Notes on the Gulf Province languages

Karl Franklin

(Data Collected 1968-1973; this report collated 2011)

Information compiled here is from notes that I collected between 1968 and 1973. Following the completion of my Ph.D. degree at the Australian National University in 1969, I was awarded a post-doctoral fellowship in 1970 to conduct a linguistic survey of the Gulf Province. In preparation for the survey I wrote a paper that was published as: Franklin, Karl J. 1968. Languages of the Gulf District: A Preview. Pacific Linguistics, Series A, 16.19-44.

As a result of the linguistic survey in1970, I edited a book with ten chapters, written by eight different scholars (Franklin, Lloyd, MacDonald, Shaw, Wurm, Brown, Voorhoeve and Dutton). From this data I proposed a classification scheme for 33 languages. For specific details see: Franklin, Karl J. 1973 (ed.) The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, 26, x + 597 pp.

Overview

There are three sections in this paper. The first is a table that briefly outlines information on languages, dialects and villages of the Gulf Province. (Note that I cannot verify the spelling of each village/language due to differences between various sources.)

The second section of the paper is an annotated bibliography and the third is an Appendix with notes from Annual Reports of the Territory of Papua.

Source Notes Author/Language Woodward Annual pp. 19-22 by Woodward notes that: Report (AR) Four men of Pepeha were murdered by Kibeni; there is 1919-20:19- now friendly relations between Kirewa and Namau; 22 information on patrols to Ututi, Sirebi, and Kumukumu village on a whaleboat. AR pp. 61-2: Two Sirebi men killed by the Bara, who had had four 1920-21 men living at Ututi (not far from Kikori) killed; Kaipakua village was originally on Aukia C. with four ravis (men’s houses) and 800 population; it is now at Api-Opu. Flint and Saunders AR p. 9: Samberigi valley explored by Flint & Saunders who went up 1921-22 the Kikori R, going NW, rather than N, to Mt. Murray; they found guides at Sibire, five days from Mt. Murray; Donuga village in a valley that showed extensive cultivation; the Samberigi R. goes underground to Kikori or the Mubi; then SE through Ro or Keai country; noticed three small villages that were once powerful but suffered at the hands of the Samberigi; the Samberigi population was estimated at 3,378 at 44 village sites they visited (p. 51), including a few women and children. AR pp. 7-8: An outbreak of headhunting on the Turoma River; Mr.

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1923-24 Rintoul saw headless and mutilated corpses at Seraga village on R. bank of the Turama opposite the Darai Hills. AR p. 14: Attack of Kuhuhuku on the village of Opau, close to 1924-25 government station at Keroma. AR p. 37: Semi-nomadic tribes called the Kairi and Sirebi were 1925-26 persuaded to build permanent villages at Tiviri and Ondugi. Chance and Healey AR p. 8: Junction of Kikori River and Mobi visited by Chance and C. Champion 1926-27 Healey in 1926; visited by C. Champion in 1930 (See AR 1929-30:6). Faithorn and C. AR Report by Faithorn and C. Champion that Erewa R. could be Champion 1928-29 traced to the Purari. Hides AR Patrol by Hides to Upper Purari and Era R. to the Turoha tribe or 1931-32 village. Hides and O’Malley AR Hides and O’Malley patrol to the Kunimaipa valley 1933-34 (p. 23); patrol to Mobi R. and Beaver falls by Clem Rich. Champion, I. AR I. champion patrol. 1936-37 Hides and Omalley AR Hides and O’Malley from Strickland to the Purari (Jan, ‘35) Clem Rich 1934-35 p. 27: Clem Rich reports new tribes on Upper Purari called Turoha—women were married to Pawaia men (cf. AR 1911-12.13,14). AR p. 13: Bamu – Purari patrol 1935-36 p. 14: Valley called Nowake where in Sept. and Oct. Foldi patrolled to Sariagi Creek, a tributary of Purari where a group called the Hahari had raided Purari villages; the Sariagi Creek was traversed by MacKay-Little in 1910 at Udi or Samia R; other people were contacted at a river called Kori and said they had not seen white men before. AHIAVE AR 1912-13 pp. 173-175: Word list comparing Kuhuhu and Kiki (Tapala, a (cf. Elema) dialect of Elema). AURAMA AR 1921-22 Village of Uo-Ho on U. Purari R. (a dialect of Pawaia). AUSTEN,Leo Report on the Delta division of Papua. See The Australian (1934) Geographer 2(4). 20-25. BAIA Ray Between Turama and Omati R.; See AR 1892-2, p. 46 for lists (1907) using two words – gota “coconut” and ibu “iron”. BAMU (MIDDLE Informant was Burai of Miruo; villages of Gagola, Yowa, Miruo, BAMU) Kuria, Sogori, Wakau, Anidai, Torobina, Upati, Bamio, Punigi, Silisiani, Bina, Piru-Piru, Hamagoa and Asarami. BAIMURU Census area in Kikori-Bamutu sub-district includes: Amepoke; Kamau-a; Kemei; Pakemuba; Raipaka and Unau. BAINAPI On Aramia R. at villages of Pikiwo, Makapa and Sarego. BARA AR 1920-21 Village of Uari Sogi on headwaters of Anu C., between Kiko and Sibi Range [related to Polopa]. AR 1922-23, Tobacco traded from Okani and Kikori R. where Bara are the p. 18 middlemen AR 1921-22 Attacked by the Okani, Ututi and Sirebi people (p. 142); village of Sibire Iu said to have one dubu, seven houses & a population of around 50. BARIKA AR 1921-22 Village of Asanu, 16 mi N NW from Iesso on Omati R., 8 mi. NE by EW from headwaters of Omati R. [related to Dugeme]

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BAROI Census area in Kikori-Baimuru sub-district comprising: Akiaravi, Evara, Korarake, and Oravi. BAROI (cf. Namau) Williams One of the Pururi Delta tribes with 4 villages: Oravi, Akiravi, 1924 Koravahe and Evara; boundary (p.106) from Koriki group by the Rua-Kapea and Beau Rivers; separated from Kaimau by Baroi and Pa’ava Rivers. BARU Austen 1934 Kiwai group of the Gama estuary BUNIKI Ray (1913- On Bamu R. (cf. Dibiri) 14) COMMONWEALTH Bibliography of the flora and fauna of New Guinea. Compiled NATIONAL from the Library’s holdings. Feb., 1955 (alphabetical by author LIBRARY with abbreviations and a list of periodicals indexed). DABURA (see Ray (1907) West of Gama R.; See AR 1891-2, p. 38; said to be similar to Kiwai) Kiwai in culture and to understand many Kiwai words. DARIBI MacDonald Spoken from the Karimui Plateau to east on the Purari-Erave 1973 Rivers, N of the Crummer Peaks. DIBIASU AR-1924-25 On the U. Bamu (Woi-Woi); related to Mid Strickland group (Voorhoeve, 1968). DIBIRI (also Buniki) AR 1914-15 Buniki C., one mile from junction with the Bamu R. p. 186 DIKIMA AR 1926-27 A tribe far up the Kikori who were apparent enemies of the Foi-i; on the other side of the Kikori on the Mobi R. (said to be a tributary (p. 8). DUDAI Ray (1895) See Kiumi (?). DUGEME cf. Kasere, AR 1923-24 15 mi NW of Giberni at headwaters of the Paibuna R. Related to Kibeni) p. 57 Karima. EBALA On Purari R.; speak Vailala language. ELEMA Ray 1913-14 (See also Kairu-Kaura); between Purari and Bailala R. Ray 1895 Village with native name Taripi: in Motu named Motu Motu (AR, 1891); see also Lawes on Motu Grammar. London, 1880. Ray 1907 Proper Elema in villages of Bailala and Orokolo (p. 323); AR, 1892-3. EME-EME (see AR 1920-21 Villages of Korariperamegina of Pepeha, two miles SW from Pepeha) p. 120 Hibiri on the Paibuna R. ERA Census district on Kikeri sub district. EVORRA Ray 1895 see also Namau or Maipua; village on Queens Jubilee River, Gulf from Bevan of Papua, 15 miles N of Bald Head. 1890 FASU (or Koibu) Williams South and SW of Lake Kutubu; bull-roarer used at Lake Kutubu 1940-41 said to have come from this direction (p. 14). Loeweke & From W. of Lake Kutubu along Kikori R. to the village of Tama; May 1965 dialect there is called Some, which has only slight relationship with Mini. Fasu/Some is more closely related to Kairi (6%) than to Meni; about 750 people. FOI-I (or Mobi R. ) AR (1926-27) 90 mi. NW up from Kikori station; cut off from Kikori R. by rapids on Mobi (p.35); Sambergi or Kisigi C. flows to the W (p, 36); have steel axes obtained from Ikoli and Dikima people who obtain them from the Iessa (p. 36). FOI (also Kutubu) Williams Closely allied to people of Hubi river (p. 12), which includes 3 (1940-41) tribes: Mubi, Fimanga, and Ifingi; a. village of Hengisu, Borutange, Herebu (Upper Mubi R.); Fimaga, Damaiu,

