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Dyplomatyczne Relacje Polski I Usa W Pryzmacie „Strategicznej Ostro Żno Ści”

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Dyplomatyczne Relacje Polski I Usa W Pryzmacie „Strategicznej Ostro Żno Ści” EUNOMIA 2(97)/2019 Henryk Kretek PWSZ w Raciborzu, Politechnika Śląska DYPLOMATYCZNE RELACJE POLSKI I USA W PRYZMACIE „STRATEGICZNEJ OSTRO ŻNO ŚCI” Streszczenie (abstrakt): Relacje dyplomatyczne Polski i USA tworz ą bogat ą kart ę. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie kilku istotnych aspektów relacji pomi ędzy pa ń- stwami w kontek ście stosunków mi ędzynarodowych. Szczególna uwaga zostanie po- świ ęcona okresom odzyskiwania przez Polsk ę niepodległo ści, gdzie 100-lecie wydaje si ę by ć zjawiskiem politycznym a nie historycznym. Cało ść zostanie przeanalizowana przez pryzmat „strategicznej ostro żno ści” – jednej z cech polityki mi ędzynarodowej. Słowa kluczowe: ambasador , dyplomacja, stosunki mi ędzynarodowe, niepodległo ść , strategiczna ostro żno ść DIPLOMATIC RELATIONSHIP OF POLAND AND THE US THROUGH THE PRISM "STRATEGIC CAUTION" Abstract: Polish and US diplomatic relations have a rich card. The purpose of the ar- ticle is to present several important aspects of relations between cuntries in the aspect of international relations. Polish and US diplomatic relations have a rich card. The purpose of the article is to present several important aspects of relations between states in the aspect of international relations. Particular attention will be paid to periods of recovery by Poland unsubstituted-legło ści, where 100 years seems to be a political phenomenon and not historical. The whole will be analyzed through the prism of "stra- tegic caution" – one of the features of international politics. Keywords: ambassador, diplomacy, international relations, independence, strategic caution Wst ęp Relacje dyplomatyczne Polski i USA maj ą bogat ą histori ę. Mimo i ż dzieli oba kraje wi ęcej ni źli tylko Ocean Atlantycki, i ponad 10 godzin lotu samolotem, to Polaków i Ameryka- nów ł ączy wiele zdarze ń historycznych czy postaci, które wywarły wielki wpływ na losy obu pa ństw i narodów. Celem artykułu nie jest przepisywanie ksi ąż ek, czy kolejna interpretacja historycz- nych zdarze ń, a przedstawienie tych aspektów z historii obu krajów, o których si ę nie pisze zbyt wiele, bowiem s ą cz ęsto zawoalowane, a przekaz, który wychodzi na zewn ątrz do tak zwanej opinii publicznej, czyli poza gabinety VIP-ów, jest komunikatem dopracowanym przez słu żby odpowiedzialne za public relations najwa żniejszych osób. A ten że – w posta- 30 „EUNOMIA – Rozwój Zrównowa żony – Sustainable Development” 2(97)/2019 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ci skondensowanej informacji o wydarzeniu, a zatem bez opinii autora – mo żna znale źć na stronach internetowych wa żniejszych agencji prasowych czy koncernów medialnych. Co najmniej dwa oblicza prawdy w dyplomacji Wydaje si ę, że dla obserwatora stosunków mi ędzynarodowych wa żniejsza jest „dyploma- tyczna kuchnia” ni ż „strawa” podawana na stół w ogólnodost ępnej stołówce. St ąd próba przywołania ciekawszych epizodów z relationship, które miały mie ć miejsce pomi ędzy wa żnymi osobami, one z kolei wpływały na stosunki mi ędzynarodowe, a