THE ATLANTIC UNION RESOLUTION (Senate Concurrent Resolution No
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Slum Clearance in Havana in an Age of Revolution, 1930-65
SLEEPING ON THE ASHES: SLUM CLEARANCE IN HAVANA IN AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1930-65 by Jesse Lewis Horst Bachelor of Arts, St. Olaf College, 2006 Master of Arts, University of Pittsburgh, 2012 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2016 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS & SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Jesse Horst It was defended on July 28, 2016 and approved by Scott Morgenstern, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Edward Muller, Professor, Department of History Lara Putnam, Professor and Chair, Department of History Co-Chair: George Reid Andrews, Distinguished Professor, Department of History Co-Chair: Alejandro de la Fuente, Robert Woods Bliss Professor of Latin American History and Economics, Department of History, Harvard University ii Copyright © by Jesse Horst 2016 iii SLEEPING ON THE ASHES: SLUM CLEARANCE IN HAVANA IN AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1930-65 Jesse Horst, M.A., PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2016 This dissertation examines the relationship between poor, informally housed communities and the state in Havana, Cuba, from 1930 to 1965, before and after the first socialist revolution in the Western Hemisphere. It challenges the notion of a “great divide” between Republic and Revolution by tracing contentious interactions between technocrats, politicians, and financial elites on one hand, and mobilized, mostly-Afro-descended tenants and shantytown residents on the other hand. The dynamics of housing inequality in Havana not only reflected existing socio- racial hierarchies but also produced and reconfigured them in ways that have not been systematically researched. -
Political Visions and Historical Scores
Founded in 1944, the Institute for Western Affairs is an interdis- Political visions ciplinary research centre carrying out research in history, political and historical scores science, sociology, and economics. The Institute’s projects are typi- cally related to German studies and international relations, focusing Political transformations on Polish-German and European issues and transatlantic relations. in the European Union by 2025 The Institute’s history and achievements make it one of the most German response to reform important Polish research institution well-known internationally. in the euro area Since the 1990s, the watchwords of research have been Poland– Ger- many – Europe and the main themes are: Crisis or a search for a new formula • political, social, economic and cultural changes in Germany; for the Humboldtian university • international role of the Federal Republic of Germany; The end of the Great War and Stanisław • past, present, and future of Polish-German relations; Hubert’s concept of postliminum • EU international relations (including transatlantic cooperation); American press reports on anti-Jewish • security policy; incidents in reborn Poland • borderlands: social, political and economic issues. The Institute’s research is both interdisciplinary and multidimension- Anthony J. Drexel Biddle on Poland’s al. Its multidimensionality can be seen in published papers and books situation in 1937-1939 on history, analyses of contemporary events, comparative studies, Memoirs Nasza Podróż (Our Journey) and the use of theoretical models to verify research results. by Ewelina Zaleska On the dispute over the status The Institute houses and participates in international research of the camp in occupied Konstantynów projects, symposia and conferences exploring key European questions and cooperates with many universities and academic research centres. -
1 the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR CECIL B. LYON Interviewed
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR CECIL B. LYON Interviewed by: John Bovey Initial interview date: October 26, 1988 Copyright 1998 A ST TABLE OF CONTENTS Early career System of promotion in Foreign Service areer officers v. political appointees uba 1931 Economic and political discontent Issuing visas Hong Kong 1932-1933 Trachoma hinese section of Hong Kong Scattering ashes in the Seven Seas To)yo 1933 Japanese reverence for emperor Relations ,ith Japanese Embassy postings policies Sambo and the emperor Pe)ing 1934-193. Japanese invasion Playing polo hinese response invasion E/periences ,ith hinese coolie hiang Kai-she) American civilians in Pe)ing Order for hile hile 193.-1943 Ambassador Norman Armour Inauguration and E/-president Alessandri 1 1S attitude to,ard hile Disparity in income distribution Ambassador 2o,ers Pearl Harbor attac) 1S pressure on hile to brea) relations ,ith A/is 3ice-President 4allace5s visit Attempted meeting bet,een 4allace and Alessandri hilean political situation airo 193.-1943 King Farou) President Roosevelt5s visit Ibn Saud 2ritish presence in Egypt River Plate Affairs 1946-194. Rio Treaty 1947 Revolution during the 2ogota onference8 2ogotaso 4arsa, 194.-1950 2erlin airlift Post-,ar 4arsa, Relations ,ith Poles Disappearance of the Field family Polish airports Polish reaction to Korean 4ar atholicism in Poland 2erlin 1951-1954 Spandau prison ontrast bet,een East and 4est 2erlin Soviet-1S relations in 2erlin Ta)ing Adlai Stevenson to East 2erlin State Department 1954-1955 Mc arthyism Relations ,ith Secretary Dulles and Adenauer Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs hile 1956-195. -
