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The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19048 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.

Author: Berk, Jorrit Hubertus Henricus van den Title: The middle men : the American Foreign Service and the dictators of , 1930-1952 Issue Date: 2012-06-07

BIBLIOGRAPHY

UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, Hyde Park, . Harry Truman Presidential Library, Independence, Missouri. National Archives of the , College Park, Maryland. Record Group 59 : State Department Central Archives. Microfilms. State Department Lot Files. Record Group 84 Post records. . Post records. El Salvador. Post records. Honduras.

PERSONAL PAPERS Angier Biddle Duke papers. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Duke University at Durham, North Carolina. Arthur Bliss Lane papers. Manuscripts and Archives, Library. Yale University at New Haven, Connecticut. Edwin Jackson Kyle papers. Carl A. Kroch Library Rare & Manuscript Collections. at Ithaca, New York. Elisha V. and Boaz W. Long papers. New State Records Center and Archives at Santa Fe, New Mexico. Frank P. Corrigan papers. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library at Hyde Park, New York. papers. Edith Garland Dupré Library Special Collections and Archives. University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Louisiana. Richard C. Patterson papers. Harry Truman Presidential Library at Independence, Missouri.

PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS AND ORAL HISTORIES President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s office files, 1953-1961. Part II: international series. Microfilms: Roosevelt Study Center. President Franklin D. Roosevelt Office Files. Part III Departmental Correspondence. Microfilms: Roosevelt Study Center. United States Department of State, State Department Register (Washington D.C. 1930-). ____., Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington D.C. 1930-)

~ Bibliography ~ Bibliography

United States Senate. Council on Foreign Relation, United States in World Affairs (Washington D.C. 1955-).

NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES The Chicago Tribune. Proquest Historical Newspapers. Digital archives accessed through Leiden University network. The Chicago Daily Tribune. Proquest Historical Newspapers. Digital archives accessed through Leiden University network. The Hartford Courant. Proquest Historical Newspapers. Digital archives accessed through Leiden University network. The Manchester Guardian. Proquest Historical Newspapers. Digital archives accessed through Leiden University network. The New York Times. Proquest Historical Newspapers. Digital archives accessed through Leiden University network. The Washington Post. Proquest Historical Newspapers. Digital archives accessed through Leiden University network. TIME magazine. Digital archives accessed through http://www.time.com.

SECONDARY WORKS : ARTICLES Adams, Richard N., “Ethnic images and strategies in 1944”, in: Carol A. Smith, Guatemalan Indians and the State: 1540 to 1988 (Austin 1990) 141-162. Baines, John M., “U.S Military Assistance to Latin America: An Assessment”, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 14:4 (November, 1972) 469-487. Bethell and Ian Roxborough, “Latin America between the Second World War and the Cold War: Some reflections on the 1945-8 conjuncture”, Journal of Latin American Studies 20 (1988) 167-189. _____., “From the Second World War to the Cold War, 1944-54”, in: Abraham F. Lowenthal ed., Exporting democracy: The United States and Latin America (Baltimore 1991) 41-71. _____., and Ian Roxborough, “The postwar conjuncture in Latin America: democracy, labor, and the Left”, in: idem eds., Latin America between the Second World War and the Cold War, 1944-1948 (New York 1992) 1-32. Blachman and Sharpe, “The transitions”, in: Lious W. Goodman et al. eds., Political parties and democracy in Central America (Boulder, Colo, 1992) […]. Bulmer-Thomas, Victor, “La Crisis de la economía de agroexportación (1930-1945), in: Víctor Hugo Acuña Ortega, Historia General de Centroamérica. Tomo IV: Las Repúblicas Agroexportatoras (Madrid 1993) 325-363. Ching, Erik K., “Patronage and politics under General Maximiliano Martínez, 1931-1939. The local roots of military authoritarianism in El Salvador”, in Aldo Lauria-Santiago and Leigh Binford eds., Landscapes of Struggle: Politics, Society, and Community in El Salvador (Pittsburgh 2004) 50-70.