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Kenahobu on hilly ground some miles from Hubi R.; further down Mubi – villages. of Ifigi, Pingahugu, Erogahugu, Kuhu, Harebuio; Kutubu–Mubi dialects identical (p. 13); groups further SE are Foi and Kafa; source of shells and Usi cult from Foi SE; drum only used in cult ceremony so may have come from SE; Sengera (p. 16) said to be Fasu word. Name on Mubi is the magami which means “thing”. Grasslanders use momag; Conflicting views on direction of importation of shell (p. 16- 17); p. 146 – myth on shells suggests source as up Kikori to Mubi. FOE Also known as Koamainu; villages are along Mubi R. and at Baini (Sugwa); two days walk from Kutubu and Samberigi; speak Foe but marry Sau women from Duabadi, which they call Folopa. FORABA AR 1922-23 North of Mt. Murray, 10 mi. E of Kerabi people villages of Dono, Iangorigi, Wariga, Suguburu, and Warerigi. [Mikaru Fam.]; villages of Dono Iangori, Suguburu, Wariga, Warerigi (328 people). GAIMA AR (1913-4) Southwest bank of Fly R. and E of Danmori Is., opposite NW ends of Kiwai and Gebaro Is. GAIRI (Turama R.) Brown, Abi Village of Oupeho one week from Kikori on a Creek.; other villages same: [Apparently related to Turama R. area] Apau, Baumaiyu, Garopa, Girikawi and Siawiti; [cf. Kasere wd. List]. GIRARA Ray (1913- Between N (left) bank of Fly R. & headwaters of Bamu R. 14) GOARIBARI Census district in Kikori sub-district. GOARIBARI (cf. Ray (1913- Island at enclosure of Bara Peninsula, W of Omati R.; see Capell Kerewa) 14) 1962; AR 1912-13 pp. 176-183; comparative lists with Purari (Namau), Urama, Turama (Owera) & Ura R.; village of Samowa (Brett, 1962). GOGODARA Along the Aramia R. at Pisi, Kewa, Katale, Oikiwa, and Kebani. GOPE Census area in Kihori sub-district. Epegau, Gipi, Homobani, Meagoma, Minagoirari, Tetenui, Ubuo, Waitari, Wonobo. GOPI cf. Evorra Austen (1934) Kiwai group, N of the Urama between Port Bevan & Era Bay Williams Vocabulary of same area (Purari Delta) as is Erorra. (1924) Brett, 1962 Called Gope – 3 days from Kikori by canoe. Numerous villages. GRASSLANDERS Williams General term by Williams for the Augu-Wage-Wela people. (1940-41) AR 1938-39 HAIRA (Cf Elema) AR 1914-15 Orinikiaravi, Kilai, Karorira peoples from villages of Keki Hepa, Paku, Mai-iepi, and Ua-kura; on R & L banks of Vailala between Dohiti & Ivori tributaries (p. 182) [related to Elema]. HARAHU Capell (1962) 5,000 people near Mt. Favoni & different from Pavaia, Songu and Harahu regions (p. 154); places this region at the junction of Kibori & Sirebi Rivers (compare AR 1935-36). HEI (Cf. Turamal; Austen (1934) Between Bamu & Turama Rivers; swamp dwellers with family Lei) houses among the sago swamps. HUARUHA (see AR, 1918-19 Village of Havoro at Pollard’s Peak, NNW of Kerema government Pawaia) p. 17 station. [related to Pavaia]. IARI Census area in Kikori – Baimuru sub-district (12 villages). IARI (cf Nomau) Williams(192 Along with daughter villages (p.5) of Okakinairu & ravi Kiran

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4) (near Aivei R.); one of Purari Delta tribes IOMEGI AR 1939-40 Mixture of Hubi natives and emigrants from the Erave (p. 28); steel axes from this area came from Foroba (29); not far from area where Erawe can be seen; to the E is prominent mt. called Haribuni. IBUKAIRU AR 1921-22 Village of Wiau, N.E. of Kuro C. off the Kurni R. IHU Census area (sub-district) in Gulf district; consists of villages in U. Vailala, Vailala East and West coasts. IPIKOI (or Epai) Ray (1907) Headwaters of Kaipaina R.; Namau not understood (AR 1892-3: Williams 33; 1893-4:23; AR, 1925-26 reports villages of Amipoki. semi- (1924) nomads at (Ae/Pie) or Kapauna R.; a small tribe concealed in bush of the Kapaina R. and N. of the Namau (called Ipiko). IWAINU (cf. AR 1917-18 Village of Gigori on Era R. [dialect of Kerewa] Kerewa) p.97 JOURNAL OF THE Note authors 1. Chalmers (Jan - Jun, 1909) ROYAL commenting 2. Haddon (Jul – Dec, 1916) (Jul - Dec 1920) ANTHROPO- on the Gulf 3. Hocart (July – Dec, 1923) LOGICAL 4. Holmes (Jan – Jun, 1903) INSTITUTE 5. Jenness (Jul – Dec, 1920) 6. Krocher (Jul-Dec, 1920) 7. Landtman (Jul – Dec, 1916) 8. Liston-Blyth (Jul – Dec, 1923) 9. Malinowski (Jul – Dec, 1916) 10.Ray (Jul – Dec, 1923) 11. Rivers (Jan – Jun, 1909) 12. Seligmann (Jan – Jun, 1909) (July – Dec, 1909) 13. Williams (Jul – Dec, 1923) 14. Woodford (Jul – Dec, 1909) KAA (or Minaiao) Ray (1907) Inland from Port Bovai on Auro & Era Rivers; said to understand neither Kiwai nor Maipua (Namau). AR, 1892-3 gives words for iron kaire & place-airu/miro. KABEROPE Census area in Kerema sub-district (17 village). KAGUA AR 1939-40 First penetration by I. Champion and A.T. Timperley on their patrol 17th May to 6th July 1939; report (pp 24-37 ) on the Hubi, Erave, Iaro, Kagua, Akuru, Nembi, & Wage Valleys. KAIMARI Census area in Kiko-Baimuru sub-district; Apirave, Barea, Kauravi, Koiravi KAIMARI (cf. Williams Purari Delta tribe, along with villages of Vaimuru & Maipua (p. Namau) (1924) 5); closest neighbors to the Ipiko (q.v.). KAIPI Census area in Kerema sub-district (22 villages). KAIPI (dialect of Brett, 1962 Village of Silo; other villages are: Elava, Kalama, Kwaru, and Elema) Wamai. KAIRI Informant was Gemero of Kopi; villages of Waira, Kebarau, Tutubi, Ario (upper Sirebi R.), Mati, Irimuku, Morere, and Kopi; along the Kse R. and Iehi Creek, the villages of Idimuku, Mahi, Waira, Kapara, Aliawiti, and Kope [note similarities of names between two areas]. KAIRI – IKOBI Census area in Kikori sub-district. KAIRU-KAURA AR 1920-21 Village of Ivara on the Aivei (Purari) R., boundary between Gulf p. 125 and Delta. [closely relatec to Elema]. Note in AR says that dialect appears composite of Ahiave, Mikaravi, & Namau

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KAMAWEKA Ray (1907) p. 348 – tribe dwelling on mts. behind Utheo; said to be Papuan & distinct from Uni. KAPAU (also Village of Mewa; other villages: Akomina, Aiya, Hanayu, menya) (also Hegayang, Igua, Ivana, Iwagaiwa, Ipabiya, Kekewa, Kuridaga, Kukukuku) Kwampeka, Lohiki, Mamuro, Mewari, Moiwa, Pungga, Pau, Pataia, Paikya, Sama, Tipaingka, Titigetakau, Wantu, Wambiyo, Weiwowa, Wagi, and Wewapa. KAURA cf. Namau Holmes Generally speak Namau, but those on E. bank of Purari & N. bank (1913) of Vailala may not (p. 124); Uru group may be a split from the Haura.; trading partners with the Purari Delta group (p. 3), mainly the Koropenairu people; bones, cassowary bones and dogs for fish & crabs (p. 125). KOPO – MONIYA Village of Gaparau, apparently in Turama R. area; other villages: Iramuku, Kopi, Mani, Tutugu, and Waida. KARAMI AR 1917-18 Villages of Kikimairi and Aduahai on right-hand side (in the bush) p.96 of the E. branch of the Turama R. [Poss. related to Pepeha or Karima] KARIMA (cf. AR 1920-21 Village of Kibeni at headwaters of Paibuna R. Dageme) p. 119 KASERE (cf. also 1. Austen Inland group stretching from the Turama almost to the Kikori (p.2 Dugeme, Kibeni) (1934) 5); village of Soropo, two days by boat, one by canoe from Kikori; 2. Brett, 1962 other villages are: Masusu, Moga, Sasaburumo. KEREMA Capell (1962) See Orokolo Ray, 1892; 1912-14; Ray and Haddon 1891-93. KEREMA BAY Census area in Kerema sub-district (20 villages). KEREWA (See Capell (1962) Kiwai-type language closely releated to Urama in E. section; Ray Goaribari also) Brown (1961) 1913-14; also called Turama; village of Dovumba(?). KEURU Ray (19070 Between Bailala R. and Kerema. MacDonald Probably in the vicinity near the junction of the Tua and Erave KEWAH (cf. Kewá) 1973 Rivers. KIBENE (cf also Capell (1962) On Uupper Turama & Paibuna R., probably including Omati R. Kasere and Dugeme) KIBIRI (cf Kai-iri) AR 1917-18 On the Veru R., villages of Mati, Utu, Kan and on the Homera C. also Dumu p. 96 and Sirebi R., tributaries of Kiko R., about 25 mi. from estuary; [sun-uru; moon=dari; land=hapu (Kiwai); water=u; woman=wohoni; man=nguheni; ear=kupati; eye = hikhiki; arm = se; breast= hu; pig= ko; dog=roho; canoe=ro; I=emo; thou=igia]. KIKORI-KAIRI Census area In Kikori sub-district KIWAI Ray (1895) Kiwai Is on delta of Fly R. AR, 1890 and L. M. D’Albertis, New Capell (1962 Guinea London 1880; language Group extending from Daru t;o Era R. & up this R. to Urama. KORIKI Ray (1913- Purari Delta between Kapaina Inlet & Elema District; spoken by (also Namau) 14) 15,000 with few dialedt changes; includes Maipua dialect (?) (p. Capell (1962) 137); compared with Kiwai dialects of Goaribari (Wadi), AR 1914-15 Urama, Turama (Owera) and Era R; unrelated to them (also Brett, 1962 called Purari here); village of Kairimai near Bamoru. KORIKI Census area in Kikori – Bamuru sub-dist (15 villages) KORIKI (cont’) also Brett, 1962 Village of Kairimai near Baimaru; village of Maepaio (Haipaia); called Ba;yara Other villages: Akoma, Apiope, Ara-av, Baimura, Ikinu, Kinapo, Kaimana, Koravake, and Kairimai.