162 Congressional Record-House
162 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 7 He also, from the Committee on Post Offices and Post RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTS Roads, reported favorably the nominations of several post Mr. LAMBETH. Mr. Speaker, from the Committee on masters. Printing I report back favorably <H. Rept. No. 1663) a reso The PRESIDING OFFICER. The reports will be placed lution and ask for its immediate consideration. on the Executive Calendar. The Clerk read as follows: EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED House Resolution 395 The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. NEELY in the chair), as Resolved, That 9,000 additional copies of House Document 460, current session, entitled "A letter from the Attorney General of in executive session, laid before the Senate messages from the United States transmitting the Rules of Civil Procedure for the the President of the United States submitting several nomi District Courts of the United States," be printed for the use of the nations, a treaty, and a convention, which were referred to House document room. the appropriate committees. Mr. COCHRAN. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield (For nominations this day received, see the end of Senate for a question? proceedings.) Mr. LAMBETH. I yield. RECESS Mr. COCHRAN. Does not the gentleman feel that it Mr. BARKLEY. I move that the Senate take a recess until would be fairer to the Members of the House if the dis 11 o'clock tomorrow morning. tribution were through the folding room· instead of the The motion was agreed to; and (at 5 o'clock and 10 min House document room? This is a very, very · important utes p.m.) the Senate took a recess until tomorrow, Satur- document. -
Seduced Copies of Measured Drawings Written
m Mo. DC-671 .-£• lshlH^d)lj 1 •——h,— • ULU-S-S( f^nO District of Columbia arj^j r£Ti .T5- SEDUCED COPIES OF MEASURED DRAWINGS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA Historic American Building Survey National Park Service Department of the Interior" Washington, D.C 20013-7127 HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY DUMBARTON OAKS PARK HABS No. DC-571 Location: 32nd and R Sts., NW, Washington, District of Columbia. The estate is on the high ridge that forms the northern edge of Georgetown. Dumbarton Oaks Park, which was separated from the formal gardens when it was given to the National Park Service, consists of 27.04 acres designed as the "naturalistic" component of a total composition which included the mansion and the formal gardens. The park is located north of and below the mansion and the terraced formal gardens and focuses on a stream valley sometimes called "The Branch" (i.e., of Rock Creek) nearly 100' below the mansion. North of the stream the park rises again in a northerly and westerly direction toward the U.S. Naval Observatory. The primary access to the park is from R Street between the Dumbarton Oaks estate and Montrose Park along a small lane presently called Lovers' Lane. Present Owner; Dumbarton Oaks Park is a Federal park, owned and maintained by the National Park Service of the Department of the Interior. Dates of Construction: Dumbarton Oaks estate was acquired by Robert Woods Bliss and Mildred Barnes Bliss in 1920. At their request, Beatrix Jones Farrand, a well- known American landscape architect, agreed to undertake the design and oversee the maintenance of the grounds. -
Allied Relations and Negotiations with Spain A
Allied Relations and Negotiations With Spain A. From Spanish "Non-Belligerency" to Spanish Neutrality1 Shortly after the outbreak of the War in September 1939, Spanish dictator General Francisco Franco released an official decree of neutrality in the conflict, despite his open ideological affinity with the Axis leaders who had provided him with critical support in the Spanish Civil War. Nevertheless, he hovered on the brink of intervention on the side of the Axis through much of 1940 and 1941, and even contributed a force of Spanish volunteers estimated to be as many as 40,000, known as the Blue Division, which served as the German 250th Division on the Russian Front from mid-1941 until October 1943. The possibility of Spanish belligerency was premised on an early German victory over Britain and on German agreement to Spanish territorial expansion in Africa into French Morocco and perhaps even in Europe at the expense its neighbors, Vichy France and neutral Portugal. The United States and Britain joined in a continuing effort to keep Franco's Spain out of the War by providing essential exports like gasoline and grain to prop up the Spanish economy, which had been in a state of collapse since the end of the Spanish Civil War. The close ideological and political ties between the Franco dictatorship and those of Germany and Italy were never misapprehended by the United States and Britain. After 1941 Spain drifted gradually from imminent belligerency toward a demonstratively pro-Axis neutrality. Spain cooperated with the Allies in humanitarian efforts, allowing safe passage through Spain of downed Allied fliers, escaped Allied prisoners, and civilian refugees, including Jews.2 The nature of Spain's neutrality in World War II turned in significant measure on Allied and Spanish perceptions of the danger of German invasion. -
