Abkhazian Achinese Acoli Adangme Adygei Adyghe Afar Afrihili

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Abkhazian Achinese Acoli Adangme Adygei Adyghe Afar Afrihili Abkhazian Achinese Acoli Adangme Adygei Adyghe Afar Afrihili Afrikaans Afro-Asiatic (Other) Akan Akkadian Albanian Aleut Algonquian languages Altaic (Other) Amharic Apache languages Arabic Aragonese Aramaic Arapaho Araucanian Arawak Armenian Artificial (Other) Assamese Asturian Athapascan languages Australian languages Austronesian (Other) Avaric Avestan Awadhi Aymara Azerbaijani Bable Balinese Baltic (Other) Baluchi Bambara Bamileke languages Banda Bantu (Other) Basa Bashkir Basque Batak (Indonesia) Beja Belarusian Bemba Bengali; ben Berber (Other) Bhojpuri Bihari Bikol Bilin Bini Bislama Blin Bokm/ Norwegian Bosnian Braj Breton Buginese Bulgarian Buriat Burmese Caddo Carib Castilian Catalan Caucasian (Other) Cebuano Celtic (Other) Central American Indian (Other) Chagatai Chamic languages Chamorro Chechen Cherokee Chewa Cheyenne Chibcha Chichewa Chinese Chinook jargon Chipewyan Choctaw Chuang Church Slavic Church Slavonic Chuukese Chuvash Classical Newari Coptic Cornish Corsican Cree Creek Creoles and pidgins (Other) Creoles and pidgins, English-based (Other) Creoles and pidgins, Frenchbased (Other) Creoles and pidgins, Portuguese-based (Other) Crimean Tatar Crimean Turkish Croatian Cushitic (Other) Czech Dakota Danish Dargwa Dayak Delaware Dinka Divehi Dogri Dogrib Dravidian (Other) Duala Dutch, Middle (ca. 1050-1350) Dutch/ Flemish Dyula Dzongkha Efik Egyptian (Ancient) Ekajuk Elamite English English, Middle (1100-1500) English, Old (ca.450-1100) Erzya Esperanto Estonian Ewe Ewondo Fang Fanti Faroese Fijian Filipino Finnish Finno-Ugrian (Other) Fon French French, Middle (ca.1400-1600) French, Old (842-ca.1400) Frisian Friulian Fulah Ga Gaelic Gallegan Ganda Gayo Gbaya Geez Georgian German German, Low German, Middle High German, Old High (ca.750-1050) Germanic (Other) Gikuyu: Kikkuyu Gilbertese Gondi Gorontalo Gothic Grebo Greek, Ancient (to 1453) Greek, Modern (1453-) Greenlandic; Kalaallisut Guarani Gujarati Gwich Haida Haitian Haitian Creole Hausa Hawaiian Hebrew Herero Hiligaynon Himachali Hindi Hiri Motu Hittite Hmong Hungarian Hupa Iban Icelandic Ido Igbo Ijo Iloko Inari Sami Indic (Other) Indo-European (Other) Indonesian Ingush Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) Interlingue Inuktitut Inupiaq Iranian (Other) Irish Irish, Middle (900-1200) Irish, Old (to 900) Iroquoian languages Italian Japanese Javanese Judeo-Arabic Judeo-Persian Kabardian Kabyle Kachin Kalaallisut; Greenlandic Kalmyk Kamba Kannada Kanuri Karachay-Balkar Kara-Kalpak Karen Kashmiri Kashubian Kawi Kazakh Khasi Khmer Khoisan (Other) Khotanese Kikuyu Kimbundu Kinyarwanda Kirghiz Klingon Komi Kongo Konkani Korean Kosraean Kpelle Kru Kuanyama Kumyk Kurdish Kurukh Kutenai Kwanyama Ladino Lahnda Lamba Lao Latin Latvian Letzeburgesch Lezghian Limburgan Limburger limburgish Lingala Lithuanian Lojban Low German Low Saxon Lower Sorbian Lozi Luba-Katanga Luba-Lulua Luiseno Lule Sami Lunda Luo (Kenya and Tanzania) Lushai Luxembourgish Maay-Maay Macedonian Madurese Magahi Maithili Makasar Malagasy Malay Malayalam Maltese Manchu Mandar Mandingo Manipuri Manobo languages Manx Maori Marathi Mari Marshallese Marwari Masai Mayan languages Mende Mi’kmaq Micmac Minangkabau Mirandese Miscellaneous languages Mohawk Moksha Moldavian Mongo Mongolian Mon-Khmer (Other) Mossi Multiple languages Munda languages Nahuatl Nauru Navaho Navajo Ndebele, North Ndebele, South Ndonga Neapolitan Nepali Newari; Nepal Bhasa Nias Niger-Kordofanian (Other) Nilo-Saharan (Other) Niuean Nogai Norse, Old North American Indian (Other) North Ndebele Northern Sami Northern Sotho Norwegian Norwegian Bokm Norwegian Nynorsk Nubian languages Nyamwezi Nyanja Nyankole Nynorsk, Norwegian Nyoro Nzima Occitan (post 1500) Ojibwa Old Bulgarian Old Church Slavonic Old Newari Old Slavonic Oriya Oromo Osage Ossetian Ossetic Other languages Otomian languages Pahlavi Palauan Pali Pampanga Pangasinan Panjabi Papiamento Papuan (Other) Pedi Persian Persian, Old (ca.600-400) Philippine (Other) Phoenician Pilipino Pohnpeian Polish Portuguese Prakrit languages Proven/ Old (to 1500) Proven/Occitan (post 1500) Punjabi Pushto Quechua