344 Bibliography

Cruz, Cerdas, “Colonial Heritage”, in: Goodman et al., Political Parties , […] Derby, Lauren, “Gringo Chickens with Worms. Food and Nationalism in the Dominican Republic”, in: Joseph et al., Close Encounters of Empire, Writing the Cultural History of U.S.-Latin American Relations (Durham and London 1998) [...]. Drake Paul W., “From Good Men to Good Neighbors: 1912-1932”, in: Abraham F. Lowenthal ed., Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America (Baltimore and London 1991) 3-40. Dur, Phillip F., “American diplomacy and the rebellion of 1932 in El Salvador”, Journal of Latin American Studies 30 (February, 1998) 95-119. Elam, Robert V., “El Salvador, 1840-1927”, in: Brian Loveman and Thomas Davies eds., The Politics of antipolitics: The military in Latin America (Lincoln 1978) 52-57. Falcoff, Mark, “Somoza, Sandino, and the United States”, in: Mark Falcoff and Robert Royal eds., The continuing crises: U.S. policy in Central America and the Caribbean: Thirty essays by statesmen, scholars, religious leaders, and journalists (Washington 1987) 297-320 Fitzgibbon, Russell H., “Guatemala’s Ley de Probidad”, Pacific Historical Review 8:1 (March, 1939) 75-80. Fitzgibbon, Russel H., “Continuismo: The search for political longevity”, in: Hugh M. Hamill, Caudillos: Dictators in Spanish America (Norman and London 1992) 210- 217. Gould, Jeffrey L. , “On the Road to ‘El Porvenir’. Revolutionary and Counterrevolutionary Violence in El Salvador and ”, in: Greg Grandin and Gilbert M. Joseph eds., A Century of Revolution. Insurgent and Counterinsurgent violence during Latin America’s Long Cold War (Durham 2010) 88-120. Grieb, Kenneth J., “American Involvement in the Rise of Jorge Ubico”, Caribbean Studies 10:1 (April 1970) 5-20. _____., “The United States and General Jorge Ubico’s Retention of Power”, Revista de Historia de América 71 (January to June 1971) 119-135. _____., “The United States and the rise of General Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez”, Journal of Latin American Studies 3:2 (November, 1971) 151-172, _____., “The Guatemalan Military and the Revolution of 1944”, The Americas 32:4 (April, 1976) 524-543. _____., “The Myth of a Central American Dictator’s League”, Journal of Latin American Studies 10:2 (November, 1978) 329-345. Hoffmann, Stanley, “An American Social Science: International Relations”, Daedalus. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 106:3 (Summer 1977) 41-61. Honig, Jan Willem, “Totalitarianism and Realism, Hans Morgenthau’s German Years”, in: Benjamin Frankel ed., Roots of Realism (London and Portland, OR, 1996) 283-313. Joseph, Gilbert M, “Close encounters. Toward a New Cultural History of U.S.-Latin American Relations”, in: in: Gilbert M. Joseph, Catherine C. LeGrand, and Ricardo D. Salvatore eds., Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of U.S.-Latin American Relations (Durham, NC 1998) 3-46.