“Heartbreak Highway” the Cross-Bronx Expressway Steve
“Heartbreak Highway” The Cross-Bronx Expressway Steve Alpert 1.011 Final Project Spring 2003 The Cross-Bronx Expressway, one of the last freeways to be completed in New York City, represents the end of an era. Socially, it marked the last time a neighborhood would be torn apart while ignoring the voices of the people living there. Politically, it marked the end of Robert Moses’ career as head of the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA). No planned freeway has been built in New York City since the completion of the Cross-Bronx (the Bruckner Expressway was already under construction), and the Cross-Bronx cannot reasonably be widened or rerouted. In short, the twenty years of heavy expressway construction following World War II came to a head with one of the most notorious highways still standing. After looking at a history of freeways in New York City and the development of the concept of a freeway crossing the heavily developed Bronx borough, this paper will go into the justification for the project, analyzing risks, potential costs, and potential benefits. Then, as the project unfolds, this paper will examine the social, political, and other construction problems Moses faced while still in charge of the TBTA, analyzing the costs they introduced. After sections on the Highbridge and Bruckner Interchanges, which “cap” the freeway on the west and east ends respectively, this paper concludes with a look at the effects of the Cross-Bronx, both local and national, and the state of the freeway today. History New York, in particular the New York City area, had been a pioneer in highway construction since the advent of the automobile. -
The Foreign Service Journal, September 1940
9L AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE VOL. 17, NO. 9 JOURNAL SEPTEMBER, 1940 CARIBBEAN NUMBER ' WSHf ■■■ ■ . .. " This is what we call FOREIGN SERVICE! * After checking up, frankly, we were surprised that our staff of interpreters master no fewer than 22 languages, including Esperanto. This is just another reason why the men and women in the Foreign Service experience no hesitancy about sending us their New York- bound friends and acquaintances. The Hotel New Yorker has long been Foreign Service Headquarters in New York because of its convenient location—handy to every¬ thing you want to see or do in this fascinating town of ours. Make it your home when you are again on leave in New York. This is the nearest large hotel to all the principal piers and is con¬ nected by private tunnel to Pennsylvania Station. Four popular priced restaurants. ★ 2500 Rooms from $3.50 Hotel NEW YORKER 34TH STREET AT EIGHTH AVENUE, NEW YORK Frank L. Andrews, President Leo A. Molony, Manager CONTENTS SEPTEMBER, 1940 For Prize Contest Notice See Page 501 Cover Picture Army Planes Near the Panama Canal See Page 531 The Relation of the Panama Canal to the De¬ fense of the Western Hemisphere Prepared by the War Department 481 Foreign Service Refugees 485 Miami—Gateway of the Americas By Cecil Warren 487 Who’s a Gringo? 491 Britain’s Minor Isles By Sarah Hayward Draper 492 Guns, Rice and Beans By Daisy Reck 495 Editors’ Column 498 MOUTH AMERICA News from the Department By Reginald P. Mitchell.. 499 SOUTH AMERICA News from the Field 502 CENTRAL AMERICA The Bookshelf ]. -
JOHN FOSTER DULLES PAPERS PERSONNEL SERIES The
JOHN FOSTER DULLES PAPERS PERSONNEL SERIES The Personnel Series, consisting of approximately 17,900 pages, is comprised of three subseries, an alphabetically arranged Chiefs of Mission Subseries, an alphabetically arranged Special Liaison Staff Subseries and a Chronological Subseries. The entire series focuses on appointments and evaluations of ambassadors and other foreign service personnel and consideration of political appointees for various posts. The series is an important source of information on the staffing of foreign service posts with African- Americans, Jews, women, and individuals representing various political constituencies. Frank assessments of the performances of many chiefs of mission are found here, especially in the Chiefs of Mission Subseries and much of the series reflects input sought and obtained by Secretary Dulles from his staff concerning the political suitability of ambassadors currently serving as well as numerous potential appointees. While the emphasis is on personalities and politics, information on U.S. relations with various foreign countries can be found in this series. The Chiefs of Mission Subseries totals approximately 1,800 pages and contains candid assessments of U.S. ambassadors to certain countries, lists of chiefs of missions and indications of which ones were to be changed, biographical data, materials re controversial individuals such as John Paton Davies, Julius Holmes, Wolf Ladejinsky, Jesse Locker, William D. Pawley, and others, memoranda regarding Leonard Hall and political patronage, procedures for selecting career and political candidates for positions, discussions of “most urgent problems” for ambassadorships in certain countries, consideration of African-American appointees, comments on certain individuals’ connections to Truman Administration, and lists of personnel in Secretary of State’s office. -