Raeto-Romance Rajasthani Rapanui Rarotongan Reserved for local user Romance (Other) Romanian Romany Rundi Russian Salishan languages Samaritan Aramaic Sami languages (Other) Samoan Sandawe Sango Sanskrit Santali Sardinian Sasak Saxon, Low Scots Scottish Gaelic Selkup Semitic (Other) Sepedi Serbian Serer Shan Shona Sichuan Yi Sicilian Sidamo Sign languages Siksika Sindhi Sinhala Sinhalese Sino-Tibetan (Other) Siouan languages Skolt Sami Slave (Athapascan) Slavic (Other) Slovak Slovenian Sogdian Somali Songhai Soninke Sorbian languages Sotho, Northern Sotho, Southern South American Indian South Ndebele Southern Altai Southern Sami Spanish Sukuma Sumerian Sundanese Susu Swahili Swati Swedish Syriac Tagalog Tahitian Tai (Other) Tajik Tamashek Tamil Tatar Telugu Tereno Tetum Thai Tibetan Tigre Tigrinya Timne Tiv tlhlngan-Hol Tlingit Tok Pisin Tokelau Tonga (Nyasa) Tonga (Tonga Islands) Tsimshian Tsonga Tswana Tumbuka Tupi languages Turkish Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928) Turkmen Tuvalu Tuvinian Twi Udmurt Ugaritic Uighur; Uyghur Ukrainian Umbundu Undetermined Upper Sorbian Urdu Uzbek Vai Valencian Venda Vietnamese Volap Votic Wakashan languages Walamo Walloon Waray Washo Welsh Wolof Xhosa Yakut Yao Yapese Yiddish Yoruba Yupik languages Zande Zapotec Zenaga Zhuang Zulu Zuni.
Recommended publications
  • Portuguese Language in Angola: Luso-Creoles' Missing Link? John M
    Portuguese language in Angola: luso-creoles' missing link? John M. Lipski {presented at annual meeting of the AATSP, San Diego, August 9, 1995} 0. Introduction Portuguese explorers first reached the Congo Basin in the late 15th century, beginning a linguistic and cultural presence that in some regions was to last for 500 years. In other areas of Africa, Portuguese-based creoles rapidly developed, while for several centuries pidginized Portuguese was a major lingua franca for the Atlantic slave trade, and has been implicated in the formation of many Afro- American creoles. The original Portuguese presence in southwestern Africa was confined to limited missionary activity, and to slave trading in coastal depots, but in the late 19th century, Portugal reentered the Congo-Angola region as a colonial power, committed to establishing permanent European settlements in Africa, and to Europeanizing the native African population. In the intervening centuries, Angola and the Portuguese Congo were the source of thousands of slaves sent to the Americas, whose language and culture profoundly influenced Latin American varieties of Portuguese and Spanish. Despite the key position of the Congo-Angola region for Ibero-American linguistic development, little is known of the continuing use of the Portuguese language by Africans in Congo-Angola during most of the five centuries in question. Only in recent years has some attention been directed to the Portuguese language spoken non-natively but extensively in Angola and Mozambique (Gonçalves 1983). In Angola, the urban second-language varieties of Portuguese, especially as spoken in the squatter communities of Luanda, have been referred to as Musseque Portuguese, a name derived from the KiMbundu term used to designate the shantytowns themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • O Quimbundo Em Cinco Testemunhos Gramaticais Kimbundu Language According to Five Grammars
    O quimbundo em cinco testemunhos gramaticais Kimbundu language according to five grammars Maria Carlota Rosa Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro [email protected] Resumo: O presente artigo tem por objetivo servir de introdução ao estudo de uma linguística africana em português, pré-saussureana, que começou a ser escrita no século XVII. Focalizou-se aqui o quimbundo, na medida em que essa língua foi objeto de descrições entre os séculos XVII e XIX, o que permite acompanhar as mudanças introduzidas na descrição linguística ao longo do período. Palavras-chave: tradição gramatical - línguas africanas - quimbundo - séculos XVII-XIX Abstract: This paper aims at introducing the study of a pre-saussurean African linguistics written in Portuguese. Kimbundu was focused here, as this language was the subject of des- criptions between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, which allows us to follow the changes introduced in the linguistic description throughout the period. Keywords: grammatical tradition – African languages – Kimbundu -17th to 19th centuries 1. O surgimento de uma linguística africana O interesse europeu no estudo das línguas africanas subsaarianas começa a crescer a partir do século XVII em decorrência dos esforços de evangeliza- ção e de interesses econômicos. São do século XVII gramáticas sobre o congo N.o 56 – 1.