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KOVIMONI Census area in Kerema sub-district (34 village). KOVIO Census area in Kerema sub-district Aiamaingini, Keremahaoa, Mirimas, Okavai, and Urulari. KUKUKUKU Three major groups: (1) Nautiya (2) Opiya (3) Hagata. Two minor groups: (4) Inyala (5) U. Korlte R.; (1) and (2) are close dialects but (3) is a distinct lang. p.31; see U. Museum Bulletin 17(1) Sept. 1952. U. of Penna, Philadelphia; Evori, Lohiki, Ivori River areas are all said to be Kukukuku groupts.] KWARE Voorhoeve On the Guavi R. Informant was Basomuwae, speaking a dialect (1968:6) closely related to Bosavi (62%) and Kaluli; villages of Badam, Musura, Pisasi, Lusavi, Seyasi (Upper Turama), and Kabaarasi; no apparent relationship to Tao Suamato or Namumi; 25% related to Beami, which is also related to Kasua (21%); [Note Bosavi-Kware relationships in some lexical forms: man: senae- sena; woman: kesare-kesare; father: osu/wepi-ata; mother: ama-ama; I: ni-newa; he: iwa-nekiye; they: niwa-iwa; eye: si-si; ear: kene-kenane; breast: po-bo. LAKEKAMU AR 1916-17 kuhukuku group. Comparative list with Juyunge, Sini, Kovio, and p. 65ff. Kunimaipa. LEPU Ray (1913- Village of Oikapu & Sipoe, E of Biaru R. separated from Papuan 14) Langs. on upper region of the St. Joseph R. by the Melanesian langs. of the Waima, Roro, Mekeo, Kuni, and Pokau, (p. 21); nearest Papuan langs. are Kovio (Oro Lopiku), Afoa (Ambo) and Mafulu (p. 21). MAHIGI AR 1922-23 Village in fork of Bamu and Aworra Rivers, 5 mi. above bifurcation [Some resemblance to Pepeha and Ipikoi]. MAI-HEA-RI AR 1917-18 Villages of Karauwi, Papikara, and Arowa Howoiu in the valleys p. 95 between the Nabo Range & Albert Mts. [come = borki; cassowary = eve-i; dog = tai-o; ear =ila; eyes = hoa-kwai; fire = tebe; house = ma-rea; man = wai-u-wi; pig = soa or hai-ru; road = fai; stone = u; sun = avoto; woman = imamune; water =kavero]. MAIPUA (see Purari AR 1893-4 Census area in Kik-bai, sub-district: Aivei, Apiopi, and Kapai. Delta) :120-22 MAMISU Capell,1962 Is. villages at Lake Tebera (2 villages with 1,000 people) p. 139. MILAREIPI Ray (1913- Village of Karama, Wamai & Silo, on the shore of Freshwater 14) Bay. MINANIBAI Villages of Pepeha (Paibuna R.), Moka (middle Turama R., 139 speakers), Dauku and Giri-Mokura, both on the Bamu R. Probably less than 200 speakers. MENA/MENI Informant was an interpreter from Gihiteri (near Omati); perhaps two dialects; villages of Gihiteri, Iba, Gibidai, Kibeni, Suviri (Sibaure), Kamairo, and Moka (upper Turama); also Fai’a, Sumakarimu (mixed) and Sorobo (1,303 speakers). MINI Spoken on the Omati R. at Gihiteri, Iba, Gibidai, Kibeni, etc. Some confusion with Mena and Meni. MO Parlier (1970) Upper Turama River and Hawidi River areas; villages of Moka, Faia, Sibaura, Komaio, Saragi, and Sorobo. MORIGI IS. Capell (1962) See map facing p 136 MORIGI Informant was Baimo of Ekera’a (Lower Turama); village speaking same language: Dadebi, Uaragu, Giba, Erehe, Kisiki,

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Kesemba, Meagio, Saragi and Ekeirau. MORIPI Census area in Kerema sub-distict (12 villages). NAHIKAI-A AR 1926-27 p. 36 – “Nomadic tribe of Papuan gypsies” at the course of the U. Vailala R [apparently Kukukuku]. NAIAKAIA Hides (1938) Nomadic tribe along with Uri, Pawaia, and Turoha. NAMAU (also Ray (1907) (See Koriki); Holmes (1913) says that Namau refers to (1) Maipua or Erorra) also AR, Vaimuru tribe in Era Bay; (2) Kaimare, E of Pie R., (3) Iai, 1893-94 p.120 inland near the E boundary of the delta. (p. 125); beyond the delta: Muru tribe on E branch of Purari & Kaura; E. bank of Purari speak the language but Kaura from the inland may not; Williams (1924) – Purari Delta; with 4 tributaries. NAMUMI Village of Haiworo on Upper Turama R. and closely related to Fasu dialect of Some. NATIONAL 1. Archibald, Richard (Mar, 1941) GEOGRAPHIC 2. Blood, Ned (Dec, 1949) MAGAZINE 3. Brandes, E.W. (Sept, 1929) 4. Gilliard, E.T. (Nov, 1951) 6. Hurley, Capt. Frank (Jun, 1927) 7. Peters, Harold (Aug, 1937) 8. Pidgeon, Harry (Feb, 1928) 9. Ripley, Ditton (Feb, 1950) OPAU AR 1922-23 Seven villages (pop. 663) on the Kalaburi R., 10 mi. NW of Kerema. Bounded by foothills of Nabo Range, Pallard’s Peak, Marovo & Sauri Rivers; said to have come from the Purari R. OPAU (cf. Elema, Kerema area at Milakera village; other villages: Keuru, Kapiri, etc.) Amuipi, Habehuhu, Lavuhoro, and Levaiviri. OROKOLO Ray (1913- Village in Elema Dist, W. of Pulale R.; other varieties are Vailala, 14) Kerema, & Toaripi (p.139), Orokolo – 12,000, Kerema – 3,000; Capell (1962) Toaripi – 10,000, and Vailala – 5,000; villages of Karaita & Brett, 1962 Petoi; also same are: Iripe, Ipisi, Waripe, Mei. PAIA Ray (1907) At Port Inlet of Era R. and Kai Paina R. (see also Ipikoi). PAVAIA (see also Capell (1962) On the Purari; “distinctly tonal” (p. 138) but question of its Sira-cf. Huaruha) “semantic value” (p. 139); spoken by people at Namauna, Keka, PAWAIA Taraha, Sira, & Sesa & understood to the east. Informant Taro of Koni (formerly Foroi or Pawaia #2); villages of Uraru, Gurimati, Pawia #1 and #2, Uri, Semabioro, Woidzano, Gara, Yeni, Haiya, Boi (beyond the mountains), Yari, Sayari, Maua (came down SE from the Subu R.), Keka (along the Vailala R.); [Note strong nasalization on many vowels!] N of Uraru is a different language; spoken generally E of the Purari R. to and across the EHD border at Weme. PEPEHA (cf. eme- Austen (1934) Elsewhere a small tribe who live near the limestone hills in mid. eme) Paibuna; inter mixed with the Kerewa (p. 25). POLE (CF. KEWA) CAPELL(62) Erave valley area; south dialect of Kewa proper; slight relationship Rule (1977) with Foe and Fasu. Franklin(68) POLOPA Franklin (n.d.) 500 speakers, mainly in Kerabi valley west to Mt. Murray and SW to the Kikori R.; villages of Keba, Kumbirepa, Turibadi; Wopagali, Boro, Pupitan, Sirigi, Sepese, & Suani; Sau villages of Tiri, Tomo, & Waraga are said to understand Polopa. POROME Two dialects: Aird Hills and Veiru; at Veiru R. the speakers prefer

