants; while 82,000 people living in groups of villages with more than 1,500 inhabitants would receive public access points per every 500 inhabitants plus service coverage in their villages. Overall, it is estimated that the number of public access points will be 310 and that 41 groups of villages will receive service coverage. The remaining 3,752 people living in groups with less than 500 inhabitants would have a public access point at less than 5km away.

Table 2: Summary of Demonstration Projects in Chimbu and East Sepik

Chimbu East Sepik

314,928 412,173 Covered by license obligations 63,627 66,502

Covered by operators in excess of obligations 72,549 28,969 Overall potential beneficiaries from Demonstration Projects 175,000 245,000 o/w could be served without subsidies 85,000 70,000 o/w require a one-time subsidy 90,000 175,000 Would not benefit from the Demonstration Projects 3,752 71,702

Infrastructure Number of public access points to be installed 310 400 Number of areas4 that will receive coverage 41 44 Adoption / Usage

Expected number of subscribers in Project areas (end of the Project) 20,000 16,500

Expected number of minutes in Project areas (incoming + outgoing, end of Project) 19 million/yr. 17 million/yr. Expected subsidy for the province $ 3.7m. $ 3.6m.

(a) Demonstration Project in East Sepik Province ($3.6 million). In the case of East Sepik, the total estimated population for the province is of 412,173. The obligations included in the licenses and regulatory contract should reach 66,502 people with service coverage. Operators have additionally covered around 29,000 inhabitants as of mid 2009. About 70,000 more people could be reached by private operators without subsidies, given the potential demand

3 Pending on-site verification and information from the operators, many of these locations could still be included in the tenders to ensure coverage in the short-term. Competitive tenders should reduce the incentives for applicants to request subsidies for operations in these locations. 4 Areas are defined as groups of villages and census areas that could be covered by a mobile base station. Names of areas are given by the name of the biggest census area within the area. 20 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

and the costs implied in reaching them.5 Direct beneficiaries from the UAS Fund tender would be 175,000. 73,163 of them living in group of villages with between 500 and 1,500 inhabitants would receive one public access point per every 500 inhabitants; while 104,601 people living in groups of villages with more than 1,500 inhabitants would receive public access points per every 500 inhabitants plus service coverage in their villages. Approximately 400 public access points will be installed, and around 44 groups of villages are to receive service coverage.

It must be noted that in the case of East Sepik, many small villages are scattered throughout the province. The (almost) 72,000 people that would not be included in the project area live in 435 different villages (average population of 167), spread over 8,000sq.km.

(ii). Demonstration Project for Internet service in district centers ($6.2 million). This subcomponent will finance a one-time capital subsidy to prospective bidders to establish Internet points of presence and provide Internet services in at least 60 district centers (with a population catchment area of 4.9 million), and subcontract with local entrepreneurs to operate Internet cafes, possibly on a franchise basis. These public access Internet facilities are expected to be commercially run, in the interests of financial sustainability. By providing access to information and, potentially, public services, to a large population catchment area, they are expected to contribute to local economic and social development and support local business development. The district centers have been selected on the basis of population concentration6-- though excluding the six largest towns in PNG--lack of public Internet access facilities, but availability of basic connectivity (GPRS/EDGE) or VSAT service, and power supply. They have been grouped into three “lots” or packages, based on geographical distribution. Prospective users of Internet access facilities include Government and non-government institutions, as well as individuals.

5 As in the case of Chimbu, these locations might also be included in the Demonstration Projects in order to speed-up service delivery in these areas. 6 Six district centres—provincial capitals—have been omitted from this list because they are the largest population centres and commercial Internet access is either available or likely to be available in the short term. 21 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

Chapter 3. Legal and Policy Framework: Analysis for Environmental Management.

This section describes Papua New Guinea’s legal, regulatory and policy framework relevant to the project. The International environmental and associated regulatory measures are briefly described in the context of environmental management significant at the global scale. The International considerations are vital for the consistency of the country involvement in environmental issues affecting the world.

3.1 National Legislation, Regulations and Policies

PNG has a Westminster system of Democratic governance with the Queen as the head of the state, represented by the Governor General. The laws of PNG are made by the government or are the product of the local customs.

Papua New Guinea has three (3) main types of laws including; ¾ Constitutional Laws, ¾ Acts of Parliament, ¾ Delegated Legislation,

There are also customary laws which have been and are still strongly used as rules to control the societies in PNG. The customary laws have been recognized for land disputes, sorcery, marriage, and other related customary issues. The development activities affecting the people and the environment will take account of relevant guiding principles or laws. The constitution of the country sets the foundation and accompanying acts will be closely observed in order to attain sustainable positive benefits. Papua New Guinea has some vital laws that address the environmental aspects of development directly or indirectly. The laws, Acts and policies most relevant to the proposed rural telecommunications projects are briefly discussed below;

Any development activity in PNG is required to conform to the government’s development aspirations which are spelled out in the national constitution and development strategies. Hence, the most important law, the constitution and organic (supporting) laws define and give the details of the PNG government system. These include; o The National Goals and Directive Principles o The basic rights and Social Obligations of individuals o Citizenship o Government bodies or Departments, Provincial governments and their relationships with the National Government.

The Acts of Parliament and delegated legal obligations in Papua New Guinea are monitored by various related government departments. The Department of Environment and Conservation is tasked with identifying and protecting PNG’s natural resources. The environmental regulations are observed and monitoring for compliance by the developers are undertaken by DEC, with the support from various sectors including mining, petroleum, forestry, fisheries, and agriculture. DEC provides the environmental regulatory guidelines and monitoring requirements to various developers and their activities in the country.

3.1.1 Papua New Guinea Constitution

The natural resources development and sustainable concerns have been clearly highlighted in the national constitution of Papua New Guinea. The environmental conservation and sustainable objectives are enshrined in

22 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF the Directive Principles of the National Constitution. The Fourth Directive Principle of the National Constitution states: We declare our Fourth Goal to be for Papua New Guinea’s Natural resources and environment to be conserved and used for the collective benefit of us all, and be replenished for the benefit of the future generations.

The Fourth National Goal provides for: 9 Wise use to be made of our natural resources and the environment in and on the land, sea bed, in the sea, under land, and in the air, in the interest of our development and in trust for future generations; 9 The conservation and replenishment for the benefit of ourselves and posterity, of the environment and its sacred, scenic and historic qualities; and 9 All necessary steps to be taken to give adequate protection to all our valued birds, animals, fish, insects, plants, and trees.

The PNG’s Fourth Goal here is a legal mandatory concern that must be closely observed in any development imitative and by all stakeholders. All economic development aspirations must incorporate social, economic and environmental welfare of the stakeholders by taking into account the very important law, the National Constitution, and other accompanying Acts.

The GoPNG encourages environmental and socioeconomic sustainability through legal and legislative mechanism that the development in all sectors including Mining, Fishery, Agriculture, Forestry, Infrastructure and communications sectors must all comply with the country’s legal requirements.

The PNG telecommunications products, facilities and services are regulated primarily by the Department of Informational and Communications in collaboration with PANGTEL. This arrangement will be changed with the current National ICT Authority to monitor the telecommunications project for the country.

The DEC provides compliance monitoring of the environmental laws while DCI will collaborate with National ICT Authority and Developers to operate within the appropriate legal policies and guidelines for telecommunications to ensure environment quality standards are maintained.

3.1.2 Papua New Guinea Environment Legislations

The relevant laws and Acts applicable to development issues involving telecommunications and environmental management are as follows:

• The Environment Act 2000 – This Act repealed and incorporated the “Environmental Planning Act (1978)”, “The Environmental Contaminants Act (1978, amended 1994)” and “Water Resources Act (1982)” The Environment Act 2000 (incorporated) requires resources developers to identify, ex ante, the likely nature and magnitude of Environmental and social impacts of development projects, and to identify and implement mitigative strategies to attenuate these impacts. The Environment Act 2000 regulates environmental pollution, which governs the prevention, abatement and control of environmental contamination. It establishes a licensing procedure for the discharge of pollutants into the water and air, and onto land. A register of hazardous environmental contaminants regulates the import, manufacture, distribution and use of such substances.

Environmental contaminants are described as substances emitted or discharged to the environment that may cause impacts on the environment that adversely affect its beneficial use

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now or in the future; or any substance or material prescribed to be an environmental contaminant, with a potential negative effect of the surrounding environment threatening the health of the humans, plants and animals.

The discharge of contaminants is prohibited without a license. The Minister may approve a license subject to conditions such as the requirements to undertake monitoring, or to identify the discharge point. Exemptions from the requirement to hold a license may be granted by the Minister based on a recommendation made by the council. The provision is made for the issuing of fines in relation to pollution incidents and littering. In addition the Act also regulates noise pollution.

• The National Parks Act (1982) – provides for the protection of fauna and flora, the protection of scenic landscapes and sites important for the purposes of nature recreation, and provides a mandate for safeguarding cultural, educational and scientific values of nature. The Act contains provisions for reserving government land and for leasing and accepting gifts of land for conservation purposes.

• The Conservation Areas Act (1978, 1980, 1992) – has similar objectives to the National Parks Act but is more comprehensive, and to some extent, remedies its deficiencies. The Act provides for the protection of customary, government and privately owned land with aim of establishing a system of terrestrial and marine conservation areas. This includes the investigation, negotiations and purchase of traditionally owned lands.

The Conservation Areas Act provides for conservation of significant sites valued for historic, biological, geological, ecological, scientific or social sites deemed to be important at local, national and global context. The potential developments which may infringe upon conservation areas should be referred to the National Conservation Council for concurrences and any consent conditions.

• The Fauna (Protection and Control) Act (1966) – this act provides the formal mechanism that regulates the harvest, taking, possession and trade of native fauna from areas declared by the Minister for Environment and Conservation over land of any tenure.

The legislation also establishes fauna protection areas in the form of Wildlife Management Areas, Sanctuaries, and protected Areas. The objectives of these areas are to protect subsistence resources from over harvesting by customary landholders, protect biodiversity, gain formal recognition of tenure and resource ownership, provide opportunities for income generation, protect cultural values, and provide scientific research and educational opportunities.

The Fauna Act is principally focused on the local Management of fauna resources in Papua New Guinea. The PNG Rural Telecommunications project may impinge on conservation areas and there activities may lead to the loss of fauna, and indirectly facilitate exploitation of native species.

• The Crocodile Trade (Protection) Act (1966) – regulates all functions (harvesting quotas, size limits, farming, and export licenses) within the crocodile resources industry.

• The International Trade (Fauna and Flora) Act (1979) – this act restricts the import and export of wildlife and wildlife parts and derivatives. Through this Act PNG has implemented the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). 24 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

• The Water Resources Act (1982) – the act regulates the use and extraction of water resources.

• The Dumping of Waste at Sea Act (1979) – the Act provides the GoPNG with control over the direct dumping of wastes in marine waters. The objective of the Act is to prevent the pollution of the sea by dumping wastes and other potentially hazardous toxic materials which may cause harm to humans and marine life. The Act also intends to put into effect in PNG, the International convention on Prevention of Marine Pollution of 1972 (London Convention 1972). It is a mandatory requirement that if any dumping of wastes at sea is to be permitted, a permit for dumping waste at sea as to be obtained.

• Draft Marine Pollution Bill (2009) – Four (4) Bills had been issued publicly for comments that had not yet become legislation but which are relevant for environmental management of Marine constituent.

These Bills are:

(i) -Marine Pollution (Ships and Installations) Bill – designed to regulate all forms of marine pollution from ships and offshore installations, and implements the MARPOL Convention and Anti-Fouling System (AFS) Convention. (ii) -Marine Pollution (Sea Dumping) Bill – Designed to regulate the dumping of wastes or contaminants at seas and implements the London Dumping Protocol. (iii) -Marine Pollution (Preparedness and Response) Bill – This Bill mandates a comprehensive systems for responding to the and cleaning-up oil spills and other marine pollution incidents in PNG, and implements the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC) and the OPRC Protocol on Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS). (iv) -Marine Pollution (liability and Cost Recovery) Bill – the Bill provides for the establishment of a National Maritime Pollution Fund and also provides a comprehensive regime for the ships to carry compulsory insurance against marine pollution and for the payment of damages to PNG citizens in the event of marine spills. (v) -The Introduced Marine Species Bill – the National Marine time Safety Authority is also considering a fifth new Bill to address the problem of foreign marine species introduced through ships’ ballast water and hull fouling. No details were available at the time of this report. The updates can be accessed from internet http://www.nmsa.gov.pg/new-draft legislation.html.

• The Forestry Act (1991) – provides regulations for the management and conservation of forest resources. Under this Act, the government purchases timber rights from customary landowners fro a certain period and then grants licenses to commercial companies to extract timber. Royalties are paid to the provincial government and landowners.

Under the Forestry Act 1991, the Environmental Safeguards are provided for the agreements between the government and the permit holder. For example, logging is not permitted within 20 meters of a permanent water course (or 50 meters in the case of a major river). Logging is not allowed on slopes of greater than 25-30 degrees. Reforestation is not provided for unless agreed upon beforehand by the landholder and the permit holder.

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• The Land Act (1962, 1996) – the Act provides for the regulatory measures on the Acquisition and compensation issues for the destruction, deprivation and restriction from the customary, private or the user right to the land on which development takes place. Before buying land for major development activities or infrastructures, the government officials must make detailed studies to learn the rightful owners and make sure that their claim is not under dispute. The land’s boundaries must be surveyed and described in legal terms and correctly define the values set for the land and any food trees or plants and animals in the land boundary to be acquired. Negotiations for land acquisition can be complicated by the need to get the unanimous approval of the all the members of the customary land owner groups, including anyone who is absent from the village at the time of land negotiations.

• Physical Planning Act (1989) – This Act sets forth the controls and powers for planning and regulation of physical development at both national and provincial government levels.

The PNG Rural Telecommunications project is a national Project that will be implemented through out the country with the first demonstration projects at Chimbu and East Sepik Provinces, respectively. The provincial planning processes will be administered accordingly, in close consideration for the geographical and physical environmental factors prevalent in each province. The planning permission will be subject to respective Provincial and National planning boards approvals.

• The Land Groups Incorporation Act (1974) – This Act considers the land and ownership and land rights of the customary land owners. The Act is seen as an avenue for local communities to establish the basis of their control over land and resources, and can be seen as a method of re- empowerment. The effect of the Act is to recognize customary land groups, identify and establish customary social units which control access to major land right, and recognize these units and give them standing under Papua New Guinea Law. This Act can be used to involve resources owners and developers alike to provide biodiversity conservation activities.

• The Land Registration Act (1981) – This Act covers the registration processes for land dealings inclining the land titles, leases, and mortgages. The Act also provides for the procedures and proper requirements for the ownership of the land and even the transfer of land titles between the proprietors (owners). This Act can be used to obtain and register land for the development of telecommunications facilities throughout the country.

• The National ICT Act (2009) – The Acts provides for the telecommunications industry. The monitoring and regulatory services are provided to be implemented by the Department of Information and Communications. The facilities, activities and the extent of activities must comply with the relevant Environment Acts or regulations under which they are limited to operate in order to safeguard the natural environment and social welfare of the stakeholders.

The Environmental Act 2000, Land Act, and National ICT Act can be used to conduct dealings for the rural telecommunications projects throughout Papua New Guinea. These Acts provide the basis for Land Acquisition, compensation, environmental management and technical or technology to be implemented. The Environment Act 2000 and other specific legislations must be closely observed in all aspects of development activities and stages, in order to minimize or avoid serious negative impacts.

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3.1.3 International Regulations and Environmental Obligations for Papua New Guinea.

The International Conventions and treaties on environmental issues to which PNG is a party and has an obligation to include;

i. The RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1992) – this convention provides the framework for conserving and managing wetlands sites on a wise basis to protect their vital ecological roles. Contracting parties, on ratifying the convention, are required to nominate at least one Wetland site of International significance. Hence, Papua New Guinea has nominated the Tonda Wildlife Management Area in Western Province as a RAMSAR site based on convention criteria.

The RAMSAR convention is seen to involve:

o Stemming the loss of Wetland areas through encroachment o Recognizing the ecological functions of Wetlands o Recognizing the economic, cultural, scientific and recreational value of wetlands.

The signatories to RAMSAR convention are required to establish and maintain a list of defined wetland areas to be protected under the convention.

The Activities or operations of PNG Rural communications project must provide impact mitigation strategies in such areas, especially with construction works and operations of facilities which relate to electromagnetic radiations.

ii. The International Plant Protection Convention (1951, 1976) – seeks to maintain and increase international cooperation in controlling pests and diseases of plants and plant products and in preventing their introduction and spread across national boundaries. The import and export of goods requires clearance and certification of such goods at sea and air ports. The telecommunications products can be also monitored under this convention to avoid spread of pests and diseases attached to these products. The signatories to the convention are required to report outbreaks and the existence of pests, any import requirements, and methods of pest control.

iii. Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) – the convention aims at conservation of Biological Diversity, Sustainable use of Biodiversity components and the equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of natural resources. The signatories to the convention are required to develop a National Strategies for the Conservation and Sustainable use of biological diversity and integrate, as far as possible, these strategic measures into other planning systems and programs.

iv. The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972) – this convention aims to control pollution of sea by dumping and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the convention. Any wastes from the telecommunications activities also comply to this convention, by avoiding dumping of wastes into the sea or other water bodies without proper legal arrangements with the DEC.

v. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES 1975) – CITES regulates and prevents the International trade in endangered species. A number of PNG species are listed under appendixes 1 and 2 of the CITES Register, and trade in

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these species is regulated under the convention through the Fauna (Protection and Control) Act (1979).

Under the CITES Agreement, the government permits are required in order to conduct any such trade in threatened Wildlife or Wildlife products. Species at risk are placed into categories dependent upon conservation status and the risk from trade.

vi. The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1979) – this convention provides a framework whereby bilateral agreements can be drawn up for the protection of these migratory species of Wild animals. Papua New Guinea shares many species of animals with its close neighbors – Australia, Indonesia, East Timor, and the Solomon Islands. It is known that a large number of migratory species utilize PNG as part of annual migration route.

The convention aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their range. It is an Intergovernmental treaty concerned with the conservation of Wildlife and habitats on the global scale. The parties to the convention are required to strive towards strictly protecting these species, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. Besides establishing obligations for each state joining the convention, the convention promotes united concerted action among the habitat range nations of many of these species.

vii. The Convention on Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific (APIA Convention) –The objective of this convention is to take action for conservation, utilization and development of the natural resources of the South Pacific region through careful planning and management for the benefit of both the present and the future generations.

viii. UNESCO World Heritage Convention (1972) – this convention is aimed at ensuring that the national governments provide effective and active measures for the protection, conservation and presentation of the cultural and natural heritage situated on its territory.

The signatories to the convention are required to adopt a general policy which aims to give the cultural and natural heritage a function in the life of the community and to integrate the protection of that heritage into comprehensive planning programmes.

Papua New Guinea has a large number of unique heritage items some of which may be potentially impacted by the proposed works.

ix. Vienna Convention (1993) – this convention considers the protection of Ozone layer focused on the protection of human health and the environment against any adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities which modify or are likely to modify the Ozone Layer. In order to achieve this, the parties to the convention agreed to adopt appropriate legislative and administrative measures, and cooperate in harmonizing appropriate policies to control, limit, reduce or prevent human activities deemed likely to have adverse effects on the condition of the ozone Layer.

PNG Rural Communications project will produce limited number of gaseous air emissions during the construction works with the use of vehicles and power generators.

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x. Waigani Convention (2001) – the convention was to Ban the Importation into Forum Countries the Hazardous and Radioactive Wastes and to Control the transboundary Movement and Management of hazardous Waste within the South Pacific Region. Hence, the objectives are: o To limit the Import of Hazardous and radioactive waste into the South Pacific region o To minimize production within the region o To ensure the environmentally sound management and disposal of already existing waste.

The convention provides a mechanism to stop waste traders from using the South Pacific as a highway for hazardous waste or as a waste dump. A party to the Waigani Convention, a country is eligible for technical and financial assistance to help in the management of hazardous or nuclear waste, thereby creating an effective regional mechanism to facilitate the cleanup of the hazardous and radioactive waste.

xi. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2004) – this is a global convention which accounts for the Persistent Organic Pollutants. The convention aims to protect human health and the environment from highly dangerous, long-lasting chemicals by restricting and ultimately eliminating their production, use, trade, release and storage.

xii. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1994) – The UNCLOS defines the rights and responsibilities of nations for the use and exploitation of their territorial oceans, establishing guidelines for business, the environment and management of marine resources (including mineral deposits).

The UNCLOS replaces the concept of Freedom of the Sea, whereby a nation had rights to exploit its oceans within three nautical miles of its coastlines. Under UNCLOS, a state is free to set laws, regulates use and use any resource located within 12 nautical miles of its coastline. However, a coastal state has the right to maintain a 200 nautical mile Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ).

PNG is a signatory to UNCLOS, which confers ownership of all resources within its territorial waters upon the Government of Papua New Guinea.

xiii. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollutants from Ships (1973) – The main convention covering the prevention of pollution from ships in relation to operational or accidental causes. It includes conventions aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution from ships, and currently includes six technical annexes. The annexes regulate the disposal of sewage and garbage wastes in the seas from ships and sea ports.

The sewage facilities in ships and ports must have adequate toilets, while disposal of such waste is restricted at various distances from the shoreline. The garbage discharge from ships into coastal waters is restricted, and the disposal of plastic waste materials is totally prohibited. The garbage is defined as food and food wastes, domestic and operational wastes, and any other waste liable to generate continuously or periodically (with the exception of fresh fish). All ships of 400 gross tonnage or certified to have on board 15 persons or more are required to record all disposal and incineration operations in a Garbage Record Book, and are also required to have a Garbage Management Plan.

xiv. London Convention (1972) – the convention on the prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter (the London Convention) covers the deliberate and indiscriminate

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disposal at sea, of wastes that could be detrimental to human or ecological health, reduce amenity or otherwise impact on other uses of the sea. Annexure I and II of the London Convention provide lists of waste materials for which dumping is prohibited or is allowed under a permit. Papua New Guinea is a signatory to the London Agreement on the Dumping of wastes at sea.

xv. Kyoto Protocol (1997) –This Convention concentrated on the Framework for climate change which intends to provide a framework to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent anthropogenic influence on the Earth’s climate with adverse negative environmental consequences. The protocol established reduction targets for the emission of several greenhouse gases based on 1990 levels that apply to developed nations.

PNG being the developing country (not listed under Annex I of Kyoto Protocol) is not subject to emissions reduction targets.

xvi. SPREP / Noumea Convention (1986) – the SPREP or Noumea Convention for the protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region provides for the protection, management and development of the marine and coastal environment of the South Pacific Region. The sources of pollution that require control under the agreement include ships, dumping, land based-based sources, seabed exploration and exploitation, atmospheric discharges, storage of toxic and hazardous wastes, testing of nuclear devices, mining and coastal erosion.

The SPREP convention also identifies a range of environmental management issues requiring regional cooperation, including:

a) Specially protected areas b) Pollution in cases of emergency c) Environmental Impact Assessment d) Scientific and Technical Cooperation e) Technical assistance, and f) Liability and compensation for damage resulting from pollution.

3.1.4 Papua New Guinea’s Biodiversity Protected and Conservation Areas

Papua New Guinea has established conservation and protected areas in various geographic areas throughout the country. The development activities that occur in such areas must be given due compliance with environmental regulations, management and subsequent monitoring within conservation and protected areas.

The different categories of protected areas (Locations listed in appendix B) in Papua New Guinea are:

o Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) – WMAs allow certain designated species to be utilized by traditional owners under an approved management and cropping program. Twenty areas now exist and cover a total of 10 529 km2 (2.3 percent of the country’s land area). The two largest WMAs both in South of Western Province, Tonda and Maza make up 7 742 km2 (73 percent of the total conservation area).

o Sanctuaries – these areas are set aside for the breeding of, and research into, indigenous wildlife. In designated areas, specified species may still be hunted on a sustainable (cropping) basis by the

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local landowner. There a five established sanctuaries in PNG, which three are under the Fauna Act and two under the Parks Act).

o National Parks – The two main functions of National Parks are (1) they exist for public use and education, and (2) for the conservation of nature through the protection of undisturbed habitat. PNG has four areas established but cover only 127 km2 of land which is less than 0.03 percent of the total land area. The other 21 have been proposed as national parks.

o Provincial Parks – These areas aim to provide scenic and recreational opportunities close to or within urban areas. PNG has three established provincial parks.

o Protected Areas –These areas allow the hunting of wildlife except for specified protected species. There are three established protected areas. Through the Fauna Act, over 200 areas were proposed for protection as Protected Areas and WMAs.

o Nature Reserves - Aimed at protecting samples of ecosystems and habitats containing the representative flora and fauna. Scientific research is permitted but access by public is limited. There are three established nature reserves in Papua New Guinea.

o Historical Sites – These are aimed to protect areas of historical and prehistoric significance. There are two established historic site for PNG.

o National Walking Tracks – They protect primitive and scenic routes through natural landscape, with a minimum easement of 10 metres on either side.

Appendix B contains a list of conservation areas in PNG, and provides details on the location, size and the reasons for designation. Although the total extent of protected areas is just over one million hectares, many conservation areas are too small to adequately protect the country’s biodiversity. A size distribution has National Parks areas ranging from less than 20 hectares to 4 180 hectares. Ten of the 16 national park areas are 100 hectares or less in area. Fauna Protection Areas range in size from 22 hectares to 590 00 hectares.

The various portions of the above areas will be affected by the proposed rural telecommunications projects throughout Papua New Guinea. Therefore, it is a legal requirement of the GoPNG that any development activity that takes place must assess or predict the nature of the impacts that would accrue to the stakeholders. The development initiatives having significant environmental impacts are legally mandated to conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The EIA in major impact projects are focused to manage, mitigate, monitor and evaluate the extent of Environmental impacts. The EIA aims to avoid or minimize any negative effects accrue to various sectors of the environment including the ecological, social, demographic, and economic components associated with the various projects.

In Papua New Guinea the rural areas need improvements to socioeconomic conditions so the development incentives in conservation areas are also encouraged through the Integrated Conservation and Development program (ICADP) approach. ICADP incorporates conservation and socioeconomic development in designated protected rural protected areas. The ICADP are to develop rural infrastructure and cash economies, it is necessary to link conservation initiatives to social and economic development. Hence, this provides opportunities for landowner communities to make wise use of there natural resources through adoption of appropriate methods and technology. The developers should provide means of basic services to empower land owners to realize their potential in development while they must be encouraged to minimize destructiveness to their natural environment and resources.

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Rural telecommunications development must be seen as a tool for enhancing monitoring and reporting events related to environmental conservation and protection efforts in Papua New Guinea. Thus, environmental conservation, protection, management, science and monitoring can be improved with sufficient functional technology and facilities in rural areas of Papua New Guinea.

3.2 Papua New Guinea ICT Policy

The policy, legal and regulatory framework for PNG’s telecommunications are currently being revised.

The main objectives of these ongoing reforms are to:

(i) increase competition, rationalize the institutional / oversight arrangement for the sector, in particular the respective roles of ICCC and the technical regulator, PANGTEL, and (ii) to promote more access to communication and information facilities and services in remote rural areas of Papua New Guinea.

Under phase 1 of the new National ICT Policy, adopted by the National Executive Committee (NEC) in February 2008, the Department of Communications and Information undertook an extensive review of the existing market conditions, the legal and regulatory environment, and the performance of Telikom and network coverage obligations of the licensed mobile operators.

In March 2009, the phase 2 of the National ICT Policy was launched following the NEC’s adoption of an experts’ Report on Telecommunications Reform in PNG. The reforms are extensive and entail the following:

1) Implementation of a new technology – neutral licensing regime 2) Liberalization of the international gateway in October 2009 3) Introduction of a new regulatory regime for wholesale access and interconnection 4) Removal of retail price regulation for telecommunications 5) Establishment of a Universal Access Scheme, and 6) Transformation of PANGTEL to a new converged ICT Development Authority, or NICTA and other reforms include in the policy. This legislation is to be presented to parliament in June/July 2009 (now parliament session deferred to November/December 2009).

The major sector reform is focused on development of the Universal Access Scheme (UAS). The National ICT Policy acknowledge that, despite the Community Services obligations of licensed mobile operator to provide service in 229 areas listed by World Bank, a significant Access Gap or Digital divide is likely to persist in PNG due to the operational constraints noted elsewhere in this report. To address this, the Policy recommends establishing a more wide-ranging incentive program in line with international best practices. Thus, a Rural Communications Fund (RCF) that would meet more ambitious targets including access and voice access outside the mandatory rollout areas.

The National ICT Policy states that the funds will be managed by an independent financial management firm. This is based on feedback from several stakeholders, including the telecommunications industry. However, there is a concern within the government regarding the role of treasury in view of its overall responsibility for fiscal management. Discussions on the preferred model are ongoing and the Government’s final decision will be formalized in the new legislation. The key issue is to ensure the independence, transparency, and accountability of UAS Fund management.

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3.3 The World Bank: Role and Safeguard Policies

The World Bank has played an important role in supporting some of the very crucial development initiative through the developing countries at the Global scale. The GoPNG has being functional at times and criticized for the World Banks involvement in the development of Papua New Guinea. Despite the negative talks about World Bank, it has contributed to the country’s development process, especially to provide funding in critical areas involving human welfare and socioeconomic developments.

The World Bank is guided by provisions and policies to safeguard interest partners on development concerns for social and environment health pertinent to human welfare. One of the objectives of development initiatives is to undertake projects or programs in least privileged countries to alleviate or contain poverty, law and order, and empower people in least developed categories towards economic and social advancements while at the same time accounting for natural environment sustainability. The following subsections provide the World Banks Role and its safeguard policies for its involvement in such projects including PNG Rural Communications Project.

3.3.1 The World Bank’s Role

The role of the World Bank is to be seen in the context of financial support for the proposed rural communication project. The World Bank as one of the main objectives and the pillar for development is to provide resources, through funding initiatives for poverty alleviation in under developed and developing countries, including Papua New Guinea.

The GoPNG is working closely with the World Bank on the proposed Universal Access Scheme. The first being the analytical work-options for Rural Connectivity, prepared at the request of the PNG government in 2007. The World Bank supports the GoPNG through funding under Rural Connectivity Funds and the government has started to prepare the Rural Communication Project, including sector reform, environmental and social assessment and management framework.

3.3.2 The WB Safeguard Policies: Environmental and Social Concerns

The World Bank has several Operational Policies (OP) and Directives that outline World Bank lending requirements regarding social and environmental aspects (safeguard Policies). The World Bank has Ten (10) safeguard policies which can be triggered by the project and must be observed to sustain the World Bank’s financial support. The project will analyze and comply with the World Bank safeguard policies from initial stage to full operation stage of the project. The impact safeguard policies of the project will include:

™ Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) ™ Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) ™ Forests (OP/BP 4.36) ™ Pest Management (OP 4.09) ™ Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) ™ Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) ™ Involuntary Resettlement (OP/Bp 4.12) ™ Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) ™ Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) ™ Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60).

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The brief outline of each policy of the World Bank is provided in the following subsection, while the applicability of each policy is discussed, respectively in subsection 3.3.3 and chapter 5.

I. Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01)

The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of project proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. The OP defines the EA process and various types of EA instruments. An EA evaluates a project’s potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence; examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation and operation.

The World Bank classifies various subcomponents of the project into one of four (4) categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts.

(1). Category A Projects– A proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectoral EA).

(2). Category B Projects – A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas, including wetlands, forest, grasslands, and other natural habitats, are less adverse than those of Category A projects.

These impacts are site-specific with few if any of them irreversible, and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of the EA for a category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of category A EA.

(3). Category C Projects – A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action in adverse environmental impacts.

(4). Category FI Projects – A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of Bank Funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts.

II. Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)

The Policy strictly limits the circumstances under which any World Bank-supported project can adversely damage natural habitats (land and water areas where most of the native plant and animal species are still present, which are threatened of extinction for being endangered, rare, endemic, exotic or have other significant socioeconomic values to the people).

The policy specifically prohibits World Bank support for projects which would lead to the significant loss or degradation of any critical Natural Habitats, whose definition includes those natural habitats which are either; • Legally Protected,

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• Officially proposed for protection, or • Unprotected but of known high conservation value.

In other (no-critical) natural habitats, World Bank support projects that can cause significant loss or degradation only when: 9 There are no feasible alternatives to achieve the project’s substantial overall net benefits’ and 9 Acceptable mitigation measures, such as compensatory protected areas, are included within the project.

The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. Through this OP, the World Bank therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions, which associate with the development initiative under its support.

III. Forests (OP/BP 4.36)

The objective of this policy is to assist the World Bank’s borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of the forests.

IV. Pest Management (OP 4.09)

Through this OP, the World Bank supports strategies that promotes the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides.

V. Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11)

The World Bank’s general policy regarding cultural properties is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. The objective of OP/BP 4.11 on Physical Cultural Resources is to avoid, or mitigate adverse impacts on cultural resources from development projects that the World Bank finances. Under this OP, the World Bank normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damages.

VI. Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10)

The OP defines the process to be followed if the project affects the indigenous people. The policy requires that the proponents will develop an indigenous People Development Plan and get it approved by the World Bank, if such groups are identified during the project implementation.

VII. Involuntary Resettlement (OP/Bp 4.12)

Involuntary resettlement under development projects, if unmitigated, often gives rise to severe economic, social, and environmental risks. OP 4.12 provides safeguards to address and mitigate these impoverishment risks.

VIII. Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37)

The policy seeks to ensure that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety of dams the World Bank Finances.

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IX. Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50)

The OP 7.50 defines the procedure to be followed for the projects the World Bank finances that are located on any water body that forms a boundary between, or flows through two or more states/countries (or Provinces).

X. Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60).

In accordance with this safeguard policy, the World Bank may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed for country A (province A) should go forward without prejudice to the claims of Country B (province B).

3.3.3 World Bank Safeguard Policies Applicable in PNG

The project will involve the installation of facilities covering small sites for mobile towers, standby generators, and computers. The project to be rated under World Bank criteria as category “B” for Environmental purposes. An Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) was prepared by DCI7 and will be applied on all relevant developments financed through the project, together with land acquisition protocol that will be established. There is no resettlement involved in this project nor is there any requirement for a resettlement plan.

The following table provides the applicable World Bank safeguard policies for PNG telecommunications sector, which may be triggered throughout the implementation of the project.

7 DCI is the agent of the government responsible for any matters regarding the Communications and Informations in Papua New Guinea. 36 Department of Communicationsand Information Table 3. World Bank Safeguard Policies Applicable for Papua NewPNG Guinea Rural Communications Telecommunications ESMF Project.

Safeguard Policies Triggered YES NO TBD

Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) X

The client will prepare an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) to address both environmental and Social Issues. The majority of the potential environmental impacts will be related to the construction of cell towers and small roads to transport construction materials to the cell tower sites.

The TT indicated that in the past helicopters have been used to drop construction materials in order to reduce the impact on the environment. Land rights rental agreements orleases will be acquired through negotiations with communities and land owners. Consultants who are familiar with local languages and customs will be employed to conduct the negotiations.

The TT further indicated that the ESMF will incorporate the lessons learned from other World Bank Projects with similar Characteristics. The obligations of contractors under ESMF will be included in the tender agreements where appropriate.

Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) X

Subprojects will not significantly convert or degrade any protected areas or natural habitats.

Forests (OP/BP 4.36) X

The project will not finance activities that would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical natural habitats as defined under the policy.

Pest Management (OP 4.09) X

The project will not procure any pesticides, nor will an increased use of pesticides result from the project.

Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) X

The project will not adversely affect sites with archeological, paleontological, historical, religious, or unique cultural or social traditions and natural values. Appropriate clauses will be included in all construction contracts regarding the procedures to be followed in the event of “chance finds” of culturally significant artifacts or sites. Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) X

The project will occur in two provinces where the majority of communities have the characteristics of indigenous peoples as per the World Bank's policyLand will be required for the construction of cell phone towers, access roads, and helipads. Agreements will be made with landowners and users (who may range from communities, as much of the land is customary), or Incorporated Land Groups). Discussions on land use arrangements will require community consultations and documented broad support from the community. Land Acquisition Guidelines have been developed and included as an appendix to this ESMF

Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) X

The proposed project will not finance any activities that result in involuntary resettlement or involuntary land acquisition. Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) X

The Project will not finance construction or rehabilitation of any large dams as defined under this policy.

Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) X

There are no known project components involving International Waterways as defined under this Policy of the World Bank. 37 Department of Communicationsand Information Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) X PNG Rural Communications ESMF

3.3.4 Environmental Category of the Project.

The project category for an appropriate environmental assessment is governed by the extent and degree of the negative impacts that will accrue to the environment. The rural telecommunications project will mostly have minor environmental impacts and will vary from various locations and phases of the project. The most environmental impacts will be those related to construction of cell towers and associated access roads.

The rural communications project falls within Category B of the World Bank environment Criteria for conducting an Environment Assessment in order to measure the environmental impacts of any projects funded by the Bank. Under this category the project and activities to be implemented will require assessment of environment and social components.

Under Papua New Guineas’ Environmental Guidelines and Category of Projects, the appropriate Assessment is attested to The Environment Act 2000 and Environment Regulations 2002. The Environment Act 2000 does not clearly identify communications developments or activities including the telecommunications, Internet, Radio and Television projects. However, communications projects can be identified under activities associated with electricity and related infrastructures. Thus, the PHRD Rural communications project would be subject to Environment Act 2000 under Level 2 - Category B, subcategory 12 (Appendix D), Project Impact Categories for PNG.

The relevant applicable environmental legal and regulatory policies including the Environment Act 2000 will be used to implement all the components of the project to account for the environmental, health and safety concerns and to minimize any adverse environmental impacts. Appendix D provides the prescribed activities, as described in the PNG’s Environment Act 2000 (Prescribed Activities) for environmental accountability in any development activities to be under taken in Papua New Guinea.

3.4 Key Organizations: Legal and Regulatory issues

This subsection highlights key organizations and relevant government departments that will be directly or indirectly involved in different aspects at various stages or components of the project. The key organizations to be involved in the rural telecommunications project will involve the Department of Communication and Information; and the Department of Environment and Conservation, Papua New Guinea.

3.4.1 Regulating Communication and Information Sector

The institutions responsible for the rural communications project administration is the DCI and NICTA. A PIU (figure 2) created within the communications and Policy Division, and will be headed by the Deputy Secretary. The team will include staff from the Department (DCI) and consultants funded by the project.

The Department of Communication and Information responsible for the implementing project related activities, in line with the World Bank’s standard operating policies and procedures: • Preparation and Update of the procurement plan • Overall coordination of procurement • Disbursement of the project funds • Management of the project accounts • Recruitment of Consultants • Recruitment of audit firm

38 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

All procurement will be led by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) in the Department, but in close consultation with NICTA, for example for consultant evaluation. Contracts for consultant services and training will be signed by the Department.

39 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

Department of Communication and Information, Papua New Guinea.

Minister

Secretary

Information and Public Communications and Corporate Affairs Policy Services

Project Implementation Unit

Figure 2: PNG DCI Management Structure and Proposed PIU (NICTA) responsible for current RCF project.

The main regulatory aspects of the project will be administered by the Independent statutory body called NICTA in collaboration with Department of Communications and Information.

NICTA will be responsible for; 9 management of Universal Access Scheme (UAS). 9 the preparation and organization of the Demonstration Project tenders under component 2. 9 organizing the bidding process, evaluation, and selection of operators, 9 issuance of any licenses or permits that may be required, 9 sign contracts with the wining bidders.

NICTA will consult with the DCI regarding the World Bank Guidelines and procurement procedures. Regarding the subsidy disbursement mechanism, the winning bidder or contractor, will sign a Service Agreement with NICTA as the entity responsible for administering UAS. The contractor will then provide the services as per the agreed schedule in the Service Agreement. Payments will be triggered by verified completion of these services. NICTA will confirm in writing that Outputs have been completed, and request the Department’s PIU which is responsible for overall project financial management, to issue a payment request to the World Bank. The payment request must be counter signed by the Treasury and sent to the World Bank. The World Bank will make a direct payment to the winning contractor(s).

The support towards implementing the project will be provided by telecommunications companies including TELIKOM PNG, beMobile, Digicel, and other winning bidders. The infrastructure and services to be developed will depend on the private business entities which must comply with the legal and regulatory standards provided herewith.

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3.4.2 Providing Environmental Management in PNG

The Environmental Management and conservation issues in Papua New Guinea are regulated by the existing Environment Act 2000, while the implementing agencies include Department of Environment and Conservation, Non-government Organizations (NGOs), various Community Based Groups (CBOs) and Environmental Consultancy Agencies. The Department of Environment and Conservation will provide environmental management compliance and monitoring. The provincial Environmental divisions in different provinces will assist with the environmental management issues pertinent in the province and their districts. For, environmental management, the information on the various geographical localities in PNG can also be obtained from NGOs, CBOs and the Environmental Consultancy agencies.

The Department of Lands, Policy and Physical planning will deal with the processes of land tenure for rental, Lease, purchase or any such deals to develop project facilities. The Lands Department will also provide assistance and assessment for the compensation of various resources plants and animals that will be affected project activities. The Department of Social and Community welfare and other such government agencies will be involved in providing social and human welfare advisory services to NICTA.

3.4.3 Application, Enforcement and Effective Regulation Controls

The Laws applicable to the project are those Acts and regulations of the government administered respectively by the Department of Communication and Information, The Department of Lands and Physical Planning, The Department of Environment and Conservation, The National Health, Community and Social Welfare sectors. In Papua New Guinea, the enforcement of various laws or Acts is vested in these government departments to provide compliance monitoring for development activities and aims to attain sustainable developments. The sustainability of any development is in line with the National Constitution, including the Fourth National Goal and Directive Principle. The development activities must consider the future generations and the benefits to be gained from any development activities of the current generations. The benefits must be seen in all aspects including the social, economic, ecological, cultural, political and physical developments that focus on improvements in health and welfare of the majority of the people.

The environmental regulatory responsibilities in Papua New Guinea are vested on the Department of Environment and Conservation. DEC is responsible for compliance monitoring and evaluation of environmental impacts procuring from major development activities. However, DEC has failed in many areas of field monitoring and evaluation of projects in PNG. In this regard the NGOs and CBO groups have provided criticisms of negative environmental impacts which the government has recognized towards improving the state of the environmental performances of the developers in various sectors. The NGOs and CBOs have significant input in environmental management in Papua New Guinea. Most of the environmental research, protection and conservation programs in Papua New Guinea are conducted effectively by NGOs.

3.5 Applicable Regulatory Framework

Development of rural telecommunications and internet infrastructures and services will have integrated regulatory approaches. The telecommunications infrastructures will suit the local environmental conditions or requirements of the government of Papua New Guinea and their desired locations will be assessed before constructing any facility.

The rural telecommunications project, assessment, monitoring and regulatory guidelines are determined from the existing Environmental Acts, NICTA Legal Framework, Communications and Information Technology Laws,

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Land and Physical Planning Laws (Acts), other International laws, World Bank Policies, and International Environment Obligations, appropriate for environmental management and sustainable development initiatives.

3.5.1 Telecommunications Development and Environmental Management

All development activities will be implemented following the completion of initial environmental assessments for each tower8 locations. These involve clearing of forests or habitats, if necessary, for erection and construction of cell towers and associated amenities. The important environmental concerns will be closely evaluated according to the PNG’s Environment Laws and the relevant International Environmental Management guidelines or policies for protection, conservation and wise management of valuable biophysical components within the project areas.