º semestre de 2019 – Rio de Janeiro 56 Maria Carlota Rosa (1659)1, sobre o gueês — ou gueze ou ge’ez — (1661)2, sobre o amárico (1698)3, mas também sobre o quimbundo (1697)4. Entre os trabalhos pioneiros desse campo específico de estudos que então tinha início e viria a ser conhecido como Linguística Africana estão gramáticas escritas em português.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Missionary /World Christianity Bibles In
    Guide to Missionary / World Christianity Bibles in the Yale Divinity Library Cataloged Collection The Divinity Library holds hundreds of Bibles and scripture portions that were translated and published by missionaries or prepared by church bodies throughout the world. Dating from the eighteenth century to the present day, these Bibles and scripture portions are currently divided between the historical Missionary Bible Collection held in Special Collections and the Library's regular cataloged collection. At this time it is necessary to search both the Guide to the Missionary / World Christianity Bible Collection and the online catalog to check on the availability of works in specific languages. Please note that this listing of Bibles cataloged in Orbis is not intended to be complete and comprehensive but rather seeks to provide a glimpse of available resources. Afroasiatic (Other) Bible. New Testament. Mbuko. 2010. o Title: Aban 'am wiya awan. Bible. New Testament. Hdi. 2013. o Title: Deftera lfida dzratawi = Le Nouveau Testament en langue hdi. Bible. New Testament. Merey. 2012. o Title: Dzam Wedeye : merey meq = Le Nouveau Testament en langue merey. Bible. N.T. Gidar. 1985. o Title: Halabara meleketeni. Bible. N.T. Mark. Kera. 1988. o Title: Kel pesan ge minti Markə jirini = L'évangile selon Marc en langue kera. Bible. N.T. Limba. o Title:Lahiri banama ka masala in bathulun wo, Yisos Kraist. Bible. New Testament. Muyang. 2013. o Title: Ma mu̳weni sulumani ge melefit = Le Nouveau Testament en langue Muyang. Bible. N.T. Mark. Muyang. 2005. o Title: Ma mʉweni sulumani ya Mark abəki ni. Bible. N.T. Southern Mofu.
    [Show full text]
  • Marie-Neige Umurerwa
    “For me, switching from one language to another is like switching from one music or rhythm to another, from one tone to another” Hello! My name is Marie-Neige Umurerwa. My family and I live in Lier (a city in the province of Antwerp). I am a Belgian-Rwandan French-speaking. I speak six languages: Kinyarwanda, French, Lingala, Kiswahili, English and Dutch. Thanks to my mother, I have had the opportunity to travel a lot and I lived in different countries. I came to Belgium at the age of 9. That is how I acquired my multilingualism. I have always loved learning languages. For me, switching from one language to another is like switching from one music or rhythm to another, from one tone to another. Depending on what you feel, depending on how you experience things at the moment. For me, language is a translation of emotions. The more languages we speak, the more opportunities we have to access the hearts and emotions of people. Learning one or more languages should be done spontaneously and with pleasure, like a game. The sooner we start learning languages as a child, the more effective it will be. Rwanda has four official languages, and everyone is able to speak more than one language. In a discussion, people easily switch from one language to another. We switch from English to French or from Kinyarwanda to Swahili. After a visit to my home country, I went to a restaurant with my family. The waiter came to take our order. When it was my turn, my eyes were fixed on the menu and without even realizing it I place my order in Kinyarwanda! Of course, my family laughed and when I looked up, I saw the waiter - in shock - asked me; "Excuseer Mevrouw, ik heb niks begrepen, wat zei u?” This situation happens to me often.