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the name Kibiri; Spoken at Tipeiowo (112), Doibo (137), Paile (36), Koiara (?), Babagaina (207), and Ero (Aird Hills, 617). POROMI Capell(1962) District from Rumu and Kerewa. POU Brett, 1962 One days walk from Kikori; villages: Pe, keyo, Bitaria, and Daruwo [Relationship unknown]. PURARI (cf. Namau AR 1914-15 [Unrelated to Kiwai dialects]; name the Urama call the Purari delta Koriki) 2. Williams people (p.4); boundaries are: Purari R. & Alele mouth to the E.; (1924) Era R. to the west; Baroi village N are the furthest extent. Tribes: Koriki – Kairu, Our, Akoma, Ikinu, Kimisi, & Kakau, Possibly Raitavi; Iari – Okakinairu, Ravi, Kivan, Aivei R.; Karmari – Vaimuru, Maipua; Baroi – Orowi, Akiravi, Koravake and Evara. PURARI Census area in Kikori – Baimuru sub-district: Kairuku, Koni, Pawaia #1, Pawaia #2, Tatu, Uraru and Uri. RO (or Keai, or AR 1921-22 Village of Muimani, Suru, and Abasariba. SSE from Mt. Murray Worvel) (42 mi. from Samb. village), near the headwaters of the Girebi R. [on Lake Tebera, Mikaru or Teberan Family]; see AR: listed as villages of Muimani and Suru (85 people); Keai listed as Abasariba village (35 people); also Rorugi or Woruba people of Bari village (49 people). RUMU (also Tumu) Capell (1962) Distinct in structure from surrounding languages; villages numerous but small; being studied by Mr. Nigel Gore. RUMUWA (cf Austen (1934) Tribal group of hill peoples east of Kasere (p. 25); admixture of Rumu) Kasere, Kerewa & mountain cultures of Samberigi valley. SAMBERIGI AR (1921-22) Consisting of Okani group (Gigiha, Donuga, Foragori, Si, SAMBERIGI (or AR (1921-22) Keremabu, Hagibarigi, Ianguri, Samberigi, Bisabura, Magorigi, OKANI) (CF. Sau) Foraga group ( No.1, No.2); For, Sau, Ianda, Feworu, Haburugi, Masigi, Kerabi, Hosimi, Iangranda, Kuruwi, Tagibu, and Tiri; N side of Mt. Murray and the Samberigi Valley; Total=1,630. SAU Franklin (n.d.) Samberigi valley; spoken in Kerabi census division by villages of: Moseley Barowoi, Forerigi, Tagibu, Tiri, Tono, Waranga; in Fore- (n.d.) Tsimberigi Census District; by Koperi and Waro; by all in Samberigi Census District; total speakers= 2,854. SESA AR1923-24 Village of Hai-i on N. bank of Era R., where joined by Aweri C. 12 mi. above Maipua [Mikaru Fam]. SIRA (see Pavaia) Capell (1962) 2,00 Pavaia – Speaking group. SIRI AR1921-22 Consisting of Kuruwi, Tagibu & Tiri villages in Samberigi village area (341 people). SISIAMI(A) Ray (1907; Middle Bamu R.; on Bemu R, at Sisiami and also Sepota; three 1913-14) words in AR 1890-1, one said to be related to Kiwai. SOME/KASUA(?) Villages of Tama (Kikori R.), Katimai’ia, Kasegai’ai, and Sesani, Kamuara (both Kasua); Kasua and Yusare are different than middle Bamu or the Wawoi area and further up the Guavi R. TAO-SUAME Informant was Sode of Sipoi (middle Wawoi R.); villages of Diwame, Paiame, Kubiae and Waliho, both on the Guavi R. TATE Ray (1913- Spoken on Cupola, rocky promontory close to Kerema & noted in 14) W.M. Strong (1911); A distinct language unrelated to Uaripi of Strong (1911) Kerema or other languages of the Papuan Gulf (p. 22); Brown, considered strangers to Motu as are a group called Silo by the (1961) Motu; also at Lorabada of Lou, at village of Uriri. TOARIPI Census sub-district in Kerema sub-district (15 villages).

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TOARIPI Capell (1962) See Orokolo or Elema; also dialect of this called Milareipi Capell 1962:157; compare with Toaripi, Eavara, Johea, Miaru & Lese on Lake Kamu & Biaru R.; village of Moriave; other villages of same dialect: Oyopu Movai-Abai. TOARIPI (cont’d) Brown (1968) Spoken by 10,000 in the E. Eleman group (total of 14,000 speakers) in two related dialects: Kaipi (from Koaru to Silu and called Milareipi by Ray) and Sepoe, a small group which live towards Cape Possession (called Lepu by Ray). TUGI AR 1921-22 A tribe of Samberigi valley area consisting of the Tugi (m villages of Niai No. 1 & 2), the Ferimi ( Hamiagi, Ferimi, Pori, Keniongu, Ru) the Purawari, and the Koi Ia (Tiabrigi and Hugolava) for a total of 760 people; in the Tugi valley across foothills to NW of Samb. Valley, N of Mt. Murray. TUMU (see Rumu; Ray (1895) Village on Douglas R., Gulf of Papua, 25 mi. NW of Aird Hills. Dumu) from Bevan (1890) TURAMA (see also Ray (1907) On the Turama R.; nothing recorded in the languages; also called NEI) Austen (1934) Turamarubi; Turoma (Owera) dialect of Kiwai; compared with AR 1914-15 Gorilai, Urama, & Era R. TURAMARUBI Austen (1934) Dialects on W. bank of Turama R. are called Wariadai and Umaida. TUROHA Hides (1938) Extinct group of nomadic people along the Purari – below Hathor Gorge (p. 67); linked with Pawara as killers in remote area near the Kikori (p.115). TURUMA, U.and L. Census area in Kikori sub-dialect (24 villages). UARIPI Ray (1913- Villages of Siviri, Koraeta, Kerema & Mea’e E. of Matupi R. 14) (1907:323-4) UKIRAVI (cf Williams Parari Delta tribe; called Koriki and original home of the tribe Namau, Koriki) (1924) from which village of Kairu, Oru, & Koropenairu; villages of Akoma, Ikinu, Kimiri, & Kakari have split off (p .5. UMAIDAI (see AR 1923-4: Right bank of Turama R., west of Umaidai Is. Kiwai; also Wariadai) 55 URAMA Capell (1962) Kwai group (see Kerewa); villages of Kinomeri on Urama Is. Austen (1934) Between Era Bay & Paia Inlet [related to Kiwai] AR 1914-15 p.183 URI Hides (1938 Nomadic tribe somewhere in the country below Hathor Gorge (p. 67) Not Kukukuku & not always a nomadic tribe of the rivers; 50 yrs. Ago living in mountains NW of Tsubu R.; (p. 18): AR 1923-24) deserted village of Uri; small population at village of Siasiatu area near where Era R. rises. VAILALA (cf. Brett, 1962 One hour from Ihu at Mareke; villages:Orokoro, Arabava, Orokolo) Capell, 1962 Kaivukuva, Iyouku, Anya, Hiloi (Vailala West). VAIMURU Williams Close to Kipoua people of Era R. and former enemies (p.3); (1924) Westernmost village of the Purari (p. 251). WABADA IS. Informant was Mata of Paipa’ni (Lower Bamu); villages speaking the language: Tivere, Dameretama, Gesoa, Wapi (Aibinio Island); on the mainland: Sagero, Maipani and Madudu. WAIA E. of Mapoda to Bamu on Aramia R.; villages of Waia, Saiwase, Garu, Alagi, Tabapi, Kenadibi and Urio (both on Fly R.), and

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Arikinapi; also called Tawaka-Rubi ‘all the people’ by Gospel Recordings. WAIIEMI Capell (1962) Map facing p. 136. WARIADAI (or AR, 1923-4 Tabon at villages of Kesumubu and Iosiku. [Kiwai Fam.] Umaidai) cf. Austen (1934) Turamarubi WIRU Franklin (n.d.) Wiru-Poru Plateau; Speakers E. of Iaro R. are at villages of: Kerr (n.d.) Ebapini, Kaborei, Kolawida, and Poruberi. Annotated Bibliography

The following information is taken from notes made prior to and during the Gulf Survey.

Albertis, L.M. 1879. Journeys up the Fly River and in other parts of N.G. Proceedings of the Royal Geographic Society. Vol. 1: 4-16 + map. Austen, Leo. 1931-32. Legends of Hido. Oceania 2:468-75. [A mythological character known throughout the Kiwai areas as Hido/Sido. Also known by Iko among the Namau tribes in the Purari Delta. Some evidence of eastern migration as the Vaimuri (or Kemeravi) came from Wimari on Kiwai Island near Auti village; Kiwai tribes east of the Bamu: Baru of the Gama R, Imamaruti, Kerewo, Kiribaro, Gope and Urama. Arid Hills known as Neuri (p. 469); Nepau was the home of Kiribaro (at the western entrance to the Paia Inlet between Cape Blackwood and Port Romilly]. Austen, Leo. 1934. The dance of the Gope in Kerewo. Man 34, No. 3. [Two types of wooden slabs were used in the village long houses (the daimowa): Gope or Titiebido, the guardian spirit belonging to the clan as a whole; the kaiamunu, or individual boards and the daimowa ebida, the crocodile boards, but these are now obsolete. The gibumamu dance was used in initiation and pig killing ceremonies.] Austen, Leo. 1935-36. Head dances of the Turama River. Oceania 6:342-49. [The Agibe slabs were carved and represented the trunk with arms bent as hooks on which the skulls were strung. Cf. Haddon, Man, Dec. 1918. The Umaidai (on the Turama R) obtained slabs from Oberi/Hei between the Turama and Bamu Rivers. The Pepeha were a tribe of these. Austen provides a description of the head curing process, pay-back dances when heads were taken, etc. Certain dances related to the killing of crocodiles. Dances often revealed that murders had taken place.] Australian Petroleum Co. Proprietary Ltd. 1961. Geological results of petroleum exploration in Western Papua 1937-1961. [There had been discovery of oil seepages near the mouth of the Vailala R. in 1911; by 1937 there were geological traverses of principal rivers and tributaries made to the limits of canoe (p. 2); in 1938 an amalgamation of Oil Search Ltd., Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. and Vacuum Oil Co.; 1939: air survey of 28,000 sq.mi. (p. 3); Shell was active as Papuan Oil Development Co. from 1936-39 but withdrew from 1942- 46 due to the war; oil seepage areas described in Erave area where local tribesman “use the oil for toilet purposes and for trade” (p. 112); seepage areas noted and a full set of references to oil exploration in the area from 1913-1958.] Baldie, James W. 1925. Index to the Territory of Papua Annual Reports, 1915-22. Port Moresby, 40 pp. Barton, F.R. 1908. Children’s games in British New Guinea. JRAI 38:259-99. [Illustrations and photos of the cat’s cradle. See also Holmes on toys and games of Elema and Haddon on children’s games that include linear, ring, wheel, balancing, strength, endurance, guessing, hide and find, hunting, mimicking, divination and round singing.] Barton, F.R. 1918. Tattooing in South Eastern New Guinea. JRAI 48:22-79. [Based on a collection of a number of “Western Papuo-Melanesian tattooing patterns” where photographs and sketches were taken. Some patterns were called by the names of certain