3.5.2 General Construction Activities (Network Infrastructure and Facilities)

The construction activities for various components of the project will be based on the winning contractors which will comply with NICTA, DCI, and WB standards required for project designs. The facilities to be developed will be assessed against the generally acceptable engineering requirements as provided by the PNG Works and Engineering Division for roads and drainage constructions. The communications network facilities will comply with international standards consistent with the environmental, health and safety guidelines. (See Appendix – IFC Standards Appendix H – DCI OHS Policy)

3.6 Gaps in PNG and International Legislations.

3.6.1 Sustainable Information and Communications Sector

The Preamble to Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (see www.paclii.org/pg/legis/consol_act/cotisonpng534/ ) requires all citizens to participate in the country's efforts in development, and strive in their respective capacities to achieve the country's National Goals and Directive Principles as envisioned by the founding fathers of the Constitution. These goals and principles call for, among others, integral human development, equality and participation in development, and sustainable development of natural resources, and these aspirations provide the yardstick for fundamental human rights provisions recognized by the constitution, such as the right to freedom of conscience and expression, privacy, protection from unjust deprivation of property, and the right to protection of personal liberty, to oblige successive governments to advance development strategies consistent with these rudimentary norms.

The Papua New Guinea (PNG) Government's Medium Term Development Strategy 2005 - 2010 (MTDS), as well as its Vision 2050 Strategic Plan, attempt to acknowledge these fundamental human rights and provide the form in which specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound objectives are set to measure the extent of the country's efforts to achieve the National Goals over time.

A relevant objective under the MTDS and Vision 2050 is the creation of an enabling environment for the country’s private sector to drive sustainable economic growth and productivity among the country's citizens. The PNG Government realizes the importance of ICT as the driving factor towards this end, and its recent ICT Policy 2009 stresses secure social and economic benefits among Papua New Guinea's citizens, an efficient ICT structure, increased and wider access to basic telecommunications, effective and sustainable competition among network providers, and among others, increased availability and use of the internet among its citizens.

8 The communications towers will be established with the supporting components including the access roads, standby generators, fuel containers, security fencing and lighting. 42 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

3.6.2 ICT Sector: Pre and Post Reform

Prior to 2009, the regulatory structure in PNG was technology specific, meaning that PANGTEL was responsible for the governance and regulation of ICT products and services on a vertical, three-tier level licensing regime. Thus, at the top of this regime only PNG’s TELIKOM had almost all the exclusive licensing rights to introduce and operate communications technology while network service and other ICT providers had to negotiate with TELIKOM to utilize its exclusive rights in respect of utilizing a specific ICT product and or service, including obtaining the mandate from TELIKOM to establish new or utilize enabling infrastructure for the delivery of a specific ICT service or product.

The rationale behind this regime was to protect PNG’s interests in TELIKOM by ensuring that the utilization of introduced or existing communications technology was in the best and long term interest of PNG’s citizens and that PNG’s ICT sector could not be open to any product or service considered against those interests. Despite the supervision of PANGTEL and recently the Independent Consumer and Competition Commission over pertinent negotiations, TELIKOM still had monopoly over most of the ICT products and services prior to 2009.

NICTA however, has introduced a regime to be administered by the National Information and Communications Technology Authority (“Authority”) and the Independent Consumer and Competition Commission (“ICCC”) for the gradual transition of the current, vertical three-tier licensing scheme to a technology neutral, three-tier horizontal licensing structure premised on the categorization of operating licencees as network providers, service providers, and content providers, whose sphere of operation will be measured by class licences, individual licences and exemption criteria. This structure will only apply to services, products or facilities declared by the Minister for Information and Communication on recommendation largely by the Authority. Unlike before where TELIKOM largely determined terms and conditions on pricing for use of its services and facilities, NICTA has also given the Authority mandate to declare the application of internationally accepted pricing principles and also for the endorsement of the ICCC’s prescribed pricing criteria for provisions under each category of licence in specific instances.

The liberalization of the International Gateway, which TELIKOM had always had the exclusive right to utilize to the exclusion of other service providers, the regulation of wholesale and access services as well as pricing and the administration of the universal access scheme by the Authority which allows interconnection and facilities sharing consistent with internationally accepted technical and operational standards, including established competition criteria, has more or less shifted TELIKOM’s monopolistic influence over the ICT sector to a more open and competitive sector to be driven largely by supply and demand for ICT services and products over time.

It follows that rather than allowing TELIKOM to determine what was in the country’s best interest, by enacting NICTA the Government has embarked on utilizing an open and competitive ICT sector to secure social and economic benefits for its citizens, allowing the introduction or utilization of user-friendly telecommunications services or products, increasing wider participation by its citizens in the use of communications technology, improving the capacity of TELIKOM to compete effectively in the long term, and expose internet connectivity to many of its citizens for interaction with the international community over time.

From these objectives, two significant targets stand out. As also indicated in NICTA, in order for the ICT sector to remain in the best interest of PNG’s citizens in the long term it must also take account of the interests of the key commercial players in the sector, i.e. the licencees. Indeed, in the long term the need to find a proper balance between what is in the best and long term interest of end users of communications technology and those that facilitate and provide such services will be the core controversial issue in determining how open and competitive the ICT sector should be at a particular point in time in future. It is from this fundamental issue that

43 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF the following common regulatory issues concerning the establishment of ICT infrastructure are highlighted and discussed below.

3.6.3 Common Regulatory Issues

(A). Environment Management Code of Practice and Industry Standards

At this point in time, there appears to be no clear or express provision in the Environment Act 2000 as well as the Environment (Prescribed Activities) Regulations 2002 which oblige a NICTA sanctioned licensee or any appropriate person seeking to participate in the ICT sector to obtain an environment permit for the purposes of constructing infrastructure to facilitate the delivery of ICT services or products to end users throughout the country. A provision which could perhaps apply to licensees or such other persons intending to establish ICT infrastructure is Column 12.6 of Schedule Two of the Environment Prescribed Activities Regulations, which state that the construction of electricity transmission lines or pipelines greater than 10 km in length is a Level 2 activity for the purposes of the Environment Act. This however raises the issue whether the construction of communication lines or infrastructure to facilitate communication would come within this category of Level 2 activity and accordingly invoke the application of the Environment Act to such activities to establish infrastructure for the purposes of facilitating telecommunication services.

While acknowledging this view, it is also important to note Part 4 of the Environment Act, which provides for the introduction of Environment Policies consistent with government objectives concerning an industry or activity, technology or process, and even establishing policies on dealing with the loss of a beneficial value to a particular environment. To the same end, the Authority is also obliged to introduce codes of practice and industry standards in relation to the acquisition and utilization of land and other natural resources by NICTA sanctioned licencees to ensure that the impact of any infrastructural activity on the environment is minimal.

At this juncture, it is hard to say for sure whether there are any applicable environment policy or industry standard which exist for the Authority to enforce and oblige industry participants to be weary of infrastructural activities and their implications on the environment. It is unclear whether there is any environment policy or determination whether the construction of facilities for the purposes of facilitating telecommunications would come within the ambit of the Environment Act and its pertinent regulations.

(B). Land Acquisition Issues

The implications of the Land Act 1996, the Land Dispute Settlement Act 1975 and the Land Groups Incorporation Act 1974 in so far as the acquisition of customary land for the purposes of setting up infrastructure is also crucial in laying the premise for the identification of proper beneficiaries and partners to ensure that over time any strategies proposed to manage the environment within which a pertinent infrastructure is established will not be seriously impeded by disputes concerning land acquisition, land boundaries, and land ownership concerns.

It remains to be seen when NICTA would facilitate the establishment of appropriate policies and industry standards that will provide the guidelines for industry participants to utilize in addressing such concerns well before the construction and operation of appropriate infrastructure over land that is communally owned, where in the absence of such matters a relative infrastructure will continue to serve the best and long term interests of end users, including the environment within which the end users interact with, as well as the commercial interests of the operator of the infrastructure over time and consequently allow the Authority to fulfil the government’s objectives for reforming the ICT sector in PNG.

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While it is important to point out the significance of having codes, rules, and standards directing the manner in which industry participants should establish and operate infrastructure in line with sustainable management principles, it is also crucial to note the government’s objectives of promoting an open and competitive ICT sector to drive social and economic development among its citizens in particular, where in some developed nations having a highly regulated and codified industry has been criticized as an impediment to social and economic development.

(C). Is too much Codes and Standards good for Open and Competitive ICT Sector?

In countries like the United States and Australia, the application and emergence of numerous codes of conduct, standards and rules have been criticized as having a negative impact on the expansion, innovation and the introduction of new telecommunications technology in the ICT sector. Criticisms leveled against having an industry highly regulated by codes and standards have ranged from government discrimination against network operators, infrastructure operators, and service providers of telecommunication facilities, to forcing such industry participants to invest in new technology and infrastructure capable of systematically allowing access to a specified class of end-users who for instance are able to afford the services to the total exclusion of other end-users of the telecommunications technology being offered.

In Australia, the existing law accentuates procedural compliance with access standards on the part of ‘carriers and carriage service providers’ as a means to regulate and control telecommunications access, trade practices, competition, content regulation and freedom of expression concerns within and beyond Australia’s territorial borders. Premised on the ultimate objective to ensure that the ICT industry serves the best and long term interests of end-users of telecommunications technology over time, standards and codes based on established and specific bases and deemed to satisfy that interest as well as to encourage open access and competition among industry participants have been developed to accommodate the commercial interests of such participants in order to encourage their long term participation in the industry.

The challenge for the ICT sector in PNG will be whether the existing legal arrangements introduced by NICTA, and which provide the basis for the introduction of necessary policies, codes of conduct and standards, including those pertaining to the management of the environment, will not only serve the long term and best interests of end-users but accommodate the commercial interests of industry participants and continue to encourage the open and competitive ICT sector envisaged by the government over time.

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Chapter 4 - Environmental and Social Management Approach

4.1 Project Management Team and Procedure

The overall responsibility of this ESMF implementation and compliance monitoring will be coordinated by the DCI and NICTA with support from DEC, with engagement of environmental consulting agencies. This will be overseen by PIU with NICTA in collaboration with the Ministry and Department of Communications and Information. The PIU will created within the Communications and Policy Division (figure 3), and will be headed by the Deputy Secretary. The team will include the staff from the Department and consultants funded by the project.

The Department of Communication and information will administer the project but in close consultation with NICTA. The NICTA will be responsible to ensure that the screening and impact mitigation mechanisms are implemented. The NICTA amongst its staff would nominate an Environmental Coordinator (EC) who would be the focal point for all matters relating to the Environmental Issues during the project. The NICTA environmental division will closely collaborate with DCI to consult DEC to provide advise on environmental policies and guidelines for environmental and Social impacts assessment, evaluation monitoring and mitigation measures.

The NICTA will have four (4) regional ECs who would then report to the national EC on the impact and environmental issues relating to the operations of the telecommunications and information services. Apart from NICTA Environmental Coordinators, all the contractors involved in construction of telecommunications facilities, infrastructures, and operations will be required to nominate their environmental officers (monitors) who would be among their site construction staff. These environmental officers will be responsible for implementing ESMF at the site including the implementation of the Land Acquisition Guidelines.

Given the PNG Governments reputation of poor monitoring and biased reporting of environmental issues, an integrated professionalism will be developed in providing compliance monitoring and impact mitigation measures. The regional environmental coordinators will be supported by the neutral professional environmental agencies including the universities located in respective geopolitical regions. NICTA and DCI will nominate or award short-term environmental compliance audit to accredited environmental consultants, which will include professional academic Institutions and NGOs, where required. The environmental performance audits will be conducted every two year period of the NICTA financial year ending.

These academic institutions will include;

o Southern Region – UPNG o Highlands Region – UoG o Momase Region – Unitech o Islands Region – UoV.

The contracts for environmental compliance assessment and monitoring and reporting in various rural areas throughout the country will be awarded to the local Environmental NGOs or CBOs, based on their previous performances in environmental and development issues.

The regional ECs together with nominated academic institutions (universities) of each region can then provide adequate environmental compliance monitoring. These responsibilities more effectively will be implemented on the short-term contractual basis every two years, which will be aimed at fair reporting, monitoring and mitigation of the ESMF throughout rural areas of the country.

46 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

The NICTA and neutral environmental professionals will provide oversight mechanism, reviewing the environmental process and documentation for the subprojects, ensuring that the ESMF process is properly implemented. The training and capacity building will be provided to all the environmental and technical staff of project contractors, NICTA and other Environmental officers, preferably on joint training approach. The exact differential and complementary responsibility training will be one focus of the environmental coordinators.

Compliance to ESMF will be made a contractual requirement for all the contractors engaged for the proposed activities. In this regard, a suitable clause had been added in the bidding document, such as “Implementation of ESMF” (including but not limited to environmental and social guidelines and Assessment report), will be an integral part of the contractor’s scope of work and will be included in the performance criteria of the project.

4.2 Roles and Responsibilities

The project will be implemented by various stakeholders discussed below. The roles and responsibilities are shared between the stakeholders, thus provides a clear-cut and transparent approach for the benefits to be incurred. The roles and responsibilities of the project are divided from financial support, implementation, evaluation, monitoring and benefit accumulations to the users of the communications services9.

The roles and responsibilities are tabulated on Table 1. The roles and responsibilities relate to implementation and operational concerns for environmental management of the impacts of the project. These include World Bank, DCI, NICTA, Contractors, Communities and the NGOs or CBOs, which may be either directly or indirectly part of the project development or operations.

4.1.1 The World Bank

The GoPNG sought financial assistance from the World Bank to finance the design and implementation of the Rural Telecommunications Project. This request followed previous engagements from the World Bank (Bank) to analyze options for rural communications and to advise on the Universal Access Scheme component of the National ICT policy. The rural communications project will be financed by the WB under UAS within the RCF component. The Bank supports telecommunications market liberalization and development of new regulatory structures, in developing countries including many locations throughout the Pacific Island region. The bank will remain engaged in policy dialogue on the broader reform and sector institutional development agenda.

4.1.2 The Papua New Guinea Department of Communications and Information

The Department of Communication and Information will be responsible for preparation and update of the Procurement Plan, Disbursement of Project Funds, Management of Project Accounts, Recruitment of Consultants, and Recruitment of Audit Firm. All procurement will be led by the PIU within the DCI, in close consultation with the NICTA, for example, for the Consultants Evaluation. Contracts for the consultant services and training will be signed by the Department. The PIU will be responsible for overall project financial management provided by the World Bank.

4.1.3 National Information and Communication Technology Authority (NICTA)

9 Communication Service – the term generally includes all modern types of communication including basic telephony, radio broadcasting, two-way radio systems, internet, and mobile phone services. The rural communications services are more focused on viable communications which will include basic telephony, mobile and internet communications. 47 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

NICTA will be responsible for management of the UAS; it will also prepare and organize the project tenders, including tenders for the demonstration projects under component two (2). NICTA will organize the bidding process, evaluation, selection of operators and issuance of any licenses or permits that may be required. The NICTA will sign contracts of Service Agreements with the wining bidders. The wining contractors will then provide the services as per the agreed schedule in the Service Agreement.

4.1.4 Papua New Guinea NICTA Staff

The NICTA staff will comprise, apart from other staff, of an Environment Coordinators, representing the national, regional and provincial monitoring team for the Department of Environment and Conservation. The national EC will be responsible for overall country-wide compliance assessment, monitoring and reporting provided by the regional, provincial and contractors’ Environmental Coordinators.

The regional coordinators will oversee the environment situation, assessment and reporting which will be provided by the provincial and the contractors’ Environmental Offices. (Refer to figure 3 - hierarchical Functions of Environment Coordinators). The National Environmental Coordinators’ responsibility will be subject to the NICTA Manager (The DCI Deputy Secretary).

4.1.5 The Contractors

The Construction and operation Contractors are required to have an Environment Monitor (EM), who will provide environmental aspects of the contractors operation and related issues. The Contractors must provide environment situation report to the provincial Environmental Coordinators.

4.1.6 NGOs and Community

In PNG environmental monitoring and fair dealings between the stakeholders and rural people have been abused. In remote rural areas of PNG, the NGOs will be permitted to provide independent Environmental evaluation and monitoring. These will safeguard communities from negative environmental impacts in areas where Environment Issues may not be honestly and fairly assessed, monitored and reported.

The Environmental Education, Awareness and Training activities will be awarded both to the Contractors and Environmental NGOs and CBOs, throughout various rural communities. The NICTA Environment Coordinators will also coordinate with the NGOs, CBOs and other government department including the Local Level Governments at sub-district levels.

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FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE RCF PROJECT ASSESSMENT, IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING AGENCY.

The Minister (DCI)

The Secretary, DCI

Deputy Secretary (NICTA General Manager)

Information and Communication Corporate Public Affairs and Policy Services

PIU (NICTA)

Environment Periodic Environmental Coordinator (National) Audit (5 yearly) Regional Based Academic Institutions (UPNG, UoG, UNRE - Regional NICTA Vudal and UNITECH) Environment Coordinator

Provincial Environment Coordinator

Contractors (EM) NGOs and CBOs

Project Communities / Public Users (Telecom Infrastructures, Activities and Operations)

Figure 3. Hierarchical Functional Structure of Project Implementers. [w1] The yellow color shading of the boxes represents the overall management and environment staff reporting structure and responsibilities in relation to environmental assessment, monitoring and reporting of communications infrastructure and services impacts in the country10.

10 The environmental and social works consultation NGOs, CBOs and Academic Institutions will be awarded one of short term consultation for Environmental performance audit, every two year monitoring period which the reports will be provided to NICTA, DEC, and DCI. 49 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

Table 4. Roles and Responsibilities of Implementing Agents of the Project.

Organization Responsibility NICTA, DCI and DEC ƒ Overall responsible for the implementation of ESMF and the (Environment Coordinators and environmental performance of the project. Community Liaison Officer) ƒ Prepare Cost Estimates for environmental management of the project. ƒ Develop Environmental Training modules and periodically conduct environmental trainings for the NICTA, Contractors Staff and other Interest groups including NGOs and local communities. ƒ Maintain a complete record of the trainings (training modules developed, trainings conducted and attendees) ƒ Prepare simple checklists on the basis of the environmental guidelines . ƒ Ensure that the contractors fill the checklist on regular basis. ƒ Review the filled checklists and determine any corrective action, if required. ƒ Maintain a record of all filled checklists, and the corrective actions planned / undertaken. ƒ Periodically visit the construction sites, in order to monitor the filling of checklists, and to determine their effectiveness. ƒ Maintain a complete record of above mentioned field visits. ƒ Ensure that the environmental considerations for the building design/sitting are adequately adhere.

ƒ ƒ Coordinate with any other stakeholders, such as the DEC, NGOs, CBOs, and other major resources developers, NFA, district government departments in various provinces. Any other organization interested to known the environmental performance of the project. Contractors ƒ Prepare ESMF cost estimates and include in the overall (Environmental Monitors) costing. ƒ Participate in the environmental trainings conducted by the NICTA. ƒ Implement the Environmental Guidelines in the Field, during the constructions or operation activities. ƒ Fill the environmental checklists on regular basis, and provide copies to NICTA Staff, and NGOs or CBOs, if necessary. ƒ Provide Feedback to NICTA Environment Manager through the ECs, on the effectiveness of the checklists and ESMF. ƒ ƒ Increase and provide continuous monitoring on the Environmental Health and Safety Awareness among the Contractor Staff and Impact Communities.

50 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

Organization Responsibility NGOs, and CBOs ƒ Provide supplementary and independently viewed, (Environment Representatives) Assessment and report on the Environmental Impacts of the Project ƒ Work together with the contractor’s Environment Monitor in implementing the Environmental Guidelines. Community (Public) ƒ Access services and facilities fairly with environmental care (Infrastructure and Service and sustainable use practices Beneficiaries) ƒ Report any environmental risks or treats to the Environmental monitor or NGO or CBO.

4.3 Environmental and Social Guidelines

The Environmental Guidelines are the key component of the Environmental Management Framework (EMF). These guidelines list all the potential effects of each activity of the project and their associated mitigation measures. These guidelines are applicable and will be applied at various stages of the project including the design, construction, maintenance and operation of the proposed facilities.

4.3.1 Environmental and Social Guidelines for Design Phase

The design phase of the project will attract two main issues. The design of the project in regard to the type and nature of the facilities and subsequent operations will affect the users and the surrounding environment. The fundamental urban or settlement design principles of the project will not be relegated for later consideration. The principles will be acceptable at the time any consent is granted. Key concerns of telecommunications designs must include relevant tower, mast and building designs for telecommunications operations. These concerns are: ¾ Considerations of design and layout will be informed by the context, having regard, not just for any immediate neighboring buildings or facilities but the settlement-scape (village), and landscape of the wider locality. The local pattern of roads, building tradition, materials and ecology will all help to determine the character and identity of the development of telecommunications facilities.

¾ The scale, massing and height of towers developed will be considered in relation to that of adjoining buildings, the topography, the general pattern of heights in the country, views, vistas and landmarks and natural risks from environmental events of earthquakes, volcanoes, flooding, landslide and other mass movements.

(a). Technical Aspects

• Design of the proposed buildings/other installations will adhere to all standard technical requirements of the PNG National Housing Commission and approved by the PNG Building Board for buildings and PNG Works Department for Road Construction.

51 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

• Design of the proposed buildings and pylons will adhere to international best practice, in order to avoid adverse impacts on the environment and human health and safety conditions. • The designs will cater for the natural forces of earthquakes, land slides and flooding as classified under the initial environmental assessment for the area • The design will address the flooding and earthquake risks in the project area. • The design will address soil erosion and other mass movements risks particularly in the hilly areas • Use of the Local materials should be maximized • The design of buildings and towers, masts and associated physical facilities will consider appropriate colouring, size, and height of the facilities consistent with the surrounding environment. • The design of telecentres will include adequate ventilation and illumination facilities. • The design of telecentres will include provision of water supply and sanitation services • The toilet and water facilities design will address the water scarcity in the water-scarce areas.

(b). Social and Gender Issues

• The design of building will have separate toilets and water facilities for men and women, where appropriate. • The design will address the need for physically disadvantaged users or staff. • The design will be flexible to accommodate children and women safely, where necessary.

4.3.2 Environmental Guidelines for Construction of Buildings, Towers, Pylons and Access Roads. a) Facility Location

• The locations will be identified together with the community involving the customary landowners. The decision-making process will take the form of a culturally-relevant consultation process, in a language that will be understood by all participants, with broad community representation, and with relevant information on the project-including its potential positive and negative impacts-provided to the communities prior to consultation. Broad community support is a prerequisite to the use of land for the project. (See Community Consultation Guidelines.) • The facilities will not be constructed over any disputed land • The wildlife protected areas will be avoided, when selecting the site for the telecentres and other project facilities. In case such facilities are to be located inside protected areas, a separate, site specific environmental study will be conducted. Furthermore, if the proposed works are to be carried out in the vicinity of these sites, the relevant Wildlife or Forestry department will be consulted before commencing the physical works. • The facilities will not be constructed on sites of of archeological, historical, cultural or religious significance. • The buildings will not be constructed on areas having any significant natural vegetation or habitat for endangered, rare and endemic flora and fauna. • The buildings should be constructed on flat land as far as possible, carefully assessed for gentle slopes no more than 15 - 20 degrees. • The pylons will be erected on flat land as far as possible carefully assessed for gentle slopes no more than 15 - 20 degrees. • Buildings and Pylons will not be located in any natural drainage. • The health hazards of electromagnetic radiation associated with the antennas on mobile towers are negligible. However, to be on the safe side, such towers/pylons will not be located adjacent to sensitive receptors, such as schools, hospitals, public recreational and sporting areas. 52 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

b) Land Acquisition

• Land use will be negotiated with communities and other relevant stakeholders. (See Land Acquisition Guidelines) • Land/premises can be obtained on rental basis. The entire process will be properly documented. • THe lease/rental amount will be negotiated and could include the loss of income generating opportunities, whether be one-time or permanent, associated with the affected land and the loss of crops or economic trees. In the case the pylons or towers are erected on the State land or in the existing right of way, requisite approvals from the concerned department/authority will be obtained. Complete documentation record will be maintained.

c) . Construction Activities

• Slope stabilization and soil erosion control measures will be taken where required, particularly in hilly terrain. • Damage to the adjacent property/crops/infrastructure or other significant materials or sites will be avoided or minimized. Any such damage will be repaired by the contractor or otherwise, appropriate compensation will be paid to the affectees. • Water will be procured in consultation with the community in water scarce areas or periods especially during dry season. • The community at all times and locations will be informed about the construction activities prior to commencement and associated safety hazards will be made known to the communities and construction workers. • Protective fencing will be used where necessary. • Nighttime and rough weather works will be avoided as much as possible. • Use of local material and local labour will be maximized as much as possible. • Local norms and customs will be respected. Gender sensitivities will be appropriately addresses through awareness raising among the construction crew. • Should any archeological or historical sites or artifacts be discovered during the construction activities, the works will be stopped and the, Government of PNG will be contacted for further advice through the department of Environment and Conservation, and Department of Modern Museum, Arts and Gallery or other relevant departments or agencies. • The trees that need to be removed for establishment of the proposed facilities (telecentres, pylons and others) will be counted and their type, age, size and approximate salvage price determined and documented before any physical work is carried out at the site. Photographic record will also be maintained for the pre-project conditions. • The contractor will provide financial payments and / or carry out tree plantation to compensate any such tree cutting during the project execution. The trees planted will be more valuable then the ones removed. The trees will be planted at or around the facilities, or at any other suitable location in consultation with NICTA, LLGs, DEC and Local Landowner community, who ever is to be consulted. The local species will be preferred in order to avoid ecologically species interruptions.

d) Waste Disposal

• Appropriate waste disposal mechanism will be followed during the construction phase. The construction waste must be disposed in a manner that does not contaminate surface or

53 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

groundwater. The waste management guideline will be provided prior to any construction by the contractors. • The recyclable waste will be sold to the recycling contractors; the biodegradable waste will be buried at an appropriate place, while the left–over construction material will be sold to other users. The remaining waste will be burnt at a place safe at a kilometer distance and rear wind direction away from the settlements.

4.3.3 Environmental Guidelines for Underground Cable Laying

The concerns associated with cable laying will be aligned with the environmental guidelines as outlined below.

a) Cable Route Selection

• The wildlife protected (Appendix B), historical, archeological and sacred sites will be avoided. If unavoidable, a separate, site specific environmental study will be carried out. Furthermore, if the works are to be carried out in the vicinity of these sites, the relevant Wildlife, or DEC must be consulted before commencing the physical works. • The Cable routes will avoid any significant natural vegetation or landscape. • The contractor will provide financial payments and / or carry out tree plantation to compensate any such tree cutting during the project execution. The trees thus planted will be more valuable then the ones removed. The trees will be planted at or around the proposed facilities, or at any other suitable location in consultation with NICTA, LLGs, DEC and Local Landonwer community, who ever is to be consulted. The local plant species will be preferred in order to avoid ecological species interruptions. • The entire agreement for the compensation will be documented. b) Acquisition of Temporary Right of Way (RoW)

• If the cable route passes through private land, the temporary right of way will be acquired during excavation, particularly in hilly terrain. • The entire agreement for compensation will be documented.

c) Excavation and Backfilling Activities

• Soil erosion and other geomorphic mass movements will have control measures to under take where required during excavation, particularly in hilly terrain. • The activities will not affect the natural drainage of the area. • Damage to property/crops/infrastructure or other significant material or sites along the route should be avoided. Any such damage will be repaired or compensated financially by the contractor; otherwise other appropriate compensation will be paid to all the affectees. • About 30 cm layer of topsoil in the cultivatable areas will be stacked separately, and will be used as the top layer during backfilling, in consultation with the land owner (s)/grower(s). • The cable trench will not be left uncovered for extended period of time (more than 2 months). The excavation will only be carried out when all the required materials and manpower are available on hand for cable laying. The Backfilling will be carried out as soon as possible. • Prior community information and awareness (including of all potential impacts) will be conducted about the cable laying activities and associated safety hazards. Community consent will be required before project activities are undertaken.

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• Access routes will be blocked during the cable laying works. If unavoidable, alternate routes should be identified in consultation with the affected communities. Also, the duration of such blockages will be minimized through astute planning. When alternate route are developed all compensation payments will be as for other similar construction activities stated elsewhere. • Night and bad weather condition works will be avoided as much as possible. • Local material and Labour use will be maximized as much as possible. • Local norms and customs will be respected. Gender sensitivities will be appropriately addressed through awareness raising among the construction crew. • Should any archeological or historical sites or artifacts be discovered during the excavation, the works will be stopped and the Department of Environment and Conservation, modern museum or other relevant departments will be contacted for further advice.

d) Waste Disposal

• Appropriate waste disposal mechanism will be followed during the construction phase. The construction waste will be disposed in a manner that does not contaminate surface or groundwater. • Waste from construction and other related activities will be managed in the following manner. i. The recyclable waste will be sold to the recycling contractors; ii. The biodegradable waste will be buried at an appropriate place; iii. The left-over construction material will be sold to other users; and iv. The remaining waste will be burnt at a place at a safe distance from the settlement or other significant sites.

4.3.4 Environmental and Social Guidelines for the Operation Phase.

During the operation phase there are three (3) major concerns that will comply with the following guidelines as outline below for each issue.

a) Health Concerns

• The water supply at the facilities will be maintained hygienically by the contractors and service users. • The toilets will be maintained, kept clean and functional at all times. • Solid waste disposal system will be developed and maintained. • Awareness level will be raised among the staff regarding communicable diseases and the associated precautionary measures.

b) Gender Issues

• Separate toilets will be maintained for men and women where practical. • Awareness level will be developed on gender issues among the staff and even services recipients.

c) General Issues

• Environmental awareness will be enhanced among the staff.

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• Attempts will be made to raise the environmental awareness of the community in general, particularly on issues such as waste disposal. Posters at the telecentres and any other telecommunications buildings will be fixed for these purposes. • The awareness and information on user risks and environmental impacts of the telephone and internet services will be published on Booklets, local newspapers, Pamphlets or posters, and posted on the Websites (still under development).

4.3.5 Compensation Guidelines for Land and Environmental Damages

The Land Act (1996), section 14 (1) and (2) provides for compensation claims when a notice of acquisition is applied to or chattel. However, the Act does not include provision on compensation for food crops and economic trees.

The Valuer General’s Office, under the Department of Lands and Physical Planning provides guidelines for compensation of economic plantings – Valuer-General’s Compensation Schedule for Trees and Plants, All Regions, which is updated periodically. The schedule is used as a guide for assessment purposes.

It is against PNG Law to cut, bark, or destroys trees; cut, saw, removes or sell timber; or excavate any mineral or stone, sand, gravel or other material from Government Land or Customary Land without authority. Section 144 states that:

(1) A person who, without authority – (a) Injuries, fells, barks or destroys a tree growing on government land or customary land; or (b) Cuts, saws, removes or sells timber lying or being on any such land; or (c) removes or takes away or severs, excavates, quarries or digs for, with intent to remove or take away, any mineral or stone, sand, gravel or other material from any such land, is guilty of an offence.

PENALTY: A fine not exceeding K500.00 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months.

Appendix J details the expected impacts, the compensation for land and plants including food crops or other valuable plants which will be affected by the project activities. The policy or strategies that will be employed are generic and is also explained in various subsections and tables in appendix J.

4.4 Environmental Monitoring

This process will be continuous and appropriate agencies or institutions will comply with the environmental guidelines as provided in the above (subsection 4.3.4) and those also mentioned elsewhere in the document. The environmental monitoring will ensure that the guidelines discussed in subsection 5.4, environmental management and protection measures, and that social measures outlined in the ESMF are being adequately followed during the execution of the project.

The on-site monitoring will be provided by the contractors’ EM, also supported by the locally established NGOs or CBOs. The periodic monitoring and assessment will be provided by the NICTA Environmental Staff and consultation environmental auditing and review after every five year period by the nominated regional Higher Academic Institutions as pointed out in figure 9. The NICTA environment staff visiting the project sites will check the technical/contractual aspects and general operational conditions to be within the acceptable limits of negative impacts accruing to the entire receiving environment.

4.5 Environmental Education: Awareness and Trainings

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The dissemination of information will be based on educating and training environment coordinators at all levels. The environmental trainings will help enhance awareness level of the NICTA staff, contractors and community on all matters relating to the environment. The trainings will ensure that the requirements of the EMF are clearly understood and followed by the NICTA and Contractors throughout the project period.

The training programs will be coordinated by the NICTA and DCI to all project personnel including the contractor staff. The environmental trainings will be conducted well before any site works commence. Throughout the project operation periods and at various provinces the training programs are to be conducted on six (6) monthly bases, in order to inculcate environmental awareness and maintain clear understanding of ESMF among the NICTA, DCI, and contractor staff, which will provide dissemination of environmental information enhancing awareness amongst the communities.

The scope of the training programme will cover:

• Environmental Guidelines • Public Health and Safety Issues • Land use issues • General Environmental and Social Awareness • Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Waste Disposal, • Technical Risks Assessment, • Socioeconomic Risk Assessment, • Physical Environment Risks Assessment, and • Effective house-keeping.

The training will include environmental issues both during the construction and operational phases. The aim of this training will be to minimize environmental and social impacts of the project. The environmental trainings and awareness activities require estimation of associated costs to be provided by the DCI from the World Bank Funding intended for the project. There three (3) levels of environmental training and Awareness activities. These include training of NICTA Staff, Contractors’ Environmental Officers, and public/community Awareness.

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4.6 Documentation

The documentation of the project will involve continuous assessment and report of project sites, services and facilities. The requirements for documentation of EMF implementation will be simple. The NICTA will primarily be responsible for generating various documents and maintaining their record. NICTA will develop easy-to-fill checklists, on the basis of the Environmental Guidelines and other vital measurers discussed above. The contractors will be required to fill these checklists and provide a copy to NICTA, who would maintain a complete record of these filled checklists and any follow-up action to take on them. NICTA will also maintain a complete record of the training modules developed, training and awareness programmes conducted and the attendees and community responses of these trainings and awareness.

4.7 Environmental and Social Management Framework Budget

The ESMF budget will have the following distinct components: o The costs associated with the Activities of the DCI and NICTA, involving the training and awareness to its own staff o The costs associated with activities carried out by the contractors

The EMF costs associated with the activities carried out by NICTA and DCI will need to be estimated at the project planning phase. These costs will essentially correspond to the environmental trainings and awareness activities to be conducted by NICTA and other interest groups. The subsequent documentation of the reports will all be included in this cost component. NICTA will not incur any costs associated with other aspects of the environmental management, since these activities will not be carried out by the staff dedicated for this purpose.

The contractors’ implementation costs of ESMF will be estimated for each individual work package, which may comprise of telecentres and its associated system/equipment such as pylon, towers and under ground cables. The cost estimate will include, where applicable, the following aspects:

¾ Staff dedicated for environmental management, if any ¾ Environmental trainings and Awareness ¾ Land Acquisition in accordance with Land Acquisition Guidelines ¾ Compensation for any affected structure in accordance with the ESMF ¾ Crop compensation in accordance with the ESMF ¾ Assessment and Documentation ¾ Plant, especially tree plantation ¾ Environmental Monitoring and Auditing

The contractors will be responsible to include the above costs in their overall cost estimates for any project they are engaged in. The costs for all projects will be approved by the NICTA and submitted to the PNG World Bank team for funds to be released.

4.8 Project Screening, Review and Implementation Process

The proposed screening, review and implementation framework has been designed based on Papua New Guinea’s environmental assessment process set in place for the expansion of telecommunications facilities and services, including internet service into unserved rural areas. The environmental framework is complemented to World Bank Standards and even other International safeguard policies and standards subject to provide good environmental management.

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Figure 4, shows the adherence of the in-country appraisal process by DCI and NICTA to World Bank requirements. The yellow box (to the right) presents the project appraisal process that the implementing agencies, including NICTA and DCI will use to evaluate subprojects under PHRD rural telecommunications project, as follows: ™ STEP 1: Site Selection and Screening ™ STEP 2: Appraisal and Review ™ STEP 3: Approval and Disclosures ™ STEP 4: Implementation, and ™ STEP 5: Monitoring

The green box (to the left) in figure 4 specifies the World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard requirements of Operational Policies (4.01, 4.04, and 4.11) that will be met at each step of the project appraisal process. NICTA and DCI will ensure that the World Bank requirements, national, regional and other parallel environmental policies are incorporated when evaluating subprojects. Whenever necessary, the World Bank, JICA or other such interest groups will provide appropriate technical assistance and training to NICTA project staff, DCI project staff and Local Communities within the project area.

STEP 1: SITE SELECTION and SCREENING

NICTA will receive subproject site selection forms and pre classification documents from the proponents. The proposed subproject sites that are rated above the pass level, will go through a screening process by NICTA and DCI to determine category.

The site selection process is undertaken by the project proponents. They are expected to use the following tools: • Rapid Environmental Valorization (REV) • World Bank Environmental Site Sensitivity Compliance Criteria

The sensitivity of proposed sites will be rated by means of a checklist form called REV. This contains all WB requirements for site selection process.

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Screening, Appraisal and Implementation Process for NICTA and DCI.

WB Environmental and Social Safeguard Project Appraisal Process by the Requirements (OP 4.01, 4.04 & 4.14) Environmental Agency DEC and NICTA

• Identification of subproject Project proponent initiates site selection • Step 1.Site Site selection (Natural habitats and Selection & and Pre classification (A,B, B1, B2,C). cultural resources consideration) Screening • Subproject screening (A,B, or C) NICTA Screens subproject applications

Category A Category B Category C (High Risk) (Medium Risks) (Low Risk) Classed as A, B1 Classified as C or • • • Develo Design No or B2 without PR B2 with PR p ToR EMP with further • Project Proponent Project proponent Alternat generic Action Step 2 mitigation required complete Form complete Form D2 ives Analysis Appraisal • Develo measures & Review p EIA or EMP • Public NICTA evaluates subproject forms (D1) and assigns • Public consultation category (and environmental instruments to be filled) Consultation • Project • Project disclosure disclosure • Apply • Apply EMP Category A Category B1 Category B2 EMP conditions in (High Risk) (Moderate (Moderate to These requirements will be incorporated into the Project Impacts) Low Impacts) corresponding categories assigned by NICTA & DCI Proponent Project Project Proponent Develops Proponent Develops Sworn Env. Impact Develops Statements for • Review EMP findings and results for Assessment Forecast Environmental Commitment subprojects by implementing institution, EMP. environmental agency or technical advisor. • Request additional EMP work; Public consultation & institutional capacity (if needed) NICTA’s evaluation and Decision paths: • Approval on basis of compliance with Step 3. • Rejected safeguard policies (OPs) and National legislation Approval & • Incomplete or deficient: requires • Disclosure of subproject Disclosure extension or modification • Approval: formalize commitment and pay guarantee. • Ensure implementation of mitigation measures addressed in EMP and legal agreements. • Capacity building and Training of project NICTA supervises subproject implementation contractors’ staff, NICTA & DCI Staff, local Step 4. in compliance with approved environment GoPNG officers and communities. Implementation • Public consultation and disclosure instruments.

• Ensure regular monitoring is established in Step 5 EMP NICTA determines subproject monitoring Monitoring • Capacity Building and Training of project staff, frequency and supervises monitoring reports local DCCI officers, NICTA staff and Communities. approved in EMP. • Public consultation, Negotiations, awareness

Figure 4: Screening, Appraisal and Implementation Process for DCI NICTA and DEC in PNG.

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Additionally, project proponents will rate the impacts (low, medium, high) based in terms of the site sensitivity of the proposed sites in accordance with the World Bank safeguard criteria for environmental site sensitivities. The overall site sensitivity is determined based on the number of low, medium, and high ratings received for each sensitivity issue. Table 4 outlines the risk categories (A, B, and C) as defined by the World Bank that are associated with the examples of telecommunications subprojects.

Table 4. RISK Assessment for Subproject Categories.

Type of Activities Risk Categories Low Medium High • Installation of Masts and towers • Installation of Fixed line cables and Connectors • Construction of Landing Stations • Equipment Housing (e.g.: shelters, cabinets, auxiliary power units)

• Construction of Access Roads and Right Of Ways (ROW) on Greenfield sites • Maintenance of access roads or other existing linear infrastructure which does not require ROW expansion • Land Acquisition

The subprojects which are deemed high risk, as they may result in significant impacts, NICTA will ensure that the project proponent has reassessed the location and design of the subproject to ensure that there are no alternatives which may minimize or avoid these potential environmental and social impacts. The subprojects for which the overall site sensitivity is determined to be High does not necessarily indicate that a site is unsuitable. However, this indicates a real risk of resulting in undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts. In these cases, more substantial environmental and / or social planning may be required to adequately avoid, mitigate or manage potential effects.

The following evaluation criteria for subprojects will be used. The NICTA will ensure that the following Pass- Fail (table 5) has been considered. The concerns will focus on:

(i) Proximity to Vulnerable populations (ii) Broad support from Communities (iii) Proximity to protected Areas (iv) Archeological Sites or Areas of Physical cultural resources (v) Landscape and Land use (vi) Existent telecommunication and ancillary infrastructures (vii) Security (viii) Vulnerability to Natural Disasters

(i). Evaluation Criteria

The NICTA will ensure that the pass-fail criteria outlined in Table 5 (below):

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Table 5: Pass – Fail Criteria for subprojects.

Issue Criteria Pass / Fail 1) Proximity to Vulnerable Telecommunications subprojects should not be developed within 50 populations meters of vulnerable populations such as hospital, clinics, aid posts, elderly homes, childcare centers, and schools of all levels. Subprojects within 100 meter of these areas should be avoided or minimized.

2) Broad support from Civil works (building of access roads and pylons) should not be communities undertaken if there is no support for the activities from the community in the location where the works will be undertaken. Community consultations to obtain support for the use of land and the activity should be undertaken prior to construction. In addition, they should provide an opportunity for community members to get information on the possible impacts of the subproject and to raise concerns.

3) Proximity to protected The installation of subprojects within 50 meters of the boundary of Areas protected areas; wetlands; bird migrating corridors, and tourism destinations should be avoided. Subprojects are encouraged to be sited in lands already converted (i.e. with access roads or existing telecommunications infrastructure). If there are no feasible alternatives to subproject sitting and protected areas is selected; the subproject will include specific and more stringent mitigation measures, consultation and information disclosure to minimize the impacts.

4) Archeological Sites or A site screening will be performed by an expert to assess the possible Areas of Physical cultural presence of physical/cultural resources. Where the probability that sites resources will impact archaeological sites or areas of physical cultural resources exists, alternative sites will be sought.

5) Landscape and Land Landscape impacts should be avoided; sharing of infrastructures is highly use encouraged. Scenic vistas, bird watching areas, and tourism destinations should be also avoided. Regarding land use, areas already converted from natural habitat are preferred, especially where access roads and existent infrastructure are available. Site where land value would decrease due to the presence of telecommunication facilities should be avoided or minimized.

6) Existent The sites with existent telecommunications and ancillary infrastructure are telecommunication and encouraged. Sharing of infrastructures as well as the use of existing public ancillary infrastructures buildings / structures is also preferred. However, it should be noted that the subprojects to be financed through USA funds under PHRD rural telecommunications project will primarily in underserved areas (i.e. rural areas and disadvantaged areas) where commercial telecommunication services are less well developed.