    [Show full text]
  • Prioritizing African Languages: Challenges to Macro-Level Planning for Resourcing and Capacity Building
    Prioritizing African Languages: Challenges to macro-level planning for resourcing and capacity building Tristan M. Purvis Christopher R. Green Gregory K. Iverson University of Maryland Center for Advanced Study of Language Abstract This paper addresses key considerations and challenges involved in the process of prioritizing languages in an area of high linguistic di- versity like Africa alongside other world regions. The paper identifies general considerations that must be taken into account in this process and reviews the placement of African languages on priority lists over the years and across different agencies and organizations. An outline of factors is presented that is used when organizing resources and planning research on African languages that categorizes major or crit- ical languages within a framework that allows for broad coverage of the full linguistic diversity of the continent. Keywords: language prioritization, African languages, capacity building, language diversity, language documentation When building language capacity on an individual or localized level, the question of which languages matter most is relatively less complicated than it is for those planning and providing for language capabilities at the macro level. An American anthropology student working with Sierra Leonean refugees in Forecariah, Guinea, for ex- ample, will likely know how to address and balance needs for lan- guage skills in French, Susu, Krio, and a set of other languages such as Temne and Mandinka. An education official or activist in Mwanza, Tanzania, will be concerned primarily with English, Swahili, and Su- kuma. An administrator of a grant program for Less Commonly Taught Languages, or LCTLs, or a newly appointed language authori- ty for the United States Department of Education, Department of Commerce, or U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 16 the Locative Applicative and the Semantics of Verb Class in Kinyarwanda Kyle Jerro University of Texas at Austin
    Chapter 16 The locative applicative and the semantics of verb class in Kinyarwanda Kyle Jerro University of Texas at Austin This paper investigates the interaction of verb class and the locative applicative inKin- yarwanda (Bantu; Rwanda). Previous analyses of applicative morphology have focused al- most exclusively on the syntax of the applied object, assuming that applicativization adds a new object with a transparent thematic role (e.g. Kisseberth & Abasheikh 1977; Baker 1988; Bresnan & Moshi 1990; Alsina & Mchombo 1993; McGinnis 2001; Jeong 2007; Jerro 2015, in- ter alia). I show instead that the interpretation of the applied object is contingent upon the meaning of the verb, with the applied object having a path, source, or goal semantic role with motion verbs from different classes. The general locative role discussed in previous work appears with non-motion verbs. I outline a typology of the interaction of the locative applicative with four different verb types and provide a semantic analysis of applicativiza- tion as a paradigmatic constraint on the lexical entailments of the applicativized variant of a particular verb. 1 Introduction The applicative has been traditionally analyzed as a valency-increasing morpheme which adds a new object and an associated thematic role to the argument structure of a given verb (see Dixon & Aikhenvald 1997 and Peterson 2007 for a typological overview of va- lency-changing morphology cross-linguistically). An example from Kinyarwanda (Ban- tu; Rwanda) is given in (1b), with the applicative morpheme -ir:1 (1) a. Umu-gabo a-ra-ndik-a in-kuru. 1-man 1S-pres-write-imp 9-story ‘The man is writing the story.’ b.