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birds, fish, etc. and practice was confined to AN groups mainly. Claimed (p. 24) that the Elema tattoo marks show no resemblance to other groups and are “crude”; traces the terms for designs to ceremonies and descendants, including Polynesian influence; gives vocabulary of 8 words from Kiwai to extinct languages of the Central Div. Vocabulary based on bird types and parts, as well as word for star.] Beaver, W.N. 1914. Some notes on the eating of human flesh in the Western Division of Papua. Man, No. 74:145-7. [The Paia and Urama people between the Aird and Purari deltas were man-eaters (p.146); Bamu tribes are Torobina, Anadai, and Bina; heard that “snake eaters are always cannibalistic” (p.147).] Beaver, W.N. 1914. Some notes on the nomenclature of Western Papua. Man, No. 68: 135-36. [Mentions the Weridai and Baramura on the Fly River; the Barimona or Barimo tribes and that Wabada Island should be the Siba-Rubi (in Kiwai rubi means “people”); the Tumu on the Kiko(ri) River is from the Kiwai word for bush (tumu).] Beaver, W.N. 1920. Unexplored New Guinea: A record of the travels, adventures, and experiences of a resident magistrate among the head-hunting savages and cannibals of the unexplored interior of New Guinea. London: Seeley, Service and Co. [In 1910 Beaver was appointed the Resident Magistrate for the Western Division and established a station at Kikori and later led an expedition for the relief of Staniforth Smith; describes the Daru, inland bushmen, groups to the west, Lower Fly R., Kiwai Is., Girara tribes, Bau, Gama and Turama, Garibari and Kikori hinterland; the Bamu R. is described as having the worse bore in PNG (flood tide meeting ebb tide and river current); in 1911 W. Little’s party travelled from Sirebi to Purari; visited Samberigi valley ares which reminded them of the Waria area; says Mobi natives had Turama type canoes and designs; impassable rapids from Mobi area downward; struck by resemblances of this area and westward toward Purari-Vailala with the Waria type of people (p. 270); some excellent photographs of natives and the area.] Bevan, Theodore F. 1887. Discovery of two rivers in British New Guinea. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. IX, No. 10:595-608 + Map. Bevan, Theodore F. 1889. Further Expedition on the regions bordering upon the Papuan Gulf. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. 11:82-90. Bik, M.J.J. 1967. Structural geomorphology and morphoclimatic zonation in the Central Highlands, Australia New Guinea (pp. 26-47). In: Landform studies from Australia and New Guinea. J.N. Jennings and J.A. Mabbutt, eds. ANU. xxiii-434; JGSA report says (regarding the Kewa area): “the northern part of the region is exceedingly rough country, but when it was eventually penetrated a number of oil seepages, some of which are associated with Mesozoic sediments, were found within it. Up to about 1948 all seepages… had been found to be associated with tertiary sediments.[until] investigating older parts of the stratigraphic column, precedence as prospects had not been given to traps in Tertiary rocks within reach of the drill” (p. 7).] Bodger, Rev. J.D. 1955. A tree grows in Papua: The story of the growth of the church in Papua. London: The N.G. Mission. Brandes, E.W. Sept. 1929. Information on primeval Papua by Seaplane. National Geographic Magazine. Brett, Richard, Raymond Brown, Ruth Brown, and Velma M. Foreman. 1962. A survey of Motu and Police Motu. Port Moresby: Department of Information and Extension Services. 11 p. [Also unpublished word lists from the Gulf Province by R. Brown, et al. 1962.] Brown, H.A. 1968. A dictionary of Toaripi with English-Toaripi index. Parts 1 and 2. Oceania Linguistic Monograph No. 11. Bucknell, Alfred G. 1946. Walkabout 12(8):35-37. [On the Purari area.] Capell, A. 1962. A linguistic survey of the Southwestern Pacific. South Pacific Commision. Tech paper 136, Noumea [p. 258, classification of Kiwai: Southern, divided into Coastal (Mawata-Turituri, Peran and Sui); Doumori group (Doumori and Pagona); Island Kiwai

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(Kiwai proper, Kubira and Koropodai and other dialects); Unplaced (Hiwi and Hibaradai); Wabuda Group (Island and Coastal dialects); Bamu River Group (Sisiaini, Maipani and Oropai with Damerakaram unplaced). Wurm was mainly responsible for Capell’s listing and includes in the Bamu R. Group: the Dibiri, Pirupiru and Buniki; the NE Group has a Western Sector (Turama R., Kerewa-Goari) and an Eastern Sector (Urama-Iwainu and Era R.); Capell also divides the Kikori Delta into Kerewa (also called Goaribari) and Namau (studied by Holmes at Maipua); Inland, Capell mentions the Turama at Paibuna River; Omati River and Kibene; the Rumu, N of Kerewa and East of Poromi (also called Kairi); Rumu is distinct from others; finally Capell mentions the Lake Tebera Area and the Pavaia people (at Namaina, Keka, Traha, Sira and Sesa), the Harahu people and the Mamisu, consisting of two island villages of 1,000 people; (Capell has mixed up the Paviaian group with the Mikaru)] . Carey, S. Waren. 1941. Report on the geology of the Purari River region, Permit 5, Papua. Australian Petroleum Company. [Appendix II is on the “native population”, with most of the region a “single tribe, the Namaina”; calls them ‘semi-nomadic, with a common language, dress, dwelling and canoes and in all respects different from the surrounding people. The costals call them Kukukuku, but they are not; outlines the Pawaian clans, the Uri (who in 1937 lived below Bevan Is, then the Island on the Eri R. There was apparently a massacre of them in 1923 by the Pawaia at the mouth of the Aure R.; mentions abandoned sites of the Turaha; the Iari at the Upper Pio R., 15 mile N of Bevan Is.; the Io at Tsoma Creek, a tributary of the Pio; the Sen at the Upper Era valley and also a temporary village at Abide and the Middle Era R.; the Deka or Keka on the Vailala R.] Chalmers, James. 1887. Explorations in Southeast New Guinea. Geographic Journal 9:71-86 + map. Chalmers, James. 1897-98. Toaripi. JRAI 27:326-342, including “Anthropometrical Observations”, pp. 335-42. [Also called Kotumotu and located in Freshwater Bay; a general ethnographic sketch.] Chalmers, James. 1903. A Vocabulary of the Bugi Language, British New Guinea. Vocabulary compiled with notes by S.H. Ray. [A group located at mouth of Mai Kasa R. in Fly R. area toward former Dutch boundary; other langs. are (p116):Tagota, Kiwai, Kunini, Jibu, Mowata, Dabu, Toga, Bugi, Dungerwab, and Bangu.] Champion, Ivan F. 1932. Across New Guinea from the Fly to the Sepik. London: Constable & Co. Ltd. [38 illustrations, index and map. xix-267 pp.] Champion, Ivan. 1940. The Bamu-Purari patrol, 1936. The Geographical Journal 96:191-206 (Sept.) and 243-57 (Oct.) [Champion skirted the Kewa area, apart from the South Mendi; visited Bamu-Upper Turama, Mendi, South Medlpa, Wiru, Mikaru Family and Pawaian; also in AR 1939-40:29FF and AR 1936-37.] Chignell, Arthur Kent. 1913. Twenty one years in Papua: A History of the English church in New Guinea (1891-1912). London: A.R. Mowbray and Co. Chinnery, E.W.P. 1934. The Central Ranges of the Mandated Territory of New Guinea from Mt. Chapman to Mount Hagen. Geographical Journal 84: 398-412 + Map. [Investigated Ano-Waria watershed, headwaters of W. Tauri, the Vailala and Purari rivers, and Ramu and Yuat area; in 1932 base camps established at the Watut and Ramu; mentions the Leahy and Mick Dwyer patrol and the J.OL. Taylor Mt. Hagen parol from 28 March to 19 October, 1933.] Collingridge, George. 1906. The First Discovery of Australia and New Guinea: Being the North of Portuguese and Spanish Discovery in the Australasian Regions, between the years 1492-1606, with discussions of their old charts. Sydney: William Brooks and Co. Ltd. 136 pp. CSIRO. Lands of the Kerema-Vailala Area, TPNG. [Average of 80 persons per village in the Namau of Purari delta; costal beach ridges average 300 in population’ airstrips at