7) Security Sites with safety issues such as delinquency; drug smuggling, theft, etc will be strictly monitored or avoided.

8) Vulnerability to Natural The site emplacement will preferably avoid areas of steep slope; volcanic Disasters risk; geotechnical instability, flooding and proximity to high surface water. If not other alternatives are feasible, engineering measures will be taken to prevent and minimize damage to the installations and surrounding areas infrastructure. 62 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

(ii). Site Evaluation Criteria

Subsequent to the evaluation of the site selection for (REV), NICTA will screen the subprojects to assign a preliminary risk classification (see figure 4 above).

¾ Subprojects classified as A, B1, or B2 without the land use plan approved by the NICTA or DCI, the project proponents will be required to complete Form D1. ¾ Subprojects classified as C or B2 with the land use plan approved by NICTA, the project proponent will be required to complete Form D2.

When deemed necessary, a field appraisal will be performed by NICTA in conjunction with the project proponent to complement the evaluation.

STEP 2: CATEGORIZATION AND APPRAISAL PROCESS

(i). Categorization

Based on the pre-classification of subprojects as submitted by the project proponents and field appraisal (when required), NICTA will evaluate subproject Forms D1 or D2, as applicable. If the information presented in the form is consistent with its classification and supports the category of the subproject’s risk level (high, moderate, or low), then NICTA will proceed to grant the final environmental category to the subproject, which must be consistent either with or without NICTA approved land use plan for subprojects. a. Form D1

When reviewing the information provided in form D1, NICTA will determine whether the subproject is of high (A), moderate (B1) or low risk (B2 without approved land use plan) and the final category will be assigned. The subprojects may pursue the following decision paths as shown on table 6, below.

Table 6. Category Scoring in appraisal procedure following Form D1.

Category Score Environmental Instrument A >1000 Environmental Impact Statement (High Risk) (EIA/EIS) B1 >300 and 1000 Forecast – Environmental Management (Moderate Risk) Plan B2 300 Sworn Statement of environmental without Land Use Plan approved by NICTA (Moderate to Low Risk) Commitments b. Form D2

When reviewing Form D2, NICTA will evaluate if the subproject risk level is low, and will grant either category B2 with approved land use plan (low to moderate impact) or C (low impact). If NICTA considers the subproject of a higher category, the project proponent will be required to complete Form D1.

Figure 5 describes the decision paths that NICTA will take in the categorization and appraisal process.

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Subproject Categorization and Appraisal Process by NICTA

Pre-classified as A, B1, or B2 APPRAISAL without approved NICTA Land use. Pre-classified as C or B2 with approved NICTA land Project proponent completes Form use. D1. Proponent Completes Form NICTA evaluates subproject Form D1 and assigns category.

NICTA evaluates subprojects Form D2.

Category A Category B1 Category B2 Without approved (High Risk) (Moderate Impact) NICTA Land Use Plan (Moderate to Low Impacts) Score >1000 Score>300 and 1000 Score 300 Category B2 with Category C EIA Forecast –Environmental Approved DCI / NICTA : Sworn Statement (Low Impacts) (Environment Management Plan. NICTA land use of Environment Commitment. Impact Study) (Moderate to Low Impacts)

Apply WB, IFC, NICTA/DCI, and DEC Safeguard Policies No further action required by project proponent (consistent with WB requirements).

Proponent: Proponent: Proponent: 9 Develops ToR 9 Design 9 Prese 9 Alternatives EMP with Mitigation nt Mitigation Analysis Measures Measures 9 Develop EIA 9 Public 9 Apply 9 Public Consultation conditions in Consultation 9 Project Disclosure contracts. 9 Project Disclosure 9 Apply EMP 9 Apply EMP conditions in conditions in contracts.

Environmental REJECTED Environmental REJECTED and Social and Social Viability Viability

REVIEW

Approved Approved

Figure 5. Decision Paths in the Project Categorization and Appraisal Process by NICTA.

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(ii). Appraisal

At the time NICTA evaluates Form D1 and assigns categorization, NICTA will require the project proponent to complete one of the following environmental instruments. The appraisal procedures per risk category are detailed out in table 6, includes:

a. Category B2 without Approved NICTA Land Use Plan sub-Projects (Moderate to Low Impact).

This category of subprojects (moderate to Low impacts) will require Sworn Statement of Environmental Commitments (SSEC). The SSEC consists of a sworn declaration of commitments to comply with environmental measures resolved by NICTA. These commitments will involve the GoPNG and World Bank requirements (see row 1 – Table 6 below).

b. Category B1 sub-Projects (Moderate Impacts)

These are Moderate Impact projects (see row 2 - table 6) which will require:

(i) Forecast-Environmental Management Plan (FEMP) (ii) SSEC involving the GoPNG and the World Bank requirements.

c. Category A sub-Projects (High Risk )

The projects will require proponents to provide:

(i) an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (ii) Forecast-Environmental Management Plan (FEMP) (iii) SSEC involving the GoPNG and the World Bank requirements.

d. Category B2 with Approved NICTA Land Use Plan (Moderate to Low Impacts) and Category C sub-Projects (Low Impacts).

These projects under this category will not require any of above Environmental instruments but the projects proponents must still provide any environmental reports pertinent for management considerations.

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Table 6. NICTA Appraisal Procedures for subprojects per Risk Category.

Project Category Impact Environmental Instruments & Commitments a. Category B2 without • Sworn Statement of Environmental Commitments (SSEC) Approved NICTA Land Use Plan sub-Projects (i). GoPNG requirements 9 Compliance with all the environmental management and mitigation (Moderate to Low Impacts). measures submitted by the project proponent in Form D1. 9 Compliance with all the environmental management measures explicitly indicated by NICTA, in its resolution on Form D1 9 Environmental guidelines set forth in the Code of Good Environmental Practices and in the applicable Environmental regulations, policies and guidelines of both PNG and International significance.

(ii). World Bank requirements 9 Preparation of Environmental mitigation Measures 9 the inclusion and implementation of Environmental conditions in contract clauses with the subcontractors for the construction phase. b. Category B1 sub-Projects • Forecast-Environmental management Plan (FEMP)

(Moderate Impacts) The FEMP is a document, with a pre-established format, aimed at forecasting relevant environmental impacts that the subproject will generate.

• SSEC involve GoPNG and World Bank

(i). GoPNG requirements 9 Environmental measures intended to prevent, mitigate, correct, compensate and restore potential environmental impacts 9 Estimated costs, terms and responsibilities for its application

Based on NICTA’s resolution, it may also require the following: 9 compliance with the Code of Good Environmental Practices 9 the establishment of a guarantee 9 the designation of an environmental coordinator (s)

(ii). World Bank requirements 9 an EMP with environmental mitigation measures 9 if sub-project converts or degrades natural habitats, inclusion of specific mitigation measures, to minimize natural habitat loss 9 if physical cultural resources are likely to be affected, a physical cultural resources management plan 9 public consultation and project disclosure 9 the inclusion and implementation of environmental conditions in contract clauses. c. Category A sub-Projects • Environmental Impact Study (EIA) The EIA is a technical instrument, of an interdisciplinary nature, designed to predict, identify, (High Risk) evaluate, and mitigate the environmental impacts that certain activities of the subproject can cause to the environment. The EIA applies to those subprojects ultimately qualified a as having high Environmental Impact Significance (Category A) and for those projects which a specific law mandates the preparation and approval of an EIS. It will serve to define the environmental viability (permit) of the proposed subproject (See Appendix D PNG Environment Act 2000, Prescribed Activities - Impact Levels and Category of Projects).

• FEMP

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The FEMP is a document, with a pre-established format, aimed at forecasting relevant environmental impacts that the subproject will generate.

• SSEC will involve GoPNG and World Bank The EIA and EIS are the most important and complex environmental Assessment instruments, it includes:

(i). GoPNG requirements 9 the establishment of an Environmental guarantee, 9 the appointment of an environmental coordinator (as stated in section 5.3, & figure 9) (ii). World Bank requirements 9 terms of reference for the EIA/EIS (see chapter 4, subsection 4.3) 9 an EIA 9 alternatives analysis: re-assess the location and design of the subproject (s) to ensure there are no alternatives which minimize or avoid potential environmental, social and economical impacts, 9 if subproject converts or degrades natural habitats, inclusion of specific mitigation measures, to minimize natural habitat loss, 9 if Physical Cultural Resources are likely to be affected, a Physical Cultural Resources Management Plan, 9 Public Consultation and Project Disclosure 9 the inclusion and implementation of environmental condition in contract clauses. d. Category B2 with Approved 9 No further action is required by the project proponent (s) for subprojects that fall in NICTA Land Use Plan. these categories (Moderate to Low Impacts) and Category C sub-Projects (Low Impacts).

STEP 3: APPROVAL, DISCLOSURE AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION.

a. APPROVAL

NICTA will coordinate with DCI, DEC and other relevant government departments, NGOs and sector authorities or specialist. These will incorporate telecommunications, environment and natural resources, health and education, law and order or any others appropriately required for approval concert of the subprojects in various locations throughout the country. These sectors will be involved to solve ay technical questions regarding the design and potential environmental and social issues related to the project. NICTA will make final resolution based on the environmental instruments presented and compliance with required criterion.

After NICTA’s review of the environmental instruments∉ developed by the project proponent and consultation with relevant authorities and specialists (when needed), will apply the following decision path (see figure 5).The subproject projects applied for by the possible proponents may either be approved or rejected or incomplete or deficient to be implemented by the proponent as per the requirements of the GoPNG, the World Bank and other International Funding Agencies.

(a). REJECTED – environmental measures are not viable for the proposed subproject. NICTA, DCI and DEC may decide to carry out an audit. The project proponent will be asked to re-submit the assessment based on the NICTA recommendation.

∉ The project proponents will develop environmental instruments including SSEC, EIA, EIS and other environmental reports required by NICTA, DCI and DEC which is guided by the PNG, World Bank, IFC and International Environmental Policies ,Legislations, Safeguards, Acts and Guidelines. 67 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

(b). INCOMPLETE or DEFICIENT – the environmental measures presented require an extension or modification. NICTA may request additional EMP work, including public consultation. When deemed necessary, NICTA may provide an environmental specialist or technician to help leverage the application of environmental measures in the instrument.

(c). APPROVED – the environmental measures presented comply with required procedures, national legislation, international guidelines and World Bank Safeguard Policies, as those mentioned earlier. The environmental viability permit is granted ad the project proponent is ready to formalize commitment and pay guarantee.

In addition to the approval of the environmental appraisal process, other permits may be required. Prior to construction of telecommunication and Inter café infrastructures, the project proponents will present the approved subproject to the local municipality and apply for the necessary construction permit.

(d). DISCLOSURE and PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Before a subproject is approved, it will be made available for public review as required by the World Bank guidelines for compliance. Disclosure will occur at a place accessibleϕ to local people and in a form, manner, and language that can be understood by the audience.

Department of Communication and Information (DCI), through NICTA will ensure that public consultation with subprojects stakeholders and appropriate disclosure occurs throughout the subproject implementation as necessary to address issues related to the environmental measures that affect the stakeholders. The stakeholders include Local Communities, Local Authorities (LLGs), the Provincial and the National Governments, Local NGOs, project proponents (developers), the World Bank and the project-affected groups as such.

STEP 4: IMPLEMENTATION

The subproject implementation will be monitored by NICTA, in collaboration with DCI. NICTA will assign the subproject supervisor(s) that will follow-up on the implementation undertaken by the project proponent. The supervisor(s) will ensure compliance of the subproject with findings and results of the corresponding environmental instruments (SSEC, EIA, and EIS), the EMP and measures set out in the legal agreements and other project documents.

NICTA will agree with the project proponent on the supervision within the overall plan for the subproject. Accordingly, the supervision arrangements should summarize the key areas on which the supervisor(s) will focus - critical risks to implementation of the EMP, how such risks will be monitored during implementation ad agreements reached with the project proponents.

Along with other aspects of the subproject, the supervision will cover monitoring, evaluative review and reporting and is designed to:

ƒ Determine whether the project proponent is carrying out the subproject conformity with the environmental safeguards and the legal agreements, ƒ Identify problems as they arise during the implementation and recommend to the project proponent the means to resolve them (problems),

ϕ The Public place for subprojects to be reviewed by the Public will include Local Government Office, Community Council, Town Hall, Municipality, NGO Office or any other local place deemed appropriate for review of projects. 68 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

ƒ Recommend changes in subproject concept/design, as appropriate, as the subproject evolves or circumstances change, ƒ Identify the key risks to subproject sustainability and recommend appropriate risk management strategies to the project proponent.

It is vital that an appropriate environmental supervision plan is developed with clear objectives to ensure successful implementation.

The supervisor(s) will execute field visits if deemed necessary. The provincial supervisors will report to the NICTA supervisor any deviations by the project proponents relating to environmental commitments. Depending on the level and significance of such deviations, the proponent will be given a time-frame to address the measures, apply corrective actions and prove its adequate implementation. The supervisor(s) will give clearance before NICTA once the observations are satisfied.NICTA will provide training and/or capacity building to the supervisors, which should be PHRD project funding components.

PHRD Subproject Supervision Process by NICTA

Subproject Implementation Supervision by NICTA Officers (in collaboration with DCI, DEC a& NGOs)

Are Environmental Proponent applies corrective NO and Social measures measures (environmental and social adequately met? requirements for subprojects)

YES

No further Action required

Figure 5: Subproject Implementation Supervision Process

The following guidelines describe general topics that NICTA environmental officers will assess during the subprojects implementation both Construction and Operational phases). These guidelines are based on the IFC EHS Guidelines, World Bank Policies, International Best practices, relevant national Legislations, as well as observations made during the environmental assessment of the telecommunications sector in Papua New Guinea. However topics will ultimately depend on the environment instruments approved collaboratively by the

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Stakeholders including NICTA, DEC and DCI, also the local NGOs. A complete description of guidelines for mitigation measures and environmental management provide should account for Measures for Mitigating Environmental and Social Impacts. Thus, minimizing or avoiding negative impacts while maximizing the benefits of improving socioeconomic conditions of the rural Papua New Guineans.

Table 7. Environmental Components for Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures by NICTA.

Impact Category Environmental Impact Components Biophysical Impacts • Terrestrial Habitats • Migratory Birds • Aquatic Habitat • Landscapes (Geomorphological) • Hazardous Material and Waste • Air Emissions • Noise Pollutions Socio-Economic Impacts • Distribution of Investments • Land Acquisition and land use Modification • Culture and Archeological Findings • Public Health and Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs). • Public Safety • Physical Security and Safety • Aircraft Security and safety

Occupational Health and Safety Impacts • Contingencies • Electrical Safety • Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) • Optical Fiber Safety • Elevated and Overhead Work • Fall Protection • Confined Space entry • Motor Vehicle Safety

STEP 5: MONITORING AND EVALUATION

NICTA personnel will undertake regular environmental monitoring to ensure that the project proponents will address all activities potentially of significant environmental and social impacts during normal operations and upset conditions in the environment instruments.

In particular, as part of the monitoring, control and adjustment system, the supervisor assigned by the NICTA will:

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™ Ensure that environmental monitoring activities undertaken by the project proponents are based on direct or indirect indicators of emissions, effluents, and resources use applicable for the project, as stated in the EMPs of the subprojects. ™ Ensure that construction workers receive Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) training, which are also part of monitoring and control system and provide report infringements to the management plan to their supervisor ™ Be in-charge of approving environmental forms, as necessary, (i.e. waste management; erosion and reforestation, etc ) ™ Decide when specific adjustments will be applied and evaluate alternatives and costs.

The NICTA’s monitoring will comprise the following:

(i) A Review of the Environmental Reports

These will be submitted annually by the project proponents. NICTA will submit a copy, if deemed necessary, to the DEC and DCI, through the regional coordinators for the control and follow-up processes.

The environmental reports will provide: ƒ A record of subproject environmental and social activities, to demonstrate that all issues with potentially significant environmental and social impacts during the normal operations and upset conditions are being addressed through appropriate mitigation measures as stated in the EMP, ƒ A record of direct or indirect indicators that will be used for identifying areas of improvement in environmental and social performances from year-to-year, applicable to subproject.

(ii) Inspections to determine Compliance

NICTA and DCI personnel (Environmental officers) within the municipalities may carry out field inspections to subproject areas to audit areas the operations of the subprojects and their subsequent environmental performances, as deemed necessary. During these inspections, the environmental audit officer will audit the compliance of environmental commitments from the EMP, the Good Environmental Practice Codes, the environmental contract clauses and other environmental instruments. NICTA will also deem necessary to conduct brief consultation with beneficiaries and affected communities to assess impacts of the subprojects.

(iii) Environmental Audits (for Category A projects only)

Those subprojects classified as Category A are subject to an environmental audit process. The objective of the audit will be to: (1). Audit and supervise compliance of the environmental commitments established upon granting the Environmental permit and in Good Environmental Practice Codes, and (2). Verify that the control and follow-up procedures of NICTA, DEC, and DCI is carried out, as required under the regulatory and compliance policies of the World Bank, GoPNG and the International Financial institutions.

The Environmental Audits may be executed by the professionals of the state as well as the accredited Environmental Consultants. The audit works will be tendered by the NICTA. NICTA will establish the frequency of the audits for Category A subprojects and will be no more than two years. NICTA, with consultation and approval by DEC and DCI, as well as NGOs, will provide comments to determine the frequency of the regular monitoring, in accordance with the terms of the environmental instruments (including legal and regulatory policies which are stipulated under the Environment Act 2000, and other associated environmental management guidelines). 71 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

NICTA environmental officers will keep record of the monitoring of subprojects which will be closely assessed by the respective regions and provinces.

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(This section can be deleted and included in project documents as a separate document). By Nancy Sullivan

5.1 Purpose of the Social Assessment

The objectives of the Social Assessment are to:

Increase opportunities for social development through identifying the project beneficiaries and their needs, ideas, and expectations; minimize adverse social impacts which might be caused by the project; mitigate unavoidable social costs of the project; and propose guidelines for adopting a socially sustainable project design.

5.2 Conceptual Approach and Methodology

The Social Assessment framework employed draws together widely used basic concepts of social assessment and concepts from the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach which places people at the centre of development.

The approach is geared to:

• Provide an understanding of the socio-economic, cultural and political contexts in which project will take place; • Identify the key stakeholders and beneficiaries of the project; • Ensure the potential beneficiaries understand the basics of the project; • Provide a mechanisms for stakeholders and beneficiaries to lodge their concerns or objectives regarding the project; • Identify and mitigate any possible adverse social impacts of the project.

The Social Assessment methodology combines semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and potential beneficiaries, with participant observation of everyday activities in the two preliminary tender provinces: East Sepik and Chimbu. These techniques are framed by a literature review of key ethnographic material on each of the two provinces. After flying to Wewak, in the East Sepik, the social and environmental assessment team drove along the Maprik Highway to the West Sepik border; then flew to Karamui Station in Chimbu Province and walked the station and its surrounds. In both provinces, randomly selected local people—potential beneficiaries—were interviewed in groups and individually with the express purpose of eliciting impromptu responses to the issues raised surrounding mobile telephony, both good and bad.

5.3 Background

5.3.1 Introduction

There is debate amongst mobile phone researchers as to the place of the phones in economic life and their economic impact in developing nations, particularly in the lives of poor and disadvantaged people. Some researchers suggest that mobile phones are an economic boon for the poor (for example, World Bank, 2007, pp. 2-3) while some research “suggests mobiles are doing more economic harm than good, and sometimes making poor people poorer” (Heeks 2008). The research conducted for this project tends to underscore the 73 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF positive aspects of mobile phones for both the East Sepik and Chimbu populations. This is not to say there are no dangers, and these shall be discussed, but the communities recently introduced to mobile phones in the East Sepik Province enjoy significant benefits that range from individual safety and security to women on their own, and students away from home, to economic sustainability for small trade store and canteen owners who can ring ahead for supplies in town.

Those communities with even a small base of dependable cash income can integrate mobile phone usage into their lives without causing economic strife, whereas those communities with only inconsistent cash sources are more likely to feel encumbered by the need to buy phone cards. Thus, along the highway in Sepik people do complain about the costs of buying phone cards, and of having the phone charged at a power source (where there is no town power supply). But they are more critical, and more vociferous about the tendency to waste money on prank calls eliciting money or asking the recipient to call back (a Digicel service). Women were also more concerned about the practice of male callers ‘gas paia’ calling around at random than they were about money wasted on cards. Women are everywhere in PNG the first to benefit and yet also the first to pay the price, so to speak, for innovations. Men across the board are invite change and technological advances, but women may be more hesitant for social reasons. There are plenty of stories about sugar daddies giving young girls phones, and men facilitating adultery with mobile phones. But women are the ones who will benefit from emergency services now accessed by phone, from managing accounts by SMS texting to the bank, and by monitoring the well-being of family members away from home.

It is possible to extrapolate from the drawbacks from the Sepik region to the Karamui Plateau of Chimbu. Yet weighted against the potential benefits these drawbacks are insignificant and manageable by certain mitigation strategies. The major adverse impacts are largely a function of the novelty of telephony, and can be expected to diminish as the technology becomes more familiar, more commonplace in remote households. For the Chimbu people, where women are more constrained, and are strictly raised by their mothers, some social problems will undoubtedly occur. But here the community is far more remote from the mainstream of the province, depending entirely on mission air transport to sustain their health and education services, and will benefit disproportionately by a new means of communication. The economic potential for the Karamui with new communication technology is almost unlimited, combined as it will be with the ability for public servants, educated elite and even investors to resist migrating from Karamui to more business-friendly centres like Goroka and Kundiawa.

5.3.2 Scholarship

Communications scholar Amanda Watson reports on a mobile phone use study conducted recently on Kar Kar Island in Madang (Watson 2010:12-3): How do rural people describe their feelings about the introduction of mobile telephony? Ward Member Giragir Mahana expressed a number of negative views about mobile phones, and particularly the damage he feels they are doing to the community in his area. Behaviours that he believes have increased as a result of the introduction of mobile phones include hold-ups, and extra-marital affairs. Nonetheless, he admits there are some benefits emerging, particularly the use of this technology by leaders and for business purposes. He is also pleased to be able to contact his children in the urban centres of Port Moresby and Lae.

And how do other members of the community express their feelings about mobile phones? On the plus side, there were a very high number of comments made about it being easier to contact friends and family who live a long way away from Orora. A high number of people talked about using the mobile phone to ask for assistance from others (such as requesting money or store-bought goods). Quite a high number of comments were made about the use of mobiles in emergencies, and about it being easier to ring someone compared with walking a substantial distance to see them. Several people pointed out that 74 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

using a mobile phone saves money that would have otherwise been spent on boat tickets or cars. A few people pointed out that if they’re travelling on the ship, they can ring ahead and ask people to meet them, which aids with both security and the transportation of cargo.

Elsewhere she cites Beschorner, and discusses the economic benefits and costs (Ibid:14):

In Orora, the main income generation avenues are selling natural produce at the weekly market in the neighbouring village, and growing cash crops, mainly coconut and cocoa. The local economy is also supported by remittances from relatives who live and work in urban areas.

In the survey, mobile phone owners were asked how they procured the finances for the purchase of their mobile phone, and how they fund the ongoing expenses of purchasing phone credit and recharging phone batteries. People gave a range of responses, primarily focused on income generation activities such as selling produce at market, and growing coconuts and cocoa. However, when asked directly if other people support them and give them money for purchasing phone credit, most of the respondents indicated that they do receive this kind of assistance, mainly from relatives and family members.

As for the matter of charging mobile phone batteries, the villagers listed only two options that they have for completing this task. One involves using the one diesel generator that is present in the village (which is only possible if the owners have fuel, which has to be purchased from the coastal stores), and the other involves walking down to the stores on the coast to have the handset charged there, at a cost.

It is important to remember that many people expressed concerns about the expense of using mobile phones, as was shown earlier. Aside from the costs involved, it is of interest to establish whether or not mobile phones in Orora are utilised in income generation. Only one survey respondent indicated that they used the phone for business purposes. This was a much lower number than was expected by the researcher. However, additionally, villager Moks Naing talked about the usefulness of the mobile phone in conducting business, explaining that it allows contact with people travelling to sell cocoa for him (Interview with Shong 'Moks' Naing, 2009).

5.4 The East Sepik Province

The East Sepik Province occupies 43 700 km2 in the northwest of PNG. The northern part of the province is dominated by the Wewak coastal plains and islands, the Torricelli Range and the Prince Alexander Range. South of these mountains is a large area of hill country that stretches from Dreikikir in the west, to Angoram in the east. The middle of the province covers the plains, floodplains, swamps and lakes of the Sepik River and its tributaries. The Sepik Valley is around 80 km wide and 320 km long. The level of the Sepik River rises and falls by up to five meters every wet season. South of the Sepik Valley are the rugged mountains of the Central Range, which extend into Enga Province.

The east of the province consists of the mouth of the Sepik River and large areas of coastal swamp around the Murik Lakes. Altitude varies from sea level to over 3000 m on the Central Range. The highest place where agriculture is practised is near Dreikikir, at 800 metres. Average annual rainfall varies from 1800 mm near Maprik, to over 4000 mm near April River. There is a moderate to long dry season in the east of the province

75 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF with the driest area being in the lower Sepik Valley around Angoram. The six districts in East Sepik are Ambunti-Dreikikir, Angoram, Maprik, Wewak, Wosera-Gaui, and Yangoru-Saussia.

The estimated rural population of East Sepik in the year 2000 is 270 000, which is seven per cent of the national rural population. The provincial rural population growth rate is 1.6 per cent per annum. Large East Sepik migrant communities are found at Rabaul, Madang, Lae and in the West New Britain oil palm settlements. The highest out-migration is from the Sepik Valley around Ambunti. The highest population densities are south of Maprik, in the Amogu Valley, with 175 persons/km2. The Maprik area has densities that average 80 persons/km2, while the Yangoru area and the islands off the Wewak Coast have 60 persons/km2. The area around Dreikikir and remote villages in the east of the province have densities of 30 persons/km2, while the Wewak Coast and Sepik Valley have 15 persons/km2. The northern fall of the Central Range has very low densities of one person/km2.

The Sepik Highway runs from Wewak to Maprik and is a well designed road, but is poorly maintained. It runs through the areas which have the highest population densities in the province. Traffic from inland Sandaun Province also traverses this road en route to Wewak. Roads from Pagwi and Angoram connect the Sepik River to the highway. There is a good road along the coast from Wewak to Aitape in Sandaun Province, but many river crossings are not bridged and flash floods are common. Outboard motor boat and canoe travel are common along the Sepik River and between the coast and islands. People in the hills, between Dreikikir and Yangoru, and on the coast and islands around Wewak, live within four hours’ travel of Maprik or Wewak. Most other people in the province require 4–8 hours’ travel to reach the nearest service centre, except for those in the northern fall of the Central Range and in remote parts of the Sepik Valley, who must travel for more than one day. (Hanson et al 2001: 205 ad passim)

5.4.1 Sepik River Cultures

Seven hundred miles in length and with a catchment area covering nearly 30,000 square miles, the Sepik River occupies a special place in Papua New Guinea. It is the largest unpolluted freshwater system in all of New Guinea and it holds some of its rarest plant and animal species, including two species of crocodile — one saltwater and one fresh — upon which the peoples of the river’s middle reaches are economically reliant. The region is one of the least economically developed in the country, and its 430,000 inhabitants depend on the forests and river for their livelihoods. The area is also one of the world’s most culturally and linguistically diverse, home to over 300 languages in an area a bit smaller than the state of Texas.

Among some peoples, including the Bahenimo of the Hunstein Range in the Upper Sepik region, certain parts of the land carry taboos because they are viewed as dwelling places of spirits, or masalai. Although lifestyles among the people of the Sepik are changing slightly as a result of outside influences, most traditional believes continue to be valued.

The Sepik River is not just one river, it is a complex of rivers running off the central highlands cordillera below, and the Alexander and Torricelli Mountains above, linking the main river to the surrounding floodplains and the hills beyond. The Upper Sepik is home to some of Papua New Guinea's rarest plants and more than half of the region's species are endemic – that is, they are not found anywhere else on earth.

5.4.2 Major Themes

The dominant Middle Sepik tribe is called Iatmul, and it arrived on the river from the Sawos region just north only within the last 400 years. But conquest of the river was a long process, and tumbuna stories tell of massacres, migrations and language shift up until the first decade of the twentieth century. After that, German and then Australian pacification patrols impelled the more settled lifestyles we see today. Still, as the Romans of the Roman Empire on the Sepik, the Iatmul people always had a more elaborated, more ritually complex 76 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF culture than the surrounding peoples. Iatmul people are said to have come from a primordial crocodile, whose upper and lower laws split to become the people of the sun or earth moiety totem. But even this origin story varies from village to village.

Initiation is a major theme across the region. Boys must become full members of their father’s clan by enduring a several month long seclusion in the spirit house, during which their fathers and mother’s brothers instruct them in whispered tones about clan genealogies, song cycles, and other specialized information, although most of it is not strictly secret due to the lack of privacy. Knowledge is power, though, and only when endowed with this information are these boys considered men. But they also must endure taunting, frightening and painful rituals that will harden them and transform them from boys to men.

These rituals also instil in the boy a sense of hierarchy within the clan, and his indebtedness to mother’s line. The clan that has given a wife to your father’s line always enjoys a certain superiority, and during initiation it is the mother’s brother who cradles and then cuts the boy’s back. Ritual scarifiers cut a patterned series of cuts down the boy’s back and buttocks, and in this way ‘release’ the mother’s blood left in the child since birth. It literally spills back to her brothers as they make a child for their brother-in-law’s line.

5.4.3 Traditional Communication

The people in this ecologically diverse region speak more than 250 languages, which gives you some idea of their cultural variety. Just as these zones are ecologically interdependent, these peoples are also knitted together in systems of trade and communication.

Here knowledge is power, and material wealth is secondary. Ritual, genealogical, historical and even technical knowledge define one group from another, and maintain the distinctions that enable trade. And trade is everywhere, each place known for its own specialties. Only Aibom women, for example, have the knowledge to make the special Chambri Lakes pottery which they trade all over the Middle Sepik. Only members of certain clans carve particular masks or figures, even if these too may be traded to other peoples.

Virtually every village depends on each other for fish, sago, ritual items or wives. Hence, the emergence and preservation of so many tiny little languages (some spoken by as few as fifty people): knowing multiple languages gives someone an edge in trade, while it also preserves esoterica as a trade material in itself.

5.4.4 Knowledge as Power

Sepik culture is about memory, about secrets and un-shared knowledge, and languages that have separate dialects for men and women, and ceremonies that include singsings in ancient or borrowed tongues. Whereas highlands cultures are about wealth, and stage-managing huge exchanges, Sepik cultures are about hoarding and dispensing knowledge. These are the scholars of PNG.

Oratory is also central to village life across the Middle Sepik. Initiated men spend their days in the spirit houses casually and sometimes aggressively debating clan histories, genealogies and other information. The better storyteller can actually win a piece of history from another subclan, and in so doing assume entitlements to sago gardens, fishing grounds, carving patterns and other such valuables. But it’s a tricky game: many clan names and titles have secret second names, and these are coveted bits of information; yet to utter them is to defuse their power. The object for all men is to acquire as much of this information as possible, and to hoard its significance. Yet at a certain time in life a man must also start giving away this knowledge to sons or nephews, in a race against time, lest he die suddenly and take it all with him. At special congratulatory rituals called Naven (which are still performed for a young man’s firsts—first canoe, first bachelor house, initiation, marriage), the uncles recite long lists of genealogies for hours on end, rather like pages and pages of ‘he begat’ from the First Testament. 77 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

The Haus Tambaran or spirit houses of the Sepik are the focus of male life in the village. Still today, this is where initiated men often spend their days, where clan sacralae are stored, and where young boys are secluded and instructed by clan elders during their initiation. There is nothing unplanned about the haus tambaran. Most are divided in two by major clans, then subdivided by subclans which have their own seating platforms, carved posts and entrances at each quarter of the ground floor. The older initiated men sit toward the centre posts, the younger men toward either end. Thus, when you enter a haus tambaran you can go right to the centre to speak to the most important men. In some areas, these haus tambaran are simple constructions, much like a haus win. But for the Iatmul, Keram and Blackwater peoples, much like the inland Maprik and Kwoma, these ceremonial houses are really awe-inspiring structures—as much as 50 metres long, with soaring gables, saddleback rooflines, raised as high as 5 metres on stilts.

5.5 Field visits

5.5.1 Wewak to Drekikir by road: ‘Gas Paia’ ples

The Maprik-Yanguru Highway runs from Wewak to Drekikir across the northern half of the East Sepik Province. Digicel and BeMobile are well represented along the highway, although reception has a few spotty pockets, where people climb trees or walk into gardens to place a call. Digicel has placed 13 towers from Kreer Heights to the West Sepik border, virtually all close to the roadside. Their plan to roll out more still in 2010, largely down the feeder roads toward the Sepik River, at Angoram and at Pagwi. Wewak has one Digicel representative, who works from his vehicle, and he confirmed that their policy is to follow the roads as much as possible.

BeMobile, on the other hand, has far fewer towers along the Maprik highway, and is planning to place at least two south of the Sepik River. Ground has been cleared for towers in Amboin on the Karawari River (near Kundiman) and in Timbunke on the Sepik River. These sites will provide coverage to much of the Middle Sepik tributary system from the Konmei to the Korosmeri Rivers. This central area is a highly populated and economically vital area, an excellent target for BeMobile service.

To the east and the west, however, the other tributaries south of the Sepik River that are not covered and may not be covered by commercial operators in the near future. To the East, the Keram to Yuat Rivers are highly populated and have been planting plenty of cocoa recently. To the far west, both the Frieda and the May Rivers have significant populations (increasing from the draw of the Frieda mine, yet to come on line), and between the two rivers Auna is a mission station with a High School.

Along the Yanguru-Maprik Highway the communities enjoy some of the most extensive Digicel coverage in rural PNG, and yet there are still are people cannot receive a signal and kids are found climbing coconuts to make a call. There are also two major integrated development projects being planned for the Maprik and Drekikir region, bringing logging and oil palm into these areas. The chances are good that Digicel will enhance its coverage, and that Bemobile, when it rolls out to East Sepik, will follow the current footprint and fill these pockets of weak transmission.

5.5.2 Discussions with Digicel, BeMobile

Digicel workers told us that the 2010 roll out for them will include the road to Angoram, to cover Timbunke and the eastern Sepik plains, and the road to Pagwi, farther west, which will cover the Wosera and Ilahita villages down to Ambunti on the river. With this, the only areas left to be served north of the Sepik River will be northernmost areas of Bumbita/Muhian Rural, the Albiges/Mablep Rural and the Boikin/Dagua Rural Districts to serve.

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Bob Bates, owner of the Karawari Lodge, in Amboin, off the Karawari River south of the Sepik River (Karawari Rural District) confirms that BeMobile have started to construct towers at the small mountain behind the lodge in Amboim, as well as at Timbunke on the main Sepik River. This will provide transmission to the entire Karawari-Blackwater region.

The tributaries to the west and the east are remain uncovered, and are unlikely in the future to receive commercial coverage. On the Keram River to the East and between the Frieda and May Rivers to the west live some of the most remote peoples in the country. Not only are there no roads to their communities, but fuel costs make it prohibitive for motor canoe travel most of the time. Education and health services have been sadly lacking, or at best intermittent, for the past generation, and were it not for mission stations, and mission air strips, most of them would enjoy no services whatsoever.

(i). Cocoa

Cocoa has been planted in these areas for some time now, and fermentaries are now being constructed, but the petrol ‘zoom’ for motor canoes costs as much as K25/gallon on these tributaries, and all of it must come in from Wewak through Angoram Station, if not by mission planes. Villagers they tend to build giant rafts that can float downriver to Angoram where they sell sago and smoked fish at the market, sell their cocoa, and visit the major hospital in Timbunke, or jump on a PMV to Wewak. But the rising cost of fuel has made people south of the river increasingly isolated, and mobile phones could jump-start the economy of people who are already planting and fermenting cocoa.

(ii). Gold

In addition, and not insignificantly, the Keram and Frieda Rivers both have alluvial gold. People have been panning for it for years, and bringing it to Angoram and Timbunke where they sell it at risk for reduced prices. The people of the Upper Frieda River still wear arse-tanget and are on the verge of hosting a major gold mine, scheduled to come online in 2010. They have explicitly asked Digicel to bring in towers, but the company is not interested at this time. The magnet that is the mine will bring money to migrants and landowners alike in the area, and make mobile phones crucial to their emergent cash economy.

5.5.3. Demonstration sites

(i). Angoram District

Angoram District covers the Marienberg Hills, the Murik Lakes, the plains and swamps of the lower Sepik Valley, the Sepik Coast and the mountainous northern fall of the Central Range. The estimated rural population in the year 2000 is approximately 51 000. The highest population density is in the Gavien Resettlement Scheme, north of Angoram, with 53 persons/km2. The plains of the Keram River, in the east of the district, have 25 persons/km2. The people in the Sepik Valley and on the Sepik Coast require 4–8 hours’ travel by PMV to reach Wewak.

The northern fall of the Central Range is very remote and people require more than one day’s travel to reach the nearest service centre. There is a good road from Wewak to Angoram, which is partly sealed. Outboard motor boats and canoes are used on the Sepik and Keram rivers. People along the Sepik and Keram rivers earn moderate incomes from the sale of betel nut, fish and cocoa. Sago is the most important food in the district and is supplemented by low intensity mixed staple cultivation of banana, taro and Chinese taro. In the 1982–83 National Nutrition Survey, malnutrition in children under five years was assessed as poor; 41 per cent of children were stunted and seven per cent were seriously under weight.

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The Sepik Valley, Sepik Coast and plains of the Keram River have low land potential constrained by poor soils and long-term inundation. The northern fall of the Central Range has very low to low potential caused by steep slopes, poor soils, high rainfall and frequent cloud cover. There is potential for agricultural development in the Marienberg Hills given the high potential land and reasonable access to markets. Cocoa, fresh food and betel nut are established smallholder cash-earning activities. Robusta coffee is also well established, but prices are low compared to other cash crops.

The most disadvantaged people in the district are those on the plains of the speaking Keram River who are constrained by very low cash incomes and low potential environments. Downriver the Kambot area people speak Kambot language, and upriver they speak Kominimung. The people upriver are especially disadvantaged by distance to the main river, and have few opportunities to improve their livelihoods. (Hanson et al 2001: Ibid)

(ii). Kektem LLG, Keram Rural District

At Bunem station on the Keram River there is an airstrip, a Community School and a Health Centre where people from all over the upper Keram come for assistance. The community pans for alluvial gold, and plants cocoa, so there is enough kina to support the purchase of flex cards. A possible tower site exists within a twenty minute walk from the station, atop a small hillock at a site called Wusetak, where the land is clear and unused. The site allows views of the entire Keram floodplain. This is Kekten Ward (also written as Kevim on some maps). Nearby Angisi is on the 5 x 5 list of possible locations, and has 709 people by the 2002 ESP census. (Angisi is -4.67963, 144.3035 and 74.6 km from BTS.) Angisi today, by projecting a .025% annual growth rate, should have as many as 850 people, and Bunem’s population may be similar. The number of people who travel to and from Bunem must swell to more when the school is in session and the airfield is in use.

Table 7 (a). Kekten Ward (2002 ESP Census statistics)

Census Unit Households Persons Males Females Kekten 32 171 91 79

(iii). Ambunti –Dreikikir District

Ambunti-Dreikikir District is in the west of the province. It extends from the foothills of the Torricelli Range, around Dreikikir, to Ambunti on the Sepik River. Average annual rainfall ranges from 1900 mm in the inland hills, to over 4000 mm in the upper Sepik Valley. Altitude varies from 30 m in the Sepik Valley, to over 1000 m on the Torricelli Range. The estimated rural population in the year 2000 is 48 000. The Ambunti area and the southern tributaries of the Sepik River have densities of 14 persons/km2.

There is no road connection between the district headquarters at Ambunti and the most populous parts of the district around Dreikikir. It is faster and easier for people in the foothills to reach the provincial capital at Wewak than to travel to Ambunti. People along the Sepik River require 4–8 hours’ travel to reach Wewak. Those living along the southern Sepik tributaries are very remote and require more than one day’s travel to reach the nearest service centre.

Agriculture in the Torricelli foothills is characterized by low intensity yam cultivation, with taro and banana as other important staple crops. Coconut and sago are also important foods. There are two consecutive plantings before fallow periods of 15–25 years, but a third planting of sweet potato is becoming common. Sago is the most important food in the Torricelli Range, on the lower hills and in the Sepik Valley. It is supplemented by low intensity mixed staple cultivation of banana, taro and sweet potato. In the 1982–83 National Nutrition Survey,

80 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF malnutrition in children under five years was assessed as serious; 73 per cent of children were stunted and eight per cent were seriously under weight. There is potential for agricultural development in the Torricelli foothills given the high to very high land potential and reasonable access to markets. Cocoa, fresh food and betel nut are established smallholder cash-earning activities. Robusta coffee has also been produced for a long time, but prices are low compared to other cash crops.

The most disadvantaged people in the district are the small populations in the fringe areas of the Sepik Valley, upstream of Ambunti, in places such as Maposi, Ama, Hotmin, Iteri and Frieda River. These people have poor access to services, earn very low incomes and live in low potential environments. (Hanson et al 2001: Ibid)

In the western corner of the province there is a new Xstrata gold and copper mine coming on line, at Frieda River, and its remote villages have asked District and provincial authorities for mobile phone services. The best site for a tower is just west of the Frieda between the Frieda and the May Rivers, where Aumi village hosts a mission-run hospital that invites US medical volunteers to work periodically, and thus serves as a resource for the greater May and Frieda communities.

Table 7 (b). Aumi Ward includes (2002 ESP Census statistics)

Census Unit Households Persons Males Females Aumi 2 12 71 35 36 Aumi 32 196 96 100 Ibu 1 18 104 55 49 Meni 8 39 20 19 Ibu 2 3 10 3 7 Totals 73 420 209 211

The table above represents the permanent citizens of the Ward in 2002, well before the in-migration that has occurred from the imminent Frieda mine to the east. Oum 1 and Oum 2 are the closest points on the list of 5 x 5 metre sites for potential towers, but these sites are on the Sepik River to the north of Aumi. (Oum 1 has 644 people in the 5 k sq radius, at -4.27488, 142.1436, and it 65.9 km to nearest BTS; Oum 2 has 517 people in a 5 km radius, at -4.22966, 142.1436 and is 65.3 km from nearest BTS).

This extremely remote area is about to be radically changed by the opening of the Frieda mine, and all that such a project entails. Villagers who have barely seen Europeans in their lifespan have already begun migrating toward the Upper Frieda mine base camp. The people on the Frieda River speak Iwam language, and are neighbors to the Hiyewe, a community of people known to anthropologists for their extreme egalitarianism (which is to say the Frieda River people share this ethic).

(iii). Xstrata gold and copper

Located near the headwaters of the Sepik on the border between East Sepik and Sanduan (West Sepik) provinces, the Frieda River mine aims is operated by a subsidiary of Australia-based Xstrata Copper, which also holds majority interest. The project is currently in the feasibility-study stage but is expected to begin construction in 2012, with production starting up in 2016. The exploration programme at the Horse-Ivaal-Trukai copper gold porphyry deposit within the Frieda project area has approximately 220 people on site with five rigs drilling approximately 2,400 metres per month. This activity is part of an extensive 36,000 metre drilling programme, currently focused on geotechnical specific work, process plant site locations, quarries and potential dam sites.