informacjami jako ciekawostkami, dziel ą si ę przy okazji ró żnego rodzaju konferencji czy sympozjów, jednak że pod warunkiem, że nie s ą ju ż czynnymi dyplomatami. Bowiem dyplomatom jak urz ędnikom pa ństwowym czy politykom – wolno mówi ć nie to co my ślą, a to co wypada powiedzie ć publicznie osobom piastuj ącym wa żne stanowiska w pa ństwie, b ądź reprezen- tuj ącym dane pa ństwo poza jego granicami. Do wymiany pogl ądów, wspomnie ń, do interpretacji wydarze ń i ich oceny post fac- tum doszło podczas sympozjum pt. „Stulecie relacji dyplomatycznych Polski i Stanów Zjednoczonych”, które zorganizowały: Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rzeczypospoli- tej Polskiej, Ambasada Stanów Zjednoczonych w Warszawie oraz The German Marshall Fund 1. Oficjalnie o konferencji napisano niewiele, pojawiły si ę oficjalne komunikaty, takie jak wpis na stronie polskiego MSZ, mówi ący opinii publicznej, że „Prelegenci w swoich wyst ąpieniach przypomnieli histori ę wzajemnych relacji pomi ędzy Polsk ą a Stanami Zjed- noczonymi oraz omówili stan dzisiejszych stosunków transatlantyckich. – Nasze stosunki ewoluowały w kierunku prawdziwej przyja źń mi ędzy zaanga żowanymi sojusznikami – ocenił minister Czaputowicz” 2. Z kolei Twitter odnotował wydarzenie stosownie do swo- ich ograniczonych – zasadą 140 znaków – mo żliwo ści: „Wspólna inicjatywa #MSZ i @USEmbassyWarsaw ma przybli żyć stuletni ą historię stosunków PL-US i uczci ć 30. rocznic ę demokratycznych przemian w Polsce” 3. Jednak że na sympozjum działo si ę du żo wi ęcej i zostało przytoczonych wiele prawd historycznych, które by ć mo że nawet zmieniły losy świata, a podejmowane decyzje przed wielu laty, po dzi ś dzie ń wpływaj ą na decyzje najwa żniejszych osób w pa ństwie, ale takie informacje na zewn ątrz nie wychodz ą z gabinetów, tym bardziej takich jak „owalny” – dyplomatyczn ą drog ą. 1 Doradca Prezydenta RP – Bogusław Winid wzi ął udział w konferencji „Stulecie relacji dyplomatycznych Polski i Stanów Zjednoczonych” https://www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/aktywnosc-doradcow/ art,262,doradca-boguslaw-winid-stulecie-relacji-dyplomatycznych-polski-i-stanow-zjednoczonych.html, [data dost ępu: 30.08.2019]. 2 Informacja o konferencji na stronie polskiego MSZ, https://www.gov.pl/web/dyplomacja/konferencja-z- okazji-100-lecia-stosunkow-dyplomatycznych-polski-i-usa, [data dost ępu: 30.08.2019]. 3 Notatka: „Stulecie relacji dyplomatycznych Polski i Stanów Zjednoczonych”. #PLUS100Together – na Twitterze, https://twitter.com/MSZ_RP/status/1134006869721321472, [data dost ępu: 30.08.2019]. Henryk Kretek: DYPLOMATYCZNE RELACJE POLSKI I USA W PRYZMACIE… 31 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Fot. 1. Ambasador USA Georgette Mosbacher i Szef polskiego MSZ Jacek Czaputowicz. Źródło: Fot. – archiwum własne autora. W przypadku cytowania wa żniejszych postaci ka żdego wydarzenia, nale ży zacz ąć od najwa żniejszych, a tymi bez w ątpienia byli wyst ępuj ący w rolach gospodarzy i odczytuj ą- cy najcz ęś ciej przygotowane przez słu żby PR wyst ąpienia – Jacek Czaputowicz, Minister Spraw Zagranicznych oraz Ambasador Georgette Mosbacher, Ambasador USA w Polsce. Jak to bywa na tego typu sympozjach czy konferencjach, najwa żniejsi go ście czy gospoda- rze opuszczaj ą