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Polish and American Diplomatic Relations Since 1939 As Reflected in Bilateral Ambassadorial Policies

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Polish and American Diplomatic Relations Since 1939 As Reflected in Bilateral Ambassadorial Policies David A. Jones and Joanna Waluk Polish and American Diplomatic Relations since 1939 as Reflected in Bilateral Ambassadorial Policies Across the ninety years of diplomatic relations between the different republics of Pol- and and the United States, America has posted 25 ambassadors to Poland, and Poland has posted 25 envoys to Washington (one of them twice), with some of them holding the UDQNRIFKDUJHG¶DIIDLUHVRQO\%RWKFRXQWULHVKDYHGRZQJUDGHGWKHQXSJUDGHGWKHLUUe- spective embassies, predicated upon the fleeting politics of the moment, and there have been relatively brief periods when each country was not represented in the other. There KDYHEHHQORQJHUSHULRGVZKHQ3RODQGZDV$PHULFD¶VRQO\OLQNWRSDUWVRIWKHFRPPXn- LVWZRUOGVXFKDVWKH3HRSOH¶V5epublic of China. In fact, what has become known as the ³RSHQLQJ´RI&KLQDE\3UHVLGHQW5LFKDUG01L[RQDQGKLVVHFUHWDU\RIVWDWH'U+HQU\ A. Kissinger, in 1971 and 1972, was largely arranged in Poland. What could easily have been an earlier and less acrimonious withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam also was arranged in Poland through the Chinese ambassador at the time, but sadly this effort fell through. With the invasion of the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany in 1939, the immediate Relations since 1939 Relations since Soviet attaFNDQG*HUPDQ\¶VHYHQWXDOUHLQYDVLRQRIWKH3ROLVKWHUULWRU\XQGHU5XVVLDQ control in 1941, the government of the Second Polish Republic fled to Paris and then to London, where it remained for the duration of the war. The American Ambassador An- thony J. Drexel Biddle continued his diplomacy by following the government of Poland in exile from 5 September 1939, first to Paris until June, 1940, and thence to London, where he served from 14 March 1941 until 01 December 1944. President Roosevelt replaced Ambassador Biddle in 1944 with Arthur Bliss Lane, who served as the United States ambassador to the Polish government in exile at London from September 1944, and then in postwar Warsaw from the day the American Embassy was reopened there on 5 July 1945 until his resignation on 24 February 1947 in disgust that Britain and the United States failed to keep their promise to give the Polish people free elections after World War II. Both Biddle and Lane had careers in the Foreign Ser- DiplomaticPolish American and YLFHDOWKRXJK%LGGOH¶V IRUHLJQ VHUYice career began politically and Lane was a career IRUHLJQ VHUYLFH RIILFHU /DWHU DXWKRU 5LFKDUG & /XNDV FRQILUPHG $PEDVVDGRU /DQH¶V 153 [email protected] [email protected] reasons for anger and resignation in his 1982 book, Bitter Legacy: Polish and American Relations in the Wake of World War II, in which he wrote that the fraudulent communist HOHFWLRQVRIZHUH³WKHFRQVHTXHQFHRI:DVKLQJWRQ¶VKDYLQJKDELWXDWHGWKH.UHPOLQ to deal with political issues in eastern Europe without the United States during the war \HDUV´ ±3). Ambassador LanH ZDV GHSOR\HG WR 3RODQG XQGHU 5RRVHYHOW¶V ORQJWLPH VHFUHWDU\ RI VWDWH&RUGHOO+XOODQGFRQWLQXHGXQGHU5RRVHYHOW¶VODVWVHFUHWDU\RIVWDWH(dward R. 6WHWWLQLXV-UDQG3UHVLGHQW+DUU\67UXPDQ¶VILUVWVHFUHWDU\RIVWDWH-DPHV)%\UQHV Truman lost Ambassador Lane much as he lost Secretary of State Gen. George C. Mar- shall, because Truman departed too abruptly and too drastically from the vision of his predecessor, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. This proceeded almost to the point where the Democratic Party, through Truman, capitulated as much to Soviet Marshal Joseph V. Stalin as it had feared would happen had Roosevelt not replaced his second vice presi- dent, Henry A. Wallace, with Truman. Wallace was assumed to be functionally in the pocket of Stalin. From 15 December 1940, the Polish government in exile in London was represented in Washington by Michaá Kwapiszewski as the chargp G¶DIIDLUHVWKHQXSJUDGHGWKHSo- sition to the rank of ambassador with Jan Ciechanowski on 21 February 1941, who ar- rived in Washington on 6 March 1941 to serve for the duration of the war. Ambassador CieFKDQRZVNLDQQRXQFHGRQ-XO\WKDWKHIHOW³FRPSHOOHG´WRUHVLJQEHFDXVHRI $PHULFD¶VEHWUD\DORI3RODQGE\$PHULFDQZLWKGUDZDORIUHFRJQLWLRQRI3RODQG¶VFRQVWi- tutionally elected government headed by President :áDG\VáDZ Raczkiewicz ³%LRJUa- ILH´ UHIOHFWLQJIHHOLQJVSDUDOOHOWRWKRVHRI$PEDVVDGRU/DQH ³'HIHDWLQ9LcWRU\´ 7KDW WKH $PHULFDQ YRWLQJ SXEOLF WHQGHG WR DJUHH ZLWK $PHULFD¶V EHWUD\DO² particularly as evidenced by the voting pattern of Polish AmericanV ³3RORQLD´ LQWKH 1946 Congressional elections, especially &KLFDJR¶V'HPRFUDWLFSULPDU\²has been evi- denced in an abundance of literature (Ubriaco). What is less clear is whose fault this was, that of the Franklin Roosevelt administration (1933± 945) especially during Roose- YHOW¶VWKLUGWHUP ±1945) with his Stalin-favored vice