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Malalana, Kerema, Ihu, Murua, Teapo, and Kaintiba; References to Holmes 1924, Maher 1961; Conway and Bridgeland 1947.] Fisk, E.K., ed. 1966. New Guinea on the threshold: Aspects of social, political, and economic development. ANU. [Chapters on economy, social problems and political problems. F.J. West, pp. 3-22 gives a historical background. Papua was a Crown Colony and transferred to Australia in 1902, proclaimed in POM in Sept. 1906; NGD was a German colony of Kaiser Wilhelmsland and captured by the Aust. Expeditionary force in 19`4. League of Nations retained it as a territory and after a six year military rule it was made a trust territory under the UN in 1946; Other parts of the book discuss the economic structure, provide an assessment of the natural resources, discuss trade prospects, the demographic situation, education and its problems (Note O.H.K. Spate, pp. 117-134, who was against the vernaculars and Pidgin); other chapters discuss language and literacy (Wurm), women, administration, expatriates and the advance to “responsible government”; extensive appendix and references.] Flint, L.A. 1921-22. AR report on the patrol through the Samberigi valley, Mt. Murray District, Delta Division. Pp. 141ff. Frazer, J.G. 1913. The Belief in Immorality and the worship of the dead. London: Macmillan & Co. 496 pp. Gill, Evan R. 1957. New Guinea: Catalogue of books from the Library of Evan R. Gill. Liverpool, pp 51; contains ARs, Parliamentary Papers and other government publications; other works (European and Papuan languages) and an appendix of additions. Haddon, A.C. 1918. The Agiba cult of the Kerewa culture. Man 99:177-83. [Assumes that the Elema, Namau, Urama and Kerewo groups came from the coast; notes the custom of the agiba skull shrines, consisting of a flat oval board with upper part representing a human face and the lower part two hooks—painted black, red and white; calls Kerwa Wadi the spoken language in Goaribari and the vicinity; notes that Chalmers and Tomkins were eaten at Dopima; reported 10,000 skulls in dubus; Dibiri Is. an estuary of the Bamu where the skull shrines are called the gope.] Hides, J.G. 1936. Papuan wonderland. London: Blackie & Son, Ltd. Xx-204. [account of patrol with O’Malley up the Fly to the Rentoul, then across N of Leonard Murray mts. To the limestone barrier and then into Tari country.] Hides, J.G. 1938. Savages in Serge. Angus and Robertson xviii, p 231. [Four nomadic tribes on the Purari: Uri (made and wore red bard dress of the Kukukuku); Pawaia, Naiakaia, and Turoha (below the Hathor Gorge)]. Hogbin, G.R. 1964. A survey of indigenous rubber producers in the Kerema Bay area. New Guinea Research Bulletin, No. 3. ANU. [Refers to E.R. Stanley in the AR 1911-12, “Report on the geology of the Vailala petroleum area, Gulf Division, Papua”; outlines the “culture group of Erema as: Siviri (next to Kerema station), Kaaeta, and Uriri (speak Taki/ Laepatati), as well as the coastal range between Cape Possession and the Purari Delta; Kerema station established in 1906.] Holmes, J.H. 1903. Notes on the Elema tribes of the Papuan Gulf. JRAI (Jan-June). [Elema refers to the district between Cape Possession and the Alele R. Probably a Motu rendering of Hereva, a chief of the Moreaipi tribe; oral tradition attributes birthplace to the interior, the E bank of the Upper Purari which split into 6 tribes; Uaripi claim to have arrived first and from the Albert mountains; down the Opau valley to Kerema Bay; Milaripi came next with territory on the spur of the Albert Range (marked Cupola on charts); Kaipi next, then went down to Freshwater Bay; Toaripi; Moaripi, almost extinct; Lepu, Muru, 8 miles inland of Orokolo; Parivau, on the Vailala and Purari Rivers—Opau group may have split from them; Eavara, split from Toaripi; Haura, east of bank of Vailala and the “Cupola”, now at Helau, Keakea, and Hai (midway between Vailala and Kerema); Ipi tribes lived interior near the lower Maikikiria range of mts.]

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Holmes, J.H. 1903. Notes on the Elema tribes of the Papuan Gulf. JRAI 33.125-134. [There are two groups: (1) tribes whose name end in ipi; (2) those which end in ra, u, au.; p. 126ff. stories attribute birthplaces of Ipi group as on E. bank of the upper waters of Purari; a good historical sketch; p. 134 lists village names, tribe names, and Motu names.] Holmes, J.H. 1913. A preliminary study of the Namau Lang., Purari, Delta, Papua. JRAI 43:1-19. [Short sketch includes: kaia-ira “tomahawk”; pronouns I – nai, we 2 – eneri, we – enei, thou – ni, you 2 morere, you – noro, he – u, they 2 – orere, they – oro]. Holmes, J.H. 1913. A preliminary study of the Namau language, Purari Delta, Papua. JRAI 43:1243-42. [Tribes of the Namau area were: Muru, living east of the Purari and who probably split from a Kaur a tribe; Kaura1 on the east bank of the Purari. Those farther to the west bank of the Vailala are not acquainted with the Namau; Kaura2 on the west bank in hill country above Bevan’s Rapids. They speak pure Namau and were probably Koriki who moved there and took or were given the name of Kauru; Namau is the name of the delta and also means “indifference”. Spoken by these tribes: Vaimuri at Eva Bay, Kaimare on the est of the Pie R., and Iai, an iland tribe near the east boundary of the delta. Phonology: e, a, i, o, u, a’a, a’e, ai, ao, au, ea, ei, ia, oi, k, l, m, n, p, r, v, t (in some words); Holmes comments on grammar by noting number and case, numerals, nouns, pronouns, verbs (including paradigms), adverbs, postpositions and conjunctions.] Holmes, J.H. 1924. In primitive New Guinea: an account of a quarter of a century spent amongst the primitive Ipi and Namau groups of tribes of the Gulf of Papua, with an interesting description of the manner of living, their customs and habits, feasts and festivals, totems and cults. London: Seeley, Service &I Co., Ltd. [Language notes: Toaripi dialect was chosen for the Ipi tribe; Namau was “exceptionally free from dialect distinctions” (p. 287); impressions on the duality semantic category in Namau (pp. 290- 91).] Holmes, J.H. 1926. Way back in Papua. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. [Reflections on his work in the Gulf of Papua and the final acceptance of Christianity.] Humphries, A.R. 1931. The Gulf Division Ehalo dance. Man, 65:159-63. [A dance used to correct the people and practiced along the coast; last dance was held before the Vailala Madness (1919-21), probably in 1917; ceremony name comes from the masks used; in his observation Koraita was host and various Elema groups were guests; the occasion was used to square old misunderstandings and renew tribal friendships; the masked men danced in rows of three or four, with each row of masks representing some form of totemic life: pigs, crabs, birds, fishes, dogs, tortoises, etc.] Jones, Rev. M.T. n.d. By land, sea and air in Papua and New Guinea. Printed for the Australian Board of Missions in Victoria by D.S. Tord, Sydney. [before 1939] [a visit to the Anglican mission areas, which included Dogora, Samarai, Laronai, Wamera, Wedau, Doubina, and Coastal stations; also went to Collingwood Bay, Wanegela, Eroro and then to Wau by air; pictures of “Papuan dancers”, churches, scenery and children.] Klieneberger, H.R. 1957. Bibliogrpahy of Oceanic languages. London: Oxford University Press. [Gives 612 language names from categories and places of Oceanic, Melanesian, Netherlands N.G., W Papua, E Papua, Territory of New Guinea Mainland and Islands, Bristish Solomon Islands Protectorate, New Hebrides condominium, New Caledonia with dependicies, Fiji Islands, Micronesia, Polynesia, Pidgin English and Beach-la-mar.] Lett, Lewis. 1945 [first published in 1943]. The Papuan achievement. Melbourne U. Press. Xi- 207 + Map. [Says that Bevan at age 24 in 1885, “displayed a violent bias against authority, missionaries, natives and everybody except the few traders with whom he came in contact and that his credibility as an observer and historian is open to grave doubt.”; in 1883 Great Britain annexed the whole of unoccupied half of NG; describes murder of Chalmers at Goaribari Is.; in April of 1901; discovery of gold near POM in 1877.] Lewis, Albert Buell. 1924. Use of tobacco in New Guinea and neighbouring regions. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. 12pp. Illus.