wydarzenie, wskazuj ąc zgodnie z protokołem dyplomatycznym na wa żne wydarzenia, które im nie pozwalaj ą zosta ć i na koniec swoich wyst ąpie ń życz ą owocnych obrad. Potem wychodz ą z sali lub czekaj ą na specjalnie na ten cel zorganizowan ą przerw ę kawow ą i opuszczaj ą miejsce obrad. Wówczas dopiero rozpoczyna si ę najwa żniejsza cz ęść , czyli mo żna liczy ć, że padn ą z mównicy słowa, które oficjalnie, czyli w obecno ści najwa żniejszych osób, pa ść nie powinny. Na takie zachowania panuje przyzwolenie, s ą one zgodne z zasadami prowadzenia politycznej gry i nikogo fakt opuszczenia spotkania przez gospodarza nie oburza i nie obra ża. Stulecie polsko-ameryka ńskich relacji dyplomatycznych Sympozjum podzielono na dwie zasadnicze sesje i pierwsz ą zatytułowan ą „stulecie polsko- ameryka ńskich relacji dyplomatycznych” moderowała prof. Uniwersytetu Gda ńskiego Anna Mazurkiewicz 4, a go ść mi byli: Ambasador Stephen Mull 5, Ambasador Daniel Fried, Ambasador Bogusław Winid i prof. Jakub Tyszkiewicz. 4 Jej najnowsza ksi ąż ka po świ ęcona współpracy uchod źców politycznych z Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej z Amerykanami (Warszawa-Gda ńsk 2016) w ostatnim konkursie o Willi Paul Adams Award, organizowanym przez Organizacj ę Historyków Ameryka ńskich, została uznana za najlepsz ą, obcoj ęzyczn ą prac ę dot. historii USA (2019). 32 „EUNOMIA – Rozwój Zrównowa żony – Sustainable Development” 2(97)/2019 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Fot. 2. Moderatorka i uczestnicy panelu: prof. Anna Mazurkiewicz 6, JE Stephen Mull, JE Daniel Fried, JE Bogusław Winid i prof. Jakub Tyszkiewicz. Źródło: Fot. – archiwum własne autora. Życiorys ka żdego z panelistów mógłby stanowi ć osobn ą histori ę do opowiedzenia podczas specjalnej sesji naukowej. Wielu ludzi zapisanych na kartach historii nigdy nie do świadczy satysfakcji z osi ągni ętego sukcesu jego przeło żonych, tak jak np. sherpa nio- sący baga ż Himalaisty, czy „sherpa” pracuj ący w kuluarach Parlamentu Europejskiego, a negocjuj ący najwa żniejsze umowy mi ędzynarodowe, porozumienia czy dyrektywy – raczej zostanie niedoceniony, a cz ęsto i wyrzucony poza nawias, poza instytucj ę w przy- padku zmiany władzy politycznej. Ambasadorów obowi ązuje tajemnica pa ństwowa, zatem słowa musz ą wa żyć nawet po zako ńczeniu swojej misji. Trudno zatem wymaga ć od tych sherpa wylewnych opinii czy zwierze ń, chocia ż czasami zdarza si ę, że powiedz ą co ś szeptem czy poza protokołem, licz ąc, że jednak ich przemy ślenie zostanie docenione i nawet zacytowane. Mo że nie do- słownie zacytowane, ale przesłanie zostanie przekazane w jakiejkolwiek formie poza kulu- ary. St ąd wypowiedzi wymienionych panelistów nabieraj ą szczególnego znaczenia, bo- wiem nie zostały zaprotokołowane, nie znalazły si ę w żadnym oficjalnym komunikacie i zdaje si ę, że utkn ęły w archiwum poszczególnych instytucji, takich jak ambasady czy słu żby specjalne poszczególnych krajów, których obserwatorzy pojawiaj ą si ę na tego typu sympozjach, uwa żaj ąc, aby został „dochowany porz ądek”, na przykład nagrywaj ą wyst ą- pienia i przeprowadzaj ą dokumentacj ę fotograficzn ą osób bior ących udział w wydarzeniu. 5 Stephen D. Mull był ambasadorem Stanów Zjednoczonych
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