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Kahle, Günter, “Deutsche Landsknechte, Legionäre und Militärinstrukteure in Lateinamerika”, in: Karl Kohut et al. eds., Deutsche in Lateinamerika – Lateinamerika in Deutschland (Frankfurt am Main 1996), 35-47 Kelly, Phillip L., “The characteristics of United States ambassadors to Latin America”, Inter-American Economic Affairs 30 (Autumn 1976) 49-80. Keohane, Robert O., “Realism, Neorealism and the Study of World Politics”, in: Idem ed., Neorealism and its critics (New York 1986) 1-26. Kirkpatrick, Jeane, “U.S. Security and Latin America”, Commentary 71:1 (January 1981) 29-40. _____., “Dictators and double standards”, Commentary 68:5 (November 1979) 34-45. Leonard, Thomas M., “Central America: On the Periphery”, in: idem and Bratzel eds., Latin America during World War II , 50-53. Nickles, David Paull, “US Diplomatic Etiquette during the Nineteenth Century”, in: Markus Mösslang and Torsten Riotte eds., The Diplomats’ World. A Cultural History of Diplomacy, 1815-1914 (Oxford et al. 2008) 287-316. Pommerin, “Das nationalsozialistische Deutschland und Lateinamerika, 1933-1945”, in: Karl Kohut et al. eds., Deutsche in Lateinamerika – Lateinamerika in Deutschland (Frankfurt am Main 1996) 398-406 Rabe, Stephen, Eisenhower and Latin America. The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism (Chapel Hill and London 1988). Roorda, Paul, “The Cult of the Airplane among U.S. Military Men and Dominicans during the U.S. Occupation and the Trujillo Regime, in: Gilbert M. Joseph, Catherine C. LeGrand, and Ricardo D. Salvatore eds., Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of U.S.-Latin American Relations (Durham, NC 1998) 269-310. Roorda, Paul, “Genocide Next Door: The Good Neighbor Policy, the Trujillo Regime, and the Haitian Massacre of 1937”, Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996) 301-319. Ruggie, John Gerard, “The past as prologue?: Interests, Identity, and American Foreign Policy”, International Security 21:4 (Spring 1997) 89-125 Torres Rivas, Edelberto, “Central America since 1930: An overview”, in: Leslie Bethell ed., The Cambridge History of Latin America. Volume VII: Latin America since 1930, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean (Cambridge at al. 1990). Walter, Knut and Phillip J. Williams, “Antipolitics in El Salvador, 1948-1994”, in: Brian Loveman and Thomas Davies eds., The politics of antipolitics: The military in Latin America (Lincoln 1978) 327-349. Wendt, Alexander, “Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics”, International Organization 46:2 (Spring 1992) 391-425 Y (Louis Halle), “On a certain impatience with Latin America ”, Foreign Affairs: An American Quarterly Review 28:1/4 (1949-1950) 565-579. Zamosc, Leon: "The Landing that Never Was: Canadian Marines and the Salvadoran Insurrection of 1932", Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 11:21 (1986) 131-147.

346 Bibliography

”De la Esperanza Democrática de Posguerra a la Crisis (1920-1929)”, in: Víctor Hugo Acuña Ortega, Historia General de Centroamérica. Tomo IV: Las Repúblicas Agroexportatoras (Madrid 1993) 225-249

SECONDARY WORKS : BOOKS Acker, Alison, Honduras: The making of a banana republic (Boston 1988). Alpers, Benjamin L., Dictators, democracy, and American popular culture. Envisioning the totalitarian enemy, 1920s-1950s (Chapel Hill and London 2003). Ameringer, Charles D., The Caribbean Legion . Patriots, Politicians, Soldiers of Fortune, 1946-1950 (University Park, PA, 1996). Anderson, Thomas P., Matanza. The 1932 “slaughter” that traumatized a nation, shaping US-Salvadoran policy to this day (2 nd edition: Willimantic, CT, 1992). Argueta, Mario R., Tiburcio Carías. Anatomía de una época (2 nd edition: Tegucigalpa 2008). Atkins, G. Pope and Larman C. Wilson, The United States and the Trujillo Regime (New Brunswick, NJ, 1972). Barahona, Marvin, La influencia de los Estados Unidos en Honduras (1900-1954). Del Tratado de 1907 a la Bananera de 1954 (PhD thesis: Nijmegen 1999). Barry, Tom and Deb Preusch, The Central America fact book (New York 1986). Bernmann, Karl, Under the Big Stick. Nicaragua and the United States since 1848 (Boston 1986). Bethell, Leslie ed., The Cambridge History of Latin America. Volume VII: Latin America since 1930, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean (Cambridge et al. 1990). _____., and Ian Roxborough eds., Latin America between the Second World War and the Cold War, 1944-1948 (New York 1992). Black, George, The Good Neighbor . How the United States wrote the history of Central America and the Caribbean (New York 1988). Booth, Wade and Thomas Walker eds., Understanding Central America (4 th edition: 2006). Bowers, Claude G., My mission to Spain: Watching the rehearsal for World War II (London 1954). Bratzel, John F. and Thomas M. Leonard eds., Latin America during World War II (Lanham, MD, 2007). Bulmer-Thomas, Victor, The Political Economy of Central America since 1920 (Cambridge 1987). Cabot, John Moors, First line of Defense. Forty Years’ Experiences of a Career Diplomat (Washington DC n.d.). Child, John, Unequal Alliance: The inter-American military system, 1938-1979 (Boulder, Colo., 1980). Chomsky, Noam, Turning the tide. U.S. intervention in Central America and the struggle for peace (2 nd ed.: Boston 1987).