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Xstrata has pledged to conduct operations at the Frieda River mine in an environmentally and socially responsible way, but critics have expressed concern that environmental plans have not been made public and villagers of the Upper and Lower Sepik have not been adequately involved in the planning process. Of primary concern is that mine tailings might make their way into the river system. Discharge of millions of tons of waste from the Ok Tedi mine in neighboring Western Province resulted in a bona fide environmental disaster affecting some 600 square miles of land and at least 30,000 residents of the Fly River system; the Frieda River mine is expected to be an even larger operation than Ok Tedi.

Writing in PNG newspaper The National in 2009, Andrew Moutu said, “I want to challenge and appeal to all the educated people of Sepik River societies throughout PNG to mobilize and address the question of a Frieda River mine before we dig and bury ourselves in the coffins of mineral intoxicants. As feasibilities are being carried out, we have the right to demand a sound environmental plan that incorporates all and every concern about our crocodiles and humans, fish and sago, water and contaminants, eels and mayflies, birds and mosquitoes, men’s houses and churches…”

5.5.4. Tunapi Hunstein Rural LLG, Ambunti-Drekikir District

Table 8. Current East Sepik tower sites BeMobile Site Unique Name Province Latitude Decimal Longitude Decimal Angoram Exchange East Sepik -4.057146 144.052058 Kreer Heights East Sepik -3.5844 143.6442 Kundiawa Exchange Chimbu -6.020795 144.971787 Maprik Exchange East Sepik -3.641218 143.055034 Mt Townsend East Sepik -4.1758 142.73 Mt Turu East Sepik -3.609026 143.365371 Yangoru Exchange East Sepik -3.65258 143.295919 Wewak Exchange East Sepik -3.554701 143.627 Digicel Area Latitude Longitude Wewak Suain 03 20 16.40 S 142 54 58.90 E Wewak Yakamul 03 16 29.40 S 142 41 17.50 E Wewak Aitape High School 03 10 42.24 S 142 23 57.84 E Wewak Aitape Hill 03 07 55.20 S 142 21 02.16 E Wewak Moem Barracks 03 33 31.40 S 143 41 53.10 E Wewak Airport 03 35 13.00 S 143 39 51.00 E Wewak Kreer Hill 03 35 10.80 S 143 38 40.40 E Wewak Yauwasoro 03 33 12.00 S 143 34 50.00 E Wewak Brandi Hill 03 36 25.30 S 143 42 22.20 E Wewak Bundirakwa 03 37 19.90 S 143 37 20.30 E Wewak Maprik 03 38 27.70 S 143 03 16.40 E Wewak Japrakwa 03 43 30.50 S 143 36 07.00 E Wewak Tuonumbu 03 45 41.00 S 143 27 45.00 E Wewak Yangoru 03 41 41.00 S 143 17 14.64 E Wewak Kubuking 03 38 47.00 S 143 38 17.00 E Wewak Huranga Hill 03 41 35.00 S 143 30 54.00 E Wewak Wingei 03 41 25.90 S 143 10 50.60 E Wewak Mer 03 26 38.10 S 143 28 39.60 E Wewak Ulau Mission 03 18 19.08 S 142 47 33.72 E Wewak Balam 03 22 02.64 S 143 10 40.08 E Wewak Karawap 03 24 35.70 S 143 25 01.30 E

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5.5.4 Benefits of Mobile Phones in East Sepik Province

(a). Streamlining small business

• The river communities that rely on rafts to send their sago to market, and motor canoe fuel at K25/gallon to bring an emergency case to the nearest aid post, will see the most dramatic benefits come from transport efficiency. Not wasting time and money returning to the main centres for banking, restocking and even dealing with clients and suppliers will allow more kina to stay in the local area and be reinvested there.

ƒ Trade store operators can call wantoks in town to bring in extra cargo, without wasting the cost and time of a PMV or motor canoe trip.

(b). Access to services, to market

• People otherwise unable to send their produce to distant markets will now be able to pool resources or organize collectives to overcome this barrier. The same is true for access to schools and health services outside the immediate community: with mobile phones parents and care givers can manage the logistics more efficiently.

(c). Banking

• River communities are beginning to make good money from alluvial gold panning and cocoa production. Whereas in the past the inability to open individual accounts and the difficulties associated with depositing and withdrawing from these have contributed to a certain low-level corruption and mismanagement of funds. With SMS text messaging and transfers from BSP and soon other banks, those who do open accounts will be able to manage them with discretion and confidence.

(d). Cut out the middlemen

• The Sepik River communities are plagued with middlemen shopping for incense bark, eaglewood, vanilla, turmeric and even artefacts. They are especially vulnerable to being under paid for resources that get resold at provincial centres, usually at markets rates unknown to the villagers themselves. This mystification will no longer be possible in the age of mobile telephony, when even the most remote villager can check the retail price before setting his or her wholesale price. But more likely, villagers will stop relying on outsiders to market their goods.

(e). Safety, security

• Women in the gardens, at fishing grounds away from the village, and travelling to health stations or schools will have the reassurance of contacting police or relatives in an emergency.

(f). Transparency of elected officials

• Whether this means constituents will ring their elected officials with their concerns, or they will follow up on promises made by using their mobile phones, the everyday performance of elected representatives will only improve when he or she can no longer be considered out of contact.

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(g). Transparency of private enterprise

• Mobile phone lift the evil on resource extraction projects in extremely remote locations where there is a danger of labour and environmental abuse and the tendency to leave local people in the dark about the progress of a project.

(h). Performance of public servants

• The major problem with maintaining public servants posted to remote areas is keeping them there. When their families and banks are far away, it is doubly difficult to withstand the pressures of work in a new location. Mobile phones will decentralise sociality and allow distant spouses to communicate, and remote workers to bank by phone.

(i). Educational services

• Teachers who can stay in touch with their spouses, can SMS or Text their banking requirements, and can organize bookings for their holidays, will be less likely to travel to the main towns to sort their clerical needs out. The majority of PNG’s ‘ghost teachers’ are those civil servants who have travelled to town to pick up their pay and continue to stay away for the conveniences town offers.

• Parents give mobile phones to their children boarding at school so they can stay in touch.

(j). Text message services and updates

• Coffee, vanilla, cocoa and all other smallhold growers can regularly check market prices on their phones (Digicel even has a special service with the DPI, as noted in one of the text boxes here).

• The Health Centre APO was especially interested in the concept of sending medical data to main hospitals by mobile phone. When I told them that HIV/AIDs patients in parts of the world can text their t- cell count or some other data to a specialist, they agreed that the privacy and accuracy of this would be especially valuable. (k). Medical efficiency, services

• Medical supplies can be ordered and traced more accurately with mobile communication. • Mothers can ring friends and family for emergency malaria meds or advice on a child’s fever, and sometimes they may even reach health officers for advice.

• People in the garden or bush who suffer an injury or a snakebite can call for help.

(l). Streamlining customary affairs

• Mobile phones are critical tools for spreading the news of a relative’s illness or death, and bringing a family together at such times. Even for occasions that are not emergencies, phones can reduce the time and cost of gathering participants and coordinating their responsibilities. In some case this may serve to sustain important customs that might otherwise wane for the logistical difficulties of maintaining them.

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• When someone dies, and relatives must come in from all over to ‘sit krai’ or attend the burial, the greatest expense has always been coordinating travel plans and paying for trucks to bring everyone together.

• Mobile phones cut costs by eliminating inefficiencies, and allow all kinds of ceremonial life to be conducted on time, with as many people in attendance as possible, and perhaps by not bankrupting the hosts.

• Men who are out on a hunt can call in to tell family what they are bringing back, and how much

• Today a young man studying in Port Moresby can ring his grandfather and ask for a certain love or garden magic over the phone, and may even do so just in time if he’s unable to make it back during Christmas holidays. 5.5.5 Good and Dad things from mobile phones’

All along the highway people were equivocal about the mobile phone. There are good and bad things about it, they said. Having had access to mobile phones for more than a year in most places, they would agree to all the potential benefits, even if they had yet to avail them. Mothers would agree it could help them in a medical emergency, although few actually said they had done so. Trade store owners saw the advantages of being able to call in orders, but unless you have a good mate in town, this is not as easy as I sounds. ‘Nobody delivers,’ one man told us.

When we asked if mobile phones were expensive they all said Yes, resoundingly. They eat up flex cards, they waste your money, Where we used to have some extra cash for cold drinks or some betelnut, they said, now we have none. It all goes into the phone. I asked one clutch of men whether they still has money for steam (homebrew) and they said yes, sure---that’s one thing they’ll always have money for---even before a flex card.

(a). Self -control

People agreed that if you control yourself, mobile phones work for you. They are a service to you. But if you have no self-control, they waste your money and may destroy relationships. They are instruments for picking up girls, accumulating boyfriends and girlfriends, stirring jealousies and boring secret lines of communication between husbands and wives, mothers and daughters, and so forth.

The Sepik societies are all knowledge based cultures. Rather than trade in material wealth, they trade in bits of esoterica and traditional knowledge. Being a scholar, being in possession of information, having an education, if far more important to Sepik people than it is to highlanders, for example. Charlie Wintawa made an interesting point as we drove the Maprik Highway. He wondered whether the use of garamut drums, so common in the past as a means of calling people to meet and even transmitting basic information through the bush, were as important now, with mobile phones.

Along the Sepik River the orators who command the most power in men’s houses are those who can remember long genealogical histories, almost as if they were reciting Dueteronomy with strings of ‘he begat’ that can go on for hours. Secret dialects, secret information, trade in song cycles and dances and even ritual formats, were what kept the pre-contact Sepik societies going. There are more languages along the Sepik River than in most provinces in PNG. Differences are preserved and small languages aggressively retained, just as boundaries are guarded by highlanders.

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Mobile phones provide vehicles for this, and are attractive because they represent specialized knowledge. On the other hand, they traffic along entirely unconventional lines than face-to-face societies are used to. They generate as much secrecy ad they do transparency, and it is entirely in the hands of the use whether they reinforce traditional values or undermine them.

(b). Social risks

The same young man using a mobile phone to stay in touch with distant relatives may also use it to seduce an inappropriate woman, or speak intimacies to a virtual stranger in ways that have never been possible before. It is largely a matter of choice. And for this reason, Lawrence Igiam and Mary Jane Goro (76815017) at the Maprik Women’s Crisis Centre were very clear to explain to us the domestic costs of mobile telephony. They told us stories of misunderstandings and transgressions committed by mobile phones. This became available five years after the vanilla boom swept through the area, a time when vanilla growers grew rich overnight and without any other means of spending their new cash, they purchased beer and second wives, in that order. When vanilla went bust, the women were turned out on their own, and the Drekikir-Maprik area is still paying the social price.

Were the same kind of boom and bust to hit the area today, mobile phones could seriously aggravate the domestic problems. Even now, wealthier men commonly hand mobile phones over to young girls, as a sugar daddy gesture. Sex workers call clients, and pimps arrange rendezvous in the Maprik area with mobile phones. The privacy they afford is perfectly suited to anti-social behavior.

More alarmingly, we heard again and again along the highway that mobile phones are being used in highway robberies. Rascals can ring ahead to their comrades when they spot a good car or full busload of women flush from market sales. Importantly, however, we heard about Maprik-born William Kapris, the famed Madang bank robber who was finally caught an put in jail. They told us that when Kapris left the area hold-ups dropped significantly. Unfortunately, just as we left the province word got out that Kapris and eleven cohorts had broken out of Bomana jail and were yet to be found.

5.5.6 Dangers of mobile phones to new users

ƒ Money wasted on phone cards. People report that Digicel is expensive because it doesn’t block prank calls, or missed calls. As a result when we see a missed call on our phone, we ring back, wasting flex minutes, only to find it was a mis-dial in the first place.

ƒ Costs are aggravated by lack of power sources. People need to charge their phones, and those with generators charge kina to perform the service.

ƒ ‘Gas paia’ phone calls, as people call them. This is when young men call randomly on the chance of getting a young girl’s voice. Whether they use this to introduce themselves or harass the woman hardly matters; both forms are a nuisance to women in PNG, who generally don’t have experience deflecting strangers’ attentions.

ƒ Students are distracted at school by ‘gas paia’ or just unnecessary phone calls. One father along the highway told us he sent his daughters to high school with a phone, for emergencies, but found men were calling them all the time during class hours, distracting them, so he had to take it away. A recent (late January 2010) news item regarding a woman in Tari is important to note: having received a pornographic text message from a man on her mobile phone, the woman’s brothers and male relatives promptly found and killed the caller.

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ƒ Domestic confusion, jealousy and increased violence against women due to ease with which phones can support adultery.

ƒ Misunderstandings over the tower rental MOUs, and where they should be placed.

ƒ Towers may or may not have health risks, may or may not attract lightening. They also need to have enough tree clearance surrounding the site to be sure children don’t jump from trees into the fenced area, and no lit embers can be thrown towards the fuel drums.

5.6. Mitigation strategies

(i). Radio Programming

People across the province listen to radio 95.3 FM Sepik Central ‘trupela station’ radio from 5 pm to 2 am. Where they cannot get reception, they listen to Karai Radio East Sepik, and FM 100.

All of the above negative impacts of mobile phones must be addressed in awareness campaigns to areas who will be receiving telephony for the first time. The Department of Communications and Information will produce a series of radio spots and longer segments as site-specific campaigns to be rolled out before the towers are in operation. In remote areas where radio is the only link to the outside world, and communities are dedicated to Karai programs, these campaigns will be produced in local language, tok Pisin and English, to compound the efficacy of their message. In the Sepik radio dramas, especially humorous radio dramas, will be deliver the message succinctly, sending up some of the more absurd misunderstandings about phones and clarifying the ways to switch them on and off, to dial a call, and to save minutes on their flex cards. Specific programmes shall be produced with social warnings for women and children about answering random calls, dialling random numbers, and blocking or refusing inappropriate calls and texts.

Additionally, radio spots are to be produced that explain the use and benefits of the Internet, and outline the dangers of unchecked internet usage. These spots will target at peri-urban communities first, and be more sophisticated in their message. Assuming the potential Internet users have some telephony and computer awareness, they must address the dangers of Internet scams, Internet porn sites, identity theft and the most serious implications of uncensored access.

(ii). Tower placement

Everywhere new towers are to be placed, radio programming must be produced and aired in anticipation of the introduction of mobile telephony. In remote locations villagers are not likely to know the physics of telephony, much less the limits of what can be attracted by a radio antennae. Tower placement should be away from community centres, avoiding sacred sites, gardens, playgrounds or other community interest locations. Bemobile places towers in school and church yards to guarantee some collective ownership of the asset.

Of importance is the ‘free and informed consent’ process for tower host communities and the agreements they sign. All landowners must understand the terms of their MOUs and be in agreement.

Tangori Village has established the Digicel Towers Landowner Association (an organization spearheade by George Numbasa from Simbragu Village where the tower sits on Mt Bundirakwa), forged from their misunderstanding of the MOU’s presented and not clarified by Digicel: Their payment schedule reads K3000 ‘per annum’, an unfamiliar term that many believed to mean monthly rather than annually. In Tangori they placed a tambu sign of crossed coconut fronds before their tower and when Digicel workers had come to replace the fuel drums, they were ordered to remove this. But because the Digicel workers they came with a

87 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF police task force, the villagers took this demand to be aggressive and stood their ground until they were forced to remove the sign. Such contentiousness can be prevented with clear discussions, and active contact with the host communities,

(iii). Internet Cafe

Currently East Sepik has a handful of public internet sites: In Wewak, there is access at the Boutique hotel; and in town, one near CDS, at Baiter Ltd. HELP Resources’ public internet café is now closed, as is the one they established a few years ago in Ambunti.

There is a set of computers in one school at Marienberg, in Angoram District, where Divine Word University and the Catholic Church donated the resources.

Excellent additional internet café sites are Brugan Village and Maprik Station along the Maprik Highway, where secondary schools and business entities could benefit directly.

5.7. Chimbu Province

Chimbu or Simbu (Sibu or Sipuu) is a word meaning thank you in Kuman language, the largest language group in the northern half of the province. Simbu people consider themselves warm-hearted, generous and open to new ideas. They contrast themselves with their Western highlands neighbours by explaining they are less bellicose or competitive, and more impulsively generous. When they give, they do so without expectations of return, much less returns with profit (which is characteristic of Highlands cultures to the West). The classic Simbu big man is the self-made man, not the Pajero-driving multi-taskers you find in Mt Hagen. Whereas Hageners demand respect, some say, Simbus earn it. By reputation, they are less aggressive, more social, and self-reliant than their western neighbours.

Industriousness is the byword for Simbu Province. For all its rugged and steep terrain, Simbu is estimated to produce more sweet potatoes per person than any other province (Bourke and Harwood 2009:141). Agriculture provides the main source of cash income through sales of smallholder coffee, fresh food and firewood. In contrast to Western Highlands and Eastern Highlands provinces, there are no large coffee plantations in Chimbu Province.

The anthropologist Paula Brown observed as much in the sixties, when the province was undergoing dramatic socioeconomic change. She pointed out that the Simbu are anti-traditionalists who subsume new ideas and new technologies within their culture very nimbly, and look to the future more than the past. At the time, she notes (1972:7-8)

They were interested in every scheme for development, including some complete innovations, such as brick-making and wool-weaving. Whenever a new business was proposed, the Chimbus had high expectations for it. They planted passion fruit and other potential cash crops, were avid gamblers and eagerly worked as domestic servants, police and laborers. Chimbus would pick up shreds and fragments of the white man: tin-can tops, pieces of metal and beads, rags, vests and paint were worn with pride…Still another indication of this preoccupation with the present is their sdesires to have young people reach all the occupations and jobs now available—labor, domestic, technical, administrative and clerical. They were immediately attracted to new activities and goods of the white man.

In the sixties the coffee cooperatives were also being established. A decade later, anthropologists Lorraine Sexton and Wayne Warry both recorded the emergence of women’s own cooperatives, which were in effect small local savings and loan societies. Despite the prevailing characterizations of Highlands women as being

88 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF oppressed by their men folk, these savings schemes soon put Chimbu women on the map as relatively self- determined and business-minded in their own right. As Martha Macintyre explains (1998:224).

The cooperative organizations of women in some coffee—growing areas of Simbu Province, called alternatively Kafaina or Wok Meri, reveal in their aims and achievements that some rural women do see their interests as different from those of their men folk. Sexton argues that the formation of the women’s cooperative savings societies reflects women’s resentment of their powerlessness and lack of autonomy compared with men. Wok Meri is a critical response to men’s squandering their money on beer and gambling’ (Sexton 1982:13).

5.7.1. Karamui Plateau

(i). Karamui: ‘Mipela bek page taun’ (We’re a back page town)

Karamui station sits on the edge of a wide plateau just north of Mt. Karamui. The plateau hosts several major villages beside Karamui Station, and they are: Kiripari, Negabo, Tua, Tiligi, Masi, Diba and Yogoromaru to the west, and Boisamalu, Solita, Mieiu, Periai to the north, Naio, Wairo, Hwaiyo, Wairo, Waiyo, Yuro and Hoyaisiui to the east. Both Yuro and Negabo also have small mission airstrips. The current APO is Karamui Health Centre estimates that the wider population, embracing these villages, numbers roughly 16,000. There is also an aid post at Negabo, which serves the more southern villages of Sora, Noru and Dobu, towards the Erave River.

(ii). Culture

Karamui Plateau is culturally related to the Gulf Province. The Karamui people share much in common with fellow Pawaian speakers to the east on the southern side of Crater Mountain (at Haia), and below, the communities in the Gulf hinterland above the Kikori Delta (where the Fly River, Turama River, Purari and Kikori Rivers converge to meet the sea). Communities inhabiting the Papuan Gulf primarily live in both villages on the shore or in coastal mangrove forests, as well as in key regional centers like Kerema. Their north hinterland neighbours depend on sago, and this is the common denominator between these Gulf cultures and the southern Simbu-Eastern Highlands communities of Karamui, Haia and Wabo.

The cultural groups that inhabit this region speak Non-Austronesian languages and possess patrilineal descent systems. (seeA comparative study of Kuman and Pawaian, by D. Trefry. Canberra, Australian National University, 1969).Communities are organized on the basis of tribal and clan boundaries. The Salt-Nomane people claim part ownership of the mineral rich crater Mountain to their east, as part of their traditional hunting and sago ground.

But the Karamui people also face north. They look to Kundiawa and Goroka as their regional centres, and they come and go from the highland communities to their north. In this way they are truly a blend of coastal and highlands cultures, some might say the best of both: entrepreneurial, industrious, and yet pacific, not aggressive.

The Papua New Guinea Highlanders are amongst the world’s earliest horticulturalists, and perhaps the oldest continuous horticulturalists. Their social systems are the model for what anthropologists call ’big man’ societies, a form of egalitarianism that predates most western forms of democracy. Highlanders are also referred to as ‘pre-adapted to capitalism,’ demonstrating a form of ‘ebullient materialism.’ Their leaders are mankind’s quintessential entrepreneurs, amassing wealth in extended systems of ceremonial exchange called moka and tee.

2700 and 4000 mm, increasing from north to south. Altitude varies from 300 m in the Purari Valley, to over 2800 m on Mt Karimui, which is an extinct volcano. Most people live between 800 and 1200 m in the Karimui area, and at higher altitudes of 1500 to 2200 m in the Nomane area.

The estimated rural population in the year 2000 is 26 000. The areas around Karimui in the middle of the district, and Unani in the west, have densities of 23 persons/km2. For some decades, ethnically different Chimbu speakers from the north of the province have been moving into the areas around Mt Karimui and opening up forest for the cultivation of low intensity sweet potato gardens.

The major clans in Karamui are the Yasi and Daribi clans. The Karamui speak Pawaia language, as do the Naiyo, Wabo and Haia people to the south and east. They also understand Gumine and Nomane languages. Traditionally the Karamui Plateau people were trading middlemen between the Gulf people and the Southern Highlands and elsewhere in Chimbu. They brought salts and shells from the coast and sent stone axes down to it.

(iii). Development and History

It is interesting to note that they are exceptionally industrious as smallholders, and that this resourcefulness carries over to their civic life. In this sense they are much like the Simbu people in general. A 2002 a Department of Education report remarked upon this initiative in a discussion of teachers who lack motivation (National Department of Education 2002:40):

Too many at present remain confined to the office and have neither the inclination nor the motivation to look around for ways in which they can carry out their responsibilities… One province, Simbu, has displayed the type of initiative that is required. They have bought a number of horses to be used in the remote Karamui District. The elementary trainers in the district have been trained to ride the horses and to take care of them.

Industrious and driven like Highlanders in general, the people of Karamui are cut off from the real business opportunities of Kundiawa and the Highlands Highway. They are also just outside the boundaries of the development revolution happening to their south. Since the early 1990s, communities of the Papuan Gulf have experienced intensive localized development by multinational oil and logging companies. An oil pipeline now stretches from the Kutubu oil project in the Southern Highlands to an offshore oil terminal in the Gulf of Papua. Several logging camps have also been established, most of which are operated by Malaysian company Rimbunan Hijau.

While the long-term social and environmental impacts of these resource extraction projects has yet to be assessed, they have certainly generated a mixture of envy and fear from the communities just outside range, including Karamui. This is understandable when we realize that, in 1980 Salt-Nomane was one of 16 (out of 85) least developed districts in the entire country, and still, by 1996, it was predicted to be one of the poorest for that year (making it one of the 19 worst districts in PNG). (Bourke and Hanson 2009: 486-7)

Today the Karamui live on sago, and have lowland fruits and bananas, while they have also rich highlands subsistence base of sweet potatoes, yams, cucumbers, a wide variety of greens, and peanuts. Karamui Plateau is a watershed area, geographically, materially and culturally. It lies just above the junction of the Wahgi and the Purari Rivers, representing two very different horticultures and climates. Enjoying a perfectly temperate climate, Karamui farmers can grow almost anything, from mangoes, pawpaws, bananas, cocoa and copra, to kaukau, beans, cabbage, and peanuts. They grow rice as well as coffee, and planted vanilla as well as cardamom several years ago (cardamom was first planted commercially here in 1973).

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When the news reached them in 2003 or 2004 that Sepik vanilla growers were getting as much as K500/kilo for A grade vanilla beans, Karamui farmers started clearing their coffee gardens to plant vanilla. The vanilla boom functioned a little like a pyramid scheme, however, and the first wave of farmers made great money, some even as much as K8-900/kilo, but the following waves made dramatically less. By the time the Karamui vanilla could be picked, the price was more like K30-40/kilo. Roughly 10% of those who planted actually got good money. One story recounts how a grower resorted to painting his beans darker and weighting his shipment with a brick, which, not surprisingly, was soon discovered.

Importers.com website, a global business forum. Posted 2005

Karamui Vanilla Farmers Association is made up of 10,000 vanilla growers. Their main objective is to help achieve the National Government "Green Revolution" policy through newly introduced vanilla industry. The association is established to access training and market overseas. Contact person John Varey. (Not Trade Safe verified, not third-party verified).

Six tonnes of Arabica cherry and green bean coffee come out of Karamui station by mission planes every year. It is sold either at Kongo Coffee in Kundiawa, or preferably, for a slightly better price (K4.70-4.80 rather than K4.50/kilo), to one of three or four buyers in Goroka: Buso, Nodu and Airport Coffee. The cost of a single ticket to Kundiawa is slightly cheaper than to Goroka (K180 to Kundiawa, K220 to Goroka), and all shipped cargo is charged at K2.20/kilo. By contrast, a sign near the District Office in Karamui offers to buy beans for K1.60/kilo.

January is the month for peanut sales in karamui. Bags and bags of peanuts are airlifted to the Goroka market every week. Every day families roll out their peanuts on tarpaulins to dry, and roll them up quickly when the afternoon rains begin. A ‘hand’ of peanuts that might cost K5 in Goroka goes for K1 in Karamui, and the fistful normally sold in town for 50t is 10t in the local market. Children chew peanuts from morning to night, which goes some way toward explaining how fit they all appear.

Freight claims half the profit for peanuts, so people wait until a big man charters the MAF or SDA plane (the Cessna will cost K1800, the twin engine K5500) and they can load all their bags at once. Whoever brings the bag to market in Goroka will take half the profit, though, which means a K150 price tag in Goroka for a 20 kilo bag will bring the farmer K75. In Karamui, the same bag is K40.

There are smallhold cocoa trees, a limited amount of copra planted, as well as betelnut, and an oil palm plantation is being cleared for planting.

The Karamui people also grow rice. Because the shipping costs forces the retail price too high to compete with other rice in town, they only sell this locally. But they do provide rice to Wabo, on their southeast, where the Interoil project creates a demand. The station has about 3 rice mills, which people charge to use. A mill will cost K7000 to purchase. It must be run by a generator, which is the only form of power in Karamui.

Power lines run down the main road, but have long been useless. The story goes that the Elcom representative was a Gumine man, who was murdered by a jealous husband in 2006. PNG Power has never sent a replacement. Consequently, generator power runs Karamui. But a 200 litre drum of petrol zoom, which must come in by plane, costs K700 or more. There is also a community wokabaut sawmill.

Nevertheless, and despite the extraordinary obstacles to market, Karamui is a wealthy area when coffee season comes around. The season runs from May to September generally, but peaks in June, July and August. A typical Karamui household might produce twenty bags of coffee and, depending on price, earn between K2- 3000, after shipping costs. Because merchandise enters Karamui only by mission plane, the grower’s purchasing capacity is severely limited. 91 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

(iv). Banking

When the District Treasury was relocated to the station, this also facilitation the establishment of a Bank of South Pacific outpost. Unfortunately, though, theft forced these to close, and therefore few people in Karamui even have a bank account.

(v). Civil Society

Fabian Orupa also spoke to us in town about the Mt Karamui Conservation Society which was established some 14 years ago by John Hanuapu (who now lives in Goroka and Kundiawa). It’s aim has been to demarcate conservation land on the Mountain, which is owned by three clans, and promote the area as an ecotours destination. The organization is registered as a land owner group (LLG) but little has been done with it. As a result, we presume, Mr Hanuapu has migrated to town where he can possibly better facilitate the ecotours business.

Joe Nopros is District Administrator, and people tell us he is rarely in town. We tried to reach him in Kundiawa before arriving, but were unable to. Ironically, the after we arrived, a Police task force arrived on a flight and raised everyone’s suspicions that he was about to come and finally pay the Karamui youths who had cleaned the street, airfield and market over a year ago. Apparently the DA was able to pay Naiyo and other groups, but not the Karamui cleaners, and has only come to visit Karamui with policemen ever since. Police confirmed that payments were to be made, and the MP arrived on the following flight. MP Bose Mena has been in office 10 years, and lives in POM. We were told that for five years he sent no services, only promises, and now he’s just begun to bring services to Karamui. When we left, they were still waiting for the DA, however.

There is one Reserved Police Constable in town. The contingent of police once tasked to Karamui have long since left. Most community disputes are handled by Village Court Magistrates, only one of whom is a women. We were told by women that the Village Court bias is, as expected, toward the men born and raised in Karamui (rather than in-married women) and subject to bribery. The police are more impartial and therefore preferred by women. There are 8 churches in area: Lutheran, Catholic, SDA, EBC, Revival, 4 Square, Baptist, and Pentecost. One can only assume that in the long absence of government services and resident elected officials, the community has invited all kinds of churches to the area in expectation of the services they can provide.

Water is a long way from the town centre. There was a pipe project to bring water from the mountain streams to town but the pipe wasn’t long enough, for which people blame the District Administrator.

(vi). Transport

The Highlands Highway runs across the north of the province, linking Kundiawa to Mt Hagen in the west and to Goroka in the east. But there are no roads connecting the busy north from the remote south of Simbu. The north and south of the province are divided by the deep and rugged Wahgi River gorge. There is a local network of poor quality roads around Karimui that are not connected to any other centre. People around Nomane, Kilau and Karimui require 4–8 hours’ travel to reach the nearest service centre, and those on the southern border of the province need more than one day’s travel to reach the nearest service centre. (Hanson et al 2001).

By any measure, the level of service delivery in Karimui is low. People in Karamui therefore rely largely on mission airplanes to come and go from Kundiawa and Goroka. A seat is expensive, however, costing either K180 or K220, and the result is that people who travel to town take their time coming back.

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Michael Bourke and Tracy Harwood (2009) rank districts in PNG according to the access to market, where travel is defined as surface travel by a person on foot, in a vehicle or in a boat. Air travel is excluded because most people cannot afford it on a regular basis. The classes they define are:

• Very poor access—more than one day’s travel to reach any level of service centre. • Poor access—between 4 and 8 hours travel to reach a minor service centre. • Moderate access---between 4 and 8 hours travel to reach a major service centre. • Good access—between 1 and 4 hours travel to a major service center. • Very good access---less than one hour’s travel to a major regional centre.

In these terms, Karamui suffers from very poor access to markets. The Provincial Administrator reports that a K20 million road project slated for 2010 should join Karamui with Gumine, just north, and therefore link the Plateau to Kundiawa and the rest of the country. But currently no vehicles enter or exist in Karamui. The wheelbarrow, one might say, is their ‘fifth element.’

(vii). Communications

There are no telecommunications in Karamui. There is a shortwave radio at the Baptist mission (where the American couple, Jared and Carol Holland, has lived for 17 years), and V-sat phones at both the District Headquarters and the High School. Significantly, however, none of these are operational. People receive Radio Chimbu, Karai National, FM 100. 93 FM and Christian radio from CRF Goroka.

(viii). Sanguma

Jack Urame writes in a 2008 review of sanguma for Simbu Province: (Urame 2008:p181-2 [emphasis added):

Sanguma belief and practice is said to be predominant in the province [Simbu] and found widely in all six districts of Simbu except Karamui where the original inhabitants practice sorcery. The difference…between the inhabitants of Karamui and the rest of Simbu is indicative of the cultural and anthropological differences between the two groups as well as the difference in the belief systems and practices of witchcraft and sorcery. Although Karamui forms part of the Salt Nomane District, it is separated by thick forest, mountains and the Wahgi River. The inhabitants share more similar physical features with the mountain people of Gulf Province than the do with the people of central and upper Simbu. Although sanguma beliefs and practices are quite common in many parts of the Highlands Region, it was unknown in Karamui until the settlers who migrated there and brought their sanguma culture with them. This was confirmed in an interview with a man who lived there for many years. He gave an example of a woman from Mogiagi village in the Salt Nomane area who migrated to Karamui. She was on several occasions accused of practicing witchcraft and eventually killed by her own people living in Karamui.

(ix). Health

The current APO is Karamui Health Centre estimates that the wider population, embracing these villages, numbers roughly 16,000. There is also an aid post at Negabo, which serves the more southern villages of Sora, Noru and Dobu, towards the Erave River. In the 1982–83 National Nutrition Survey, malnutrition in children under five years was assessed as fair; 38 per cent of children were stunted and less than one per cent were seriously under weight. However, the high level of malnutrition in the Karimui area is disguised by the low levels elsewhere in the district. (Hanson et al 2001)

The Karamui APO, Masu Heto, reports that the Centre’s generator is out of order, their solar refrigerator is not working and its batteries are flat, but they do have one gas powered refrigerator to hold heat-sensitive 93 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF medications. They do not have ARVs for HIV patients, although they do carry artimeter for malaria. Masu Heto, Paul Nongai, Deputy APO, and Dr. Yalo report that TB, pneumonia, and malaria are the most common problems, and they refer to ‘diarrhea’ as their greatest enemy. Mothers around the station confided that inoculations for babies are not always regular. There are health services and efforts to improve these services that are stymied by lack of communication and access to road networks.

(x). Education

What makes Karamui especially attractive as a tower site is the High School in town, the five Primary Schools in the immediate vicinity, and as many as 13 Elementary Schools scattered across the Plateau. In addition, the station has one technical school, CIS, for computer science training.

While there are only a handful of computers in Karamui, Kundiawa has one public Internet Café (the only one in the province). Brown Balsi’s Internet Café, situated beside Air Niugini in town, is owned by Brown and his brother Francis Gari, from Gumine. Brown is a Computer Dcience gradate from UPNG and opened a café in Port Moresby’s Garden City first, and then came to Kundiawa to start a second café, which he left in the hands of his brother. This is clearly where the Karamui Vanilla Growers were able to post their details on the net in 2005.

Karamui High School has 10 teachers at the High School, most from Chimbu, but the head teacher is a Sepik woman (on leave at the time of our visit). The Governor donated a satellite dish to the school sometime in 2009, but the black box was subsequently stolen (some say by public servants, others say by youths in town). There is now a new satellite dish at the school waiting for a replacement box. Anna Joe is a High School teacher from Gumine and a National Sports Institute and University of Goroka graduate in Sports Administration. Capable and articulate, she is a mother who had been based in Karamui with her small children since 2008, while her husband remains in Port Moresby. Among her accomplishments at the school has been bringing 5 athletes to the PNG Games, where they garnered two gold and one silver metal.

Alex Mak, the Chair of the Primary School Board reported that the school has one computer and one generator. AusAid is providing new classrooms this year.

(xi). Youth

Anna Joe from the High School explained to us that there is a lot of marijuana and occasionally steam. The youths do not respect their elders, she says. The Karamui people used to hold both male and female initiations, which is widely considered the cornerstone of community hierarchy and respect. Nowadays, they have only an informal haus boi, where the young men hang out. Several years ago, when Paul Kande, from Chuave, came to live with his sister in Ward 6, he started a criminal gang with the young people. They committed a few break and enters, until 2009 when, to everyone’s relief, Kande was hounded down and shot in a Goroka tavern by the police. Since then, the youth have been less worrisome to the public.

(xii). Women

There is a very conservative approach to parenting with young women in Karamui. Mothers are very restrictive with them. Today there are only about twenty young women in the High School, out of a total of 300-plus. Young women are subject to arranged marriages, as in their parents’ time, and a man need only make a gift of money or a pig to the family for him to ‘pasin lek’ of a young girl, sealing the betrothal.

Girls and women still observe a menses taboo and stay in the gardens during their period. Occasionally there is still be a first menses female initiation celebration as well, after a girl has been confined for a month or more. Chastity for women is a serious priority. Jealousy is the cause of most domestic strife. It is customary for a man 94 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF to actually beat his wife if she complains of labour pains for her first child. As she screams out, he hits her until she admits to having a previous boyfriend, even if this person preceded the marriage by months or years. In turn, the husband can search this man down and demand compensation for his residual contribution (presumably from vestigal semen) to his child.

Women with retail outlets at the market (and there are roughly 4-6 of them) spend 2000 kina roughly 3 times/year to travel to GKA Kundiawa or HGU for supplies, with the cost of tickets, PMVs and freight included. All cargo is charged at K2.20/kilo. So they need to make this investment back by sales, which they barely do.

Table 9 : Current Chimbu towers:

BeMobile Site Latitude Decimal Longitude Decimal

Kainantu Exchange -6.10965 145.8859 Kundiawa Exchange -6.020795 144.9718 Digicel Area Site Name Latitude Longitude Kundiawa Kaviak Plantation 04 34 07.40 S 145 55 07.20 E Taraku Wawak 04 34 00.60 S 145 57 49.00 E Kup Walium 05 35 47.30 S 145 27 30.90 E Chuave Premiers Hill 06 01 13.70 S 144 57 55.30 E Moro Wandi 05 59 53.30 S 144 56 19.90 E Mendikwae Primary School Kup District Admin 05 57 58.20 S 144 48 10.40 E Kupau Chauve Hill 06 08 18.60 S 145 07 35.20 E Guimine Moro Church 06 07 26.20 S 145 04 04.90 E Monono Eigun 06 09 50.74 S 145 06 07.22 E Karamil Hill Mendikwae Pri School 05 53 43.14 S 145 04 33.85 E

Kangiri Kupau 05 58 34.79 S 144 58 35.24 E

5.7.2 Bemobile consultation

In Goroka, visiting Bemobile representatives confided that they will not expand their coverage in Chimbu because of landowner problems faced along the highway. In general, they shall concentrate on resource extraction projects, where they know security and community ownership can guarantee some stability. These representatives were cavalier about the potential radiation risks of the towers, but they did explain that their strategy has been to place towers in schoolyards and churches, with some understanding that the antennas on the towers provide transmission at heights that clear the ground population. Access to services, to market Better communication with the airlines for scheduling charters to market.

(a). Banking

• Mobile phones facilitate the most convenient and efficient form of banking today: Text and SMS transfers and bank balance updates.

(b). Cut out the middlemen 95 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

ƒ Reduced inefficiency: no waste of money flying to and from Goroka to market goods, make contact with suppliers, check prices, etc. ƒ Money saved calling associates to purchase market cargo (childrens clothes, small goods, etc) rather than spending what people estimate to be K2000 three times a year to re-supply their market retail stalls. Women we spoke to knew from the prior existence of the BSP here that one could tele-text money between accounts on a mobile phone; they suggested they might send money to a relative to airlift cargo from Kundiawa, Hagen or Goroka for them.

(c). Safety, security

ƒ Women, especially mothers, agreed that phone a friend or relative would be important when a child falls ill. When symptoms can be shared and compared, people can treat many minor problems at home, with natural remedies, or be motivated to bring a child to the Health Centre. The indirect effect may be that sanguma accusations will be reduced. Everywhere in PNG where sanguma is prevalent, most if not all forms of death are attributed to someone’s malicious intervention, requiring revenge action of some sort. With a better system of communication and heightened awareness of western bio-medical causation, or even a clearer understanding of what constitutes a mere sickness versus a serious illness, many of these deaths may be avoided. In turn, revenge killings may also go down. ƒ Community law and order problems can be reported, and perhaps even monitored, by citizens with mobile phones. This will cut response time and also diminish the sense of freedom from prosecution that young people feel.

(d). Improved Representation

ƒ The District Women’s Rep is Dakan Sibirai, a strong woman with three teenage daughters. She was the only woman to stand with me at the first speech I made to the community and weigh in for the women’s side. We got the impression that she is a strong defender of women’s rights and would spearhead awareness programs were the tools available to her. We also note that Anna Joe, the young teacher, is am energetic and well-informed community member, who would be amongst the first to benefit from mobile telephony and eventually wireless internet.

(e). Transparency of elected officials

ƒ For the higher public officials who are tempted to conduct business away from the station, because of a lack of communication, the long term benefits for a community and unlimited. First, redirecting business from town to the village, will stem urban drift, heal domestic tensions, and bring more money directly back to the local economy. The incentives for conservation and efficiencies of scale, for rural development more generally will improve.

(f). Performance of public servants

ƒ Elected officials will be present in the community and have incentives to improve it. They may live the issues of remote life and strive to better it. The flow of services will run smoother and more efficiently, especially for these places where fuel exacts half of everyone’s income in some way or another. Elected officials will need to be more responsive to their communities, or bear the daily burden of not being so. ƒ For public servants, the introduction of mobile phones can make the difference between service and giving up. Countless teachers, health workers and administrators posted to remote locations 96 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

soon give up on their job because they feel out of place, homesick, or unwelcome at first. These obstacles may be overcome by constant communication with loved ones far away, and those couples who are separated by work would certainly benefit from regular telephone contact. Mobile telephony can therefore work as an anchor for public services and a balm on strained family units.

(g). Educational services

(h). Text message services and updates

ƒ Coffee, vanilla, cocoa and all other smallhold growers can regularly check market prices on their phones (Digicel even has a special service with the DPI, as noted in one of the text boxes here). ƒ The Health Centre APO was especially interested in the concept of sending medical data to main hospitals by mobile phone. When I told them that HIV/AIDs patients in parts of the world can text their t-cell count or some other data to a specialist, they agreed that the privacy and accuracy of this would be especially valuable.

(i). Medical efficiency, services

ƒ Medical supplies can be ordered and traced more accurately with mobile communication.

(j). Streamlining customary affairs

The possible dangers of mobile telephony in Karamui include:

ƒ ‘Gas paia’ random harassment of women such as experienced in East Sepik.

ƒ Domestic tensions arising from misunderstandings of the telephone itself (including a female voice recording), and the tendency to entertain extra-marital telephone relationships. ƒ The undermining of strict parental controls over young women. Karamui is known for its tight control over daughters and their tendency to resist peer group socialising. Mobile phone will inevitably play a part in the gradual independence of both male and female youth from their parents, as they establish telephone relationships beyond their families. The confusion will be greater for young women, who will also experience new attentions by phone, some of them unwelcome.

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5.7.4. Mitigation strategies

(i). Radio Programming

Karamui receives Christian Radio from Goroka, as well Karai, NBC, FM 100 and Nau FM. People depend on radio reports for everything from entertainment to awareness, and the Department of Communications and Information shall mitigate the negative impacts of mobile telephony by producing and airing a series of basic awareness spots on the use and abuse of mobile phones. This shall be targeted to women primarily, warning them of the dangers of random phone calls, pornographic texts and unwanted communications in general by phone—explaining that these are predictable occurrences that will eventually subside, and that they should not be overly alarmed nor should they personalize the insult implied.

