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LOANWORD ALLOCATION in KINYARWANDA

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LOANWORD ALLOCATION in KINYARWANDA LOANWORD ALLOCATION in KINYARWANDA by KAYIGEMA Lwaboshi Jacques STUDENT NUMBER: 3487-533-6 submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject AFRICAN LANGUAGES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: POF D E MUTASA CO-SUPERVISOR: PROF P A MULAUDZI JUNE 2010 i LOANWORD ALLOCATION in KINYARWANDA by KAYIGEMA Lwaboshi Jacques STUDENT NUMBER: 3487-533-6 submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject AFRICAN LANGUAGES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: POF D E MUTASA CO-SUPERVISOR: PROF P A MULAUDZI JUNE 2010 ii DECLARATION I declare that Loanword Allocation in Kinyarwanda is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Signature: …………………………………… Date: June 2010 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My highest regard and gratitude are addressed to the Almighty God who has sustained my life and given me good health throughout my MA research programme. To my beloved wife, Nyirahabimana Athalie, and my dearest children, without whom I could not have achieved this work, I dedicate this long and time consuming work. May my supervisor, Professor Dave Mutasa, and my co-supervisor, Professor PA Mulaudzi, who advised me in various ways during the writing of my dissertation, find the warmest and everlasting thanks. Last but not least, may UNISA, which funded my MA studies, accept my sincere gratitude from the bottom of my heart for the financial assistance and books from UNISA library it has provided me. iv ABSTRACT Kinyarwanda, like many other languages in contact, has adapted foreign words to meet the needs of its daily life vocabulary and activity. In addition to the lexical need filling, Kinyarwanda borrowed foreign words not only out of need for foreign words but also for prestige. This thesis is based on two hypotheses: Kinyarwanda has borrowed foreign words out of need in various areas; loanwords have been allocated to Kinyarwanda noun class system. This work has discussed and analysed how French and English loanwords have been allocated to key areas of influence and the nominal class system of Kinyarwanda. The data were collected from various sources, including publications, conversation, newspapers, Bible literature, school text books, commercial posters, hoardings. The study has analysed loanwords from French/English deceptive cognates in a bilingual context. This is a challenging task for other researchers who will have to deal with the complexity of deceptive cognate loanwords. v Abbreviations and Symbols DL : Donor Language DL1 : Donor Language 1 DL2 : Donor Language 2 L1 : Language 1 L2 : Language 2 TL1 : Target Language 1 TL2 : Target Language 2 RL1 : Recipient Language 1 RL2 : Recipeint Language 2 CC : Consonant Consonant sequence CVC : Consonant Vowel Consonant sequence VCV : Vowel Consonant Vowel sequence Cl : Nominal Class DRC : Democratic Republic of Congo D61 : Code for Kinyarwanda (by Malcolm Guthrie) J61 : Code for Kinyarwanda (by the Group of Tervuren, Belgium) JD61 : Combined Classification (Guthrie and Tervuren) - : used to separate morphemes → : becomes, is realized as ∕ : or (used alternately) φ : nothing, zero vs : versus vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Loanword Occurrence .......................................................................... 65 Table 3.1 Nominal Classes and Concord Prefixes ............................................... 69 Table 3.2 Allocation of loanwords to noun classes ............................................... 89 Table 4.1 Frequently used doublets ................................................................... 157 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... iv Abstract ....................................................................................................................... v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Sociolinguistic Background ............................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem statement ............................................................................................ 8 1.3 Aim of study ...................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Research Question ........................................................................................... 9 1.5 Scope of Study ............................................................................................... 10 1.6 Research methods .......................................................................................... 10 1.6.1 Quantitative method ........................................................................... 10 1.6.2 Qualitative method ............................................................................. 11 1.7 Literature Review ............................................................................................ 12 1.8 Theoretical framework .................................................................................... 21 1.8.1 The associativeness theory ................................................................ 21 1.8.2 The fostering theory ........................................................................... 24 1.8.3 The sifting theory ................................................................................ 25 1.8.4 The allocation theory .......................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 2 ALLOCATION OF LOANWORDS TO KEY AREAS ................................................ 33 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 33 2.2 Narrative survey .............................................................................................. 34 2.2.1 Criteria for allocating loanwords to noun classes ............................... 35 2.3 Areas of influence ........................................................................................... 39 2.3.1 Agriculture and livestock .................................................................... 43 2.3.2 Building .............................................................................................. 45 2.3.3 Calendar and telling the time.............................................................. 46 2.3.4 Clothing .............................................................................................. 48 2.3.5 Commerce and counting .................................................................... 49 viii 2.3.6 Education ........................................................................................... 50 2.3.7 Employment and professions ............................................................. 52 2.3.7 Foodstuff and cooking ........................................................................ 53 2.3.8 Health ................................................................................................. 54 2.3.9 Household .......................................................................................... 55 2.3.9 Military and police .............................................................................. 56 2.3.10 Music .................................................................................................. 57 2.3.11 Politics and administration ................................................................. 57 2.3.12 Religion .............................................................................................. 59 2.3.13 Sports and games .............................................................................. 60 2.3.14 Technology......................................................................................... 61 2.3.15 Toponyms and anthroponyms ............................................................ 62 2.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 3 ALLOCATION OF LOANWORDS TO THE NOUN CLASS ..................................... 67 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 67 3.2 Some Aspects of Nominal Morphology in Kinyarwanda ................................. 67 3.2.1 The Noun ........................................................................................... 68 3.2.2 The Augment ...................................................................................... 70 3.2.2.1 Kinds of augment: .............................................................................. 71 3.2.3 Nominal derivation ............................................................................. 79 3.2.4 Morphology versus syntax ................................................................. 84 3.3 Peculiarities of Loanword Allocation to the Noun Class .................................. 86 3.3.1 Assignment of Loanwords to Nominal Classes .................................. 86 3.3.2 Morphological aspects of loanwords .................................................. 98 3.3.2.1 Addition .............................................................................................. 98 3.3.2.2 Deletion ...........................................................................................
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