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Loukotka, Cestmir. 1957. Classification des langues papoues. Lingua Posnanunais 6:19-83. MacDonell, S.G. 1919-20. Expedition to Delta Division of Papua, British New Guinea. [Privately organized and financed to investigate sugar and starch producing vegetables in swamp districts; to be used for the production of commercial alcohol which would be the basis of a motor spirit called ‘Natilite’.; report a cult or madness in Vailala called the karakara and accompanied by seizures, etc.; to Ai-dea at Goaribari, thence to Paibuna R., thence up 32 miles where a group known as Kopurami of the Pepe-Ha district—midway between the Upper Paibuna and the Turama but in the bush—two hours inland and “whole tribe had a starved and hunted appearance”; clothed as Giabaris; expedition said to be the first white men to visit the village; later report said the Kopurami people wre all killed and eaten; government visited two tribes, the Kibeni and the Gibidi, but these were innocent.] Mackay, Colonel Kenneth. 1909. Across Papua: Being an account of a voyage round, and a march across, the Territory of Papua with the Royal Commission. London: Witherby and Co. xiv-188 pp. + map (and 40 plates from photographs). [Across the Owen Stanleys to Kokoda and Buna; through the islands to Woodlard-Samari-Rigo and POM, with a stop at Yule Is., Kerema and Daru.] Maher, Robert F. 1961. New men of Papua. Madison: The U. of Wisconsin Press. Xii-148. [Description of Purari culture before th Europeans came (Ch. 11 is called “Purari culture before the European”; in Delta there are a number of tribes that speak the same language; Williams saw four tribes but Maher questions this and identifies the following “tribes”: Koriki, central and most war-like; I’ai (Iave in Williams); Bavoi at Evara village; and Kaimari, well connected with East Vaimuri and Maipua; Ipi are said to be cannibalistic (p. 16); Purari population of 8,000 or more in 1955; Maipua defeated the Ipi and drove them east beyond the Alele (p. 24); claims Maipua and Haura are closer related that Koriki and Toaripi; mentions amina as a life source residing in men and objects; kaiemumu the sky power is introduced to initiates in the pairama ceremony; patri-sib (+sub-clan) structure based to some extent upon river networks; Ukiaravi group of Koriki had a population of over 8,000 (p.32)]. Martin, Prof. G. Currie. 1903. The New Guinea Mission: Being the story of its fields, to pioneers, and its progress. London: London Missionary Society. 100 pp. McCarthy, Jack. Future looks bleak for Gulf people. South Pacific Post, Wednesday, May 15, 1968. [Based on a 6 week trip through the Delta area at the end of 1967. Notes the closure of the Mati lime kiln near Kikori, which has been a depressed area since 1945; new airstrip at Kikori but it is one of the wettest places in the Territory; migration of able-bodied to POM; Lower Turama population figures between April 1966 and July 1967 show a birth rate of 2.09% and a death rate of 7.18% (in 100); villages noted were Gauro on the Paibuna R., with only 2 old women; Ai-idio, with 30 people in 6 houses; Kerewa (Goaribari) with 8 houses, 23 adults, 9 children; Dopima, larges of the delta communities with 70 people; Babagunia, a newly consolidated site formed from six other villages and now grouped on a hill.] McFarlane, Rev. S. 1904. My experiences as a pioneer missionary amongst the cannibals of N.G. Journal of the Royal Geographic Society 20(1-3):8-28. Ray, Sidney H. 1894-95. The languages of British New Guinea. JRAI 24:15-39 + map. [Classification of languages and dialects as: Melanesian (Maiva, Motu, Layalupa, Sariba, Awaiama, and Dobu; Papuan (Saibai, Dabu, Daudai/Kiwai, Miriam, Tumu, Evorra, Elema, Koiari, Kabana, Manukoliu, and Damara); Malano-Papuan (Kiriwina, Murua = Woodlark, Nada, Misima, Tagula, and Roua = Rossel); comparative notes on phonology, pronouns, numerals and some words. Ray, Sidney H. 1895. A Comparative Vocabulary of the dialects of British New Guinea. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 40pp.

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Ray, Sidney H. 1907. Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. Vol III: Linguistics. Cambridge. Part III, The Languages of British New Guinea. The Languages of the Papuan Gulf (p. 370ff.) and a comparative vocabulary of the Papuan languages of British New Guinea (p. 387ff). Ray, Sidney H. 1912. The Papuan Languages. Festschrift Meinhof pp.377-85. Ray, Sidney H. 1913-14. The languages of the Papuan Gulf District, Papua. Zeitschrift für Kolonial – Sprachen Band 4:20.67. [Outlines three groups of languages: A. Gaima (SW bank of the Fly), Girara (north left bank of the Fly and headwaters of the Bamu R.), Sisiami (middle Bamu), Buniki (on the Bamu), Goaribari (all related to Kiwai); B. Namau (or Koriki); C. Orokolo (Elema village), Uaripi, Toaripi, Milareipi, Lepu; gives comparative vocabularies of Gaima, Orokolo and Toaripi; includes a bibliography of all works on these langs, grammatical notes and comparative vocabularies.] Ray, Sidney H. 1923. The Languages of the Western Division of Papua. JRAI 53:332-42. Ray, Sidney H. 1932. A grammar of the Kiwai language, Fly Delta, Papua. With a Kiwai vocabulary by E. Baxter Riley. Government Printer: Port Moresby. [Kiwai proper: Iasa, Samari, Suguame, and other villages on the Kiwai Island; six dialects are well known: Turture, on the mouth of the Binature R., Mawata, Perem, Bampton Is. and Sui; Kiwai, the island dialect; Domori Island on the Fly Delta and Pagona; Wabuda Island, Gesoa, Sagere; Sisiami, the Dibiru branch of the Bamu Delta with some varieties at Oropai, Pirupiru and Gama R.; Goaribari: Kerema at the mouth of the Bamu Delata and on Goaribari Island. Ray, Sidney H. and E. Baxter Riley 1930. Sixteen vocabularies from the Fly River, Papua. Anthropos 25. Rickwood, F.K. 1955. The geology of the Western Higlands of New Guinea + Map. The Geological Society of Australia 2:63-82. [Report on surveys by the Bureau of Mineral Resources; discusses geomorphology of Lai R., Gai R. and Wahgi R. See also Glassaner, M.F. 1945: Mesozoic fossils from the Central Highlands of New Guinea. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 56:151-68. Rule, W.M. 1977. A comparative study of the Foe, Huli and Pole languages of Papua New Guinea. Oceania Linguistic Monographs No. 20. Sydney: The University of Sydney. Sinclair, J.P. 1966. Behind the ranges: Patrolling in New Guinea. Melbourne U. Press. Xvii, pp. 230. [Part I: Kukukuku, with chapters on Mumeng, Tauri R., The salt makers, the Katsiong raid, and Langamar R.; Part II: Duna, with chapters on Southern Highlands, Reconnaissance, Koroba, Strickland, Waba Pugwa, Scorched earth, The changing scene; history of patrols in the area (pp. 108-117): 1935: Hides and O’Malley to the Tarifuroro, etc. Strickland to the Purari; 1936: I. Champion and C.J. Anderson from Bamu to Lake Kutubu, Grasslanders and Purari; 1937: C. Champion and F.W.G. Anderson from Papuan coast to Lake Kutubu, Tari and Wage (the Grasslanders); 1938-40: Champion and Adamson (and A.T. Timperley, J.B.C. Bramell, K.C. Atkinson) from Kutubu area and north; 1938: J.L. Taylor and J.R. Black from Mt. Hagen west to Telefomin via the Tari Basin, Lai R. and Wabag and the discovery of Lake Kapiagu; 1943: D.J. Leahy from Hagen to the Tari Basin and back to Mt. Hagen; 1949: the government return to Lake Kutubu. D.J. Clancy and S.S. Smith establish a station there and do local patrols; 1950: patrols into Fasu, Mubi and Samberigi; October, first plane lands at Mendi; 1951: (4th Sept.) Central District is split into SHD, EHD, and WHD (p. 112); Ialibu station opened by R.M. Claridge; 1952: Claridge and P. Sheekey to area between Karimui and WHD border; S.S. Smith and Ken Earle from Wabag to Mendi; mention old trad route for tigaso tree oil (p. 111); 1953: oil survey by A.P.C. into Lake Kutubu, Tari and Strickland areas, led by D. Clancy; 1954-57: R.R. Cole is DC and stations started at Erave, Koroba and Kagua.] Spines, K.L. 1936. Mapping the Purari Plateau, Northeast. Geographic Journal 84:412-16.

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Staniforth Smith, Miles. 1912. Exploration in Papua. Geographical Journal 39(4):313-34 + Map. [Began at the head of the Kikori or Aird R. with 75 personnel (5 whites, 20 armed constables and 50 carriers); estimated the Samberigi area as having 15,000 people; took a wordlist but lost it in the river (p. 324); “these bushmen are certainly no a nomadic people” (p. 326) because of extensive gardens and pigs; notes man-killing clubs but rarely saw stone clubs; stone axes and adzes mainly used; fire making by pulling cane back and forth thru wood to heat tapa cloth; dwellings on forest piles 10 to 13 feet above ground; women’s quarters on one side and men’s on the other; tobacco grown and called suku.] Thorpe, W.W. 1931. Carved Gopi boards from the Papuan Gulf Area. Man, No. 60:57-58. [The tablets in the men’s clubhouses were male statues, usually 4-5 feet tall and 8-12 inches wide. Further notes by Haddon and Braunholtz who doubt that the boards are very old because they show European influences like a hat, etc.] Williams, F.E. 1923. The Pairama ceremony in the Purari Delta, Papua. JRAI 53:361-87. [This ceremony is not found among the Elema, Urama, or Garibi. Williams saw it among the Ipiko people on the Kapaia R. and it was also said to be present among the Kipaia group (Gibaia) or the Era R.] Williams, F.E. 1924. The Natives of the Purari Delta. Anth Rep. No.5, Port Moresby xv-283. [Purari Delta includes these rivers (E>W): Aivei, Panarea, Urika, Baroi, Wame and Kapaina (Pie); Baroi people live on higher gound to the N; others are on hard sand (Maipua and some Koropenairu); other groups are: Kaura on Purari R.; Ipiko on bush of Kapaina; Kipaia on the Era R. and Urama and Goaribari, who are trading partners; there four sections or tribes: Koriki, Iari, Kaimari and Baroi.] Williams, F.E. 1932. Trading voyages from the Gulf of Papua: growth of the Bevaia trade. Oceania 3(2):141-66. [The lakatoi were large dugout canoes with crab-claw type sails; hiri was the Motu expedition trading clay pots for sago; describes W to E trade between the Kerema and Aivei R and the magic (chewing ginger root: upi and apiapi) and myths associated with it; Gulf people were not sailors; Toaripi people travelled E and W, but the Elema only E. trading bows and arrows and tobacco for shell ornaments; initiation to lakotoi was called bevaia; many disasters on voyages because of inexperienced sailers; ten totemic clans of Elema: sky, sea, west, Purari R., beach, Aivei mouth, point, Vailala R., Nabo mts. and East; Williams, F.E. 1932-33. Trading voyages from the Gulf of Papua. Oceania 3:1139-66. [References to Seligmann’s Melanesians of British New Guinea and comments on the Motu trading voyages for sago; general observations on canoe making, magic, etc. associated with the trading voyages eastward.] Williams, F.E. 1934. The Vailala madness in retrospect. In E.E. Evans-Prichard, et al. Essays presented to C.G. Seligmann, pp. 369-79. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Truber and Co.; [Took place in about 1919-1921 with mass hysteria, leaders speaking in tongues, where old possessions were sometimes thrown away and prophesies told that spirits of the dead would return; a steamer was supposed to come so food and things were prepared; a brief age of miracles including resurrection from the dead; suggest madness was due to effort to assimilate new body of information and materials that caused mental confusion, a loss of the customary means of social excitement, and a general sense of inferiority.] Williams, F.E. 1939. Seclusion and age grouping in the Gulf of Papua. Oceania 9(4):359-81. [Among the Elema the division of population was into named age groups (with seclusion associated with the practice); there were little boys, small boys, belted boys, parrot-boys (in seclusion), bachelors, new men, big men, and ancient men; age mates stick together and call one another kake ‘friends’; defines culture as “at best a loosely constituted semi- systematic whole.”] Williams, F.E. 1939. The reminiscences of Ahuia Ora. JRAI 69:11-44. [Ahuia was Seligmann’s chief informant concerning the sociology of the Koita; discusses paternal and maternal