The emphasis in Chimbu should be on congratulating the community for its effective parenting of young women and children and explaining that the benefits of mobile phones will always outweigh the annoying side effects. Families must focus on the safety and economic security aspects of this development and try to minimize the disadvantages. Spots directed at men should imply that the use of mobile phones to harass and intimidate women is a wastefulness and antisocial sign of the user’s innocence and not his sophistication. These spots should be produced in Pawaian, Tok Pisin and English.

(ii). Womens Crisis Center

In the East Sepik Province, the Maprik Womens Crisis Centre has helped remote women suffer the drawbacks to several developments, from the vanilla boom to marijuana, alcohol and a growth of polygamy. No one project or technology can be blamed for the complex social problems of today’s Papua New Guinea, and domestic strife exists in both remote and urban settings. But the Department of Communication and Information shall encourage and support the establishment of a Women’s Crisis Centre in Karamui to manage the current problems of social change and those that may evolve from the introduction of mobile telephony.

5.7.5 Chimbu Province services for women

(i). Meri I Kirap Sapotim (MIKS) provides human rights advocacy, activism, and education and has grassroots activists at work in both Simbu and Goroka. Many MIKS members have been trained in crisis and sexual health counselling and are active in the regional networks to eliminate violence against women and girls. MIKS leaders and resources people are also competent trainers in human rights and particularly women and children’s rights. Their Chair, Sarah Garap, is a highly educated and visible advocate for women’s rights, and has recently been trained in Participatory Rural Assessment methodologies. She is amongst the very few indigenous women’s scholars in PNG, publishing on the rights and conditions of Highlands women. Her primary focus has and continues to be good governance, and supporting women in politics and the public domain.

(ii). Kup Women for Peace (KWP) was established (out of MIKS) in 2000 to promote peace and protect women’s and children’s human rights and to advocate against violence committed on women by individuals, warring tribal groups and the state. Their work includes increasing public understanding on the dangers of tribal fights and all forms of violence against women and children through community awareness, paralegal and human rights education, drama and son and conflict resolution training; creating a conducive environment for the elimination of all forms of violence against women by advocating legal and policy reforms to protect the human rights of all people, including women and children; and assisting with the introduction and provision of grassroots appropriate technology resources to promote economically self reliant initiative and rural self employment.

(iii). Tower Placement

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Everywhere new towers are to be placed; radio programming must be produced and aired in anticipation of the introduction of mobile telephony. In remote locations villagers are not likely to know the physics of telephony, much less the limits of what can be attracted by radio antennae. Tower placement should be away from community centres, avoiding sacred sites, gardens, playgrounds or other community interest locations. Bemobile places towers in school and church yards to guarantee some collective ownership of the asset.

Of importance is the ‘free and informed consent’ process for tower host communities and the agreements they sign. All landowners must understand the terms of their MOUs and be in agreement. Additionally, in Chimbu Province, the selection of tower sites should avoid locations where multiple and therefore contested ownership will be a problem.

(iv). Internet Cafes

Internet access is available in Kundiawa, and schools in Kerowagi, Mingende and Kundiawa have computers that will soon, if they do not already, enjoy internet access. But the majority of students in the province are not connected to the web, and Karamui High School would certainly benefit from an Internet Café. 5.7.6 Policy context

In a 2006 report on children’s risks, UNICEF reminds us that (2006:56-7):

Girls are generally at the very bottom of the social hierarchy in Pacific societies, particularly in Melanesia where there is greater gender inequality than elsewhere in the region. In accordance with this low status, girls are socialized to a sense of inferiority and they do not fully develop the notion of having a choice or an opinion. Furthermore, in countries where girls are of particularly low status in society, they are taught to never question male authority. This socialization process raises the vulnerability of these girls to sexual abuse and exploitation because adolescent girls who lack experience in making choices or contradicting males have difficulty in rejecting sexual advances, particularly when the man is older. The HELP Resources 2005 study on Child Abuse and Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) in PNG found strong links between child abuse and CSEC (HELP 2005:83):

Child abuse, in any form, is often a root cause of children being pushed into selling sex in Papua New Guinea. When neglect, emotional or physical abuse becomes too much to bear, many children want to get out and get away. The fact that many parents accept that children do run away and other families are willing to accept children who have fled their home or families, whether they are related or not, means that a child’s escape from criminal abuse in the home may never be followed up and the offences that were committed against them in their homes never registered or redressed. The focus of disdain and blame often falls on the child victim, and many people come to view young girls involved in selling sex as ‘like that’, ‘wanting that’ or ‘looking for that’.

PNG has ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), but the status of women and child remains low relative to other Pacific Island Countries (PICs). All PICs have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which requires states to take necessary measures to protect persons under 18 years old against violence, exploitation and abuse. Articles, 7,8 and 9 of the CRC say that a child has the right to be cared for by his or her parents, that governments must respect family ties, and that children should only be separated from families when it is in their best interest.

Article 19 of the CRC requires States Parties to take all appropriate measures to protect the child from “all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who

99 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF has the care of the child”. Article 34 is particularly relevant; binding States to protect the child from “all forms of sexual abuse and exploitation” and specifically to prevent:

(a) The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity. (b) The exploitative use of children in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices.

PNG adopted the Stockholm Declaration and Agenda for Action, which calls on governments, international agencies, NGOs, and other concerned organizations and individuals to direct technical and material resources towards combating commercial sexual exploitation of children. It specifically calls for countries to develop National Plans of Action to implement the Agenda for Action in the five areas of: coordination and cooperation, prevention, protection, recovery and reintegration, and child participation.

PNG’s Lukautim Pikini Act was passed by Parliament in April 2001, focusing national child protection priorities on the Convention on the Rights of the Child obligations, increasing the emphasis on prevention and family strengthening, and legislating a move away from institutional care. This Act is complemented by a range of policies that aim to protect children, including the National Disability Policy (2006) and the Early Childhood Care and Development Policy (2007).

In PNG, the police have specialized sexual offences units and Victim Support Desks focusing on improving the police response to family violence and strengthening networks and referral protocols. The establishment of Victim Support Desks in all of the capital cities’ police stations speeds up police response and helps provide more appropriate police responses to cases of family violence, especially where participants have been trained at the Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre or through local NGO workshops on sexual violence. The establishment of community-run safe houses for battered women in large urban settlements and the gradual strengthening of networks and referral protocols are very significant advances.

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Chapter 6. Biophysical Assessment of Demonstration Rural Communications Project.

6.1 Locations of Demonstration Projects

The rural telecommunications project is to cover all of the unserved rural areas of Papua New Guinea, following the completion of the two initial projects. The rollout programme for the rural telecommunications and internet services will follow upon the success of the demonstration projects. The two (2) initial sites (provinces) for the rural telecommunications projects to be funded by the World Bank under its PHRD projects will include East Sepik and Chimbu Provinces. These provinces have been selected on the bases of the representative environmental components which could have lessons learnt for other provinces once the rollout program commences.

The initial rural communications projects are proposed to fill in communications gaps in the rural areas of East Sepik and Chimbu Provinces (see location map figures 1).

6.1.1 Purpose and Objectives of the Fieldwork

The main aim and objectives of the field visits are highlighted to gauge a view of the communications and environmental issues pertinent to sustainable and welfare of the receiving environmental components.

6.1.2 Main Aim of Demonstration Project Site Visits

The main aim of the field visits to both demonstration rural communications project sites (provinces) was to:

Assess the Environmental Conditions of the proposed communications infrastructure sites and their surrounding environment in the unserved areas.

Determine the possible impacts of the rural telecommunications and internet facilities on the components of Biological, physical, Archeological or historical, social and even economic features of the communities likely to be impacted.

Identify the possible sites to establish telecommunications and internet facilities for demonstration projects as listed by the World Bank PHRD Rural Communications Project.

6.1.3 The Objectives of Demonstration Project Site Visits

In order to attain the main aims of the field work in demonstration project sites, the following objectives and task were conducted:

(i) Identify existing communications services, including the Mobile phone Communications towers (masts) and the coverage areas for both the Digicel and B-Mobile (TELIKOM), respectively.

(ii) Conduct Face to Face interview of the Landowners and other members of the communities in site identified by the World Bank as listed for each province. (See List of Unserved Rural Areas).

(iii) Determine the likely impacts of the Constructions of Towers and subsequent operations of the Communications Facilities.

(iv) Assess the basic Social, Economic, Health, Education and Transportation Infrastructures of the proposed rural villages according to World Bank List.

(v) Record any significant characteristics that may directly or indirectly have short or long term effects on the environment. 101 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

The sites for visits in each two province identified for demonstration projects were further determined based on the following criteria:

• Remoteness or far distance from the nearest BTS site, • Network Coverage availability for either Digicel and B-Mobile, • High Population, • Accessibility, and • Economic potential to sustain any telecommunications services that may be provided.

6.2 East Sepik Province

East Sepik is located on the northwest of PNG and contains one of the country’s largest rivers known as the Sepik River. It is also a biological home province of the PNG’s first and longest political leaders Honorable Sir Michael Somare. East Sepik shares political provincial borders of West Sepik, Manus, Madang and Southern Highlands Provinces, Papua New Guinea (figure 7).

East Sepik is the second largest province in land area and the one best known outside PNG. It is better known for its sacred masks, carvings, and pottery form the basis of the Sepiks identity in other parts of the country and are in museums in around the world. The people make these objects now to sell to tourist and commercial buyers.

East Sepik occupies 43 700 km2 in the northwest of Papua New Guinea. The northern part of the province is dominated by the Wewak coastal plains and islands, Torricelli and Prince Alexander ranges. South of the Mountain is the large area of hill country that stretches from Dreikikir in the West, to Angoram in the east. The flood plains and numerous permanent Lakes along the Sepik River basin facilitate flooding, where many lakes join to form shallow sea. There are two distinct climatic seasons which occur and slightly vary between geographical areas of the province. Thus, dry and wet seasons are the two main climatic seasons which determine the amount of rainfall received. The climatic factors in turn have resulted in the characteristic occurrences and distribution of plants and animals in throughout the province. The table 9 below provides a general outline of the rainfall received in each major geographic areas of East Sepik. The highest rainfall I received by Amboin while the Yangoru areas, has basically low rainfall for the province. The Yangoru is basically a Savannah country with the grassland vegetation being the dominant while Amboin and May River areas lie on the higher altitudes subject to high rainfalls, throughout the year.

Table 10: The Rainfall received by various areas in the East Sepik Province.

District (Area) Rainfall (mm) Drier Season (Months) Amboin 5 214 May-Sept. May River 4 671 June Ambunti 2 554 May-Sept. Wewak 2 219 Dec-Mar. Angoram 2 101 May-Oct. Maprik 2 027 May-Oct. Marienberg 1 762 May-Nov. Yangoru 1 757 Jun-Sept.

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Figure 7. Location and Topographic Map of East Sepik Province

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6.3 Chimbu Province

Chimbu (also known as Simbu) is a small, mountainous area in the middle of PNG’s highlands of the mainland. It is the third leading producer of coffee, all from smallholders. Chimbus are known for their ability to grow subsistence crops on steep mountainsides. It is the second densely populated province in PNG. Chimbu has a land area of 6 181 km2 and the provincial headquarters of the government administration is Kundiawa. It is from Kundiawa the main policy and administration of the government services are coordinator for the province. There are six (6) sub-district headquarters which support or provide rural development initiatives to the remote areas of the province.

Europeans first entered Chimbu in April 1933. The Catholic and Lutheran mission were set up in 1935 while airstrip was first built in Kunidawa. The missions and local level governments helped set up schools, churches, aid posts, and roads. Chimbu was part of Eastern Highlands; until it separated from it in 1966 to become current province. The provincial constitution for Chimbu was adopted in 1977. The sub-districts of Chimbu are Chuave, Gumine, Karimui Nomane, Kerowagi, Kundiawa and Sinasina-Yonggamugl.

Figure 7 shows the geographic location of Chimbu and its major infrastructures, including the Churches, schools, health centers and road network. The Chimbu province is mountainous from the Bismarck Ranges on the north, the Kubor Range along the West, to the Purari and Pio rivers on the south. The highest mountain in PNG, the Mount Wilhelm (4 509m) is Chimbu’s identity and geographical pride.

Chimbu occupies roughly 6000 km2 of the PNG Highlands. The province extends from Mt Wilhelm in the north to the lowlands south of Karimui. The Chimbu and Koronigl Rivers flow south from the slopes of Mt Wilhelm into the Waghi Valley. The relatively unoccupied southern part of the province is dominated by the Tua Valley and isolated peaks of the extinct volcano, Mount Karimui (figure 20). Altitude ranges from 300m in the Purari Valley to over 4 500m on the summit of Mt Wilhelm. Most people live within the altitude range of 1 400 - 2 000 meters.

The climate of the province is such that average annual rainfall varies from 2 200 to 4000 mm, and increases from north to south.

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Figure 8: Location and Topographic Map of Chimbu Province.

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Figure 9: General Landforms and associated slopes, terrain and drainage systems of Chimbu Province.

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6.4 Results

This section provides some the findings of the field work. The focus of the results was on the biophysical impacts of the project while attention was also expanded to historical, cultural, social and archeological components being affected by the communications project development in the ESP and Chimbu provinces, respectively.

The list of existing communications towers below (table 9) were used to check the subsequent mobile phone network coverage in each province, and there sub-districts. Hence, areas more remote or rural in nature were then selected for each province, and then the most appropriate sites were visited.

Table 11. List of BTS sites in Chimbu and East Sepik Provinces, Papua New Guinea.

Province District LLG Mobile Operator Location Name

Chimbu Kundiawa- Kundiawa Urban B-Mobile Kundiawa Exchange Gembogl Chimbu Gumine Gumine Digicel Omkolai Chimbu Kerowagi Kerowagi Digicel Pukar Village Chimbu Kerowagi Kup Digicel Kup Station Chimbu Kundiawa- Kundiawa Urban Digicel Karamala Hill A Gembogl East Sepik Ambunti B-Mobile Mt Townsend Drekikir East Sepik Data Yet to be B-Mobile Maprik Exchange collected & entered

East Sepik B-Mobile Mt Turu East Sepik B-Mobile Yangoru Exchange East Sepik B-Mobile Wewak Exchange East Sepik B-Mobile Kreer Heights East Sepik B-Mobile Angoram Exchange East Sepik Digicel Kreer Heights East Sepik Digicel Tawa A East Sepik Digicel Kikuking B East Sepik Digicel Japrakwa A East Sepik Digicel Tangoori A East Sepik Digicel Wewak A East Sepik Digicel Wewak B

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6.4.1 Chimbu Province

The most isolated and disadvantaged area (district) in Chimbu Province, was identified to be Karamui District. The general concerns for Karamui District were of basic development conditions which could attract the economic and social development factors into the area. Hence, the common public view was that for communications facilities and services to be provided were aligned with the need for and sustainability of the communications facilities. The Communications infrastructures in this part o f the area are nil and quiet inconsistent, while church owned communications services are the only means to contact people in and out from this part of the area in Chimbu province.

Karimui-Nomane District is in the south of the province and covers the lower Wahgi, Tua, Oima, Purari, Koma and Pio valleys, the Karimui Plateau and extensive mountain ranges. Average annual rainfall ranges between 2700 and 4000 mm, increasing from north to south. Altitude varies from 300 m in the Purari Valley, to over 2800 m on Mt Karimui, which is an extinct volcano. Most people live between 800 and 1200 m in the Karimui area, and at higher altitudes of 1500 to 2200 m in the Nomane area.

The following photographs shows possible sites visited to erect the telecommunications towers (masts) in Karamui District, Chimbu Province.

Site 1 (Kiripari Village) Site 2 (Naiyo Village)

Site 3 Site 1 (Meiyo Village) (Kiripari Village)

Photographs. (Top) – Mt Karamui behind Karamui station at the foreground (Bottom- Left) – Hill ridge at Maiyo Village and (Rigt) Mt Karamui towards Kiripari and Yogromaru villages. These photos show possible physical site for communications towers in Karamui Area.

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CHIMBU – Karamui Area Proposed Tower Site Locations

Bomai

Site 3 (Maiyo) Site 1 (Kiripari) Site 2 (Naiyo) Dibe Negabo Tua Mt Sogo 2 Tiligi Noru Karamui

Kalabi

Haia

Figure 8: Chimbu Possible sites for Towers.

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The assessment of suitable site based on environmental parameters for minimal negative impacts were used to select the possible locations where communications towers (masts) should be constructed. For Chimbu Province, Karamui was chosen as most remote and disadvantaged district, which qualifies for the current PNG Rural communications Project. There is basically no basic telephony, mobile or Postal services in this region. The two-way HF radios belonging to the MAF agent and Churches are occasionally used by public, only when there is emergency case, if not no one access this service. Most people stated that letters or notes are still popular means of communicating with others with and outside the district.

There field visit to Karamui ended up in selecting three (3) possible sites for constructing communications towers, however, engineering considerations will further qualify any of these location.

The following field observations of the Biophysical environmental aspects were obtained upon visiting the sites. These sites there may be suitable for construction of communications towers.

(a) Site Selection Criteria

The conditions considered vital for sites to be selected basically involved:

1. Wide coverage of most villages can easily see most villages within the area from this site, 2. Sites of have no Archeological, cultural or historical significance 3. Sites not on steep slopes and land slide prone areas, slopes less than 10 degrees. 4. Sites not under dispute by two or more land owning groups, clans, or tribes even between families within the clan. 5. Sites not within the airstrip traffic – landing Way route 6. Sites can be easily accessed during construction, for maintenance and security monitoring. 7. Sites not located within the existing or even proposed Wildlife Management or Conservation Areas.

8. Landowners and Surrounding Communities acceptability and willingness to protect the public properties. 9. Community members and the Immediate landowners where consulted and their concert were sort, prior to visiting the pre-selected sites from the topographic map.

In general the three site chosen for Karamui, basically fall within the above criteria. The table below provides summary features of these sites.

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Table 12. Chimbu Tower Site Characteristics

SITE Name DESCRIPTION (ENVIRONENT)

-Fallow Garden site, weeds and grassland, herbs, shrubs dominated. Site 1- Kiripari -No Archeological or Historical significance (Mt Yapela) Clear visual view of Karamui station, Posiamaru, Wara Name, Bomai directly north, Talbagul, Negabo and Noru -All Clan and Family leaders Agree on the site -No Other clan sharing the land boundary (site in the Center) -Land Owned by Weria Clan (subclans –Kurupe, Nurua and Kilibari) -Away or oouside the Karamui WMA. -The same Landowners of the Karamui Station -Clan Expressed desperate need for the service, via support to be provided. -The clan claim to be responsible clan in the Area. -No gardening, or other farming crops within the 40 metres radius of the Hill. -100 metres gentle slope rise from the track to Biosiomaru, to Tligi. -Easily Accessible through very good track from Karamui Station. Site well away from the Plane Landing Route. -We were told that Radio signals for NBC and other stations are clearly received from this Mountain. -Clan Leaders, Mr Arebe Poaia (Clan Chief), Ward 7, And LLG Council President Mr Mara Nebi.

Site 3 – Maiyo Hill (optional) -No Archeological or Historical significance Clear visual view of Karamui station, Bosiamaru, Wara Name, Bomai directly North, -All Clan and Family leaders Agree on the site -No Other clan sharing the land boundary (site in the Center) -Away or outside the Karamui WMA. -Clan Expressed desperate need for the service, vise support to be provided. -The clan claim to be responsible if project established. -No gardening, or other farming crops within the 40 metres radius of the Hill. -100 metres gentle slope rise from the track to Biosiomaru, to Tligi. -Easily Accessible through very good track from Karamui Station. Site well away from the Plane Landing Route. -Clan Leaders, (Check with the Maiyo Village Landowners)

It is clearer that site one and two have the high priority but site three also has very good landscape of gentle elongated slope which is to cover most of Meiyo and Bomai areas. These area (site 3) was not visited but according locals, and also the aerial photograph as shown above, the physical site if well acceptable, while landownership and archeological or historical significance needs to be confirmed if this site is to be selected.

(b) Basic Telephony Facilities and Services

The telephone facilities and associated services are nil in Karamui district of Chimbu province, except for two-way radio communications belonging to the local church organizations,

From the above information provided elsewhere it is apparent that possible internet café should be situated at the High School and District Centres, since the staff of these Institutions are already equipped with basic Computer Knowledge, 111 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF which will enhance Children’s learning, and maintenance can also be provided at the expense of the School and district administration. Karamui area has a great potential to use these services, since they can afford to earn quiet a good cash income during coffee, cocoa, peanut and rice’s or vanilla harvesting season.

Apart from Karamui Station (High and District Administration office), there are no other locations which offer attractiveness for internet service.

6.4.2 East Sepik Province

The filed visit to ESP was such that team learnt that most part of the northern part of the province was well covered by the mobile communications service. The BeMobile and Digicel companies are currently rolling well this part of the province but the south of the Sepik River is the unserved area. However, there have being plans, especially by Digicel to go into area not yet served but until there is some economic attraction to sustain the economic profitability for the company. Despite Digicel service, there are also pockets of areas in-between towers where reception of the network are not clearly received. Hence, there may be need to feel in these gaps, but most rural remote areas which require communications services are those shown on Digicel Sketch diagram.

The photographs above are typical physical sites for East Sepik telecommunications towers (masts). The most pasts of the province, mostly along the highways are already covered by the Digicel and Be-Mobile mobile Communications services.

(a) Biophysical Impacts

The impacts associated with the construction and operation of the telecommunications service or facilities must be understood in the following environmental categories.

• Biological and ecological • Physical and Landscapes • Social and cultural • Economical and Business

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The lessons learnt from the existing towers, especially belonging to the Digicel Company, are numerous. There are positive and also negative effects of communication facilities and service which can be attained throughout the construction and operation phases of the project. While the team was visiting the province, Traveling by road towards Maprik-Dreikikir highway toward Bongos Village, all the Digicel Tower Villages we visited had similar complains or conditions.

The most common social concern raised was the issue of “Gas Calls” and Mobile phone Friends, while most people also complained of High Digicel Credit calls, as compared to BeMobile cost for calls. The other concerns raised were those of inconsistent rate of compensation of tower land owners, which has caused landowners to mobilize to set up an Association of Landowners. The priority concerns of these Landowner Group, headed by Mr. George Numbasa of Japrakwa Village, were to address the issues of:

Digicel’s Poor or improper Local landowners Consultation involving all members of every tower village. Improper Agreement and explanation of the term annually as opposed to monthly. The landowners first taught that “annually’ meant every month or fortnightly basis.

Digicel’s or BeMobile’s lack of Information and Awareness on the negatives and Positive of good use and bad use of the service, which as created a lot of marriage, domestic and social or law and order problems in rural areas. The Negative impacts of towers construction and correct calculations of compensation for destroying locals’ food crop. Radiation Effects of use of Mobile phones needs to properly made aware to all rural people.

It was also claimed by the people along the highway that there have been instance were mobile phones have been used to organize high road blocks by criminal elements. It was also revealed that most people in rural areas are now spending more on mobile phone credit cards than ever before.

The ecological and physical effects of communications facilities are minimal and temporary in nature but care should be taken to avoid important aspects of biological and physical components. The impacts come in terms of Soil erosion, Vegetation Clearing, radiation, scenery, construction and weed invasion. Another issues was the lose of hunting and forage ground by birds, animals and insects as is the case raised by Kubuking (Marik) Tower Land owners. The tower security, also a landowner stated that he ones used to hunt bandicoots, rats, and birds on the hill where the tower now stands, but now he cannot. When asked if he taught about this prior to accepting the tower to be established, he said that he was being forced by the Digicel and convinced that he was to be paid compensation of K3000.00 annually (the amount which he also misunderstood for every month payment thereafter at the rate of K3000.00)

It was observed that most areas cleared for towers sites were within the range 5x5 square meters. There was also minor soil erosion, weed invasion by mimosas species. Other negative impacts were that most Digicel towers were constructed with the village areas, either on playing grounds, gardens, or local use sites such as church areas, and schools of community halls. The rationale given by the Wewak Based Digicel Officers was the security concern and there landowner’s willingness to have towers closer to there home. Several towers were also constructed on archeological or historical site, example Japrakwa village, and the Tongari Towers. This should be avoided at all time and prior assessment is vital in this regar

The team therefore is concerned that issues of close proximity of towers within human habitat range is risky for radiation, Digicel has failed to secure peoples concerns properly and some of the landowners have made dealings at the expanse of the uneducated locals. The local have also complained of Digicel officers engaging policemen to force the operations of the towers when there grievances are not dealt accordingly.

On of the structural and constriction risks of towers identified were the issue of fencing types. Some fences were bricked, while others were iron sheets, and some with chicken (netted) Wire fence. The base of the towers contain the standby generators which power the transmission and these are operated by diesel or petrol generators, thus risk of fire and possible theft is eminent. All towers should be brick fenced and the tower securities must be educated on the effects of radiation from the mobile phones and the antennas.

The following photos below indicate some existing towers and their general environmental (physical) impacts observed (as mentioned in the text) during the field visit in East Sepik Province. The tower sites here are located within the villages, 113 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF in gardens, while site have invasion of weeds (e.g. Mimosa plant species) and soil erosion along the access tracks up the hill slopes.

(b) Basic Telephony Services

The basic telephony services and facilities are mostly in main government administrative centres. These

The possible inter Café site identified for the rural parts of the ESP are the Brugan Station and Maprik. The Brugan station has UPNG Open Campus, Power Supply is consistent, and there also other development initiative as part of the intergraded development project, mentioned elsewhere in the text. Similarly Maprik is the other option for Internet Café site.

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Chapter 7. Conclusions

7.1 Document Overview

This chapter provides conclusion remarks relevant for the report covering and focusing on the developmental, sustainability and management of the telecommunications sector in Papua New Guinea. The conclusion will provide appropriate environmental protection and management issues to be closely monitored with the legal and regulatory framework outline in the report.

The requirements of the technical, environmental and social aspects of the rural people in PNG must be properly incorporated in the development initiatives of the government of Papua New Guinea. This shall involve the site specific assessment and analysis of various social and biophysical consequences of construction and developmental phases, which will accrue to the livelihood of the recipients of the project.

The overall assessment of the telecommunications project for Chimbu and East Sepik Province, respectively, has shown that there are various extent and degree of impacts that have cumulated over the few years since the mobile communications being to rollout, to certain parts of the Country. There have being poor or no environmental and social assessments by the Digicel and Bemobile, even the technical and economic forces have attracted the benefits for the companies (mobile) and the public. Thus in the Rural Communications project initiative of the World Bank must take account of the recommendations drawn from the field assessment of the Demonstration sites, while these involves resources, the need for better environmental assessments is to be guided by the instruments and guidelines provided in this document.

The appendix section provides some of the important issues including the Health and safety concerns for the impacted and risk population in regard to the radiation, construction and operational aspects. It is crucial that when the rollout program sets in there environmental areas of important protected sites must involve appropriate stakeholders including the Locals, NGOs, CBOs and government at all levels. The prior public consultation is crucial to achieve any tangible and sustainable development in diverse country like Papua New Guinea. 7.2 Field Study Recommendations and Conclusions

7.2.1 General Summary

The construction and operation phases of the telecommunications facilities have varying impacts with local conditions of the towers and associated facilities. The final conclusions will cover the general environmental aspects of:

Biological Impacts – Flora and Fauna impacted by the projects will vary from each site to another. The biological and ecological assessments for specific site are crucial in order to monitor any long term imparts. The construction of sites must be followed by the site rehabilitation, where erosion and land slide are common. The invasion of weeds and insects usually follows construction therefore site management plan must be in place to minimize spread of unwanted weeds, herbs and insects into areas where there could be a problem to local people. This insect of weeds may affect the gardens and their food crops, for example, is the case for invasion of Mimosa plants and Japanese giant snails.

Social and Archeological/Historical Sites Impacts – Social, Historical, Heritage artifacts or site should be preserved or identified properly and stored correctly as they are the cultural engines of identity for our societies.

Physical Impacts – physical Impacts of the project may include vegetation looses and scenery or landscape destruction. Care must be taken to avoid further erosion during wet period, hence, contractors must allow for minimal access road excavations if there is any to be done.

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Economic Impacts – The local people must be educated on the cash requirement and appropriate use of phone or internet service for beneficial purposes, and should minimize unworthy calls or internet use.

Health and Safety Concerns – Radiation and health risks associated with the use of mobile phones and exposure to antenna radiation must be made known to all users.

Environmental Management and Conservation – Important, rare, endemic and protected species should be assessed any their niches or habitats must be preserved or protected where such cases prevail. The WMAs and Protected Area managers must be aware of any impacts that could cause negative impact of the environmental components with the vicinity of the communication sites, and these must be report to the rightful authority.

Integrating Environment and Communications Management – In order to appreciate the natural environment there must be site specific though assessments and these must also include all the other above contents.

The above impacts will be considered for Chimbu and East Sepik provinces, respectively.

The detail social and cultural aspects related to communications projects have been provided by Nancy Sullivan, in her social component of the same study.

7.2.2 Basic Telephony and Mobile Services

East Sepik Province – In general the environmental impacts of telephone or mobile towers are at a minimum but still require detail specific site assessments which must be conducted by the develoMost southern part of the ESP is not covered while pockets of poor Digicel network coverage are prevalent in most areas. Thus, the three areas south of the main Sepik River that can be considered include Amboin, April River and Frieda River. These area would cover are repetitive geographic area and even population which would benefit out of the project.

Chimbu Province – In Chimbu, Karamui district basically needs communications services, and the environmental impacts encountered in ESP must be the lesson to learn and avoid any negative impacts on the environment, as such. The impacts of construction works will be minor and short term due to the fact that the sites (site 1 and site 2) are fallow (abandon) garden areas and lying on the gentle slopes which rises at 2 degrees.

It is also recommended here that prior detail site specific studies must be conducted for any towers to be constructed. These should include but not limited to soil, geological, micro-organisms and biochemical components.

7.2.3 Internet Cafes

1. East Sepik Province – The team has identified two internet centres. These are Brugan and Maprik stations,

2. Chimbu Province – The most appropriate location for Internet service to be available is Karamui High School where student population can learn effectively without having to wait for learn reference , that will not be made available any.

It is also recommended here that a separate and detail awareness on the Impacts of telecommunications service, facilities and associated issues must be conducted in all rural areas. This is crucial to minimize deleterious impacts, and educated or informed communities can be able to make rationale decisions, especially with the use and abuse of such service introduced into the society.It is also recommended that all towers must established well away from the villages or their important subsistence areas, where this as not been the case for now existing Digicel towers (most are located within the villages and the locally important sites).

In the context of the safety of the facilities and the community, the tower fencing must all be of brick or Iron sheets, which will well protect the towers, fuels and the stand by generators kept the same premises. Also the tower foundations must be properly established on solid rocks or “Cemented” basement. The risk of fire, theft and earthquakes or landslides can be avoided in this way. 117 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

Appendixes

APPENDIX - A. Communications Conditions of Chimbu and East Sepik Provinces.

(A).1- Below are some views of the Public in Karamui District, as Written by Anna Joe of Karamui High School.

Ms Anna Joe Karamui High School PO Box 192 Kundiawa, Simbu

11th January 2010

GENERAL VIEW FROM PUBLIC SERVANT POINT OF VIEW FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF MOBIL COMMUNICATION HERE AT KARAMUI Since you are here already, have experienced and you can see and witness to testify to the Government of the day that communication is a major problem here. Karamui is [at] a disadvantage, so isolated and remote districk [sic] comparing other districts of Simbu and even Papua New Guinea as a whole. It is a flying districk. Karamui has two major tribes, Yasa and Daribi. It has 27 ward councils and is sharing border with Gulf, Eastern Highlands, Western Highlands and Southern Highlands. It is one of the coastal area in the highlands region. It can grow coffee, vanilla, cocoa, peanut, rice, certain spices and many others, these are only a few to name. The above mentioned crops are grown in very large area of land but can not be sold out of the districk due to lack of market. Karamui Station is located in a central location where we have a mixture and a good number of population. Most of the government services like health centre, schools from elementary to secondary (lower Gr 9, Gr 10), Department of Primary Industry, Police, Justice and the District Staff. There is a good number of public servants serving this districk and are living within and around the station area. Due to the isolation and remoteness of this place many public servants leave their families in towns or in their own villages and they come alone here to live and work. Living and working here at Karamui is not easy as you can imagine. …As I stayed here since 2008 can say that health is now improving greatly with Education. When I first came to Karamui, the health centre was closed. It was closed for almost 10 months. Just imagine with the 10 months, there is no record of how many deaths and births. I was very happy that the treasury department have arranged BSP agency here at Karamui where we can do our banking in conjunction with the use [of] satellite phone connected by Telikom PNG. But now where are all these helpful services?

… [Possible]Disadvantages of communication here at Karamui Possibility of improve criminal activities (break and enter).

Family violence increased among especially marriage.

Lack of knowledge on how to use phones.

No source of electricity for charging phones.

Unbudgeted purchasing of free [sic] paid and flex cards.

Radiation related infections.

Disturbing students from classroom concentration.

Distracting especially teenage and adolescent girls.

... Like all Papua New Guineans who have attitude problem, here at Karamui, due to remoteness, we have law and order problem. …Below a [sic] only a few to name of what has been reeped off [sic] here due to our carelessness. Closure of BSP agency

Disconnection of telephone (satellite phone Telikom)

Once closure of health centre (nurses being raped).

Breaken entre [sic] is just like normal activity.

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(A) 2 – A Sample of Teachers Communicating with Letters to their Headquarters in Kundiawa Town. Letter By Anna Joe, Karamui High School.

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(A) 3: Radiation, Health and Safety Concerns (by Nancy Sullivan)

December 22nd, 2009 at 12:34 pm

Interview with Geoffrey Kabat, author of Hyping Health Risks

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EpiMonitor: Can you name health risks that are being hyped today and actions being taken to mitigate or study them that you think are not worthwhile?

Kabat: Two topics that come to mind are cell phones and fine particle air pollution. I wouldn’t say that the efforts to study them are not worthwhile. But the problem – the danger — is that certain results get more attention than other results, and influential groups create a narrative that may not reflect all of the relevant science. For example, Lennart Hardell an oncologist in Sweden has aggressively argued that the evidence suggests the possibility that cell phone use and mobile phone use may cause brain cancers and brain tumors. He has gone as far as to attack the work of highly respected epidemiologists in print who have found the evidence unconvincing. Here is an example where certain results get more emphasis and perhaps insufficiently critical attention, contributing to the perception that the evidence indicates the existence of a hazard. There are also self-appointed activist groups like the Bioinitiative which give one-sided assessments of the evidence.

To read the full interview, please visit Geoffrey Kabat’s Web site Hyping Health Risks.

Mobile phone Radiation, Health and Safety

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For wireless electronics in general, see Wireless electronic devices and health.

A Greenfield-type tower used in base stations for mobile telephony

Mobile phone radiation and health concerns have been raised, especially following the enormous increase in the use of wireless mobile telephony throughout the world (as of August 2005, there were more than 2 billion users worldwide[citation needed]). Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range, and some researchers[1] believe this may be harmful to human health. These concerns have induced a large body of research (both epidemiological and experimental, in non-human animals and in humans). Concerns about effects on health have also been raised regarding other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks.

The World Health Organization, based upon the consensus view of the scientific and medical communities, states that cancer is unlikely to be caused by cellular phones or their base stations and that reviews have found no convincing evidence for other health effects.[2][3] The WHO expects to make recommendations about mobile phones in 2010.[4] Some national radiation advisory authorities[5] have recommended measures to minimize exposure to their citizens.

Risks

Many scientific studies have investigated possible health effects of mobile phone radiations. These studies are occasionally reviewed by some scientific committees to assess overall risks. The most recent assessment was published in 2007 by the European Commission Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). It concludes from the available research that no significant health effect has been demonstrated from mobile phone radiation at normal exposure levels:

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• In the studies reviewed, normal exposure to mobile phone radiation did not cause headaches or dizziness, nor did it cause brain cancers, neurological effects or reproductive effects. • A few inconclusive studies suggest that it may cause a benign tumour of the auditory nerve. • However, more studies concerning potential health effects on children are needed.[6]

Health issues of handsets Radiation absorption

Calculated specific absorbed radiation (SAR) distribution in an anatomical model of head next to a 125 mW dipole antenna. Peak SAR is 9.5 W/kg averaged over a 1 mg cube. (USAF/AFRL).

Part of the radio waves emitted by a mobile telephone handset are absorbed by the human head. The radio waves emitted by a GSM handset, can have a peak power of 2 watts, and a US analogue phone had a maximum transmit power of 3.6 watts. Other digital mobile technologies, such as CDMA2000 and D-AMPS, use lower output power, typically below 1 watt, UVA. The maximum power output from a mobile phone is regulated by the mobile phone standard it is following and by the regulatory agencies in each country. In most systems the cellphone and the base station check reception quality and signal strength and the power level is increased or decreased automatically, within a certain span, to accommodate for different situations such as inside or outside of buildings and vehicles. The rate at which radiation is absorbed by the human body is measured by the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), and its maximum levels for modern handsets have been set by governmental regulating agencies in many countries. In the USA, the FCC has set a SAR limit of 1.6 W/kg, averaged over a volume of 1 gram of tissue, for the head. In Europe, the limit is 2 W/kg, averaged over a volume of 10 grams of tissue. SAR values are heavily dependent on the size of the averaging volume. Without information about the averaging volume used comparisons between different measurements cannot be made. Thus, the European 10-gram ratings should be compared among themselves, and the American 1- gram ratings should only be compared among themselves. SAR data for specific mobile phones, along with other useful information, can be found directly on manufacturers’ websites, as well as on third party web sites.[7]

Thermal effects

One well-understood effect of microwave radiation is dielectric heating, in which any dielectric material (such as living tissue) is heated by rotations of polar molecules induced by the electromagnetic field. In the case of a person using a cell phone, most of the heating effect will occur at the surface of the head, causing its temperature to increase by a fraction of a degree. In this case, the level of temperature increase is an order of magnitude less than that obtained during the exposure of the head to direct sunlight. The brain’s blood circulation is capable of disposing of excess heat by increasing local blood flow. However, the cornea of the eye does not have this temperature regulation mechanism and exposure of 2-3 hours’ duration has been reported to produce cataracts in rabbits’ eyes at SAR values from 100-140W/kg, which produced lenticular temperatures of 41°C.[verification needed][8] Premature cataracts have not been linked with cell phone use, possibly because of the lower power output of mobile phones.

Non-thermal effects

The communications protocols used by mobile phones often result in low-frequency pulsing of the carrier signal. Whether these modulations have biological significance has been subject to debate. [9]

Some researchers have argued that so-called "non-thermal effects" could be reinterpreted as a normal cellular response to an increase in temperature. The German biophysicist Roland Glaser, for example[10], has argued that there are several thermoreceptor molecules in cells, and that they activate a cascade of second and third messenger systems, gene expression mechanisms and production of heat shock proteins in order to defend the cell against metabolic cell stress caused by heat. The increases in temperature that cause these changes are too small to be detected by studies such as REFLEX, which base their whole argument on the apparent stability of thermal equilibrium in their cell cultures.

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Blood-brain barrier effects

Swedish researchers from Lund University (Salford, Brun, Perrson, Eberhardt, and Malmgren) have studied the effects of microwave radiation on the rat brain. They found a leakage of albumin into the brain via a permeated blood-brain barrier.[11][12] Other groups have not confirmed these findings in cell [13] or animal studies.[14]

Cancer

In 2006 a large Danish study about the connection between mobile phone use and cancer incidence was published. It followed over 420,000 Danish citizens for 20 years and showed no increased risk of cancer.[15] The German Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) considers this report as inconclusive.[16]

In order to investigate the risk of cancer for the mobile phone user, a cooperative project between 13 countries has been launched called INTERPHONE. The idea is that cancers need time to develop so only studies over 10 years are of interest.[17]

The following studies of long time exposure have been published:

• A Danish study (2004) that took place over 10 years found no evidence to support a link. However, this study has been criticized for collecting data from subscriptions and not necessarily from actual users. It is known that some subscribers do not use the phones themselves but provide them for family members to use. That this happens is supported by the observation that only 61% of a small sample of the subscribers reported use of mobile phones when responding to a questionnaire. [15] [18]

• A Swedish study (2005) that draws the conclusion that "the data do not support the hypothesis that mobile phone use is related to an increased risk of glioma or meningioma."[19]

• A British study (2005) that draws the conclusion that "The study suggests that there is no substantial risk of acoustic neuroma in the first decade after starting mobile phone use. However, an increase in risk after longer term use or after a longer lag period could not be ruled out."[20]

• A German study (2006) that states "In conclusion, no overall increased risk of glioma or meningioma was observed among these cellular phone users; however, for long-term cellular phone users, results need to be confirmed before firm conclusions can be drawn."[21]

• A joint study conducted in northern Europe that draws the conclusion that "Although our results overall do not indicate an increased risk of glioma in relation to mobile phone use, the possible risk in the most heavily exposed part of the brain with long-term use needs to be explored further before firm conclusions can be drawn."[22]

Other studies on cancer and mobile phones are:

• A Swedish scientific team at the Karolinska Institute conducted an epidemiological study (2004) that suggested that regular use of a mobile phone over a decade or more was associated with an increased risk of acoustic neuroma, a type of benign brain tumor. The increase was not noted in those who had used phones for fewer than 10 years.[23]

• The INTERPHONE study group from Japan published the results of a study of brain tumour risk and mobile phone use. They used a new approach: determining the SAR inside a tumour by calculating the radiofrequency field absorption in the exact tumour location. Cases examined included glioma, meninigioma, and pituitary adenoma. They reported that the overall odds ratio (OR) was not

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increased and that there was no significant trend towards an increasing OR in relation to exposure, as measured by SAR. [24]

In 2007, Dr. Lennart Hardell, from Örebro University in Sweden, reviewed published epidemiological papers (2 cohort studies and 16 case-control studies) and found that[25]:

• Cell phone users had an increased risk of malignant gliomas. • Link between cell phone use and a higher rate of acoustic neuromas. • Tumors are more likely to occur on the side of the head that the cell handset is used. • One hour of cell phone use per day significantly increases tumor risk after ten years or more.

