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Home , After the Gold Rush, Boomtown, California Gold Rush, Economy of California, Gold rush

Rush THE A CLAIM LITTLE SECRET GAME GOES BIG

GOLD: CAN YOU DIG IT?

IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

Gold_Rush_FC.indd 1 2/15/17 3:21 PM 2 What’s that glittering in the water? you knew? What would you do with Could it be? It is! It’s gold! Imagine it? It was just a small piece (about Gold! being James W. Marshall, the man the size of a pea), but it was big they say first found gold at Sutter’s enough to spark the . Mill in . Would you jump This event earned its name for joy? Would you tell everyone because of the thousands of people

r IN 1848, AS a result of the Mexican-American War, California went from being under Mexican control to being part of the . (It would become a state in 1850.) It was a rural land, filled with ranches and farms. The popu- lation was mostly Native American. There were 6,500 AFTER GOLD WAS but most were (peo- discovered at not. Finding gold ple of Spanish Sutter’s Mill, all depended on luck, descent, born in the workers quit and all too often, California) and 700 their jobs to mine luck was hard to immigrants, but all for gold. Some come by. that was about to were successful, change.

r THISISWHEREIT all started: Sutter’s Mill, located on the near Coloma, California. That’s about 50 miles from Sacramento and 140 miles from . It was a sawmill, or place where logs are cut into lum- ber. A carpenter and millwright, or mill-builder, named James W. Marshall had built it. A businessman named owned it.

Gold Rush_2-3.indd 16 2/15/17 3:29 PM 3 who rushed to California between 1848 “little secret” would go on to fuel countless and 1858 in search of gold. Marshall and dreams. It would also transform the popula- his boss, John Sutter, wanted to keep their tion, land, and future of California. discovery a secret. Well, the news got out anyway, and soon, it had traveled across the country – and even around the . Their

l MOSTHISTORIANS it rich. In fact, empire that includ- he would make a agree that James Sutter’s mill went ed Sutter’s Fort fortune. Instead, W. Marshall was bankrupt. Marshall and the colony the sawmill failed the first to discover was never able Nueva Helvetia (or when his workers gold at Sutter’s to stake a claim, New Switzerland), left. Thousands Mill on January which means he which is today of gold-seekers 24, 1848. He was never owned a Sacramento. He swarmed his land. working on the mill piece of land to owned 150,000 They destroyed his when he found a mine. He ended up acres of rich crops crops and killed piece of gold in the roaming California u JOHN SUTTER and giant herds his livestock. By water. Marshall’s before settling emigrated from of cattle. Then, in 1852, Sutter was discovery started down to a very Switzerland to 1848, gold was bankrupt. , but modest life. California in 1839. found at his saw- he never struck He created an mill. Sutter thought

SUCH A SMALL START can be seen at the to such a big event. National Museum The first piece of American History of gold found by in Washington, D.C. James W. Marshall

“It made my heart thump, for I was certain it was gold.” * – James W. Marshall

*James W. Marshall. The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, Volume 41. New : The Century Company, February 1891.

Gold Rush_2-3.indd 17 2/15/17 3:29 PM 4 California, Here We Come! News that gold had been found in California soon spread around the world. By summertime, rumors were flying that men were finding thousands of dollars worth of gold. In December 1848, U.S. President James K. Polk confirmed that the rumors were true. The was officially on. Between 1848 and 1858, more than 300,000 people would come to California looking for gold. Most arrived in 1849, earning them the nickname “forty-niners.” The Gold Rush became the largest migration, or mass movement of people, in U.S. history.