    [Show full text]
  • African Dialects
    African Dialects • Adangme (Ghana ) • Afrikaans (Southern Africa ) • Akan: Asante (Ashanti) dialect (Ghana ) • Akan: Fante dialect (Ghana ) • Akan: Twi (Akwapem) dialect (Ghana ) • Amharic (Amarigna; Amarinya) (Ethiopia ) • Awing (Cameroon ) • Bakuba (Busoong, Kuba, Bushong) (Congo ) • Bambara (Mali; Senegal; Burkina ) • Bamoun (Cameroons ) • Bargu (Bariba) (Benin; Nigeria; Togo ) • Bassa (Gbasa) (Liberia ) • ici-Bemba (Wemba) (Congo; Zambia ) • Berba (Benin ) • Bihari: Mauritian Bhojpuri dialect - Latin Script (Mauritius ) • Bobo (Bwamou) (Burkina ) • Bulu (Boulou) (Cameroons ) • Chirpon-Lete-Anum (Cherepong; Guan) (Ghana ) • Ciokwe (Chokwe) (Angola; Congo ) • Creole, Indian Ocean: Mauritian dialect (Mauritius ) • Creole, Indian Ocean: Seychelles dialect (Kreol) (Seychelles ) • Dagbani (Dagbane; Dagomba) (Ghana; Togo ) • Diola (Jola) (Upper West Africa ) • Diola (Jola): Fogny (Jóola Fóoñi) dialect (The Gambia; Guinea; Senegal ) • Duala (Douala) (Cameroons ) • Dyula (Jula) (Burkina ) • Efik (Nigeria ) • Ekoi: Ejagham dialect (Cameroons; Nigeria ) • Ewe (Benin; Ghana; Togo ) • Ewe: Ge (Mina) dialect (Benin; Togo ) • Ewe: Watyi (Ouatchi, Waci) dialect (Benin; Togo ) • Ewondo (Cameroons ) • Fang (Equitorial Guinea ) • Fõ (Fon; Dahoméen) (Benin ) • Frafra (Ghana ) • Ful (Fula; Fulani; Fulfulde; Peul; Toucouleur) (West Africa ) • Ful: Torado dialect (Senegal ) • Gã: Accra dialect (Ghana; Togo ) • Gambai (Ngambai; Ngambaye) (Chad ) • olu-Ganda (Luganda) (Uganda ) • Gbaya (Baya) (Central African Republic; Cameroons; Congo ) • Gben (Ben) (Togo
    [Show full text]
  • Putting Frisian Names on the Map
    GEGN.2/2021/68/CRP.68 15 March 2021 English United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names Second session New York, 3 – 7 May 2021 Item 12 of the provisional agenda * Geographical names as culture, heritage and identity, including indigenous, minority and regional languages and multilingual issues Putting Frisian names on the map Submitted by the Netherlands** * GEGN.2/2021/1 ** Prepared by Jasper Hogerwerf, Kadaster GEGN.2/2021/68/CRP.68 Introduction Dutch is the national language of the Netherlands. It has official status throughout the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In addition, there are several other recognized languages. Papiamentu (or Papiamento) and English are formally used in the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom, while Low-Saxon and Limburgish are recognized as non-standardized regional languages, and Yiddish and Sinte Romani as non-territorial minority languages in the European part of the Kingdom. The Dutch Sign Language is formally recognized as well. The largest minority language is (West) Frisian or Frysk, an official language in the province of Friesland (Fryslân). Frisian is a West Germanic language closely related to the Saterland Frisian and North Frisian languages spoken in Germany. The Frisian languages as a group are closer related to English than to Dutch or German. Frisian is spoken as a mother tongue by about 55% of the population in the province of Friesland, which translates to some 350,000 native speakers. In many rural areas a large majority speaks Frisian, while most cities have a Dutch-speaking majority. A standardized Frisian orthography was established in 1879 and reformed in 1945, 1980 and 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Corpus Collection for Under-Resourced Languages with More Than One Million Speakers
    Corpus collection for under-resourced languages with more than one million speakers Dirk Goldhahn1, Maciej Sumalvico1, Uwe Quasthoff1,2 Natural Language Processing Group, University of Leipzig, Germany Department of African Languages, University of South Africa, South Africa Email: { dgoldhahn, janicki, quasthoff, }@informatik.uni-leipzig.de Abstract For only 40 of about 350 languages with more than one million speakers, the situation concerning text resources is comfortable. For the remaining languages, the number of speakers indicates a need for both corpora and tools. This paper describes a corpus collection initiative for these languages. While random Web crawling has serious limitations, native speakers with knowledge of web pages in their language are of invaluable help. The aim is to give interested scholars, language enthusiasts the possibility to contribute to corpus creation or extension by simply entering a URL into the Web Interface. Using a Web portal URLs of interest are collected with the help of the respective communities. A standardized corpus processing chain for daily newspaper corpora creation is adapted to append newly added web pages to an increasing corpus. As a result we will be able to collect larger corpora for under-resourced languages by a community effort. These corpora will be made publicly available. Keywords: corpora, under-resourced languages, Web portal, community 1. Introduction links require the execution of JavaScript code by the There are about 350 languages with more than one million crawler which often produces errors. So, if a website speakers1. For about 40 of them, the situation concerning heavily uses JavaScript links and there are no other links text resources is comfortable: there are corpora of pointing to special pages (coming from another website, reasonable size and also tools like POS taggers adapted to for instance), then all but the main page might be these languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Norsk Ordbok - the Crown of Nynorsk Lexicography?