In a February 2008 update on the status of the INTERPHONE study IARC stated that the long term findings ‘…could either be causal or artifactual, related to differential recall between cases and controls.’[26]

• A self-published and non-peer reviewed meta-study by Dr. Vini Khurana, an Australian neurosurgeon, presented an "increasing body of evidence ... for a link between mobile phone usage and certain brain tumours" and that it "is anticipated that this danger has far broader public health ramifications than asbestos and smoking".[27] This was criticised as ‘…an unbalanced analysis of the literature, which is also selective in support of the author’s claims.’[28]

A publication titled "Public health implications of wireless technologies" cites that Lennart Hardell found age is a significant factor. The report repeated the finding that the use of cell phones before age 20 increased the risk of brain tumors by 5.2, compared to 1.4 for all ages.[29] A review by Hardell et al. concluded that current mobile phones are not safe for long-term exposure. [30]

In a time trends study in Europe, conducted by the Institute of Cancer Epidemiology in Copenhagen, no significant increase in brain tumors among cell phone users was found between the years of 1998 and 2003. "The lack of a trend change in incidence from 1998 to 2003 suggests that the induction period relating mobile phone use to brain tumors exceeds 5–10 years, the increased risk in this population is too small to be observed, the increased risk is restricted to subgroups of brain tumors or mobile phone users, or there is no increased risk."[31]

Cognitive effects

A 2009 study examined the effects of exposure to radiation emitted by standard GSM cell phones on the cognitive functions of humans. The study confirmed the existence of an effect of exposure on response times to a spatial working memory task, as well as the fact that exposure duration may play a role in producing detectable effects on performance.[32]

Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Main article: Electromagnetic hypersensitivity

Some users of mobile handsets have reported feeling several unspecific symptoms during and after its use; ranging from burning and tingling sensations in the skin of the head and extremities, fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness, loss of mental attention, reaction times and memory retentiveness, headaches, malaise, tachycardia (heart palpitations), to disturbances of the digestive system. Reports have noted that all of these symptoms can also be attributed to stress and that current research cannot separate the symptoms from nocebo effects.[33]

Genotoxic effects

Research published in 2004 by a team at the University of Athens had a reduction in reproductive capacity in fruit flies exposed to 6 minutes of 900 MHz pulsed radiation for five days.[34] Subsequent research, again

123 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF conducted on fruit flies, was published in 2007, with the same exposure pattern but conducted at both 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, and had similar changes in reproductive capacity with no significant difference between the two frequencies.[35] Following additional tests published in a third article, the authors stated they thought their research suggested the changes were “…due to degeneration of large numbers of egg chambers after DNA fragmentation of their constituent cells …”.[36]

In 1995, in the journal Bioelectromagnetics, Wengong Lai and Mohinder Singh reported damaged DNA after two hours of microwave radiation at levels deemed safe according to government standards.[37] Later, in December 2004, a pan-European study named REFLEX (Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards from Low Energy Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods), involving 12 collaborating laboratories in several countries showed some compelling evidence of DNA damage of cells in in-vitro cultures, when exposed between 0.3 to 2 watts/kg, whole-sample average. There were indications, but not rigorous evidence of other cell changes, including damage to chromosomes, alterations in the activity of certain genes and a boosted rate of cell division.[38] Reviews of in vitro genotoxicity studies have generally concluded that RF is not genotoxic and that studies reporting positive effects had experimental deficiences.[39]

Sleep and EEG effects

Sleep, EEG and waking rCBF have been studied in relation to RF exposure for a decade now, and the majority of papers published to date have found some form of effect. While a Finnish study failed to find any effect on sleep or other cognitive function from pulsed RF exposure,[40] most other papers have found significant effects on sleep.[41][42][43][44][45][46] Two of these papers found the effect was only present when the exposure was pulsed (amplitude modulated), and one early paper actually found that sleep quality (measured by the amount of participants' broken sleep) actually improved.

While some papers were inconclusive or inconsistent,[47][48] a number of studies have now demonstrated reversible EEG and rCBF alterations from exposure to pulsed RF exposure.[49][50][51][52] German research from 2006 found that statistically significant EEG changes could be consistently found, but only in a relatively low proportion of study participants (12 - 30%).[53]

Health hazards of base stations

Another area of concern is the radiation emitted by the fixed infrastructure used in mobile telephony, such as base stations and their antennas, which provide the link to and from mobile phones. This is because, in contrast to mobile handsets, it is emitted continuously and is more powerful at close quarters. On the other hand, field intensities drop rapidly with distance away from the base of the antenna because of the attenuation of power with the square of distance. Base station emissions must comply with safety guidelines (see Safety standards and licensing below). Some countries however (such as South Africa) do not have any health regulations at all governing the placement of base stations.

Several surveys have found increases of symptoms depending upon proximity to electromagnetic sources such as mobile phone base stations. A 2002 survey study by Santini et al. in France found a variety of self- reported symptoms for people who reported that they were living within 300 metres (984 ft) of GSM cell towers in rural areas, or within 100 m (328 ft) of base stations in urban areas. Fatigue, headache, sleep disruption and loss of memory were among the symptoms reported.[54] Similar results have been obtained with GSM cell towers in Spain,[55] Egypt,[56] Poland[57] and Austria.[58] There are significant challenges in conducting studies of populations near base stations, especially in assessment of individual exposure.[59]

However, a study conducted at the University of Essex and another in Switzerland[60] concluded that mobile phone masts were unlikely to be causing these short term effects in a group of volunteers who complained of such symptoms.[61] The Essex study has been criticised as being skewed due to drop-outs of test subjects,[62] although these criticisms were answered by the authors.

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As technology progresses and data demands have increased on the mobile network, towns and cities have seen the number of towers increase sharply, including 3G towers which work with larger bandwidths.[citation needed] Many measurements and experiments have shown that transmitter power levels are relatively low - in modern 2G antennas, in the range of 20 to 100 W, with the 3G towers causing less radiation than the already present 2G network. An average radiation power output of 3 W is used. The use of ’micro-cell geometries’ (large numbers of transmitters in an area but with each individual transmitter running very low power) inside cities has decreased the amount of radiated power even further.[citation needed] The radiation exposure from these antennas, while generally low level, is continuous[citation needed].

Experts consulted by France consider it is mandatory that main antenna axis not to be directly in front of a living place at a distance shorter than 100 meters.[63] This recommendation was modified in 2003[64] to say that antennas located within a 100-metre radius of primary schools or childcare facilities should be better integrated into the cityscape and was not included in a 2005 expert report.[65]

French High Court ruling against telecom company

In February 2009 the telecom company Bouygues Telecom was ordered to take down a mobile phone mast due to uncertainty about its effect on health. Residents in the commune Charbonnières in the Rhône department had sued the company claiming adverse health effects from the radiation emitted by the 19 meter tall antenna.[66] The milestone ruling by the Versailles Court of Appeal reversed the burden of proof which is usual in such cases by emphasizing the extreme divergence between different countries in assessing safe limits for such radiation. The court stated that, "Considering that, while the reality of the risk remains hypothetical, it becomes clear from reading the contributions and scientific publications produced in debate and the divergent legislative positions taken in various countries, that uncertainty over the harmlessness of exposure to the waves emitted by relay antennas persists and can be considered serious and reasonable".[67]

Occupational health hazards

Telecommunication workers who spend time at a short distance from the active equipment, for the purposes of testing, maintenance, installation, etcetera, may be at risk of much greater exposure than the general population. Many times base stations are not turned off during maintenance, but the power being sent through to the antennas is cut off, so that the workers do not have to work near live antennas.

A variety of studies over the past 50 years have been done on workers exposed to high RF radiation levels; studies including radar laboratory workers, military radar workers, electrical workers, and amateur radio operators. Most of these studies found no increase in cancer rates over the general population or a control group. Many positive results could have been attributed to other work environment conditions, and many negative results of reduced cancer rates also occurred.[68]

Safety standards and licensing

In order to protect the population living around base stations and users of mobile handsets, governments and regulatory bodies adopt safety standards, which translate to limits on exposure levels below a certain value. There are many proposed national and international standards, but that of the International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) is the most respected one, and has been adopted so far by more than 80 countries. For radio stations, ICNIRP proposes two safety levels: one for occupational exposure, another one for the general population. Currently there are efforts underway to harmonise the different standards in existence.[69]

Radio base licensing procedures have been established in the majority of urban spaces regulated either at municipal/county, provincial/state or national level. Mobile telephone service providers are, in many regions, required to obtain construction licenses, provide certification of antenna emission levels and assure compliance to ICNIRP standards and/or to other environmental legislation.

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Many governmental bodies also require that competing telecommunication companies try to achieve sharing of towers so as to decrease environmental and cosmetic impact. This issue is an influential factor of rejection of installation of new antennas and towers in communities.

The safety standards in the U.S. are set by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The FCC has based its standards primarily on those standards established by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), specifically Subcommittee 4 of the "International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety".

Evolution of safety standards

The following is a brief summary of the wireless safety standards, which have become stricter over time.

• 1966: The ANSI C95.1 standard adopted the standard of 10 mW/cm2 (10,000 W/cm2) based on thermal effects. • 1982: The IEEE recommended further lowering this limit to 1 mW/cm2 (1,000 W/cm2) for certain frequencies in 1982, which became a standard ten years later in 1992 (see below). • 1986: The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) recommended the exposure limit of 580 W/cm2. • 1992: The ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1992 standard based on thermal effects used the 1 mW/cm2 (1,000 W/cm2) safety limit. The United States Environmental Protection Agency called this revised standard "seriously flawed", partly for failing to consider non-thermal effects, and called for the FCC to adopt the 1986 NCRP standard which was five times stricter. • 1996: The FCC updated to the standard of 580 W/cm2 over any 30-minute period for the 869 MHz, while still using 1mW/cm2 (1,000 W/cm2) for PCS frequencies (1850-1990 MHz).[70] • 1998: The ICNIRP standard uses the limit of 450 W/cm2 at 900 MHz, and 950 W/cm2 at 1900 MHz. The limit is frequency dependent.

Adequacy of current standards

The controversial question is whether the current safety standards are adequate enough to protect the public’s long-term health. A few nations have set safety limits orders lower than the ICNIRP limit. In particular, the Salzburg Resolution for Austria recommends safety limits many times lower (0.6 V/m = 0.1 W/cm2 for pulsed radiation).[71]

In September 2008, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the mid-term review of the European Environment and Health Action Plan 2004-2010. The resolution covered several topic areas, such as Mental Health and Global Warming, and included under the topic "Dangers of new technologies" the statement "… that the limits on exposure to electromagnetic fields which have been set for the general public are obsolete."[72]

Law suits

In the USA, a small number of personal injury lawsuits have been filed by individuals against cellphone manufacturers, such as Motorola[73], NEC, Siemens and Nokia, on the basis of allegations of causation of brain cancer and death. In US federal court, expert testimony relating to science must be first evaluated by a judge, in a Daubert hearing, to be relevant and valid before it is admissible as evidence. In one case against Motorola, the plaintiffs alleged that the use of wireless handheld telephones could cause brain cancer, and that the use of Motorola phones caused one plaintiff’s cancer.

The judge ruled that no sufficiently reliable and relevant scientific evidence in support of either general or specific causation was proffered by the plaintiffs; accepted a motion to exclude the testimony of the plaintiffs’ experts; and denied a motion to exclude the testimony of the defendants' experts.[74]

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Precautionary principle

In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that the precautionary principle could be voluntarily adopted in this case.[75] It follows the recommendations of the European Community for environmental risks. According to the WHO, the "precautionary principle" is "a risk management policy applied in circumstances with a high degree of scientific uncertainty, reflecting the need to take action for a potentially serious risk without awaiting the results of scientific research." Other less stringent recommended approaches are prudent avoidance principle and ALARA (As Low as Reasonably Achievable). Although all of these are problematic in application, due to the widespread use and economic importance of wireless telecommunication systems in modern civilization, there is an increased popularity of such measures in the general public, though also evidence that such approaches may increase concern[76]. They involve recommendations such as the minimization of cellphone usage, the limitation of use by at-risk population (such as children), the adoption of cellphones and microcells with ALARA levels of radiation, the wider use of hands-free and earphone technologies such as Bluetooth headsets, the adoption of maximal standards of exposure, RF field intensity and distance of base stations antennas from human habitations, and so forth.

Precautionary Measures

Some national radiation advisory authorities, including those of Austria,[5] France,[77] Germany,[78] and Sweden[79] have recommended measures to minimize exposure to their citizens. Examples of the recommendations are:

• Use hands-free to decrease the radiation to the head. • Keep the mobile phone away from the body. • Do not use telephone in a car without an external antenna.

The use of "hands-free" was not recommended by the British Consumers’ Association in a statement in November 2000 as they believed that exposure was increased.[80] However, measurements for the (then) UK Department of Trade and Industry[81] and others for the French l’Agence française de sécurité sanitaire environnementale[82] showed substantial reductions. In 2005 Professor Lawrie Challis and others said clipping a ferrite bead onto hands-free kits stops the radio waves travelling up the wire and into the head.[83]

3 February 2010 ABC News Australia reported that a Primary School in Brisbane (Rainworth State Primary in Barden QLD) is petitioning Telstra to abort plans to install a mobile phone tower within 170 metres of the school for safety reasons. Parents and teachers report that Telstra has confirmed the fact that there are no long-term studies into the health effects of electromagnetic radiation from High Frequency Pulse Towers and therefore Telstra cannot guarantee the health of their children. Telstra does say that these towers have lower emissions that others worldwide, but the parent-teacher coalition says that Australia simply has insufficient national controls for tower emissions and that all of Europe, and even Russia and China, have lower emissions from towers (and stricter national guidelines) than Australia.

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APPENDIX B. Current Conservation, Protected and Wildlife Management Areas in PNG.

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APPENDIX C. Endangered, Rare and Endemic Flora and Fauna in Papua New Guinea.

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APPENDIX D. Environment Act 2000: Prescribed Activities

The following is a guideline as stipulated in the Papua New Guinea’s Environment Act 2000. This is the main regulatory tool observed in major development activities in the country including mining, forestry, fisheries, agriculture and Infrastructure development activities of significant adverse impacts accruing to the environmental sectors. The levels of environmental impacts may fall into any of the three (3) categories as defined below.

LEVEL 1 ACTIVITIES

Level 1 activities are all those activities that are not prescribed as Level 2 or Level 3 activities.

LEVEL 2 ACTIVITIES

The activities listed in Schedule 1 are prescribed as Level 2 activities for the purposes of the Act. Within Schedule 1, Level 2 activities are classified as Category A activities or Category B activities for the purposes of the Act and the Regulations to the Act.

LEVEL 3 ACTIVITIES

The activities listed in Schedule 2 are prescribed as Level 3 activities for the purposes of the Act.

AMALGAMATION OF PERMIT APPLICATIONS

Where an activity involves two or more categories of Level 2 or Level 3 activities or both Level 2 and Level 3 activities, an application for a permit in relation to that activity shall identify all the categories of Level 2 or Level 3 activity that are relevant to the application.

LEVEL 2 ACTIVITIES

L2 - CATEGORY A

Sub-Category 1: Petroleum Exploration

1.1 Drilling of oil and gas wells.

Sub-Category 2: Mineral Exploration and Mining

2.1 Any drilling program at a defined prospect where the aggregate depth of all holes drilled is greater than 2,500 metres. 2.2 Mechanized mining on a Mining Lease issued under the Mining Act 1992 involving non-chemical processing of no greater than 50,000 tonnes per annum. 2.3 Gravel extraction operating continuously for more than 6 months and involving the extraction of no greater than 10,000 tonnes per annum. 2.4 Quarrying involving the extraction of no greater than 100,000 tonnes per annum. 134 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

Sub-Category 3: Minor Forest Activities

3.1 Activities carried out under a Timber Authority issued under the Forest Act.

L2 - CATEGORY B

Sub-Category 4: Manufacturing and chemical processes

Sub-Category 4A: Manufacturing operations (predominantly physical operations and blending not involving significant chemical reaction)

4.1 Cement clinker manufacturing and grinding.

Sub-Category 4B: Processes involving chemical reactions

4.2 Manufacture of products by any chemical process in works designed to produce more than 100 tonnes per year of chemical products. 4.3 Manufacture of fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) in works with a capacity of more than 50 tonnes per year. 4.4 Manufacture of acrylic compounds, fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides or pesticides by any chemical process. 4.5 Manufacturing operations involving the use of toluene di-isocyanate, methylene di- isocyanate, chlorofluorocarbons and halons.

Sub-Category 5: Activities involving petroleum or chemicals

5.1 Manufacturing of organic chemicals requiring a Petroleum Processing Facility License issued under the Oil and Gas Act 1998. 5.2 Pipeline transport and storage using facilities with a holding capacity of more than 0.5 million litres.

Sub-Category 6: Forestry and production of timber products

6.1 Activities associated with a logging operation which are or should be undertaken under a timber permit or a license, unless such license holder is a subcontractor of a timber permit, (including sewage disposal, camp construction including power & water reticulation, operation of machinery workshops and construction of road and other infrastructure works including wharf and ship loading and unloading facilities). 6.2 Operation of stationary sawmills and treatment facilities with a production capacity of greater than 30,000 m3 per year of sawn timber. 6.3 Chemical treatment of timber using copper-chrome-arsenate solutions with a capacity of greater than 100 tonnes of treated wood product per year. 6.4 Processing of wood to form veneer, plywood, particle-board or fibre-board. 6.5 Processing of wood, wood products, waste paper or other cellulose materials to form pulp, paper or cardboard.

Sub-Category 7: Mining and extraction 7.1 Mechanised mining on a Mining Lease issued under the Mining Act 1992 involving chemical processing of no greater than 50,000 tonnes per annum.

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7.2 Mechanised mining on a Mining Lease issued under the Mining Act 1992 involving non-chemical processing of more than 50,000 tonnes per annum. 7.3 Mineral beneficiation or processing other than alluvial mining in accordance with an Alluvial Mining Lease issued under the Mining Act 1992. 7.4 Quarrying involving the extraction of more than 100,000 tonnes per year. 7.5 Gravel extraction operating continuously for more than 6 months and involving the extraction of more than 10,000 tonnes per year. 7.6 Commercial salt harvesting.

Sub-Category 8: Aquaculture and agriculture

8.1 Intensive animal industries including the raising of cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry and crocodiles with an annual production capacity of more than 200 animal units. 8.2 Operation of livestock holding pens with a capacity of more than 2,000 animal units per year. 8.3 Operation of aquaculture facilities with a design discharge flow rate greater than 1 per day or 100 tonnes of wet product per year. 8.4 Aquaculture carried out in “open sea” (cage) operations. 8.5 Agricultural cultivation of an area greater than 1,000 hectares.

Sub-Category 9: Food processing and plant product processing

9.1 Processing of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages in a plant with a design production of more than 5,000 litres per day. 9.2 Operation of abattoirs and poultry processing facilities processing more than 200 animal units per year. 9.3 Processing coconut oil in plants producing more than 10,000 tonnes per year. 9.4 Processing of coffee or cocoa in plants producing more than 5,000 tonnes per year. 9.5 Palm oil extraction and processing in plants producing more than 5,000 tonnes per year. 9.6 Seafood processing operations which involve the production of more than 500 tonnes per year. 9.7 Production of stock feed in mills producing more than 5000 tonnes per year. 9.8 Processing of latex and rubber in operations producing more than 500 tonnes per year. 9.9 Sugar refining operations with a production capacity of more than 5,000 tonnes per year.

Sub-Category 10: Energy production

10.1 Operation of hydroelectric plants with a capacity of more than 2 Megawatts (MW). 10.2 Operation of fuel burning power stations with a capacity of more than 5MW, but not including emergency generators. 10.3 Operation of fuel burning appliances including furnaces and boilers with a rated thermal output of 20MW.

Sub-Category 11: Waste treatment

11.1 Sewage treatment in plants serving more than an equivalent population of 5,000 people.

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11.2 Septic tank sludge disposal systems intended to serve an equivalent population of greater than 500 people. 11.3 Operation of public and private landfills for the disposal of municipal wastes, serving a population of more than 10,000 people. 11.4 Incineration, reprocessing, treatment or disposal of industrial or biomedical waste of a capacity greater than 10 tonnes per year. 11.5 Operation of rendering works with a capacity of greater than 500 tonnes per year. 11.6 Recycling waste material including but not limited to glass, oil, metal, paper and putrescible materials with a capacity greater than 100 tonnes per year. 11.7 Commercial drum reconditioning.

Sub-Category 12: Infrastructure

12.1 Operation of maritime construction, deballast and repair facilities designed to handle vessels of a mass of greater than 50 tonnes. 12.2 Construction of marinas and boating facilities designed or used to provide moorings for more than 50 powered vessels at any one time. 12.3 Operation of potable water treatment plants with a design capacity of greater than 1 million litres per day. 12.4 Construction of aerodromes or airfields except unpaved airstrips more than 10 km from an urban area. 12.5 Construction of new national roads. 12.6 Construction of electricity transmission lines or pipelines greater than 10 km in length. 12.7 Construction of housing estates with an area of more than 5 hectare.

Sub-Category 13: Other activities

13.1 Damming or diversion of rivers or streams. 13.2 Discharge of waste into water or onto land in such a way that it results in the waste entering water, except where such discharge is ancillary or incidental to, or associated with, any other activity in this Regulation in which case that category of activity will apply to the discharge of waste. 13.3 Abstraction or use of water for commercial purposes, except where such abstraction or use is ancillary or incidental to, or associated with, any other activity in this Regulation in which case that category of activity will apply to the abstraction or use of water. 13.4 Import or export of ozone depleting substances or pesticides.

LEVEL 3 ACTIVITIES

Sub-Category 14: General

14.1 Activities involving investment of a capital cost of more than K50 million, except where such investment is made in pursuing an activity otherwise dealt with in this Regulation in which case that category of activity will apply to the investment. 14.2 Activities involving the generation of a volume of liquid waste of more than 7,000,000 m3 per year (approximately 20 million litres per day). 14.3 Activities that will involve the discharge, emission or deposit of hazardous contaminants, except where such discharge, emission or deposit is ancillary or

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incidental to, or associated with, any other activity in this Regulation in which case that category of activity will apply to the discharge, emission or deposit. 14.4 Activities that may result in a significant risk of serious or material environmental harm within Wildlife Management Areas, Conservation Areas, National Parks and Protected Areas or any area declared to be protected under the provisions of an International Treaty to which Papua New Guinea is a party and which has been ratified by the Parliament of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea.

Sub-Category 15: Manufacturing and processing

15.1 Activities involving investment of a capital cost of more than K20 million and which involve manufacturing or chemical processes not previously used in Papua New Guinea. 15.2 Manufacture of hazardous contaminants, except where such manufacture is ancillary or incidental to, or associated with, any other activity in this Regulation in which case that category of activity will apply to the manufacture.

Sub-Category 16: Forest harvesting and land clearance

16.1 Logging operations where the minimum annual allowable cut is greater then 70, 0000 m3 per annum. 16.2 Any large scale clearing carried out under section 90 (a), (b), (c) or (d) of the Forest Act.

Sub-Category 17: Mining and extraction

17.1 Mining activities which require the issue of a Special Mining Lease under the Mining Act 1992. 17.2 Mechanised mining on a Mining Lease involving chemical processing, except where the activity falls within the ambit of a Category B, Level 2 activity. 17.3 Extraction of off-shore coral deposits for roading, commercial lime making or similar use. 17.4 Submarine tailings disposal.

Sub-Category 18: Petroleum and gas production and processing

18.1 Recovery, processing, storage or transportation of petroleum products requiring the issue of a Petroleum Development Licence or a Pipeline Licence under the Oil and Gas Act 1998. 18.2 Refining of petroleum or manufacture and processing of petrochemicals or liquefaction of natural gas requiring a Petroleum Processing Facility Licence issued under the Oil and Gas Act 1998, except where the activity falls within the ambit of a Category B, Level 2 activity.

Sub-Category 19: Infrastructure construction

19.1 Construction of major hydropower schemes or water supply reservoirs inundating an area greater than 5 km2. 19.2 Construction of sea ports and ship repair facilities serving ships of an individual tonnage of more than 500 tonnes.

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19.3 Infrastructure construction that requires the reclamation of more than 5 hectares of land below the high water mark. 19.4 Construction of sewage treatment plants designed to serve an equivalent population of greater than 50,000.

Sub-Category 20: Fisheries

20.1 Aquaculture operations designed to discharge a volume of waste greater than 10 million litres per day.

Sub-Category 21: Waste Disposal

21.1 Construction and operation of municipal landfills serving populations of more than 20,000 people. 21.2 Construction of commercial sites for the storage, treatment, reprocessing, incineration or disposal of hazardous contaminants.

APPENDIX - E. Some Safeguard Principles-

IFC Performance Standard (Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines).

The Equator Principles applicable to a developing country include the IFC Performance Standards and Industry Specific Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines.

The IFC Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability include:

• Social and Environmental Assessment and management System • Labour and Working Conditions • Pollution Prevention and Abatement • Community Health, Safety and Security • Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement • Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management • Indigenous Peoples • Cultural Heritage

Applicable EHS Guidelines involve:

9 General EHS Guideline 9 Industry Sector Guidelines – Infrastructures.

The IFC Guidelines will all be applied in the PHRD Rural Communications project implementation and operations.

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APPENDIX - F. PNG’s Telecommunications and Information Technology

The listed organizations are currently involved Communications and Informations technology and services in PNG.

Organization Services/Products Category Ownership 1. Telikom (PNG) Ltd Telephone Switching & Switchboard Government & Equipment, Telephony, Internet, Private -Partners satellite. Telephones & Systems – Installation and/or Maintenance 2. beMobile Mobile – products & Service Subsidiary of Telikom (PNG) Ltd 3. Post PNG Ltd Postal and Stampage and associated Government & services Privately -Partner 4. National Broadcasting Commission TV & Radios (SW,FM) Government (NBC – Kundu Radio/TV services ) 5. Nau FM (96 FM) Radio Broadcasting Private 6. Yumi FM (93 FM) Radio Broadcasting Private 7. FM Central Radio Broadcasting Private 8. The National Ltd Media (Newspaper) Government & Privately -Partner 9. Post Courier Ltd Media (Newspaper) Private 10. Sunday Chronicles Media (Newspaper) Private 11. PANGTEL Telecommunications Products & Government Agency Services - Regulator 12. NEC (PNG) Ltd Satellite, Internet, Telephones and Private Related Equipment, & Systems – Installation and/or Maintenance; and Telephone Switching & Switchboard Equipment 13. Conxions Ltd Satellite, Internet, Telephones and Private Related Equipment 14. TSA Ltd Satellite, Internet, Telephones and Private Related Equipment 15. Online South Pacific Ltd Satellite, Internet, Telephones and Private Related Equipment 16. Data Nets Ltd Satellite, Internet, Telephones and Private Related Equipment 17. Daltron Ltd Satellite, Internet, Telephones and Private Related Equipment 18. Digicel (PNG) Ltd Mobile & Internet Private 19. GreenCom Mobile Private 20. RAD-TEL (PNG) Ltd Telephone Switching & Switchboard Private Equipment Satellite, Internet, Telephones and Related Equipment, Installation & Maintenance. 21. TELELINK Services Ltd Telephone Switching & Switchboard Private

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Organization Services/Products Category Ownership Equipment 22. EASTPAC Ltd Satellite, Internet, Telephones and Private Related Equipment 23. Channel 8 Ltd Television Antenna and/or Private Installations 24. Hitron Ltd Television Antenna and/or Private Installations 25. EM TV Ltd Television station Private 26. Courts (PNG) Ltd Television retailers Private 27. Brian Bell & Co.Ltd Television receivers-Retail and/or Private Service 28. SatCom PNG Ltd Television programme Producers Private 29. Tolec Electronics Ltd Television receivers-Retail and/or Private Service 30. Electronic Supply Professionals Television receivers-Retail and/or Private Service 31. Kenofi Cabling Contractors Telephones & Systems – Installation Private and/or Maintenance 32. Micom Telephones & Systems – Installation Private and/or Maintenance 33. Olipai Communications Telephones & Systems – Installation Private and/or Maintenance 34. Sawinbori Communication Cabling Telephones & Systems – Installation Private and/or Maintenance 35. Anitua Security Services Television Systems – Closed Circuit Private 36. Powa Industries Ltd Television Systems – Closed Circuit Private 37. PACOM (PNG) Ltd Telephones and Related Equipment Private 38. Siale Electronics Supplies Telephones and Related Equipment Private 39. Boroko Phone Cafe Telephones & Systems – Installation Private and/or Maintenance NB: 1. Currently the telecommunications services are dominated by Telikom (PNG) Ltd, while Mobile products and services are strongly competitive between Digicel (PNG) Ltd and the beMobile companies. The intervention of Digicel mobile services have driven the extension of this service to other unserved and/or under served areas of Papua New Guinea, especially the rural areas. 2. The sale of products and maintenance is now widely provided by numerous communications and Informations interest oriented organizations in various geographic strategic regional locations throughout Papua New Guinea, which are not listed but it must be accepted that telecommunications, mobile, and internet products and services are now sold in open markets, even by small-scale businesses.

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APPENDIX.- G: Some Important Plants of PNG

APPENDIX G (i): STAPLE AND SUPPLEMENTARY CROPS

Plant Name Family Part Eaten Remarks Amomum sp. Zingiberaceae seeds wild Annona muricata Annonaceae fruit cultivated Athyrium esculentum Athyriaceae young fronds wild Canarium indicum Burseraceae nut wild, transplanted Capsicum frutescens Solanaceae fruit cultivated Citrus spp. Rutaceae fruit wild Coleus scutellariodes Lamiaceae leaves cultivated, wild Cyathea contamiana Cyathaceae fronds wild Cyclosorus truncatus Thelypteridaceae fronds wild Cyrtosperma chamissonis Araceae tuber cultivated, wild Dennstaedtia spp. Dennstaedtiaceae fronds wild Dioscorea sp. Dioscoreaceae tuber wild Gnetum gnemon Gnetaceaea leaves cultivated Hornstedia lycostoma Zingiberaceae seeds wild Inocarpus edulis Leguminosae nut wild Paratocarpus venenosa Moraceae fruit cultivated, wild Parsonia sp. Apocynaceae fruit wild Polyscias sp. Araliaceae young leaves wild Terminalia catapa Combretaceae seeds wild

APPENDIX G (ii): TREATMENT OF CUTS AND WOUNDS

Plant Name Family Remarks

Dendrochnide excelsa Urticaceae bark mixed with Erythrina indica

Gynostemma pentaphylla Curcubitaceae sap applied

Monstrea sp. Araceae stem sap heated, applied

Pothos sp. Araceae stem, leaves crushed, applied

Sida rhombifolia Malvaceae sap applied to stop bleeding

APPENDIX G (iii): TREATMENT OF BURNS

Plant Name Family Remarks

Canarium indicum Burseraceae bark masticated, applied

Colocasia esculenta Araceae shredded yound leaves added

Pometia pinnata Sapindaceae bark masticated, applied

Zingiber zerumbet Zingiberaceae rhizome crushed, applied

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APPENDIX G (iv): TREATMENT OF SORES

Plant Name Family Remarks Artocarpus sp. Moraceae latex applied Biden sp. Asteraceae latex diluted, applied Cerbera manghas Apocynaceae latex applied Cycas sp. Cycadaceae ovule powdered, lime added, applied Cyclosorus sp. Thelypteridaceae leaves boiled, applied Ficus sp. Moraceae latex of fruit applied Gmelina sp. Verbenaceae bark powdered, applied Ipomea congesta Convovulaceae leaves boiled, sap applied Paratocarpus venenosa Moraceae seeds powdered, mixed with lime, applied Zingiber sp. Zingiberaceae rhizome masticated, applied Cordyline sp. used for dressings & bandages Inocarpus fagiferus leaves for dressings Costus speciosus splints for dressings Tapeinocheilos dahlii splints for dressings

APPENDIX G (v): CONTROL OF FERTILITY AND CHILD BIRTH

Plant Name Family Parts Used Pueraria phaseoloides Leguminosae extract of crushed bark taken, aids birt Pipturus argentus Urticaceae extract of crushed bark drunk, aids birth

APPENDIX G (vi): Treatment of Diseases

Plant Name Family Parts Used Purpose Relieve had aches, leaves, bark heated, general body pain Endospermum formicarium Euphorbiaceae rubbed in and swellings Relieve toothache and other mouth Areca catechu Palmae nut infections Treatment of fevers, Bidens sp. Asteraceae latex diluted, drunk incl. malaria

APPENDIX G (vii): TREATMENT OF COUGHS AND COLDS, SORE THROATS

Plant Name Family Parts Used Calamus sp. Palmae sap diluted, drunk for cold Clematis sp. Ranunculaceae cooked leaves eaten, steam inhaled Coleus scutellariodes Lamiaceae for cold Colocasia esculenta Araceae leaves eaten for sore throat Hibiscus manihot Malvaceae leaves, shoots cooked, soup drunk for cold Saccharium officinarum Poaceae sugarcane eaten for sore throat Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae Bark masticated, sore throat

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APPENDIX G (viii): TREAMENT OF DYSENTRY, DIARRHOEA & STOMACH ACHES.

Plant Name Family Parts Used Alstonis scholaris Apocinaceae bark shredded, diluted extract drunk Artocarous altilis Moracae young shoots eaten Areca catechu Palmae quid, mixed with coconut, chewed and swallowed Cocos nucifera Palmae roots eaten Colocasia esculenta Araceae leaves cooked, eaten Saccharium officinarum Poaceae sugarcane eaten Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae leaves boiled, eaten rhyzome mixed with Alstonia scholaris extract, Zingiber spp. Zingiberaceae drunk

APPENDIX G (ix): USED IN RITUALS AND MAGIC

Plant Name Family Remarks Canavalia obtusifolia Leguminosae fishing Coleus atropurpureus Lamiaceae Rain magic Endospermum formicarium Euphorbiaceae fighting, love magic Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae rain magic Octomeles sumatrana Tetrameleaceae Omalanthus sp. Euphorbiaceae fighting Trema sp. Urticaceae fishing

APPENDIX G (x): USED FOR TOOLS AND WEAPONS

Plant Name Family Remarks Bridelia sp. Euphorbiaceae axe handles Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhyzophoraceae axe-haft, digging sticks Calophyllum inophyllum Clusiaceae fruit latex as glue Calophyllum sp. Clusiaceae spear Castanospermum australe Leguminosae spear Cyathea sp. Cyathaceae fishing spear Decaspermum sp. Myrtaceae axe socket Diospyros sp. Ebenaceae digging sticks Dracontamelon puberulum Anacardiaceae midrib of leaf as paint brush spear, seeds as decoration on stone club Equisetum debile Leguminosae head Homalium foetidum Flacourtiaceae digging sticks Maniltoa sp. Leguminosae axe handles Piper sp. Piperaceae wood burnt as torch Piptadenia novoguineensis Leguminosae axe haft Scleria chinensis Cyperaceae Leaf as knife Selaginella caudata Selaginellaceae whole plant as broom Vitex cofassus Verbenaceae axe handles

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APPENDIX G (xi): USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF CANOES AND RAFTS

Plant Name Family Remarks Albizia falcataria Leguminosae canoe hullls Alstonia sp. Apocynaceae canoe hullls Areca catechu Palmae stem as wash-strake, leaf petiole as fire hearth, & platform Callicarpa pentandra Verbenaceae canoe stringers Calophyllum inophyllum Clusiaceae canoe outriggers Campnosperma sp. Anacardiaceae canoe hulls Canarium sp. Burseraceae canoe hulls Cocos nucifera Palmae plaited sails, weather screen, bailers from leaves, etc. Euodia elleryana Rutaceae resin for caulking canoes Ficus myriocarpa Moraceae latex for caulking canoes Ficus sp. Moraceae canoe hulls Homalium foetidum Flacourtiaceae canoes paddles Lygodium circinnatum Schizaeceae lashings Macaranga aleuritoides Euphorbiaceae outriggers Macaranga tanarius Euphorbiaceae outriggers Magnifera sp. Anacardiaceae outrigger booms Maranthes corymbosa Chrysobalanaceae seeds for caulking canoes Octomeles sumatrana Tetrameleaceae canoe hulls Toona ciliata Meliaceae Canoe hulls

APPENDIX G (xii): USED IN HOUSE, SHELTHER AND FENCE BUILDING AND DECORATION

Plant Name Family Remarks Aglaia sapindia Meliaceae house posts Alphitonia mollucaca Rhamnaceae House beams Alstonia sp. Apocynaceae beams Antidesma sp. Euphorbiaceae posts Aphanamixis sp. Meliaceae posts Archontophoenix sp. Palmae flooring, roofing Barringtonia aff. racemosa Barringtoniaceae beams Callicarpa pentandra Verbenaceae beams Calophyllum inophyllum Clusiaceae posts Caryota rumphiana Palmae flooring Chisocheton sp. Meliaceae house planking Dendrochnide excelsa Urticaceae roofing of outhouses Donax canniformis Marantaceae bark used for sewing thatch Eleopcarpus spp. Eleocarpaceae beams Euodia bonwickii Rutaceae beams Euodia crassiramis Rutaceae beams Hibiscus tiliaceus Malvaceae posts 145 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

Homalium foetidum Flacourtiaceae posts Horesfieldia sp. Myristicaceae beams Impereta cylindrica Poaceae roofing of houses Instia bijuga Leguminosae posts Leucosyke sp. Urticaceae beams Metroxylon spp. Palmae house roofing, midrib as walls Myristica sp. Myristicaceae planks Nauclea sp. Rubiaceae posts Nypa fruticans Palmae house roofing Omalanthus populseus Euphorbiaceae beams Pometia pinnata Sapindaceae planks Premna integrifolia Verbenaceae posts Pterocarpus indicus Leguminosae beams Saccharium spp. Poaceae roofing, purlins, fencing Sterculia sp. Sterculiaceae beams Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae posts and beams Trema sp. Ulmaceae beams

APPENDIX G (xiii): USED AS ROPES IN CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES, SHELTERS, FENCES, ETC

Plant Name Family Remarks Vitex cofassus Verbenaceae posts and planking Abroma augusta Sterculiaceae lashing Cassytha filiformis Lauraceae stem used for fastening roof Flagerallia indica Flagellariaceae rope for binding house roofing Ipomoea sp. Convovulaceae general binding in house construction Lygodium circinnatum Schizaeceae stem used for canoe lashings and baskets Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae lashing-bark

APPENDIX G (xiv): USED FOR LINNING COOKING OVENS AND WRAPPING FOOD FOR COOKING

Plant Name Family Barringtonia asiatica Barringtoniaceae Cominsia sp. Marantaceae Endospermum formicarium Euphorbiaceae Heliconia sp. Heliconiaceae Lunasia amara Rutaceae

Omalanthus populseus Euphorbiaceae

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APPENDIX G- (xv): USED FOR MAKING STRING AND BARK

Plant Name Family Remarks Abroma augusta Sterculiaceae bark fibre for string for clothing, net bags Artocarpus altilis Moraceae bark cloth for clothing, rain capes, etc Cocos nucifera Palmae roots painted into ropes, husk fibres twisted for fishing lines Commersonia bartramia Sterculiaceae bark used for strings for women’s girdles, for headbands, etc Donax canniformis Marantaceae bark for sewing thatch Hibiscus tiliaceus Malvaceae bark fibre for string, woven into mats, baskets, etc Gnetum gnemon Gnetaceaea bark fibre for string - cultivated Leucosyke sp. Urticaceae bark fibre for twine for house building Mautia sp. Urticaceae bark fibre for string Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae bark used for rope Trema spp. Ulmaceae bark fibre for string

APPENDIX G (xvi): LEAVES AND FLOWERS USED IN EVERYDAY AND CEREMONIAL DRESS

Plant Name Family Remarks Callicarpa caudata Verbenaceae Calycacanthus magnusianus Acanthaceae Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae Coleus blumea Lamiaceae Crinum macrantherum Amaryllidaceae Dracaena sp. Liliaceae Elmerrillia papuana Magnoliaceae Euodia anisodora Rutaceae aromatic Euodia elleryana Rutaceae Justica sp. Acanthaceae Mallotus paniculatus Euphorbiaceae Maoutia sp. Urticaceae Premna sp. Verbenaceae Vernonia sp. Asteraceae

APPENDIX G (xvii): USED IN PERSONAL ADORMENT

Plant Name Family Remarks Alpinia spp. Zingiberaceae leaf fibres as skirt Bambusa spp. Poaceae tubes hold hair, disks in nasal septum, ear lobes, combs stem skin woven into arm bands and belts, women’s Diplocaulobium sp. Orchidaceae girdles

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APPENDIX – H: NICTA Occupational Health and Safety Policy

1. GENERAL OHS POLICY

NICTA and DCI will protect the health and safety of its contractors and their employees seen to be of prime importance to the success of rural communications project. The department and NICTA are committed to their operations in a safe and productive manner that will not hurt its contractors and their employees or endanger their life.

NICTA and DCI acknowledge their duties as an employer and aims to ensure the occupational health, safety and welfare of all its employees and contractors as well as ensuring that all efforts are made to safeguard the public, especially the local people, who may be impacted by rural communication project activities.

DCI and NICTA will observe the country’s legislative regulations and internationally accepted norms and are committed to the:

ß Provision and maintenance of ‘fit for purpose’ plant and equipment that is safe and without risks to health;

ß Assurance for safety and health in relation to the use, handling, storage and transportation of hazardous substances;

ß Provision of sufficient information, instruction, training and supervision as necessary, aiming to ensure the health and safety of its employees at work;

ß Maintenance of a safe place of work and provision and maintenance of a safe means of access to an egress from the safe place of work;

ß Investigation of incidents causing injury, property damage, near-misses or non-conformances and will make the findings of such investigations fully available to external legislative agencies as required;

ß Availability of adequate resources to promote and maintain high standards of health and safety management;

ß Consultation with employees and contractors during regular safety meetings with the intent to continuously review and improve our health and safety practices;

ß The creation and development of a culture that has health and safety as an integral part of all operations and all performance management systems;

ß Inclusion of health and safety performance into an individual’s annual performance review.

2. MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY

NICTA and DCI firmly believe that health and safety is an aspect of management equal in importance to any other management function. In order to reduce incidents of injury and ill health and the NICTA and DCI Management have a firm expectation that all officers, senior managers and advisors include health and safety matters as part of their normal duties and responsibilities and not as standalone matters to be dealt with separately.

The DCI and NICTA will continually review all aspects of its operations for the purpose of further enhancing safety and health standards over and above any legal requirements. All levels of management are responsible for preventing injury and illness. The NICTA management is also responsible to:-

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ß Provide a safety and healthy working environment;

ß Train employees in safe working practices;

ß Provide effective supervision; and

ß Provide information to employees on potential hazards in the workplace, and potential exposures that may affect their health.

3. CONTRACTORS AND EMPLOYEES RESPONSIBILITY

All employees and contractors to comply with and support the health and safety policy. All employees have a responsibility to work safely and to:-

ß Follow established operation procedures, guidelines and instructions;

ß Always wear their personal protective equipment as required;

ß Accurately report all incidents, accidents and hazards in a timely fashion and in line with Company procedure;

ß Abide by the laws and legislative requirements of the country; APPENDIX – I: Summary of Consultations held in the project

Date & Venue Participants Issues Raised/Discussed Mitigation Measures/ Reponses 4 Jan 2010 Gabriel Kapris Discussed Kapris plans We asked advice Wewak Boutique Hotel Member for Maprik, Minister for For PNG Power roll-out Rural Electrification Project in Maprik on sites w/o Commerce and Industry District, to Brugam; the launching of the Open UPNG campus at telecommunications Ph 301-2155 Brugam, and Vudar Extension in Drekikir; and where and 76378854 Digicel currently reaches. both agreed south Simon Failou Kapris and Failou both of the Sepik River Maprik District Administrator Keen for further tele- was suitable, but 8581207 communications toward they also wanted 71369183 Drekikir-West Sepik more Maprik 76109500 border and for Wosera-Gawi, Ilahita Arapesh areas where oil towers. With Basen Samadeni, Nancy palm is being proposed (Base Oil Palm Project between Wosera Sullivan, Charlie Wintawa and Ambunti) HELP Resources Leah Aisi, Richard Yawingu , Discussed their project area in Ambunti-Drekikir and Wosera- WWF Office WWF Media Officer and Gawi: their needs, the possible impact of a tower installation 5 Jan 2010 Sustainable Forestry Officer 7 jan 2010 With Basen, Nancy, Charlie HELP Resources Jubilee Discussed the status of the HELP Resources office in Ambunti 5 Jan 2010 HELP Resources NGO Director and the failure of its former internet café (radiophone service was too irregular) Jubilee mentioned a brother working for Digicel who could supply a list of ESP towers, which he did No internet cafes in HELP Resources Wewak or Ambunti; only internet café in town near CDS in Wewak, and at Boutique Hotel In Wewak; none in Maprik or elsewhere in province. Where is the internet set up by DWU on river? Bein?