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Clark, Paul C., Diplomatic Relations between the United States and the Somoza Garcia Regime, 1933-1956 (Tuscaloosa 1988). Coatsworth, John H., Central America and the United States: The Clients and the Colossus (New York and Toronto 1994). Coit, Margaret L., Mr. Baruch (Reprint: Washington D.C. 2000). Connell-Smith, Gordon, The United States and Latin America. A Historical Analysis of inter-American Relations (London et al. 1974). Cook, Blanche Wiesen, The Declassified Eisenhower: A divided legacy (Garden City, NY, 1981). Crawley, Andrew, Somoza and Roosevelt. Good Neighbor diplomacy in Nicaragua, 1933-1945 (Oxford 2007). Crawley, Eduardo, Dictators never die. A Portrait of Nicaragua and the Somoza Dynasty (London 1979). Dodd, Thomas J., Tiburcio Carías. Portrait of a Honduran Political Leader (Baton Rouge 2005) . Dunkerley, James, The Long War. Dictatorship and Revolution in El Salvador (London 1982). Euraque, Darío A., Reinterpreting the Banana Republic. Region and State in Honduras, 1870-1972 (Chapel Hill and London 1996). Falcoff, Mark and Robert Royal eds., The continuing crises: U.S. policy in Central America and the Caribbean: Thirty essays by statesmen, scholars, religious leaders, and journalists (Washington 1987). Findling, John E., Close neighbors distant friends: United States-Central American relations (New York et al. 1987). Frankel, Benjamin ed., Roots of Realism (London and Portland, OR 1996) Friedman, Max Paul, Nazis and Good Neighbors: The United States campaign against Germans of Latin America in World War II (Cambridge 2003). Fukuyama, Francis, The end of history and the last man (New York 1992). Gaddis, John L., We now know. Rethinking Cold War History (New York 1997). Gaitián A., Héctor, Los Presidentes de Guatemala. Historia y Anécdotas (Guatemala C.A. 2009) Gellman, Irwin F., Good Neighbor diplomacy: United States policies in Latin America, 1933-1945 (Baltimore and London 1979), Gilderhus, Mark T., The second century. U.S.-Latin American relations since 1889 (Wilmington, DE 2000). Gleijeses, Piero, Shattered Hope. The Guatemalan revolution and the United States, 1944-1945 (Princeton NJ 1991). Goodman, Lious Wolf, William M. Leogrande, and Johanna Mendelson Forman eds., Political Parties and Democracy in Central America (Boulder et al. 1990). Gould, Jeffrey L. and Aldo A. Lauria-Santiago, To rise in darkness: Revolution, repression, and memory in El Salvador, 1920-1932 (Durham and London 2008).