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ancestors, boyhood in the village, first employment, government service, marriage, youthful love affairs, adopted children, chieftainship, hunting, dubu and tabe feasts, spiritual adventures, dreams, opinions on sorcerers, vicissitudes in Christianity, including comments on the conflicts of double wives (p. 34).] Williams, F.E. 1940. Drama of Oroholo: The Social and Ceremonial Life of the Elema. Oxford: Clarendon Press. xxiv – p.464. Note pp. 21-40 – Part 1, The Actors. [The Elema people (called by Holmes the Ipi Group), a term used by Motu sailers (see Seligmann, Ch. 8); ethnic neighbors were the Namau, Kukukuku, Kevori and the Maivia—to the east; Elema have one language and culture and in 1937 the population was 4,465 with these villages and people speaking the same dialect: Arihava, Yogu, Orokolo, off-shoot hamlets, Auma, and Vailala; Elema have patrilineal descent, men’s houses, nephew- maternal uncle relationship and patrilocal marriage.] Williams, F.E. 1940-41. Natives of Lake Kutubu, Papua. Oceana Monographs, No.6. pp. [General description of the culture of the Lake Kutubu (Foe or Foi) people; includes a graphic of their method of counting (37 body parts); kinship system, Kutubu stories.] Wirz, Paul. 1937. The Karamunu–Ebiha–Gi-cult in the Delta Region and Western Division of Papua. JRAI 67:407-13. [The term imun represents vital strength; bull roarers are unknown in Kiko and westwards; the kaiamunu wear flat bulky shields with human figures carved and painted on them; the bull roarer (hohao) and tall masks (hevehe) were plausibly assumed to have a common origin.] Wurm, S. 1951. Studies in the Kwai languages, Fly Delta, Papua New Guinea. Acta Ethnologica et Linguistica No.2. Zoler, Hugo. 1891. No. 5&6 of: Petermann’s Mittheilungen – referred to in AA 4.75 (1891) where N.G. Co “states that these are no less than one hundred entirely distinct languages spoken in German New Guinea alone. This is of course, an overstatement…”

Appendix: Notes from the Territory of Papua, Annual Reports.

1. 1918-19. Delta Division patrols were all by launch; index to vocabularies from 1889- 1917 (pp. 100-105). 2. 1919-20. Vocabularies from the Upper Purari = Purama, etc. 3. 1929-21. Maipua were once the most powerful tribe of the Purari Delta. 4. 1921-22. Samberigi valley explored by Flint and Saunders; population estimated at 2,000; Samberigi Creek flows west, then underground and thence to Kikori; returned southeast through Ro and Kea country to the Sirebi River; once strong tribes but “apparently have suffered severely at the hands of the Samberegi” (p. 9). 5. 1922-23. Report on Samberigi valley, some 50 miles north of the Kikori station; scattered villages with the largest 200; call selves the Okani; beards and hair “hangs round their necks in waxed ringlets” (p. 18); wear cloaks made of bark; extensive agriculture of sweet potato, sugar cane, taro, yams, bananas, but not an overabundance; large drainage system of dykes. 6. 1923-24. Patrol to the Turama River by Rentoul and Johnston; headhunting outbreak; Cawley and Chance to the Era River; seam of coal discovered on a tributary of the Era River; p. 54 a vocabulary from Wariadai and Dugeme on the Turama River. 7. 1924-25. Patrols to Turama, noting a small group between the Fly and Bamu Rivers; another visit to Samberigi valley by Rentoul; “unless an easier route can be found to this valley it must be regarded as outside complete government control for some time to come” (p. 14); vocabularies on the Upper Bamu and Fly River areas. 8. 1925-26. Description of Upper Era River (area west of Purari); referred to as the largest group west of the Purari; exploration by Woodward and Lane-Poole; sparsely populated; upper Purari is called the Pio.

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9. 1926-27. Map shows the Kirkori River area with tribes mapped as: Ututi and Iessa (near Kikori); Bara (north); Foi-i and Tugi (west of Mobi River and Beaver Falls); Dikima, Ikobi, Bari-Kaia (all south of the Kikori River). 10. 1927-28. Reference to a patrol by Speedie on the Era and Purari looking for some people known as the Namaina (p. 4); full report on the Karius-Champion patrol. 11. 1928-29. Faithorn and C. Champion patrol in the Delta Division; “Rivera Erewa traced to the Purari” (p. 8); Erewa flows through the Kerabi valley; first white men to see it were Flint and Saunders in their visit to the Samberigi valley in 1922; flows through the Mauwer, formerly Hathor canyon) where it is 130 yards wide; natives afraid to cross the river and saw others who had perhaps never seen a white man before; also report on Middleton on patrol from Kerema to Upper Purari. 12. 1930-31. Mention of Leahy-Dwyer trip from Ramu to the Tu [Tua] to Erewa and Purari. 13. 1931-32. Delta Division patrols to Turama, Upper Purari and Era Rivers by Hides to arrest some natives at Turoka on the Purari; said to be cannibalistic on “hygienic principles” (p.14); Bara a mountain tribe on the Kikori that come down the river to trad with the costal people—arrows and tobacco leaves for steel knives and tomahawks; said to be head hunters. 14. 1932-33. Patrol by Cowley “far up the Purari” but no new territory covered; report again on coal (compare 1911-12 and 1913-14 reports. 15. 1933-34. Note of “aeroplane service in Papua” (p.7); patrol to Mobi R. and Beaver Falls by C. Rich, which was also visited by Chance and Healy (AR 1926-27:8); and by C. Champion in 1930 (AR 1929-30:6). 16. 1934-35. Hides and O’Mally from the Strickland to the Purari; new tribes on the Upper Purari, C. Rich on the Kikori Turoha tribe. 17. 1935-36. Patrol by Foldi from Kikori to valley on Sarugi Creek, Hahari tribe in an area traversed by Mackay-Little expedition in 1910; tributary of Purari called Pou or Wi, with village house 75 feet long and two stories high with men on the upper story and women on the lower; 18. 1936-37. I. Champion and C.J. Adamson to the Bamu Purari area; said to rank with the Hides-O’Malley expedition and that of Karius-Champion in 1927; Wawoi River to Bamu River and ascended the peaks of Bosavi; to trade route over the Hegigio (Upper Purari) looking for a place called Kewa (p. 21); on to Lake Kutubu and the Wage River where there were many wigs of human hair; a few worn European tomahawks; climbed Giluwe and went to the Poru plateau near Mt. Ialibu. Went to Wili River that had to be crossed by canoe; to the Tu River and Karimui plateau and then the Hathor gorge; according to map of Bamu-Purari, Champion and Adamson list Kewa villages as south of Lake Kutubu but they skirted the whole Kewa area 19. 1937-38. Note that Hides had died; report of F.E. Williams and mentions Champion and Anderson’s patrol from Kikori to Kubirowi Is, Mobi R. to Lake Kutubu, Augu and Wage Rivers to Wage Furoro (see Hides on this name), thence on across Humphries Ranges and back to Lake; peaceful patrol; reference to Hathor Gorge and first contact with Lake Tabera ( four miles by one mile) but no mention of natives on the lake. 20. 1938-39. Visit to Lake Kutubu and mention of I. Chapion and Timperly in a clash at the astern boundary of the area; p. 19: “the dancing park or homaa seems to be the centre of each settlement” and “the best article of trade is the pearlshell” (p. 20); the appendix is a “Report on the Grasslanders” by F.E. Williams; Williams mentions closed syllables by Augu and that they pronounce Kutubu as Kutub and Kurub. 21. 1939-40. Note that Sir Huber Murray had died; report of patrol by I. Champion and A.T. Timperley to the Mubi, Erave, Iaro, Kagua, Akuru and Nembi and Wage valleys; shells and axes reported as coming from the Foroba area, across the Kwaibu range.] 22. 1947-48. No mention of the Central Highlands.

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23. 1948-49. “The Kikori probably rises in or near the main range emptying near Goaribari Island.” A visit is made to pre-war Post at Lake Kutubu and proposal to establish a station there; Kirkori is the headquarters of the Delta Division with a sub-station established at Beara; two inspection divisions by the D.O. during the year; headquarters for the Gulf Division is at Kerema; patrol post at Ihu on the Vailala R. and close to the APC drilling site at Hohoro; some Kukukuku people are “becoming static and are building villages near the coast and in the Lohiki area on the Vailala R.” (p. 11)

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