7 Jan 2010 Terence, Wewak Digicel Discussed the towers sites for Digicel along Maprik highway, and Boutique Hotel, 72255737 the strategies Digicel uses---relying on road access, convenience Wewak Nikolas for refueling. Digicel prefers the spike fences for transparency— 149 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

Date & Venue Participants Issues Raised/Discussed Mitigation Measures/ Reponses Brandi HS Landowner, Councillor; withso people can se whats going on inside. This is a theft-prevention Nikolas from Brandi but not a safety issue. With Basen Samadarii, Nancy Sullivan, Charlie Wintawa He was very helpful in suggesting the Freida-May River site, even rang a friend from that site to confirm its suitability But between May and freida on Paupe Mtn ? in Aune there is a mission (not catholic), AUNA helath centre where American doctors come and volunteer services (SIL?) and a school. Keram and feida have cocoa, and gold. Bunem airstrip and health centre on the keram. Nearby is a better place, WUSETAK, a 20 min walk from Bunem. High ground, primary school, small mtn, cocoa money.

5 Jan 2010 Dr Louis Samiak Discussed health impacts of mobile phones in remote areas, Boutique Hotel, CEO Boram Hospital, John Douglas,especially the HIV/AIDs awareness possibilities and the features Wewak Basen Samadari, Nancy Sullivan introduced overseas where patients can read their own T-cel count and other indicators and text the data to a hospital; confidentiality and efficiency would improve; more testing might result; better monitoring of ARV usage 6 Jan 2010 Lawrence Igiam, Mary Jane Maprik Womens Crisis Centre has lines of women who seek Maprik Womens Goro counseling and help in domestic problems that often include Crisis Centre Maprik Womens Crisis Centre mobile phones: we hear the story of the old woman who 76815017 misunderstands her husband’s female recorded voicemail voice Nancy Sullivan and throws the phone at him. Lawrence says they have a regular Wednesday awareness show on Sepik Central FM and they would be happy to introduce the subject of mobile phone awareness and usage 6 Jan 2010 Digicel Towers Landowners’ Association, with Nancy Sullivan, Basen Samadari, and Charlie Wintawa 7 Jan 2010 Benjamin Warakai, Deputy Discussed potential sites, very encouraged by the sites in Keram East Sepik Provincial Provincial Administrator and especially Freida River Administration Offices 856 3030, 856 2146 [email protected], With Basen, Nancy and Charlie

12 Jan 2010 BeMobile tower installation crew In Goroka, BeMobile representatives told us they have decided Goroka With Basen Samadari, Nancy Sullivan,not to provide further coverage in Simbu, as a result of Charlie Wintawa landowner problems they have faced along the highway. In general, they shall concentrate on resource extraction projects in the highlands, they tell us, where they know security and community ownership can guarantee some stability. These representatives were somewhat cavalier about the potential radiation risks of the towers, when we mentioned the problems of Digicel towers within East Sepik communities. But they did explain that their strategy has been to place towers in schoolyards and churches, with some understanding that the antennas on the towers provide transmission at heights that clear the ground population.

4 Jan 2010 Alphonse Kee , District Telephone from Administrator, Karamui: Wewak Nancy could only leave a message on his Digicel mobile phone 4 Jan 2010 Joe Kunda, Provincial Very enthusiastic about our traveling to Karamui, not Kundiawa, 150 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

Date & Venue Participants Issues Raised/Discussed Mitigation Measures/ Reponses Telephone from Administrator, Simbu and mentioned a K20 million road project to extend Gumine road Wewak 7351185,1195 to Karamui in future; also said the DA was in Kundiawa and he Fax 735 1024 would speak to him personally Nancy Sullivan

14 Jan 2010 Roger Blott, CEO BeMobile Discussed roll out for bemobile towers, and he did not think they Port Moresby [email protected] would reach below Sepik River any time soon; also said the BeMobile Office Nancy Sullivan perceptions of bemobile filtering prank calls is probably incorrect—they just have less coverage 4 Jan 2010 Jocelyn Erlinda S. Munsayac, Discussed the lack of and need for environmental and social Discussion of Port Moresby Senior Social safeguards guidelines/requirements for mobile phone companies in tower social guidelines BeMobile Office Officer, Operations installations, and the need for radio awareness programs to reach for mobile Coordination Division, Private the nonliterate newest phone users providers/tower Sector Operations Dept, Asian installation teams Development Bank including informed [email protected]; consent protocols Shih-Liang Tu, Senior and translations; Environment Specialist, prohibitions on Operations Coordination placing towers in division, Private Sector residential sites Operations dept, and sacred sites; [email protected]; and media John Papasian, CFO BeMobile awareness [email protected] campaigns re g phone usage and Nancy Sullivan abuse 15 Jan 2010 Bob Bates, GM Trans Niugini Discussed the bemobile towers that have been cleared for but Telephone call to Mt Tours not raised yet in Timbunke, on the Sepik River, and at the Hagen Nancy Sullivan Karawari Lodge area (TNT’s lodge) behind helicopter pad

VILLAGE-LEVEL CONSULTATIONS

Date & Venue Participants Issues Raised/Discussed Mitigation Measures/ Reponses 4 Jan 2010 Brandi HS gets K250/mo income from it Brandi Hill With Basen Samadari, Nancy Sullivan, John Douglas 6 Jan 2010 Roadside market woman age 60+ says her child has a mobile, it wastes Kreer Hill-Simbarabgu Nancy Sullivan money but is also useful 6 Jan 2010 Is this Tangori---Where the Digical The DTLA is fighting Digicel over Yauwasoro Towers Landowners Assoc is? agreements and the free and With Basen Samadari, Nancy Sullivan, informed consent---having signed Charlie Wintawa for K3000 ‘per annum’ without understanding the Latin. Placed a tambu sign at the tower and Digicel people came with police to remove it, but they chased them away demanding a meeting. Tower in playground---lots of kids around it, and trees. They say they’ll pull the tower down if necessary. The generator goes on automatically. They believe bemobile is cheaper and more patriotic But they didn’t. they want a new agreement. They put the tower on a haus man

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Date & Venue Participants Issues Raised/Discussed Mitigation Measures/ Reponses ground, which was a playground at the time. They don’t get bemobile. They started their LOA assoc to fight the agreement and say it’s a common problem. They will pull the tower down if they need to. The generator goes on automatically, but they’ll block anyone coming to refill the diesel. The police are on digicel’s side. They want bemobile because it lasts longer.

6 Jan 2010 Balif has tower? Maprik womens centre has lines of Maprik women who seek counseling and help in domestic problems that often include mobile phones: we hear the story of the old woman who misunderstands her husband’s female recorded voicemail voice and throws the phone at him 6 Jan 2010 Japrakwa 6 Jan 2010 Tuonumbu 6 Jan 2010 Here women say they receive harassing Students contact men and vice Yangoru (Kwagwe heights) gas paia phone calls and that young versa. Father says oli gas paia long kids 5-6 yrs old use phones. But they namba, oli stap na ringim gen. can call for supplies form town, for help interference in his daughters from brothers education, when he gave them mobiles to ring for their needs or emergency. Here they say holdups have just started and it’s a problem, theyre calling ahead if they see a good car.

6 Jan 2010 Kubuking 6 Jan 2010 Huranga Hill (Hagama?) 6 Jan 2010 Where did we hear about girls and Wingei sugardaddies who give them phones? 6 Jan 2010 Mer 6 Jan 2010 Ulau Mission 6 Jan 2010 Between steam and flex, they always They want bemobile because they Balam have money for a flex card believe its cheaper than diigcel--- something to do with wasted calls, but they also think its ‘our’ company and that’s better. Digi wastes money, causes domestic problems. Ringing blind. Between steam and a flex card, men say they’ll buy steam. The paved road is a huge improvement, as it used to be 10 hours from wewak to drex on the dirt road. 152 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

Date & Venue Participants Issues Raised/Discussed Mitigation Measures/ Reponses At Nanaha junction, Moiwak primary school we saw the ilahita arapesh. Its moiwak, yemoin, musulo on the lumi road before nuku.

6 Jan 2010 We are told by people roadside that Karawap (Kasambuk?) Digicel goes to Mui at Maprik-Wosera church and market? border—or is it just planning to reach there? Father says he gave his daughters a mobile at school and they’ve been distracted by harassing calls Tamburi has a tower, power ends just beyond Angyak, Tonombu is last tower. Bongos gets reception, will help Nuku Ingamblis has coverage but Woser- Gawi not yet People talk of Nimbiok Ples / Wara Sikau / Arasili Station up north needing a tower

Behind Bongos two places don’t get Digicel: Bongomagin, Arkosame in Kawanga LLG. Behind Drekikir HS

Barry Saki, former candidate for MP . Anna Joe from the High School explained to us that there is a lot of marijuana and occasionally steam. The youths do not respect their elders, she says. The Karamui people used to hold both male and female initiations, which is widely considered the cornerstone of community hierarchy and respect. Nowadays, they have only an informal haus boi, where the young men hang out. Several years ago, when Paul Kande, from Chuave, came to live with his sister in Ward 6, he started a criminal gang with the young people. Fabian Orupa also spoke to us in town about the Mt Karamui Conservation Society which was established some 14 years ago by John Hanuapu (who now lives in Goroka and Kundiawa). It’s aim has been to demarcate conservation land on the Mountain, which is owned by three clans, and promote the area as an ecotours destination. The organization is registered as a land owner group (LLG) but little has been done with it. As a result, we presume, Mr Hanuapu has migrated to town where he can possibly better facilitate the ecotours 153 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

Date & Venue Participants Issues Raised/Discussed Mitigation Measures/ Reponses business.

Alex Mak, the Chair of the Karamui Primary School board told us they have one computer here, and a generator. He tells us AusAid is providing new classrooms this year.

The Health Centre has 7 doctors, but one is currently away, leaving 6 to serve a population they estimate to be 16,000. The APO, Masu Heto, reports that the Centre’s generator is out of order, their solar refrigerator is not working and its batteries are flat, but they do have one gas powered refrigerator to hold heat-sensitive medications. They do not have ARVs for HUV patients, although they do carry artimeter for malaria. Apart from the APO, we met Paul Nongai, his Deputy, and one of the doctors, a Dr. Yalo. All report that TB, pneumonia, and malaria are problems, and as is the case in aid posts across PNG, they refer to ‘diarrhea’ as their greatest enemy. We visited on a day when inoculations were being conducted, but we were also told by mothers in town that this is a rare, possibly annual, occurrence.

The District Women’s Rep is Dakan Sibirai, a strong woman with three teenage daughters. She was the only woman to stand with me at the first speech I made to the community and weigh in for the women’s side.

Appendix – J: Expected Environmental Impacts of the Rural Communications Project

The review of similar telecommunications project reports, funded by the World Bank, in other developing countries provide useful experiences to be learnt. The lessons from similar projects in other developing countries provide a guideline for environmental management in relation to their expected impacts accruing to the stakeholders. These impacts of telecommunications are generic and obviously will occur to certain extent at various stages of the project, affecting the various components of the environment throughout Papua New Guinea.

The project activities requiring physical intervention will include construction of buildings, laying of underground cables, erection of pylons and towers. The broad environmental parameters under which the impacts are expected to occur involve physical, biological, social, and economical, which each can be divided into different aspect.

The potential impacts expected are characterized as follows: 154 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

9 High negative (adverse) impact, 9 Low negative impact, 9 Insignificant impact, 9 High Positive (beneficial) impact, 9 Low Positive impact, and No impact.

The potential environmental impacts associated with the telecommunications sector can be divided into three (3) broad categories: I. Impacts associated with the Manufacturing of Telecommunications equipment (not addressed in this report), II. Impacts associated with the setting up of telecommunications systems (example, Cell towers, antennas/mast erection, cable laying, telephone pole erection, and construction of buildings for telecentres, fencing), III. Impacts associated with the operation and maintenance of the telecommunications systems. For example, energy consumption, maintenance of telephone exchanges systems and cables and the generation of hazardous wastes). The impacts associated with setting up a telecommunications network are generally more significant than those associated with ongoing maintenance. The potential environmental impacts identified for the proposed PNG Rural telecommunications project are based on the IFCs EHS Guideline for Telecommunications dated April 30 2007; IFC’s General Environmental, Occupational, Health and Safety Guidelines; and EBRD’s Subsectoral Environmental Guidelines for Telecommunications.

Most of the project activities will not involve physical interventions, which can potentially cause environmental degradation.

The specific activities which are likely to interact with the environment include:

a. Construction of access roads, b. Buildings for telecentres, exchanges and monitoring stations; c. Laying of cables, and d. Erection of towers or pylons.

The operation of these facilities can also cause some environmental degradation, as discussed below. The impacts of the project are mostly predicted to be more of terrestrial than on Aquatic or atmospheric and localized within the areas where these infrastructures will be developed. The social and economic interaction improved by the project will be country-wide including both the private and government sectors perpetuated to rural-urban societal links through telecommunications network.

J (i) Telecommunications Infrastructure Concerns for Environmental Impacts

The environmental Screening Matrix summarizes the type or extent of impacts that are expected to accrue to various components including Physical, Biological, Social and Economical. The impacts may arise from activities of construction, maintenance and operation of the facilities for telecommunications project.

The details of each of the environmental sector impacts from various activities at different stages of the telecommunications project are provided in subsections A to D. The types and degree of the impacts expected will also vary local but the screening matrix (Table A) contains a general level of effects on the physical, biological, social and economical components.

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A. Concerns Associated with Sitting of Telecentres / Exchanges, Towers and Pylons

The sitting of the proposed facilities such as telecentres, exchanges, cell towers and pylons may cause following impacts: i. Loss of assets due to land taken for the facility ii. Loss of Natural Vegetation and Habitat iii. Damage or Threat to any site of archeological, historical, cultural or religious significance iv. Health hazard associated with electromagnetic radiation.

These concerns and their mitigation measures or strategies are discussed below.

i. Loss of assets

This concern will be adequately addressed by carefully selecting each site in consultation with the community, and following the procedure given below.

(i) In case of direct purchase of the land for telecentres, towers/pylons, or any other facility, the transaction will be made on the basis of “Willing Buyer – Willing Seller”, on mutually agreed market-based price. The title of the land will be transferred in accordance with the relevant rules and regulations of Papua New Guinea (Lands Acts).The entire agreement will be documented and signed by all appropriate parties concerned.

(ii) In case the land for the proposed facilities is acquired under the Land Acquisition Act, the emergency clause will not be used. The entire process will be documented and the title of the land will be duly transferred to the buyer.

(iii) The land or premises for the proposed facilities may also be acquired on lease or rental basis. In such cases as well, the entire agreement will be documented.

(iv) The land under the towers/pylons can also be acquired according to the procedures described above. In case the land under the pylon or towers is acquired on lease/rental basis, the lease or rental amount will reflect the loss of income generating opportunities, whether one-time or permanent loss, associated with the affected land. For example, if crops will be damaged under the tower or pylon only during construction phase, a one-time crop compensation will be paid to the owner/grower. However, in the case the owner/grower cannot use that piece of land even after the construction phase; lease/rental amount will reflect the entire lease/rental period. The compensation amount will correspond to the entire area affected, including any periphery fencing, if any.

ii. Loss of Natural Vegetation and Habitat

This concern can be addressed by avoiding sites having significant natural vegetation, and planting trees around the proposed facilities in case any tree cutting is involved during the construction activities. Similarly, areas protected by the Wildlife/Environment Act 2000 and Protected Areas Act should be avoided, but if this is not possible, a separate environmental study will conducted for such facilities.

The list of protected and Wildlife Conservation Areas, WMAs, and other significant ecosystems are provided in Appendix B. Furthermore, if the proposed activities are carried out in the vicinity of the protected areas, the works will be carried out in consultation with the relevant environmental management groups including the local

156 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF community, DEC, CBOs and NGO, responsible for the protected areas to be affected by the proposed activities.

Trees and other vegetation that will need to be removed for establishing the proposed facilities will be counted and their type, age, size, local uses and values, will involve approximate salvage price determined and documented. The photographic records will be maintained, GPS locations provided (if required), and the trees planted at or around the proposed facilities will be at least five times the ones removed or should have appropriate values to the community.

iii. Damage or Threat to any site of archeological, historical, cultural or religious significance

This concern will also be addressed by avoiding sites of archeological, historical, cultural or religious significance. The discovery or maintenance of such sites will be encourage through observing the appropriate national and international laws or Acts regarding such areas and materials to be preserved in the country.

iv. Health hazard of Electromagnetic Radiation.

The health hazards associated with the electromagnetic radiation have been extensively studied. The best understood a biological effect of electromagnetic fields is to cause dielectric heating. For example, touching an antenna while a transmitter is in operation can cause severe burns. Birds sitting on very high-power antennas when transmission begins can be instantly cooked by the radiation energy.

However, the consensus of the scientific community is that the power from the mobile phone base station antennas is far too low to produce health hazards as long as people are kept away from direct access to the antennas. The potential health impacts of the antennas erected during the proposed project can be avoided by installing the antennas in such a way that people do not have direct access to the antennas.

B. Environmental Concerns During Construction Activities

Some negative environmental impacts (low negative impacts) are expected to be experienced during the construction of the proposed facilities. These impacts may include:

i. Dust and noise caused by the construction activities ii. Soil and Water contamination caused by improper waste disposal iii. Water Scarcity due to water consumption during construction (in Water scarce areas/sites) iv. Damage to agriculture in the adjacent areas.

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v. Table A. PNG Telecommunications Environment Screening Matrix. Project Components/Activities s e g n a h s c t x s s s t a E e s l M a s b / a a s M r / s C h e s g r c d w n e u i n o s s

Environmental Sectors d w u l T e i / o i o s t u r s i T g l . / i g B n n r s s c i f o l e e n a d o l r f y d i o t l f n n P u n y o o f e B U i P t o c n f f f c e o o o l n i o u t r e o g i t a g g t T r n s n n i c i i e n t t y d e t t p o i r i a n S L C a E S O Physical Soil Erosion/Contamination N N -1 -1 -1 N Air Quality N N -1 -1 -1 N Surface Water Quality N N -1 -1 -1 -1 Groundwater Quality N N -1 -1 -1 -1 Water Availability and Consumption N N -1 -1 -1 -1 Biological Natural Vegetation -1 -1 0 0 -1 N Wildlife N N N N 0 N Social and Economic Land Acquisition -1 -1 N N N N Agriculture -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 N Blocked Access 0 0 0 0 -1 N Noise and Vibration -1 N -1 -1 -1 N Safety Hazard -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Infrastructure N N 0 0 -1 N Employment / Earning Opportunities N N +1 +1 +1 +1 Public Health (Clean Water and Sanitation) N N -1 -1 -1 -1 Aesthetic Value N N N N N N Gender Issues N N -1 -1 -1 -1 Sites of Archeological, Historical or Cultural Significance -1 -1 N N -1 N Impacts on Indigenous People N N N N N N Key: Impact Levels -2 High Negative Impacts, -1 Low Negative Impacts, 0 No Insignificant/Negligible Impact, +1 Low Positive Impact, +2 High Positive Impact, N No Impact

These impacts are temporary in nature and will disappear as soon as the construction is over. Furthermore, due to the smallness of the individual buildingβ, the magnitude of these impacts will be small. Hence, these impacts have been characterized as low negative impacts

β The size of an average telecentres will be about 10 m X 10 m; and that of an average exchange will be about 3 m X 12 m. 158 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

The probability and consequences severity of these impacts should further be decreased by employing basic house keeping techniques such as waste collection and appropriate disposal.

C. Environmental Concerns during Laying Underground Cable

There are some low negative environmental impacts expected during the laying of the underground cables both for connecting the exchanges and telecentres with the existing telecom network in the country, as well as for providing connections to the residential and commercial users.

These potential impacts of laying under ground cables may include; i. Dust and Noise Pollution caused by the excavation and backfilling activities ii. Soil and Water contamination caused by improper waste disposal iii. Water Scarcity due to water consumption during construction, in water scarce areas/sites iv. Damage to agriculture during excavation and cable laying v. Damage to topsoil during excavation vi. Blocked Access vii. Damage to soil organisms and their habitats or niches viii. Damage or modification to subsoil structure

However, all of the above effects are temporary and more localized in nature and will disappear as soon as the cabling laying is over. Furthermore, due to the smallness of the individual cable laying activity∉, the magnitude of these impacts will be small. Hence, these impacts have been classified as low negative impacts.

D. Concerns during Operation of Facilities

There are also environmental and social concerns that can potentially arise during the operation of the proposed telecentres and exchanges: i. Health concerns associated with drinking water and sanitation facilities ii. Health Concerns Associated with radiation iii. Gender Issues

Drinking Water and Sanitation – Lack of access to clean water and poor or no sanitation facilities at telecentres and exchanges can pose a health risk to the employees, users of the facilities and the nearby community. It is therefore recommended that the design of each telecentres and exchange building includes provision of clean drinking water and adequate toileting facilities.

Electromagnetic Radiations – The health concerns associated with the electromagnetic radiation are those already been mentioned above. If the mobile phone/wireless base station antennas are located in accordance with the relevant guidelines, radiation generated by these antennas will not cause any significant health hazard for the people within the site.

Gender Sensitivities – The gender sensitivities should be addressed during various phases of the project, in accordance with the local culture and customs. The project staff should be sensitized on these aspects, and capacity building program should include gender-related components. The gender issues pertinent to such developments include HIV/AIDS, Sexual, Drug and Alcohol abuses, which may interfere with the activities of

∉ Extended lengths of cables are unlikely to be laid during the proposed project, since radio link will be a preferred option for long distances. Similarly, individual distribution networks within the villages (providing connections to individual subscribers) will be small. 159 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF the project outcomes, involving local impact communities. The health issues of gender sensitivity related concerns must be adhered to in every province or even specific project sites, through education, health and awareness activities on the negative impacts that will occur as a result of the telecommunications and internet access.

The access to telecommunications and internet facilities or services has both positive and negative implications for antisocial behaviors between gender groups which may pose health risks. Interaction is enhanced through such services and there is an opportunity for abuse for sexual activities, which may be a concern for STD increases in rural areas.

J (ii). Types of Potential Environmental Impacts

The environmental impacts that may be obvious in various areas where project activities will involve biophysical intervention are as follows: A. Alteration of Terrestrial Habitats B. Alteration of Aquatic Habitats C. Migratory Birds and Territorial Fauna D. Scenery (Visual) Impacts E. Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Materials and Waste F. Emissions to Air G. Noise

The common types of environmental impacts related to the telecommunications development and operations of such projects are discussed in detail below. These impacts are most associated with the construction activities and equipments/materials used during the operation of the project.

A. Alteration of Terrestrial Habitats

Terrestrial habitats can potentially be altered primarily during the construction phase, depending on the type of infrastructure component and proposed location. The potential impacts to habitats may be more significant during construction and installation of linear infrastructure, such as long distance fixed line cables, as well as access roads to cell towers, and site clearing for cell towers.

The impacts of road construction, in particular, may have greater and irreversible effects on unaltered land, including forests and mangroves, and in protected areas and biological corridors. The loss of vegetation overage increases the potential for surface soil erosion, especially in areas subject to heavy rainfall, steep slopes, and may reduce the production capacity of soil.

In Papua New Guinea, the mobile phone network (Digicel and B-Mobile) is very well developed in most urban areas, while it has poorly developed or rundown facilities in most rural areas. The geographical and economic conditions of PNG are combined factors that can be blamed for poor service and infrastructure maintenance in rural areas. Telecommunications towers and other necessary facilities, including roads, telecentres buildings, will also be developed within the protected and conservation areas throughout country. However, there will be environmental permits issued aimed at proper control and monitoring within such areas.

The environmental regulations and continuous monitoring will be implemented jointly by the DEC, NICTA, Developers and the Local communities (land owners) of the specific project sites. The developers will be required to do maintenance, monitoring and reporting of various telecommunications facilities within the set agreed guideline of the protected areas.

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B. Alteration of Aquatic Habitats

Depending on their location, the installation of fixed line components, including shore approaches for long distance fiber optic cables, and access roads to transmission towers and other fixed infrastructure, may require construction of corridors across aquatic habitats with potential to impact watercourses, wetlands, coral reef, and riparian vegetation.

The construction of cell towers for mobile telecommunications pose less risk for impacts to aquatic habitats, although surface water contamination may be caused by construction works, road construction and as a result of handling hazardous substances (see below – point D)

C. Migratory Birds and Territorial Fauna

The impacts of telecommunications towers or pylons on birds is not well known but is well documented in the United States, where migrating bird mortality under certain conditions can be extreme. The IFC EHS Guidelines for the Sector includes these impacts in regard to negative effects of the faunal species, avifauna and herpitofauna including the birds and insects.

Papua New Guinea contains a variety of significant natural ecosystems such as the rainforest and the wetlands. These ecosystems are niche for both seasonal (migratory), locally territorial and resident avifauna. Hence, this requires consideration for possible negative impacts of telecommunications towers and associated development activities. For example, in PNG the Wetlands of Transfly Ecoregion, especially the Tonda WMA is one such area known for international migratory birds’ destination.

The height and design of the towers can pose significant fatal risk to birds and other herpitofauna mainly as a result of collision. This impact is primarily associated with migratory birds, and as mentioned above, it is well documented in the United States.

The likelihood of avian collisions is thought to increase with;

i. The height and design of the communications towers. For instance, taller towers, and towers with greater surface area, such as guyed towers, represent a higher potential for collisions ii. Lighting of towers. For example, migrating birds tend to fly at night, and certain types of light tend to attract greater numbers of birds, resulting in greater mortality, especially on misty or foggy night, and iii. The tower location with respect to flyways, breeding or resting sites, and migration corridors.

The free-standing cell towers will be restricted, regulated and closely monitored in regard to the height specifications which must not exceed 50 meters, in areas of migratory bird corridors and high territorial animal zones, including the conservation and protected areas.

The following designs must be applied in developing the telecommunications facilities, especially the cell towers: • The use of wires will be minimized or restricted for certain areas in cellular phone towers throughout PNG. • Landline posts are connected by wires. • No bird diverter devices must be used to minimize possible impact on birds.

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• The free-standing towers should be lit by permanent red lights located at one-third (1/3) of the tower height and pulsating white lights located at two-thirds (2/3) of their height, according to requirements established by the Department of Civil Aviation. There must also be considerations for impacts of towers on birds during site selection. The initial information must be gathered to give effect to establishing environmentally friendly facilities, especially in biologically significant areas.

D. Scenery (Visual) Impacts

The visual impacts from developed physical structures such as towers and antennas is a function of the perception of the local community as well as the aesthetic value assigned to the scenic landscape, for example scenic, leisure and tourism areas. The visual impact of towers is likely to be greater in protected areas, tourist destinations, and rural areas, and lesser in urban and industrial areas.

On the other hand, a visual impact may be enhanced due to added modern paints on towers and masts all in uniform colors and sizes or patterns. Towers and masts can be painter or patterned to fit into the physical landscapes, especially in protected and tourism areas. The construction of masts, instead of towers should be preferred in urban areas, in order to minimize the visual impacts. No camouflage techniques should be used minimize the impact of the towers or equipment huts that are very visible.

The operators should co-locate their antennas on shared towers. This practice must follow an equipment or guideline, but not only done according to the demand in the area of influence of the radio base. It must be criteria that must be included during the screening process for site selection. However, in PNG this may not be possible for two (2) reasons: (i) first, there are very few high buildings, mostly located in cities (Port Moresby and Lae, while other major towns have only one or nothing) where antennas could possibly be installed; (ii) second, for security and responsiveness reasons, if an antenna is to be co-located on a church or another building, the construction and maintenance personnel may be dependent on restricted access to the facilities.

E. Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Materials and Waste

The waste and hazardous wastes will be managed according to PNG’s waste management policies, regulations and Environmental Acts pertaining to development of the communications (also refer to Chapter 5 – Environmental Management Framework for considering Waste and Hazard management in Papua New Guinea). Telecommunications processes do not normally generate significant amounts of waste nor do they require the use of significant amounts of hazardous materials.

The main impacts associated with hazardous materials and wastes involve: 1. Potential soil contamination from non-hazardous waste generation during construction (e.g. dust, construction materials), 2. Potential soil contamination from hazardous waste generation during maintenance and renovations (e.g. lead Acid Batteries, backup power batteries, optical fibers, mercury and PCB containing oils), and 3. Potential soil and groundwater contamination from diesel in bulk storage tanks and / or from generators and transformers that may produce spillage.

An indirect impact will be the increased usage of cellular phones associated with the project that may increase the quantity of waste produced by used batteries, cellular phones, packages or packets of materials. For example, used credit cards, telikads and packets or plastic bags used for package and storages of such materials will increase in quantity as wastes. Hence, proper waste management regulations will be accompanied by customer incentives for proper disposal of such wastes. The waste management program

162 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF should include recycling of cellular phones, batteries, and credit cards plus other materials to be used in the process of the telecommunications project. Effective and applicable suitable emergency plans for fuel spillage and fuel transportation, including contingency in case of fuel spillage must be in place for all provinces and districts through PNG.

F. Emissions to Air

The air pollution from telecommunications activities are those associated with: ƒ vehicle fleets, ƒ the use of backup power generators, ƒ the use of cooling and fire suppressing systems.

The air pollution related to above processes will be minimized and monitored through continuous maintenance of vehicles, using common electricity power, and regulating the use and quantity of diesel powered generators. The sites with no access to common electricity should have the telecommunications equipment run by back-up generators, solar powers, especially this will be necessary in rural areas or protected areas, which could be fueled by diesel and generate particle emissions.

G. Noise

The principal source if noise pollution stems from construction activities and machinery including power generators, vehicles, and welding machines. Noise from the equipment huts can be maintained under certain limits according to the national legislation. Accordingly, noise levels should not exceed 55 decibels in residential and rural areas from daily times between 6 am to 10 pm and 75 decibels in industrial areas must be allowed as acceptable.

Monitoring of emission levels in PNG is not done but should be developed to provide more accurate data, on noise emission levels. The noise levels will be minimized and monitored in areas including churches, schools, hospitals, leisure and recreational zones, and other important areas where people require low noise levels.

Table B. Potential Environmental Impacts of Telecommunications Project in PNG.

PROJECT PHASE Environment ISSUE IMPACTS Construction Operation Works and Maintenance A. Terrestrial Habitat • Loss of vegetation Cover due to deforestation Alteration for access roads construction to cell towers. • Alteration of natural habitat and fauna biological corridors due to road construction, infrastructure and maintenance. • Loss of soil ecosystems and land capacity due to erosion caused by rainfall in steep and or deforested areas. • Changes in the Geomorphologic structure of the terrain. B. Migratory Avifauna • Fatal physical risks on birds (animals) caused and Herpitofauna/ by collisions with tower infrastructure during animals migration flyways.

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Table B. Potential Environmental Impacts of Telecommunications Project in PNG.

PROJECT PHASE Environment ISSUE IMPACTS Construction Operation Works and Maintenance • Disturbance of niches and habitats of avifauna, herpitofauna and insects or other micro organisms. C. Aquatic Habitat • Natural Habitat and Water resource alteration Alteration due to fixed line construction in water courses. • Surface Water Contamination caused by construction wastes, handling and disposal. D. Scenery / Visual • Visual Impacts from cell towers or masts and Impacts antennae equipment in protected areas, tourism destinations, and rural areas. • Visual impacts from cellular towers or masts and antennae equipment in urban and industrial areas. E. Hazardous and Non- • Soil contamination from non-hazardous waste hazardous Materials generation during construction (dust, and Waste construction material) • Soil contamination from Hazardous waste generation during maintenance and renovations (lead Acid batteries, backup power batteries, optical fibers, mercury and PCB containing Oils • Soil and Groundwater contamination due to spillage from diesel in bulk storage tanks and / or oil from generators and transformers. D. Emissions to Air • Air pollution from vehicle fleets, backup power generators, and ozone depleting substances released from the use of cooling and fire suppression systems. E. Noise • Noise generated by construction and Maintenance Activities. • Noise generated by the operation of backup power generators.

NB: Major Impact Minor Impact Minimal Impact Positive Impact

The potential environmental impacts associated with this project are minimal to minor. Notably, impacts are associated with the construction of access roads for installation of cell towers and masts, primarily in rural areas (including the Conservation and protected areas) that requires cutting of vegetation. Other potentially considerable impacts are on avifauna, insects, and herpitofauna due to collision with the infrastructure and possibility of electromagnetic radiation energy. Regarding the maintenance and operation of telecommunication infrastructure, spillage of hazardous substances from storage tanks and PCB containing equipment has the

164 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF potential to contaminate soil and groundwater. Finally the visual impacts are considerable given the requirement for painting towers and lighting at night.

J (iii). Potential Socio-economic, Community Health and Safety Impacts

According to experiences elsewhere, socio-economic impacts are usually not significant in the telecommunication sector. However, the PNG rural telecommunications project has proposed investments in rural areas with limited infrastructure and areas home to indigenous communities, which may result in changes to indigenous communities’ traditions, practices and customs.

The social and economic impacts (each detailed below) of the project will be related to:

A. Investments in the Telecommunications Sector B. Indigenous Communities C. Land Acquisition and Land Use Modification D. Cultural and Archeological Findings E. Public Health and EMF F. Public Safety G. Physical and Aircraft Security

The negative impacts on community health and safety are generally minimal for the telecommunication sector. However, there is public concern regarding potential impacts of electromagnetic fields (EMFS). Other concerns include security of the radio bases and their surroundings because of their theft incidences that occur on a regular basis, in most communities.

Improved access to telecommunication plays a major role in economic, social and cultural growth and development. As a result, the project is expected to generate socio-economic benefits, such as increased range of the network, quality of service and competitiveness. The potential socio-economic, community health and safety impacts identified for the proposed RCF project are provided below.

A. Investments in the Telecommunications Sector

Any development initiative is intended to attract investors both within Papua New Guinea and overseas. The rural telecommunications project in PNG should provide avenue for other development activities. For instance, the Carbon Trade and Forestry business activities, conservation and Environmental management could be enhanced by communications infrastructures and services in rural areas. Hence, supplement the investors in such fields to provide further funding and related development incentives in rural or remote areas of Papua New Guinea, which may have consequential effect on the rural population.

Investments in the telecommunications sector under a modernized policy and improved regulatory and institutional framework that complies with the country’s social objectives of universality and solidarity will provide following benefits:

i. Geographic and socioeconomic range extension, providing access to telecommunications for rural, isolated and poor communities, contributing to sustained progress ii. Price and Service advantages for consumers as a result of increased global competitiveness in the telecommunications sector; and

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iii. Enhanced quality of services, reduced delays in technological and market innovations, increased investment in the sector, and efficient allocation of scarce resources.

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B. Indigenous Communities

The development of telecommunications infrastructure in rural areas and within customary land territories could pose a risk on the traditional culture and practices of indigenous populations. In Papua New Guinea the tribal compensation for the use of the customary land to develop infrastructure require proper consultation of the land owning clans or tribal groups. The construction works and presence of foreign workforce in their territories could affect their lifestyle and customs, while the demands for compensation may be unrealistic in some rural remote locations.

It is expected that most of the infrastructure to be constructed will be willingly accepted by the rural local communities with the prior awareness to be conducted before the implementation of infrastructures in various selected locations for towers, pylons and access routes, telecentres and Internet café buildings.

The International Labour Organization Convention 169 on Indigenous Communities will be considered when indigenous communities are involved. Environmental Management Plans then includes the community’s request within the project, such as telephones, lighting, road repair, health service, education and community project initiatives to be supported, where indigenous communities may require necessary support for their own advancement. The local unskilled labour will be employed for works requiring basic construction activities such as clearing vegetation for towers, local security for properties, and other minor non-skilled activities. The PNG Labour Law and Minimum Wages Acts will be observed in paying for the services of local labour.

C. Land Acquisition and Land Use Modification The land required for access road construction in remote rural areas may require land acquisition, which involves negotiations for land compensation and vegetation (food plants) compensation for the landowners or the users. The Land Acquisition Act, Valuer General’s Compensation Schedule for trees and Plants, the ILG Act and other appropriate acts will be main guiding regulatory measures to provide compensation and other associated benefits to the rural communities.

The Customary land can be leased with ILG agreements but not transferred or sold to non-native. Therefore access road, cell towers and any other facilities will be constructed in these areas only after proper consultations and agreements with the community. This may cause changes in the local people’s usual lifestyle. Constructing access roads in rural areas, undeveloped or remote lands converts land use (i.e. from agricultural, or hunting grounds to transport) and facilitates access to previously non-colonized areas, such as clearing of forests for colonization. However, other remote areas, including protected and conservation areas will be accessed by helicopters to avoid road construction and subsequent clearing of vegetation which may affect traditional land uses or values.

D. Cultural and Archeological Findings

During construction works, archeological findings may be encountered and potentially damage, or broken. The culturally sensitive areas (sacred sites – i.e. where cultural practices occur, or war wreckages) may become impacted both by construction and operation works, by modifying the religious or cultural value of a certain area.

If an archeological piece is found, it is salvaged and a local study conducted by an archeologist to determine if further salvage is necessary. The locally known areas of archeological and cultural importance will be identified and avoided from interferences during telecommunications works.

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E. Public Health and EMF

Although there is public and scientific concern over the potential health effects associated with exposure to electromagnetic filed (EMFs)), there is no conclusive data demonstrating adverse health effects from exposure to typical EMFs levels from cellular phone communication base transceiver stations. For example, EMFs monitoring performed at cell towers in Costa Rica in 2006 revealed values one thousand times below those recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).

The masts with antennas in urban areas are often located in close proximity to residential housing, received complaints related to health risks of electromagnetic radiation from antennas. Hence, DCI, NICTA and Environmental Officers must develop more active approach in consulting with the concerned residents and provide sufficient information for precautionary measures.

F. Public Safety

Communities may be exposed to risks of structural safety in the event of structural failures of masts, towers or buildings, especially in the vulnerable areas such as those prone to earthquakes, flooding, lightning, landslides on steep slopes or mechanical failures during construction stage.

It is important that there must be proper investigation and site election for erection of towers or masts and building from areas that are prone to or have high risks of allowing natural events that will result in failure of infrastructures and threaten the safety of the people. The road (driver) safety and cellular phone usage, telecommunication companies who provide cellular phone services have little or no influence over the safety use of these devices by the users. The current mobile phone operators do not conduct campaigns to promote safety of the cell phone users. However, the NICTA and other local operators of such services throughout rural areas must be informed about the risks or safety issues associated with telecommunications infrastructures, products and services which may have negative, long-term effects on the users.

G. Physical and Aircraft Security

The law and order conditions in PNG pose a threat to physical security of the telecommunications facilities and even to the intruders or thieves. Physical security may arise in case where thieves enter telecommunication facilities to steal copper wires or other parts. The intrusion to facilities may be a physical hazard to the thieves themselves, as well as to the surrounding neighbours. The have been many reported cases of intrusion and interference into such sites by thieves in urban and semi-urban areas.

The table C outlines the potential socioeconomic impacts and their level of impact associated with the foreseen investments in the rural telecommunications project for Papua New Guinea.

The Current mobile phone operators in PNG are Digicel and beMobile (Telikom). Digicel is a privately owned while the beMobile is a subsidiary of the Telikom (PNG). Later, provides the basic phone, mobile phone and internet services most accessed in urban centres, while there are also rural radio services mostly provided by the NGOs, International Funds, and religious organizations. 168 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

Table C. Potential Socio-economic Impacts of the Telecommunications Project in Papua New Guinea.

PROJECT PHASE Socioeconomic IMPACTS Construction Operation and ISSUE Works Maintenance 1) Investments • Geographic and Socioeconomic range extension of telecom services • Price and Service advantages to consumers through competition • Enhanced quality of service and efficient allocation of scarce resources. • Loss of Traditional Culture and Practices, 2) Indigenous and demands for telecom service. Communities • Presence of Foreign workforce could affect their lifestyles and customs. • Agreed compensation to landowners 3) Land (ILGs or clan groups or communities) Acquisition and • No Land Acquisition in indigenous Modification of territories. If agreement is done, changes Land Use. in lifestyle are foreseen. • Changes in Land use (i.e. from agriculture and hunting to transport) and new access to previously non-colonized areas (i.e. clearing of forests for colonization). • Archeological findings may be damaged, 4) Cultural and broken or missed. Archeological • Culturally Sensitive areas (i.e. where Findings cultural practices occur) may become affected by modifying religious or cultural value of a certain areas. • No data demonstrating adverse health 5) Public Health effects fro exposure to typical EMF levels and EMF from cell towers • Structural failure of masts or towers, 6) Public Safety especially in vulnerable areas with risk of earthquakes, flooding, steep slopes land slides, storms/strong winds. 7) Physical and • Physical security issues include security Aircraft risks for the thieves when entering Security facilities and the nearby residents. • Collision of Aircrafts with masts or towers or through radar interference.

NB: Major Impact Minor Impact Minimal Impact Positive Impact

The antenna towers located near airports or known flight paths can pose a risk to aircraft navigation security through collision masts or towers or through radar interference. The NICTA and DCI must consult with the CAA 169 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF and the developers of the telecommunications facilities such as towers and antennas prior to installation of any free-standing tower and adheres to their safety regulations or requirement policies.

The potential socioeconomic impacts associated with this project are diverse. Extending the telecommunications services to rural areas increases the quality of service, competitiveness, contributing to sustained economic and social growth. The major risks associated with the project lie with the potential installation of towers and antennas in indigenous reserves, protected and conservation areas, which requires additional permitting and public consultation processes and may cause severe disruption of indigenous traditions, practices and customs. Acquiring land for the planned investments may also be source of impacts on current land uses.

J (iv). Potential Occupational Health and Safety Risks

The workers health and safety issues are as important as the environmental health conditions and work environment including the material, activities and equipment which will be used to develop or operate. The occupational healthy and safety issues are also vital for the quality measures of the project in rural areas including the behavioral and habitual aspects of the people involved in the project.

The OHS risks must be understood with the following factors: A. Electrical Safety B. Electromagnetic Fields (Occupational) C. Motor Vehicle Safety D. Elevated and Overhead Work E. Fall Protection F. Confined Space Entry G. Optical Fiber Safety

OHS risks or hazards associated with telecommunications projects may occur during the construction works and maintenance and operation of telecommunications facilities. These are based on IFC’s EHS Guidelines for Telecommunications and EBRD’s sub-sectoral environmental Guidelines for Telecommunications (Appendix J (ii)). They generally include the following:

A. Electrical Safety

Telecommunications workers may be exposed to occupational hazards from potentials contact with live power lines during construction and maintenance and operation activities.

B. Electromagnetic Fields (Occupational)

Electric utility workers typically have a higher exposure to EMF than the general public due to working in proximity to electric power lines.

C. Optical Fiber Safety

The workers involved in fiber optic cable installation or repair may be at risk of permanent eye damage due to potential exposure to laser light during cable connection and inspection activities. Workers may also be exposed to minute or microscopic glass fiber shards that can penetrate human tissue through the skin or eyes, or by ingestion or inhalation. The optic fiber installation activities may pose a risk of fire due to the presence of flammable materials in high powered laser installation areas.