348 Bibliography

Grandin, Greg and Gilbert M. Joseph eds., A Century of Revolution: Insurgent and counterinsurgent violence, during Latin America’s long Cold War (Durham, NC 2010). Grieb, Kenneth J., Guatemalan Caudillo. The regime of Jorge Ubico: Guatemala, 1931- 1944 (Athens, OH 1979). Hamill, Hugh M., Caudillos: Dictators in Spanish America (Norman and London 1992). Handy, Jim, Gift of the Devil: A history of Guatemala (Toronto 1984). Hunt, Michael H., Ideology and U.S. foreign policy (New Haven, CT and London 1987). Immerman, Richard K., The CIA in Guatemala: The foreign policy of intervention (Austin, TX 1982) . Jablon, Howard, Crossroads of Decision. The State Department and Foreign Policy, 1933-1937 (Lexington, KT, 1983). Jones, Kenneth Paul ed., U.S. Diplomats in Europe, 1919-1941 (Oxford and Santa Barbara 1981). Jong, Louis de, De Duitse Vijfde Colonne in de Tweede Wereldoorlog [The German fifth column in the Second World War] (Arnhem and Amsterdam 1953). Joseph, Gilbert M., Catherine C. LeGrand, and Ricardo D. Salvatore eds., Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of U.S.-Latin American Relations (Durham, NC 1998). Joseph, Gilbert M. and Daniel Spenser eds., In from the cold. Latin America’s new encounters with the Cold War (Durham and London 2008). Karlen, Stefan, "Paz, progreso, justicia y honradez": Das Ubico-Regime in Guatemala, 1931-1944 (Stuttgart 1991). Keena, Joan S., On the Foreign Service merry-go-round (Elms Court et al. 1985). Kennan, George F., American Diplomacy, 1900-1950 (Chicago 1951). Keohane, Robert O. ed., Neorealism and its critics (New York 1986). Kissinger, Henry A., Diplomacy (New York 1994). Kohut, Karl and Dietrich Briesemeister eds., Deutsche in Lateinamerika – Lateinamerika in Deutschland (Frankfurt am Main 1996). Krehm, William, Democracies and Tyrannies of the Caribbean (Westport, CT, 1984). Krenn, Michael L., U.S. policy toward economic nationalism in Latin America, 1917-1929 (Wilmington 1990). Kryzanek, Michael J., U.S.-Latin American Relations (3 rd edition: Westport, CT, and London 1996). Lane, Arthur Bliss, I saw betrayed . An American ambassador reports to the American people (Indianapolis and New York 1948). LaFeber, Walter, Inevitable revolutions. The United States in Central America (New York and London 1983). Lauria-Santiago, Aldo and Leigh Binford eds., Landscapes of Struggle: Politics, Society, and Community in El Salvador (Pittsburgh 2004).

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Leffler, Melvyn P., The Specter of Communism. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1917-1953 (New York 1994). Leonard, Thomas M., The United States and Central America, 1944-1949: Perceptions of Political Dynamics (Tuscaloosa 1984). _____., Central America and the United States: The search for stability (Athens and London 1991). Lewis, Paul H., Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America. Dictators, despots, and tyrants (Lanham et al. 2006) Lindo-Fuentes, Héctor, Erik Ching, and Rafael A. Lara-Martínez, Remembering a massacre in El Salvador: The insurrection of 1932, Roque Dalton, and the politics of historical memory (Albuquerque 2007). Loveman, Brian and Thomas Davies eds., The politics of antipolitics: The military in Latin America (Lincoln 1978). Loveman, Brian, No higher law. American foreign policy and the western Hemisphere since 1776 (Chapel Hill 2010). Lowenthal, Abraham F. ed., Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America (Baltimore and London 1991). MacDonnell, Francis, Insidious foes. The Axis fifth column and the American home front (Guilford 1995). Mattox, Henry E., The Twilight of Amateur diplomacy: The American Foreign Service and its Senior Officers in the 1890s (Kent et al. 1989). McCreery, David, Rural Guatemala, 1760-1940 (Stanford, CA, 1994) Mead, Walter Russell, Special Providence. American Foreign Policy and how it changed the world (London 2001). Morgenthau, Hans J., Politics among Nations: The Struggle for power and Peace (New York 1948). Mösslang, Markus and Torsten Riotte eds., The Diplomats’ World. A Cultural History of Diplomacy, 1815-1914 (Oxford et al. 2008). Morris James A., Honduras: Caudillo Politics and military rulers (Boulder et al. 1984). Ninkovich, Frank A., The Diplomacy of Ideas: U.S. foreign policy and cultural relations, 1938-1950 (Cambridge and New York 1981). Parkman, Patricia, Nonviolent insurrection in El Salvador: The fall of Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (Tucson 1988). Paige, Jeffrey M., Coffee and Power. Revolution and the Rise of Democracy in Central America (Cambridge and London 1997) Pearce, Jenny, Under the eagle: U.S. intervention in Central America and the Caribbean (London 1982). Pike, Frederick B., The United States and Latin America. Myths and stereotypes of civilization and nature (Austin 1992). Pommerin, Reiner, Das Dritte Reich und Lateinamerika. Die Deutsche Politik gegenüber Süd- und Mittelamerika, 1939-1942 (Düsseldorf 1977)