1938 to 1946
,!\' ''.j COUNCIL ON "' FOREIGN RELATIONS, !Ne. 'i? BY-LAWS WITH A LIST OF OFFICERS & MEMBERS January First, r938 45 EAST SIXTY-FIFTH STREET New Tor~ j OFFICERS PURPOSE NORMAN H. DAVIS President THE Council on Foreign Relations is a non-par- tisan and non-commercial organization studying EDWIN F. GAY the international aspects of America's political, eco Vice-President nomic, and financial problems. It is not a trade organization and has no connection with any political ALLEN w. DULLES WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON party. Its membership is composed of men of many Secretary Treasurer I professions, with a variety of interests and views. II WALTER H. MALLORY The Council holds meetings and conferences. It also carries on a program of research and publication. Executive Director The Council publishes the quarterly reyiew, DIRECTORS FoREIGN AFFAIRS, which has established itself as the Retiring I938 most authoritative journal dealing with international relations. ' FRANK ALTSCHUL STEPHEN P. DUGGAN The research staff of the Council prepares an JOHN w. DAVIS LEON FRASER {'.i annual survey of the foreign relations of the United HAROLD w. DODDS OWEN D. y OUNG States, an annual political handbook of the world, and individual volumes on special international Retiring I9J9 questions. ALLEN w. DULLES RussELL C. LEFFINGWELL The Council maintains a reference library in charge EDWIN F. GAY GEORGE 0. MAY of a competent staff. PHILIP c. JESSUP FRANK L. PoLK The Council House is at 45 East 65th Street, New York, where all the organization's activities are Retiring I940 centered. HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG NoRMAN H. DAVIS Oz.b{?5 ISAIAH BOWMAN WHITNEY H. -
CHAPTER 1 SPECIAL AGENTS, SPECIAL THREATS: Creating the Office of the Chief Special Agent, 1914-1933
CHAPTER 1 SPECIAL AGENTS, SPECIAL THREATS: Creating the Office of the Chief Special Agent, 1914-1933 CHAPTER 1 8 SPECIAL AGENTS, SPECIAL THREATS Creating the Office of the Chief Special Agent, 1914-1933 World War I created a diplomatic security crisis for the United States. Under Secretary of State Joseph C. Grew afterwards would describe the era before the war as “diplomatic serenity – a fool’s paradise.” In retrospect, Grew’s observation indicates more the degree to which World War I altered how U.S. officials perceived diplomatic security than the actual state of pre-war security.1 During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Department had developed an effective set of security measures; however, those measures were developed during a long era of trans-Atlantic peace (there had been no major multi-national wars since Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo in 1814). Moreover, those measures were developed for a nation that was a regional power, not a world power exercising influence in multiple parts of the world. World War I fundamentally altered international politics, global economics, and diplomatic relations and thrust the United States onto the world stage as a key world power. Consequently, U.S. policymakers and diplomats developed a profound sense of insecurity regarding the content of U.S. Government information. The sharp contrast between the pre- and post-World War I eras led U.S. diplomats like Grew to cast the pre-war era in near-idyllic, carefree terms, when in fact the Department had developed several diplomatic security measures to counter acknowledged threats. -
Nicaragua's Sandinistas First Took up Arms in 1961, Invoking the Name of Augusto Char Sandino, a General Turned Foe of U.S
Nicaragua's Sandinistas first took up arms in 1961, invoking the name of Augusto Char Sandino, a general turned foe of U.S. intervention in 1927-33. Sandino-here (center) seeking arms in Mexico in 1929 with a Salvadoran Communist ally, Augustm Farabundo Marti (right)-led a hit-and-run war against U.S. Marines. Nearly 1,000 of his men died, but their elusive chief was never caught. WQ NEW YEAR'S 1988 96 Perhaps not since the Spanish Civil War have Americans taken such clearly opposed sides in a conflict in a foreign country. Church orga- nizations and pacifists send volunteers to Nicaragua and lobby against U.S. contra aid; with White House encouragement, conservative out- fits have raised money for the "freedom fighters," in some cases possibly violating U.S. laws against supplying arms abroad. Even after nearly eight years, views of the Sandinista regime's fundamental nature vary widely. Some scholars regard it as far more Marxist-Leninist in rhetoric than in practice. Foreign Policy editor Charles William Maynes argues that Managua's Soviet-backed rulers can be "tamed and contained" via the Central American peace plan drafted by Costa Rica's President Oscar Arias Shchez. Not likely, says Edward N. Luttwak of Washington, D.C.'s Cen- ter for Strategic and International Studies. Expectations that Daniel Ortega and Co., hard pressed as they are, "might actually allow the democratization required" by the Arias plan defy the history of Marx- ist-Leninist regimes. Such governments, says Luttwak, make "tacti- cal accommodations," but feel they must "retain an unchallenged monopoly of power." An opposition victory would be "a Class A political defeat" for Moscow.