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D. Elevated and Overhead Work

The assembly of towers, masts and installation of antennas can pose a physical hazard to workers using lift and elevated platforms, and to those located below due to the potential of falling objects.

E. Fall Protection

Workers may be exposed to occupational hazards when working at elevation during construction, maintenance, and operation activities. The absence of appropriate personal protection equipment (PPE) and safety device poses additional risks.

F. Confined Space Entry

The type of confined spaces encountered in telecommunication projects varies but may include under ground fixed line infrastructure in urban areas.

G. Motor Vehicle Safety

The geographically dispersed nature of the infrastructure of some telecommunications operators will require the frequent use of land transportation for construction and maintenance activities. The following land transportation issues including motor vehicle safety must be considered and appropriate precautionary safety measures must be taken. • Access to certain sites may be sometimes precarious and dangerous, • There must be sufficient fall protection along the masts or towers: the cable lines should have fixtures, the ladders along towers and masts should have secondary protection • Workers must always wear PPE during construction and maintenance operations • Works at high elevations must be done with harness or other PPE • Hazardous materials such as gasoline must be stored with labels or secondary containment • There must be a general regard of basic safety measures: For example, engines must not be plugged into metal ladders, diesels must be stored and handled with safety precautionary measures • There must be signs, directions, and levels of possible health and safety hazards • Worker must receive training or information on the possible risks of exposure to EMF • The waste from constructions, maintenance, and operational activities must be carefully managed or disposed in proper locations.

The DCI and DEC must provide adequate monitoring of telecommunications service providers. The compliance monitoring of providers are required to be compliant with the existing national and even international bidding legislations and regulations, in regard to OHS issues associated with telecommunications development.

There must be bidding document for supervision during construction works and maintenance which is the responsibility of the providers or services. The NICTA, and DCI will retain the overall supervising role in ensuring that OHS regulations and best practices are followed. The major issue in PNG seem to be non- compliance with the existing laws and regulations by the service providers and sub-contractors’ workers, most often in remote rural areas of the country. The table 12 below provides an outline of the potential occupational, health and Safety risks and the level of risks associated with the foreseen investments of the project.

The potential occupational health and safety impacts associated with the project are minimal to minor. They are likely to occur mainly during the construction works. The major issue related to OHS seems to be the non-

171 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF compliance of the telecommunications service providers, contractors, and subcontractors’ workers with relevant existing PNG and the International laws and regulations.

Table D. Potential Occupational, Health and Safety Hazards of Telecommunications Project in Papua New Guinea.

PROJECT PHASE OHS ISSUE IMPACTS Construction Operation and Works Maintenance 1) Electrical Safety • Contact with live power lines 2) Electromagnetic • High exposure to EMF due to Fields (EMFs) working in proximity to electric power lines

• Risk of permanent eye damage 3) Optical Fiber Safety due to exposure to laser light during cable connection and inspection activities.

• Microscopic glass fiber shards that can penetrate human tissue through skin or eyes, or inhalation. • Risk of fire due to the presence of flammable materials in high powered laser installation areas. 4) Elevation and • Physical hazard due to the Overhead Work potential for falling objects.

5) Fall Protection • Risk of fall when working at elevation during construction, maintenance, and operation activities. 6) Confined space entry • Under ground fixed line infrastructure, mostly in urban areas.

7) Transport (Motor • Frequent and mechanically Vehicle) Safety unchecked use of ground transportation for maintenance activities increase risk of car accidents.

NB: Major Impact Minor Impact Minimal Impact Positive Impact

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J (v). Environmental Safeguard Policies

The relevant environmental safeguard policies are based on the World Bank and the DEC environment management guidelines or laws including the requirements for Environmental Assessment of impact development projects. The provisions for strengthening environmental management in Papua New Guinea are enshrined in the National Constitution and the relevant Environmental Regulations such as Environment Act 2000, Land Act, Mining Act, Gas and Petroleum Act, Water Resources Act, Protection (Fauna) Act and others (see chapter 3, subsection 3.1) . The developers are required to observe various acts while compliance monitoring is provided by the related government departments and statutory agencies. For example, Forestry sector monitoring is serviced by the National Forest Authority, Fishery sector by the National Fisheries Authority. Papua New Guinea is also a party to several international conventions and treaties to which it must comply with regard to various development initiatives and environment sustainability consistent with the global environmental and developmental issues.

The international organizations such as WHO, UNDP, AusAid, World Bank, JICA, and others require that various policies or regulatory measures must be considered in any development programs undertaken by the GoPNG. The international conventions and treaties on environment (refer to chapter 3, subsection 3.1.3) have vital position in influencing development and environmental management decisions in Papua New Guinea.

The World Bank safeguard policies applicable for the project are discussed in chapter 3 subsection 3.3 and 3.5, respectively. The following table provides the applicability of the WB safeguard policies (Operational Policies to be observed for the telecommunications project).

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Appendix – K: Land Acquisition Guidelines

1. It is anticipated that land will be required for some of the activities under the project, for example for sites for cell phone towers, access roads, and helicopter landing pads.

2. It is expected that all land use arrangements will be based on a voluntary agreement between owners (individual and/or customary landowners) and successful bidders.

3. Activities under the project will not involve the involuntary acquisition of land, the purchase of customary land, or the destruction of physical assets (such as housing).

4. No project activity will take place on land where the ownership is under dispute. If necessary a Land Investigation Report to confirm ownership will be prepared.

5. No project activities will occur in areas where there are primary forests or where there is significant natural vegetation or habitat for endangered, rare and endemic flora and fauna.

6. No project activities will occur in areas where there are physical or cultural resources (such as sacred sites).

7. Project activities may result in the destruction of economic trees and crops, however this will be avoided as much as possible and minimized where needed.

8. Voluntary agreements for land use on customary land will be based on consultation with the affected communities. The consultations will be free and informed, and should occur before any agreements on land use are made. The consultation process should be documented. The consultation guidelines (Appendix L) should direct discussions.

9. Land use agreements must incorporate input from the community, as necessary, and can only be entered into with documented community support. If community members do not support changes in land use, the bidder will be required to find an alternative site.

10. Payment for land use will be negotiated with relevant community members. The lease/rental amount will be negotiated and could include the loss of income generating opportunities, associated with the affected land and the loss of crops or economic trees.

11. In the case that necessary infrastructure is located on the State land or in the existing right of way requisite approvals from the concerned department/authority will be obtained. Complete documentation record will be maintained.

12. All land use agreements will include relevant details, documented in a language that is understood by the community. These details should include, at minimum: a. The use of the land and the period for which the land will be required b. The payment amount, schedule, and arrangements for payment (who will receive the payment and where the payment will be made) c. The location of the land (descriptive and/or GPS coordinates) d. Any restrictions/arrangements to access and/or use of the land e. Compensation arrangements for crops and economic trees*

* Compensation arrangements may be guided by the Valuer General’s Compensation Schedule for trees and Plants. 174 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

f. Any additional arrangements made with the community (e.g. use of local labor for construction activities, behavior of contractors while on the site, etc.) g. Options for raising grievances regarding the arrangement

13. All land use agreements will be signed and maintained for record keeping with the communities, the bidding company, and the project implementers.

175 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

Appendix – L: Community Consultation Guidelines

The Rural Communications Project promotes consultation with communities during the entire project cycle. The framework below provides guidelines.

1. Community consultations will be free, prior, and informed. This will require that: a. The consultation occurs voluntarily and without external interference or coercion. b. Community members are given information on the intent and scope of the project this should include the possible uses of the land and the possible impacts of the works to be constructed on the land. c. Information provided to community members should be provided in a manner, form and language that will be appropriate and accessible to the community members. d. Sufficient time is provided to community members to undertake decision-making. e. Community members must be made aware that they have an option to consent to or refuse to accept the land use arrangements.

2. Land use arrangements can only be made and finalized when there is evidence of broad community support. Ways in which broad community support can be assessed include: a. The existence of consensus supporting the project b. The formal support from the leaders of the community c. The support of a considerable majority of community d. Lack of opposition to the project

3. Where it is necessary to construct access roads, consultations with all affected community members will be required.

4. Participants of community consultations should be representative of the community and include community leaders.

5. Community consultations should be gender sensitive. Women should be included in consultations especially as they rely on land for making gardens. Gender-specific consultation forums (e.g. women-only discussions, women-led discussions) may be necessary. In addition, consultations that include women should occur at a time in the day when women do not have other family and social obligations.

6. All consultations should be documented with the following information provided:

a. Names of participants b. Date and place of consultation c. Demographic summary of participants (number of women, elderly, youth, community leaders, etc.) d. Summary of how and by whom the consultation was prepared e. Issues/questions/concerns raised by the community and responses to the issues/questions/concerns provided f. Summary of how outstanding issues will be addressed g. Summary of agreements reached with communities.

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References:

1. Environmental Assessment:

• Beschorner, N. (2007). Financing Rural Communications Projects: Some Approaches and Experiences. • Bourke, R. Michael and Tracy Harwood, eds., 2009. Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea. Canberra: the ANU. • Brown, P. 1972 [1943] The Chimbu: A study of change in the New Guinea highlands/ Cambridge, Mass: Schenkman Publishing Co., Inc. • Giris, J., Rynkiewich, T., Dick Kapinias, I., & Winfrey, P. (2005). Emerging Issues for Women and Children in Papua New Guinea. Goroka, PNG: Melanesian Institute. • Global Volcanism Program. (nd). Karkar. Retrieved 02/06/2009, from http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0501-03= • Greenfield, A. (2009). Personal communication with the author. • Hanson, L. W., Allen, B. J., Bourke, R. M., & McCarthy, T. J. (2001). Papua New Guinea Rural Development Handbook. Canberra: Australian National University. • Heeks, R. (2008, 27 December 2008). Mobiles for Impoverishment? Retrieved 12/5/09, from http://ict4dblog.wordpress.com/2008/12/27/mobiles-for-impoverishment/ • HELP Resources, 2005. A Situational Analysis of Child Abuse and the Sexual Exploitation of Children in Papua New Guinea, UNICEF Papua New Guinea, Wewak. • Interview with Albert Wowe. (2009). Interview. Orora. • Interview with Gering Balipini. (2009). Interview. Orora. • Interview with Shong ’Moks’ Naing. (2009). Interview. Orora. • Kunze, G. (1925). Pictures of a Village Life: on a New Guinean Island (E. Scotney, Trans. 3rd ed.): Mission House Barmen. • Macintyre, M. 1998 The Persistence of Inequality, in Modern Papua N ew Guinea, ed Laura Zimmer- Tamakoshi, Kirksville MO: Thomas Jefferson University Press. • Marcus, G. E. (1995). Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 95-117. • McSwain, R. (1977). The Past And Future People: Tradition and Change on a New Guinea Island. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. • MTS Foundation. (2007). Gaubin Hospital. Retrieved 02/06/2009, from http://www.foundation.mtspng.com/index5.html • PNG National Department of Education, 2002. The State of Education in Papua New Guinea March, Education Reform Facilitating and Monitoring Unit. • Pech, R. (1991). Manub and Kilibob: Melanesian Models for Brotherhood Shaped by Myth, Dream and Drama. Goroka, PNG: The Melanesian Institute. • Rooney, D., Papoutsaki, E., & Pamba, K. (2004). A Country Failed by its Media: a Case Study from Papua New Guinea. Paper presented at the 13th AMIC Annual Conference, ‘Impact of New & Old Media on Development in Asia’. • Sexton, L.D. 1982, Customary and Corporate Models for Women’s Development Organizations, IASER Discussion Paper No 42 • Stanley, D. (1982). South Pacific Handbook (2nd ed.). Chico, USA: Moon Publications. • Tacchi, J. A., Slater, D., & Hearn, G. (2003). Ethnographic Action Research: A user’s handbook developed to innovate and research ICT applications for poverty eradication. New Delhi: UNESCO. • Urame, J. 2008. A Review of some researches done on the beliefs and practices of sorcery and witchcraft in the Simbu Province, Catalyst Magazine Vol 38, No 2, p181-2. • Vallance, R. J. (2008). Melanesian Research Ethics. Contemporary PNG Studies: DWU Research Journal, 8, 1-14. • Warry, W. 1983. ‘Chuave politics’, unpublished doctoral dissertation, ANU. • Watson, A.H.A. 2010. Mobiles in Orara. Unpublished paper.

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• CELCOR∗ Inc, (2000).Paralegal Training Manual for Environmental Management in Papua New Guinea, CELCOR Printery Port Moresby. • Mowbray D, Duguman J, and Gladman D, (1996). Environment and Development in Papua New Guinea, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby. • Loffler, E (1977). Geomorphology of Papua New Guinea, CSIRO and ANU Press, Canberra, Australia. • Flannery, T (1990). Mammal of New Guinea: The Australian Museum, Robert Brown and Associates, Queensland, Australia. • Sekhran N and Miller S (1996). Papua New Guinea Country Study on Biological Diversity, Department of Environment and Conservation, Colorcraft, Hong Kong. • Rannells J (1991). PNG: A Fact Book on Modern Papua New Guinea, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia. • Encyclopedia Britannica (2009) Telecommunication. Encyclopedia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 23 Sept. 2009. • Encyclopedia Britannica (2009). Telecommunications Media. Encyclopedia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 23 Sept. 2009. • Thomas, M.L, Pearl, M, et al (1991). Conservation and Environment in Papua New Guinea: Establishing Research Priorities, Proceedings of a Symposium held June 3 1991, GoPNG and Wildlife Conservation International, New York. • Governmnet of Pakistan (2007). SCHEDULE G – Rural Telecommunications and e-Services Project: Environmental Assessment, Pakistan. • Government of United Kingdom (2001). Code of Best Practice on Mobile Phone Network Development (Communities and Local Government), UK Federal Government. • Environment Resources Management –ERM (2007). Costa Rica Telecommunications Sector Modernization Project: International Best Practice for Managing Environmental Impacts in the Telecommunications Sector, World Bank Report. • Natasha Beschorner (2009). Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit in the Amount of SDR 9.85 Million (US$ 15 Million Equivalent) to the Government of PNG for a Rural Telecommunications Project, World Bank Report (No. AC 3533/3534), Global Information and Communication Technologies Department, The World Bank Office, Jakarta, Indonesia. • Beschorner, N. (2007). Financing Rural Communications Projects: Some Approaches and Experiences. • Giris, J., Rynkiewich, T., Dick Kapinias, I., & Winfrey, P. (2005). Emerging Issues for Women and Children in Papua New Guinea. Goroka, PNG: Melanesian Institute. • Global Volcanism Program. (nd). Karkar. Retrieved 02/06/2009, from http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0501-03= • Greenfield, A. (2009). Personal communication with the author. • Hanson, L. W., Allen, B. J., Bourke, R. M., & McCarthy, T. J. (2001). Papua New Guinea Rural Development Handbook. Canberra: Australian National University. • Heeks, R. (2008, 27 December 2008). Mobiles for Impoverishment? Retrieved 12/5/09, from http://ict4dblog.wordpress.com/2008/12/27/mobiles-for-impoverishment/ • Interview with Albert Wowe. (2009). Interview. Orora. • Interview with Gering Balipini. (2009). Interview. Orora. • Interview with Shong 'Moks' Naing. (2009). Interview. Orora. • Kunze, G. (1925). Pictures of a Village Life: on a New Guinean Island (E. Scotney, Trans. 3rd ed.): Mission House Barmen. • Marcus, G. E. (1995). Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 95-117. • McSwain, R. (1977). The Past And Future People: Tradition and Change on a New Guinea Island. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. • MTS Foundation. (2007). Gaubin Hospital. Retrieved 02/06/2009, from http://www.foundation.mtspng.com/index5.html • Pech, R. (1991). Manub and Kilibob: Melanesian Models for Brotherhood Shaped by Myth, Dream and Drama. Goroka, PNG: The Melanesian Institute.

∗ CELCOR Inc – means Center for Environmental Law and Community Right Inc. This is an Environmental NGO which deals with legal issues concerning the natural resources development and local communities affected by Environmental issues in Papua New Guinea. 178 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

• Rooney, D., Papoutsaki, E., & Pamba, K. (2004). A Country Failed by its Media: a Case Study from Papua New Guinea. Paper presented at the 13th AMIC Annual Conference, ‘Impact of New & Old Media on Development in Asia’. • Stanley, D. (1982). South Pacific Handbook (2nd ed.). Chico, USA: Moon Publications. • Tacchi, J. A., Slater, D., & Hearn, G. (2003). Ethnographic Action Research: A user’s handbook developed to innovate and research ICT applications for poverty eradication. New Delhi: UNESCO. • Vallance, R. J. (2008). Melanesian Research Ethics. Contemporary PNG Studies: DWU Research Journal, 8, 1-14. • Watson, A.H.A. 2010. Mobiles in Orara. Unpublished paper. • • "Researcher sees cancer risk from mobiles (Dr. Ronald Herberman, director of the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute)". International Herald Tribune. 2008-07-24. http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/07/24/business/cellphone.php. Retrieved 2008-08-17. • "What are the health risks associated with mobile phones and their base stations?". Online Q&A. World Health Organization. 2005-12-05. http://www.who.int/features/qa/30/en. Retrieved 2008-01-19. • "Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile telephones and their base stations". Fact sheet N°193. World Health Organization. June 2000. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs193/en. Retrieved 2008-01-19. • Health and Environment - Science Milestones • "Information: Wie gefährlich sind Handystrahlen wirklich?" (in German). Marktgemeinde Pressbaum. http://www.pressbaum.net/wai_startseite-aktuelles-handy.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-23. • "Conclusions on mobile phones and radio frequency fields". European Commission Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). http://ec.europa.eu/health/opinions2/en/electromagnetic-fields/l-3/5-conclusions-mobile-phones.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-08. • For example, two listings using the European 10 g standard: of more current models at "Mobile Phones UK". Mobile Phones UK web site. Landmark Internet Ltd. http://www.mobile-phones- uk.org.uk/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-19.; of phones from 2005 and earlier at "The Complete SAR List For All Phones (Europe)". On-Line-Net - Web Design & Internet Services (as SARValues.com). http://www.sarvalues.com/eu-complete.html. Retrieved 2008-01-19. (a listing of US phones from 2005 and earlier, using the US 1 g standard, is also available at the SARValues site) • Guidelines For Limiting Exposure To Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic, And Electromagnetic Fields (up to 300 GHz), International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, Health Physics, 74(4):494-522, April 1998 at p. 505. • ^ Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Fields: Does Modulation Matter?, Foster et al., Radiation Research, 162(2):219–225, August 2004. at http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get- abstract&issn=0033-7587&volume=162&issue=02&page=0219 • Glaser, Roland (December 2005). "Are thermoreceptors responsible for “non-thermal” effects of RF fields?" (PDF). Edition Wissenschaft (Bonn, Germany: Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk) (21). OCLC 179908725. http://www.fgf.de/publikationen/edition-wissenschaft/Edition_Wissenschaft_Nr21.pdf. Retrieved 2008-01-19. • Salford, Leif G.; Arne E. Brun, Jacob L. Eberhardt, Lars Malmgren, and Bertil R. R. Persson (June 2003). "Nerve Cell Damage in Mammalian Brain after Exposure to Microwaves from GSM Mobile Phones". Environmental Health Perspectives (United States: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences) 111 (7): 881–883. PMID 12782486. http://www.ehponline.org/members/2003/6039/6039.html. Retrieved 2008-01-08. • Salford, Leif G.; Henrietta Nittby, Arne Brun, Gustav Grafstrom, Lars Malmgren, Marianne Sommarin, Jacob Eberhardt, Bengt Widegren, Bertil R. R. Persson (2008). "The Mammalian Brain in the Electromagnetic Fields Designed by Man with Special Reference to Blood-Brain Barrier Function, Neuronal Damage and Possible Physical Mechanisms". Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement (Japan: Physical Society of Japan) 173: 283–309. http://ptp.ipap.jp/link?PTPS/173/283. • Electromagnetic fields (GSM 1800) do not alter blood-brain barrier permeability to sucrose in models in vitro with high barrier tightness, Franke et al., Bioelectromagnetics, 26(7):529-535 at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.20123 • Lack of effects of 1439 MHz electromagnetic near field exposure on the blood-brain barrier in immature and young rats, Kuribayashi et al., Bioelectromagnetics, 26(7):578-588 at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.20138 • Schüz, J; Jacobsen, R; Olsen, JH; Boice, JD; McLaughlin, JK; Johansen, C (December 2006). "Cellular Telephone Use and Cancer Risk: Update of a Nationwide Danish Cohort". Journal of the 179 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

National Cancer Institute (Oxford University Press) 98 (23): 1707–1713. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj464. ISSN 0027-8874. OCLC 90861566. PMID 17148772. http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/98/23/1707. Retrieved 2008-01-20. "Among long- term subscribers of 10 years or more, cellular telephone use was not associated with increased risk for brain tumors ..., and there was no trend with time since first subscription. ...CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence for an association between tumor risk and cellular telephone use among either short-term or long-term users. Moreover, the narrow confidence intervals provide evidence that any large association of risk of cancer and cellular telephone use can be excluded.". • "Comments on the Danish cohort study on mobile phones" (in German). Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz. 2007-02-22. http://www.bfs.de/en/elektro/papiere/daenische_Kohorte.html. Retrieved 2008-01-20. • "The INTERPHONE Study". International Agency for Research on Cancer. http://www.iarc.fr/ENG/Units/RCAd.html. Retrieved 2008-01-20. • http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/99/8/655 • Lönn, S; Ahlbom, A; Hall, P; Feychting, M (2005-03-15). "Long-Term Mobile Phone Use and Brain Tumor Risk". American Journal of Epidemiology (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press) 161 (6): 526– 535. doi:10.1093/aje/kwi091. ISSN 0002-9262. OCLC 111065031. PMID 15746469. http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/161/6/526. Retrieved 2008-01-20. • Schoemaker, MJ; Swerdlow, AJ; Ahlbom, A; Auvinen, A; Blaasaas, KG; Cardis, E; Christensen, HC; Feychting, M; Hepworth, SJ; Johansen, C; Klaeboe, L; Lönn, S; McKinney, PA; Muir, K; Raitanen, J; Salminen, T; Thomsen, J; Tynes, T (2005-10-03). "Mobile phone use and risk of acoustic neuroma: results of the Interphone case-control study in five North European countries". British Journal of Cancer (London: Cancer Research UK) 93 (7): 842–848. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602764. ISSN 0007- 0920. OCLC 111975508. PMID 16136046. http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v93/n7/abs/6602764a.html. Retrieved 2008-01-20. • Schüz, J; Böhler, E; Berg, G; Schlehofer, B; Hettinger, I; Schlaefer, K; Wahrendorf, J; Kunna-Grass, K; Blettner, M (2006-03-15). "Cellular phones, cordless phones, and the risks of glioma and meningioma (Interphone Study Group, Germany)". American Journal of Epidemiology (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press) 163 (6): 512–520. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj068. ISSN 0002-9262. OCLC 108576662. PMID 16443797. http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/163/6/512. Retrieved 2008- 01-20. • Lahkola, A; Auvinen, A; Raitanen, J; Schoemaker, MJ; Christensen, HC; Feychting, M; Johansen, C; Klaeboe, L; Lönn, S; Swerdlow, AJ; Tynes, T; Salminen, T (2007-04-15). "Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in 5 North European countries". International Journal of Cancer (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons) 120 (8): 1769–1775. doi: 10.1002/ijc.22503. ISSN 0020-7136. OCLC 123857774. PMID 17230523. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi- bin/abstract/114072761/ABSTRACT?CRET&CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved 2008-01-20. • Lönn, S; Ahlbom, A.; Hall, P.; Feychting, M. (November 2004). "Mobile phone use and the risk of acoustic neuroma". Epidemiology (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 15 (6): 653–659. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000142519.00772.bf. ISSN 1044-3983. OCLC 44996510. PMID 15475713. http://www.epidem.com/pt/re/epidemiology/abstract.00001648-200411000-00003.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-08. "Conclusions: Our findings do not indicate an increased risk of acoustic neuroma related to short-term mobile phone use after a short latency period. However, our data suggest an increased risk of acoustic neuroma associated with mobile phone use of at least 10 years' duration.". • Takebayashi, T; Varsier, N; Kikuchi, Y; Wake, K; Taki, M; Watanabe, S; Akiba, S; Yamaguchi, N (2008-02-05). "Mobile phone use, exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field, and brain tumour: a case-control study". British Journal of Cancer (London: Nature Publishing Group) 98 (3): 652–659. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604214. PMID 18256587. http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v98/n3/abs/6604214a.html. Retrieved 2008-03-12. Lay summary – Reuters (2008-02-05). "‘Using our newly developed and more accurate techniques, we found no association between mobile phone use and cancer, providing more evidence to suggest they don’t cause brain cancer,’ Naohito Yamaguchi, who led the research, said.". • http://oem.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/64/9/626.pdf • INTERPHONE Study Results update – 7 February 2008 • Khurana, Vini (2008-03-20). "Mobile Phone-Brain Tumour Public Health Advisory". self-pub.. pp. 3–4. http://www.brain-surgery.us/mobilephone.html. Retrieved 2008-04-05. Lay news article Lean, Geoffrey (2008-03-30). "Mobile phones 'more dangerous than smoking'". 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• ACRBR - FAQs & Facts • Sage C, Carpenter DO (March 2009). "Public health implications of wireless technologies". Pathophysiology. doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.011. PMID 19285839. • Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K (March 2009). "Epidemiological evidence for an association between use of wireless phones and tumor diseases". Pathophysiology. doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.003. PMID 19268551. • Deltour, Isabelle; Johansen, Christoffer; Auvinen, Anssi; Feychting, Maria; Klaeboe, Lars; Schüz, Joachim (2009-12-16). "Time Trends in Brain Tumor Incidence Rates in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, 1974–2003". Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101 (24): 1721–1724. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp415. PMID 19959779. • Luria R; Eliyahu I, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N (30 April 2009). "Cognitive effects of radiation emitted by cellular phones: the influence of exposure side and time". Bioelectromagnetics (3): 198– 204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19194860. • Radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure and non-specific symptoms of ill health: A systematic review, Röösli, Environmental Research, Available online 21 March 2008 at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.02.003 • Panagopoulos, DJ; Karabarbounis, A; Margaritis, LH (2004-12-01). "Effect of GSM 900 MHz mobile phone radiation on the reproductive capacity of Drosophila melanogaster". Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine (London, UK: Taylor & Francis) 23 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1081/JBC-120039350. ISSN 1536-8378. OCLC 87856304. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713628995. Retrieved 2008-01-15. • Panagopoulos, DJ; Chavdoula, ED; Karabarbounis, A; Margaritis, LH (January 1, 2007). "Comparison of bioactivity between GSM 900 MHz and DCS 1800 MHz Mobile Telephony Radiation". Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine (London, UK: Informa Healthcare) 26 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1080/15368370701205644. ISSN 1536-8378. OCLC 47815878. PMID 17454081. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a777389376. Retrieved 2008-01-14. • Panagopoulos, DJ; Chavdoula, ED; Nezis, IP; Margaritis, LH (January 10, 2007). "Cell death induced by GSM 900 MHz and DCS 1800 MHz mobile telephony radiation". Mutation Research (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier) 626 (1–2): 69–78. ISSN 0027-5107. OCLC 109920000. PMID 17045516. http://pmid.us/17045516. Retrieved 2008-01-15. "Our present results suggest that the decrease in oviposition previously reported, is due to degeneration of large numbers of egg chambers after DNA fragmentation of their constituent cells, induced by both types of mobile telephony radiation. Induced cell death is recorded for the first time, in all types of cells constituting an egg chamber…". • Harrill, Rob (March 2005). "Wake-up Call". The University of Washington Alumni Magazine (March 2005). http://www.washington.edu/alumni/columns/march05/wakeupcall01.html. Retrieved 2008-05- 31. • (PDF) Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards From Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods, Munich: VERUM Stiftung für Verhalten und Umwelt, 2004, http://www.itis.ethz.ch/downloads/REFLEX_Final%20Report_171104.pdf, retrieved 2008-01-20 Undertaken as EU research contract QLK4-CT-1999-01574 • Genetic Damage in Mammalian Somatic Cells Exposed to Radiofrequency Radiation: A Meta- analysis of Data from 63 Publications (1990–2005, Vijayalaxmi et al., Radiation Research, 169(5):561–574, May 2008 at http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get- abstract&doi=10.1667%2FRR0987.1 • Haarala, C; Takio F; Rintee T; Laine M; Koivisto M; Revonsuo A; Hämäläinen H (May 2007). "Pulsed and continuous wave mobile phone exposure over left versus right hemisphere: effects on human cognitive function". Bioelectromagnetics (Wiley-Liss, Inc) 28 (4): 289–95. doi:10.1002/bem.20287. doi:10.1002/bem.20287. PMID 17203481. • Borbély, AA; Huber R; Graf T; Fuchs B; Gallmann E; Achermann P (1999-11-19). "Pulsed high- frequency electromagnetic field affects human sleep and sleep electroencephalogram". Neuroscience Letters (East Park, Ireland: Elsevier Science Ireland) 275 (3): 207–10. doi:10.1016/S0304- 3940(99)00770-3. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00770-3. PMID 10580711. • Huber, R; Graf T; Cote KA; Wittmann L; Gallmann E; Matter D; Schuderer J; Kuster N; Borbély AA; Achermann P (2000-10-20). "Exposure to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field during waking affects human sleep EEG". Neuroreport (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc) 11 (15): 3321–5. PMID 11059895. • Huber, R; Treyer V; Borbély AA; Schuderer J; Gottselig JM; Landolt HP; Werth E; Berthold T; Kuster N; Buck A; Achermann P (December 2002). "Electromagnetic fields, such as those from mobile phones, alter regional cerebral blood flow and sleep and waking EEG". Journal of sleep research

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(Wiley-Liss, Inc) 11 (4): 289–95. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00314.x. doi:10.1046/j.1365- 2869.2002.00314.x. PMID 12464096. • Huber, R; Treyer V; Schuderer J; Berthold T; Buck A; Kuster N; Landolt HP; Achermann P (February 2005). "Exposure to pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields affects regional cerebral blood flow". The European journal of neuroscience (Wiley-Liss, Inc) 21 (4): 1000–6. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03929.x. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03929.x. PMID 15787706. • Hung, CS; Anderson C; Horne, JA; McEvoy, P (2007-06-21). "Mobile phone 'talk-mode' signal delays EEG-determined sleep onset". Neuroscience Letters (East Park, Ireland: Elsevier Science Ireland) 421 (1): 82–6. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.05.027. ISSN 0304-3940. OCLC 144640846. PMID 17548154. • Andrzejak, R; Poreba R; Poreba M; Derkacz A; Skalik R; Gac P; Beck B; Steinmetz-Beck A; Pilecki W (August 2008). "The influence of the call with a mobile phone on heart rate variability parameters in healthy volunteers". Industrial health (National Institute of Industrial Health) 46 (4): 409–17. doi:10.2486/indhealth.46.409. doi:10.2486/indhealth.46.409. PMID 18716391. • Krause, CM; Pesonen M; Haarala Björnberg C; Hämäläinen H (May 2007). "Effects of pulsed and continuous wave 902 MHz mobile phone exposure on brain oscillatory activity during cognitive processing". Bioelectromagnetics (Wiley-Liss, Inc) 28 (4): 296–308. doi:10.1002/bem.20300. doi:10.1002/bem.20300. PMID 17203478. • Papageorgiou, CC; Nanou ED; Tsiafakis VG; Kapareliotis E; Kontoangelos KA; Capsalis CN; Rabavilas AD; Soldatos CR (2006-04-10). "Acute mobile phone effects on pre-attentive operation". Neuroscience Letters (East Park, Ireland: Elsevier Science Ireland) 397 (1-2): 99–103. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.12.001. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.12.001. PMID 16406308. • Kramarenko, AV; Tan U (July 2003). "Effects of high-frequency electromagnetic fields on human EEG: a brain mapping study". The International journal of neuroscience (Taylor and Francis) 113 (7): 1007–19. doi:10.1080/00207450390220330. doi:10.1080/00207450390220330. PMID 12881192. • D'Costa, H; Trueman G; Tang L; Abdel-rahman U; Abdel-rahman W; Ong K; Cosic I (December 2003). "Human brain wave activity during exposure to radiofrequency field emissions from mobile phones". Australas Phys Eng Sci Med (Australasian College Of Physical Scientists In Medicine) 26 (4): 162–7. ISSN 0158-9938. PMID 14995060. • Krause, CM; Björnberg CH; Pesonen M; Hulten A; Liesivuori T; Koivisto M; Revonsuo A; Laine M; Hämäläinen H (June 2006). "Mobile phone effects on children's event-related oscillatory EEG during an auditory memory task". International journal of radiation biology (Taylor and Francis) 82 (6): 443– 50. doi:10.1080/09553000600840922. doi:10.1080/09553000600840922. PMID 16846979. • Aalto, S; Haarala C; Brück A; Sipilä H; Hämäläinen H; Rinne JO (July 2006). "Mobile phone affects cerebral blood flow in humans". J Cereb Blood Flow Metab (Nature Publishing Group) 26 (7): 885–90. doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600279. doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600279. PMID 16495939. • Bachmann, M; Lass J; Kalda J; Säkki M; Tomson R; Tuulik V; Hinrikus H (2006). "Integration of differences in EEG analysis reveals changes in human EEG caused by microwave". Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc (IEEE Service Center) 1: 1597–600. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2006.259234. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2006.259234. PMID 17946053. • Santini, R; Santini, P; Danze, JM; LeRuz, P; Seigne, M (January 2003). "Survey Study of People Living in the Vicinity of Cellular Phone Base Stations". Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine (London: Informa Healthcare) 22 (1): 41–49. doi:10.1081/JBC-120020353. OCLC 88891277. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713628949. Retrieved 2008-02-09. • Navarro, Enrique A; Segura, J; Portolés, M; Gómez-Perretta de Mateo, Claudio (December 2003). "The Microwave Syndrome: A Preliminary Study in Spain". Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine (London: Informa Healthcare) 22 (2): 161–169. doi:10.1081/JBC-120024625. OCLC 89106315. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713628989. Retrieved 2008-02-09. Oberfeld, Gerd; Navarro, Enrique A; Portoles, Manuel; Maestu, Ceferino; Gomez-Perretta, Claudio (2004). "The Microwave Syndrome: Further Aspects of a Spanish Study". in Kostarakis, P. Biological effects of EMFs : Proceedings, Kos, Greece, 4-8 October 2004, 3rd International Workshop. Ioannina, Greece: Electronics, Telecom & Applications Laboratory, Physics Dept., University of Ioannina : Institute of Informatics & Telecommunications, N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”. ISBN 9602331526. http://www.mindfully.org/Technology/2004/Microwave-Syndrome-Oberfeld1may04.htm. • Abdel-Rassoul, G; Abou El-Fateh, O; Abou Salem, M; Michael, A; Farahat, F; El-Batanouny, M; Salem, E (March 2007). "Neurobehavioral effects among inhabitants around mobile phone base stations" (PDF). NeuroToxicology (New York, NY: Elsevier Science) 28 (2): 434–40. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2006.07.012. OCLC 138574974. PMID 16962663. http://folketsvilja.host.twinspot.net/files/resourcesmodule/@random4444437328492/1162496959_Abd el_Rassoul2006.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-10. 182 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

• Bortkiewicz, A; Zmyslony, M; Szyjkowska, A; Gadzicka, E (2004). "Subjective symptoms reported by people living in the vicinity of cellular phone base stations: review" (in Polish). Medycyna pracy (Warsaw: Panstwowy Zaklad Wydawnictw Lekarskich) 55 (4): 345–352. BL Shelfmark: 5536.020000. ISSN 0465-5893. OCLC 108011911. PMID 15620045. • ^ Hutter, H-P; H Moshammer, P Wallner, M Kundi (May 1, 2006). "Subjective symptoms, sleeping problems, and cognitive performance in subjects living near mobile phone base stations". Occupational and Environmental Medicine (London, UK: the BMJ Publishing Group) 63 (5): 307–313. doi:10.1136/oem.2005.020784. OCLC 41236398. PMID 16621850. http://oem.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/63/5/307. Retrieved 2008-01-07. • Feasibility of future epidemiological studies on possible health effects of mobile phone base stations, Neubauer et al., Bioelectromagnetics, 28(3):224-230, March 2007 at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/113448948/ABSTRACT • UMTS Base Station-Like Exposure, Well Being and Cognitive Performance Regel et al., Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(8):August 2006 at http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2006/8934/abstract.html • Eltiti, S; Wallace, D; Ridgewell, A; Zougkou, K; Russo, R; Sepulveda, F; Mirshekar-Syahkal, D; Rasor, P; Deeble, R; Fox, E (November 2007). "Does short-term exposure to mobile phone base station signals increase symptoms in individuals who report sensitivity to electromagnetic fields? A double-blind randomized provocation study". Environ Health Perspectives 115 (11): 1603–1608. doi:10.1289/ehp.10286. OCLC 183843559. PMID 18007992. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18007992. Retrieved 2008-02-10. Lay summary – Study finds health symptoms aren’t linked to mast emissions University of Essex (2007-07-25). • Randerson, James (2007-07-26). "Research fails to detect short-term harm from mobile phone masts". The Guardian (Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/mobile/article/0,,2134778,00.html. Retrieved 2008-02-11. "Prof Fox estimates that there is a 30% chance that the experiment missed a real effect because of the smaller numbers." • http://www.sante.gouv.fr/htm/dossiers/telephon_mobil/zmirou/chap_ii.pdf page 37 • Téléphonie mobile et santé, Rapport à l'Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire Environnementale, 21 March 2003 at http://www.sante.gouv.fr/htm/dossiers/telephon_mobil/rapports.htm • Téléphonie mobile et santé, Rapport du groupe d’experts, l'Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire Environnementale, April 2005 at http://www.sante.gouv.fr/htm/dossiers/telephon_mobil/rapports.htm • Barstad, Stine (18 February 2009). "Kunne ikke bevise at strålingen var ufarlig" (in Norwegian). Aftenposten. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5h1rbHhvs. Retrieved 25 May 2009. • Residents living next to a phone mast vs. the mobile phone company Bouygues Telecom, [1] (Versailles Court of Appeal 4 February 2009). • Moulder, JE; Erdreich, LS; Malyapa, RS; Merritt, J; Pickard, WF; Vijayalaxmi (May 1999). "Cell phones and cancer: what is the evidence for a connection?". Radiation Research (New York: Academic Press) 151 (5): 513–531. ISSN 0033-7587. OCLC 119963820. PMID 10319725. http://www.pmid.us/10319725. Retrieved 2008-02-10. • "International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection home page". http://www.icnirp.de. Retrieved 2008-01-07. • Levitt, B. Blake (1995). Electromagnetic Fields. San Diego: Harcourt Brace & Company. pp. 29–36. • Santini, Roger (2002). ""Arguments in Favor of Applying the Precautionary Principle to Counter the Effects of Mobile Phone Base Stations"" (PDF). http://www.emrnetwork.org/position/santini_hearing_march6_02.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-30. • "INI/2007/2252 : 04/09/2008 - EP: non-legislative resolution". European Parliament. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/resume.jsp?id=5564632&eventId=1046703&backToCaller=NO&la nguage=en. Retrieved 2009-06-04. Bold text in original quotation. • Wright v. Motorola, Inc. et al., No95-L-04929 • Christopher Newman, et al. v Motorola, Inc., et al., [2] . “Because no sufficiently reliable and relevant scientific evidence in support of either general or specific causation has been proffered by the plaintiffs, as explained below, the defendants’ motion will be granted and the plaintiffs’ motion will be denied.” • "Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health - Cautionary Policies". World Health Organization Backgrounder. World Health Organization. March 2000. http://www.who.int/docstore/peh- emf/publications/facts_press/EMF-Precaution.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 183 Department of Communicationsand Information PNG Rural Communications ESMF

• The Impacts of Precautionary Measures and the Disclosure of Scientific Uncertainty on EMF Risk Perception and Trust, Wiedemann et al., Journal of Risk Research, 9(4):361 - 372, June 2006 at http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/openurl.asp?genre=article&doi=10.1080/13669870600802111 • "Téléphones mobiles : santé et sécurité" (in French). Le ministère de la santé, de la jeunesse et des sports. 2008-01-02. http://www.sante-jeunesse-sports.gouv.fr/actualite-presse/presse- sante/communiques/telephones-mobiles-sante-securite.html. Retrieved 2008-01-19. Lay article in (English) making comment at Gitlin, Jonathan M. (2008-01-03). "France: Beware excessive cell phone use—despite lack of data". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080103- france-beware-excessive-cell-phone-usedespite-lack-of-data.html. Retrieved 2008-01-19. • "Precaution regarding electromagnetic fields". Federal Office for Radiation Protection. 2007-12-07. http://www.bfs.de/en/elektro/faq/emf_faq_vorsorge.html. Retrieved 2008-01-19. • "Exponering" (in Swedish). Swedish Radiation Protection Authority. February 2006. http://www.ssi.se/ickejoniserande_stralning/Mobiltele/onodig_exponering.html?Menu2=Mobiltelefoni. Retrieved 2008-01-19. • "UK consumer group: Hands-free phone kits boost radiation exposure". cnn.com. Cable News Network. 2000-11-02. http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/11/02/london.phone/index.html. Retrieved 2008-01-19. • Manning, MI and Gabriel, CHB, SAR tests on mobile phones used with and without personal hands- free kits, SARtest Report 0083 for the DTI, July 2000 (PDF) at http://straff-x.com/SAR-Hands-Free- Kits-July-2000.pdf • Téléphonie mobile & santé, Report for l"Agence française de sécurité sanitaire environnementale (Afsse), June 2005 at http://www.afsse.fr/index.php?pageid=671&parentid=619# ^ "Bead 'slashes mobile radiation'". BBC News. 2005-01-25. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4203077.stm. Retrieved 2009-03-17.

2. Social Assessment

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• MTS Foundation. (2007). Gaubin Hospital. Retrieved 02/06/2009, from http://www.foundation.mtspng.com/index5.html • PNG National Department of Education, 2002. The State of Education in Papua New Guinea March, Education Reform Facilitating and Monitoring Unit. • Pech, R. (1991). Manub and Kilibob: Melanesian Models for Brotherhood Shaped by Myth, Dream and Drama. Goroka, PNG: The Melanesian Institute. • Rooney, D., Papoutsaki, E., & Pamba, K. (2004). A Country Failed by its Media: a Case Study from Papua New Guinea. Paper presented at the 13th AMIC Annual Conference, ‘Impact of New & Old Media on Development in Asia’. • Sexton, L.D. 1982, Customary and Corporate Models for Women’s Development Organizations, IASER Discussion Paper No 42 • Stanley, D. (1982). South Pacific Handbook (2nd ed.). Chico, USA: Moon Publications. • Tacchi, J. A., Slater, D., & Hearn, G. (2003). Ethnographic Action Research: A user’s handbook developed to innovate and research ICT applications for poverty eradication. New Delhi: UNESCO. • Urame, J. 2008. A Review of some researches done on the beliefs and practices of sorcery and witchcraft in the Simbu Province, Catalyst Magazine Vol 38, No 2, p181-2. • Vallance, R. J. (2008). Melanesian Research Ethics. Contemporary PNG Studies: DWU Research Journal, 8, 1-14. • Warry, W. 1983. ‘Chuave politics’, unpublished doctoral dissertation, ANU. • Watson, A.H.A. 2010. Mobiles in Orara. Unpublished paper.

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