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Purcell, Edward A., The Crisis of Democratic Theory. Scientific Naturalism and the problem of Value (Lexington 1973). Ortega, Víctor Hugo Acuña, Historia General de Centroamérica. Tomo IV: Las Repúblicas Agroexportatoras (Madrid 1993). Rabe, Stephen G., Eisenhower and Latin America: The foreign policy of anticommunism (Chapel Hill 1988). Rock, David ed. Latin America in the 1940s. War and postwar transitions (Berkeley et al. 1994). Roorda, Eric Paul, The dictator next door. The Good Neighbor Policy and the Trujillo regime in the Dominican Republic, 1930-1945 (Durham and London 1998) Schoultz, Lars, Beneath the United States. A history of U.S. policy toward Latin America (Cambridge and London 1998). Schultzinger, Robert D., The making of Diplomatic Mind: the training, outlook, and style of United States Foreign Service officers, 1908-1931 (Middletown 1975). Smith, Carol A., Guatemalan Indians and the State: 1540-1988 (Austin 1990). Smith, Peter H., Talons of the eagle. Dynamics of U.S.-Latin American relations (New York and Oxford 1996) Smith, Michael Joseph, Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger (Baton Rouge and London 1986). Smith, Robert Freeman ed., The United States and the Latin American Sphere of Influence. Volume 2—Era of Good Neighbors, Cold Warriors, and Hairshirts, 1930- 1982 (Malabar 1983). Smith, Tony, America’s mission. The United States and the worldwide struggle for democracy in the twentieth century (Princeton 1994). Schlesinger, Stephen C. and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The untold story of the American coup in Guatemala (Garden City 1982). Schmitz, David F., United States foreign policy toward Fascist Italy, 1920-1940 (PhD Thesis: New Brunswick 1985). _____., ‘Thank God they’re on our side.’ The United States and right-wing dictatorships, 1921-1965 (Chapel Hill and London 1999). _____., The United States and right-wing dictatorships, 1965-1989 (Cambridge et al. 2006). Stone, Samuel Z., The Heritage of the Conquistadors. Ruling Classes in Central America from the Conquest to the Sandinistas (Lincoln and London 1990) Walter, Knut, The Regime of Anastasio Somoza, 1939-1956 (Chapel Hill 1993). Weaver, Frederick S., Inside the volcano: The history and political economy of Central America (Boulder 1994). Pipes, Daniel and Adam Garfinkle eds., Friendly Tyrants: An American Dilemma (Hampshire and London 1991). Wiel, Martin, A Pretty Good Club. The founding fathers of the U.S. Foreign Service (New York 1978).

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Williams, William A., Empire as a way of life: an essay on the causes and character of America's present predicament, along with a few thoughts about an alternative (Oxford 1980). Williams, Phillip J. and Knut Walker, Militarization and demilitarization in El Salvador’s transition to democracy (Pittsburgh 1997). Wood, Bryce, The making of the Good Neighbor policy (New York 1961). _____., The Dismantling of the Good Neighbor policy (Austin 1985). Woodward, Ralph Lee, Central America: A Nation Divided (New York et al. 1999). Yashar, Deborah J., Demanding Democracy: Reform and reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford 1997).

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