president Henry C. Wallace, RURI5RRVHYHOW¶VWKUHH5HSXEOLFDQSUHGHFHVVRUV:DUUHQ*+DUGLQJ&DOYLQ&Rolidge, and HerEHUW&+RRYHU 8EULDFR ,WLVDUJXHGWKDW$PHULFD¶V ineptitude in foreign policy from World War I through World War II paved the way for the cold war (Gaddis 143). Part of this ineptitude has been linked to what some historians believe was the ab- sence of any coherent policy toward Eastern Europe generally and Poland especially David A. Jones and Joanna Waluk A. Jones Joanna and David during the interbellum period (Lundestad 22). Once Germany surrendered to the Alliance in 1945 and the American Embassy was 154 reopened in Warsaw, Ambassador Lane played a leading role in the investigation of So- viet crimes in wartime Poland. As Ambassador, Lane published an article in Life Maga- ]LQHWLWOHG³+RZ5XVVLD5XOHG3RODQG´VRRQIROORZHGE\WKHERRN I Saw Poland Be- trayedLQZKLFKKHFULWLFL]HGWKH³QDwYHLGHDOLVP´RIWKH5RRVHYHOWDQG7UXPDQDGPLn- istrations. Ambassador Lane contended that the information supporting his article and his book was based on participant observation. In a letter to The New York Times, Lane solemnly claimed that many Western journalists knew the information that he had dis- closed in Life Magazine and that he had not obtained it from any intelligence sources: My article... was based on actual happenings which were known to many American press correspondents in Poland. There was no need to employ spies, even had I had the unwise desire to do so.... I [instructed] members of my staff that they should avoid contact with the underground, for I did not wish to endanger the safety of persons not in sympathy with the Polish Government[@´ ³3RODQG6WDtLF´ 3RODQG¶VFRPPXQLVWJRYHUQPHQWGLVDJUHHGKRZHYHUDQGDFcused 16 Polish nationals, including several members of 6WDQLVáDZ0LNRáDMF]\N¶V3ROLVK3HDVDQW3DUW\, of having FROODERUDWHGZLWK/DQHWRVXSSO\³FODVVLILHG´LQIRUPDWLRQXVHGLQWKHLife Magazine ar- ticle.1 After his stewardship in Poland, Ambassador Lane served as chair of the commis- VLRQ WKDW LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH PXUGHU RI 3ROLVK DUP\ RIILFHUV DW .DW\Ĕ DW ILUVW Ds- cribed to Nazi Germany but later confirmed to have been the work of the Soviet Union, based on ballistic tests of the ordnance used for the executions. Ambassador Lane wrote the preface to -y]HI0DFNLHZLF]¶VERRNThe Katyn Wood Murders (1951). The embassy list in Washington discontinued the name of any representative from Relations since 1939 Relations since Poland until 11 September 1945, when Janusz ĩyátowski was certified as the chargp G¶DIIDLUHV3RODQGXSJUDGHGWKLVSRVLWLRQWRDPEDVVDGRURQ'HFHPEHU, when it appointed Oskar Lange, who arrived on 21 December 1945. Ambassador Lange was VXFFHHGHGE\-y]HI:LQLHZLF], who was appointed ambassador with a change of gov- ernment on 22 January 1947. He arrived in Washington on 4 February 1947 and served XQWLOWKH3HRSOH¶V5HSXEOLFRI3RODQGZDVHVWDEOLVKHGDVDVWDWHE\WKHFRQVWLWXWLRQ President Harry S. Truman replaced Ambassador Lane with financier Stanton Griffis, a New York investment banker who had been chairman of Paramount Pictures. Ambas- sador Griffis served for a year from 1947 to 1948, during the time when Bernard Baruch and Barry Bingham, Sr. directed the Marshall Plan from Paris. Griffis was succeeded by Waldemar Gallman, who is more famous for the book he subsequently wrote about Iraq Polish and American DiplomaticPolish American and 1 Of those whom Poland accused of espionage, nine were sentenced to death and six to long prison terms (³Poland: Static´). 155 [email protected] [email protected] while he was serving as U.S. ambassador there: Iraq Under General Nuri: My Recollec- tion of Nuri Al-Said, 1954±1958 (1964). Ambassador Gallman was posted to Poland from 1948 until 1950, and was the second and final diplomat Gen. George C. Marshall deployed to PolDQGDV7UXPDQ¶VVHFUHWDU\RIVWDWH3UHVLGHQW7UXPDQ¶VILQDODPEDVVDGRU to Poland was Joseph Flack, a career foreign service officer who continued for two years into the first administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Ambassador Flack had served as first secretary at the American Embassy in Warsaw, the post responsible for FRRUGLQDWLQJLQWHOOLJHQFH+HZDVVHOHFWHGE\7UXPDQ¶VWKLUGDQGILQDOVHFUHWDU\RIVWDWH Dean G. Acheson, who was far more hawkish and anti-communist than General Mar- shall had been. Ambassador Flack left Poland on 22 April 1955, and died at sea aboard the cruise ship, ³8QLWHG6WDWHV´HQURXWHKRPH )ODFN*HQHalogy). President Eisenhower appointed Joseph E. Jacobs to replace Ambassador Flack on 1 April 1955. Ambassador Jacobs had already served as ambassador to Czechoslovakia in 1948, and from 1949 until 1955 had been the special assistant to the Mutual Defense Assistance Program in Rome, which prepared him for the political unrest in Poland in WKHDIWHUPDWKRIWKH3R]QDĔ5LRWVRI7KLVZDVDWLPHRIXSULVLQJVDJDLQVWFRPPXn- ist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe, most of which were unsuccessful and brutally repressed. Ambassador
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