    Lars S. Vik0r, Sectionfor Norwegian Lexicography, University ofOslo Norsk Ordbok - the Crown of Nynorsk Lexicography? Abstract Norsk Ordbok 'Norwegian Dictionary' is a multi-volume dictionary of the Norwegian standard variety Nynorsk and the Norwegian dialects. It is one of the very few dictionaries which cover both a written standard language and the oral dialects on which this standard is based. It was initiated around 1930, based on dialect material collected by volunteers and stored in a vast card archive, and on a variety of written sources. At present, three oftwelve planned volumes have appeared, reaching into g. The paper gives a historical outline of the project, followed by a brief description of its structure and the types of information it gives. This is exemplified by the treatment of one particular word, bunad. Finally, some fundamental problems are briefly discussed: 1) the selection of lemmas, 2) the character of the sources, 3) the treatment of dialect forms, 4) the sequence of definitions. The full title of Norsk Ordbok is Norsk Ordbok. Ordbok over det norske folkemâlet og det nynorske skriftmâlet 'Norwegian Dictionary. A dic­ tionary of the Norwegian popular language [i.e. the Norwegian dialects], and the Nynorsk written language'. This title at once indicates the dual aspect of the dictionary: It gives integrated coverage of both oral dialects and a written standard language. This dual aspect is the most special distinguishing feature of Norsk Ordbok as a lexicographic work. Normally, dictionaries cover written standard languages or some aspect of them (or, in the case of pro­ nouncing dictionaries, oral standard language).
    [Show full text]
  • 'A Limburgian,So Corrupt'
    ARECLS, Vol. 16, 2019, p. 28-59 ‘A LIMBURGIAN, SO CORRUPT’. A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS INTO THE REPRESENTATION OF THE DUTCH PROVINCE OF LIMBURG, LIMBURGIANS AND LIMBURGISH IN DUTCH NATIONAL MEDIA SANNE TONNAER NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY Abstract Concerns about the decline of children being raised in the regional language of the Dutch province of Limburg have recently led Limburgish institutions to present a manifesto arguing that the Limburgish language should not be thought of and presented as an inferior language in e.g. education. By combining the “social connotations” hypothesis and social identity theory, linguistic change can however also partly be explained by how regions, speakers, and language varieties are represented in public discourse. The aim of this article, then, is to investigate the social and linguistic representation of Limburg, Limburgians and Limburgish in Dutch national media. Holding a critical viewpoint, eleven recently published/aired media texts in which evaluations towards Limburg(ians) and Limburgish are expressed are analysed adopting the Discourse Historical Approach. Results show that Limburg and Limburgians are often represented in terms of othering and negative stereotypes, leading to negative attitudes towards the province and prejudice towards its inhabitants. These beliefs and feelings not only decrease the value of the social identity of Limburgians but also get connoted to the specific language features of Limburgish, something which may lead speakers of Limburgish to reduce their use of the language variety. Key words: Limburgish, language ideologies, critical discourse analysis, media 1. Introduction With language variation being a natural phenomenon, we often infer information about a person or social group based on the specific language features they use (Garrett, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Old Frisian, an Introduction To
    An Introduction to Old Frisian An Introduction to Old Frisian History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. University of Leiden John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bremmer, Rolf H. (Rolf Hendrik), 1950- An introduction to Old Frisian : history, grammar, reader, glossary / Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Frisian language--To 1500--Grammar. 2. Frisian language--To 1500--History. 3. Frisian language--To 1550--Texts. I. Title. PF1421.B74 2009 439’.2--dc22 2008045390 isbn 978 90 272 3255 7 (Hb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 3256 4 (Pb; alk. paper) © 2009 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents Preface ix chapter i History: The when, where and what of Old Frisian 1 The Frisians. A short history (§§1–8); Texts and manuscripts (§§9–14); Language (§§15–18); The scope of Old Frisian studies (§§19–21) chapter ii Phonology: The sounds of Old Frisian 21 A. Introductory remarks (§§22–27): Spelling and pronunciation (§§22–23); Axioms and method (§§24–25); West Germanic vowel inventory (§26); A common West Germanic sound-change: gemination (§27) B.
    [Show full text]