“The accounts of the abundance of gold are of such extraordinary character as would scarcely r THE DISCOVERY OF Many others came command belief.”* gold at Sutter’s Mill from , Asia, launched the larg- , – President James K. Polk, est , or and Australia. mass movement of Most were men, December 1848 people from their but there were homelands, in U.S. some women and *James K. Polk: “Fourth Annual Message,” , 1848. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. history. Most came children, too. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29489 from across the U.S. and .

r MOST FORTY- their homeland. niners came to Some Europeans California to get came because rich, but many their countries had other reasons. were embroiled in Some were look- the Revolutions of ing for adventure. 1848. These were Others came to uprisings against escape hardships the governments in at home. Many several countries, Chinese were including France, escaping war, , , floods, drought, and Austria. and high taxes in

Gold Rush_4-5.indd 16 2/15/17 3:32 PM “If we were going, let us5 go, r IN 1849, SARAH gives a picture Bayliss Royce, her of how hard the and meet what we were husband, Josiah, journey was – from and daughter, the lack of water to to meet, bravely.”* Mary, traveled by trying to cross the covered wagon Sierras before win- – Sarah Royce from to ter set in. Her diary *Sarah Royce. Across the Plains: Sarah Royce’s California. Along was published as a Narrative. Edited by Jennifer Dawes Adkison. University of the way, Sarah book called Across Press, 2009. kept a diary. It the Plains.

l SAMUEL BRANNAN gold dust in the else sold them, so played an import- air, shouting “Gold! he charged high ant role in starting Gold! Gold from the prices. Brannan the Gold Rush. American River!”* became California’s If you were heading to He owned a store He made so much first millionaire. California in 1850, which at Sutter’s Fort selling route would you have taken? *Samuel Brannan. The World and printed the supplies, he Rushed In: The California Why would you have chosen California Star opened a second Gold Rush Experience, by that route over the others? J. S. Holiday. University of newspaper. In May store. He cornered Oklahoma Press, 2002. 1848, he went to the market on pans, San Francisco and picks, and shovels. waved a bottle of That means no one Routes of the Forty-Niners EACH OF THE THREE NORTH main routes to AMERICA California took 00 miles several months and 2,0 Council Bluffs New York involved challenges Sacramento St. Joseph such as disease, San Francisco Independence harsh weather, and Santa Fe ATLANTIC getting lost. Galveston OCEAN Port Lavaca Gulf of Mexico ACROSSTHE 18,00 STHMUSOF ANAMA 0 m I P : i le s An isthmus is THE OVERLAND ROUTE: Sea a strip of land 6,000 m People traveling iles connecting larger by land faced rug- OCEAN Isthmus of landmasses. This ged terrain, harsh trip was faster weather, illness, and than “rounding the a lack of food and Horn,” but its many water. Many traveled SOUTH dangers included in covered wagons AMERICA deadly illnesses along the Santa Fe All-water route like malaria and or Trails. . Panama route Rio de Janeiro Overland route

AROUND : Montevideo The journey around the cape took

N between three and Scale at equator six months. People 0 1,000 mi. W E endured rough Strait of seas and little Magellan 0 1,000 km. S fresh food.

Cape Horn

Gold Rush_4-5.indd 17 2/15/17 3:32 PM people of different cultures, religions, and A Changing Population economic classes were brought together The Gold Rush was the start of something big in one place. Immigration transformed – and diverse. To this day, California’s diver- California into the most diverse society in sity can be traced back to the Gold Rush. history. It also sparked many challenges. Immigrants from all over the world, Everyone came looking for opportunity. including Asia, , and Europe, Some found it – whether by staking a claim, came with dreams of striking it rich and building a business, or starting a farm. making a new life. So did Americans from the Women, too, found greater opportunity in eastern part of the United States. Suddenly, California than elsewhere.

l ABOUTONEOUT cooking, cleaning, u IMAGINEA of ten people and caring for city’s population who came to children. Some doubling every California during ran businesses: 10 days! That’s the Gold Rush was cooking, cleaning, what happened a woman. Some and sewing for to San Francisco came with their others. A few, like in 1849. It went husbands. Others Louise Clapp and from about 800 followed alone, Sarah Royce, wrote people to 35,000. once the men had diaries and letters Sacramento and earned enough about life during Stockton grew into to send for them. the Gold Rush. busy supply cen- Women did most ters. Mining camps of the work of like Buckeye keeping life going: Flat and Shingle Springs grew into towns as more people arrived.

Gold Rush_6-7.indd 16 2/15/17 3:36 PM 7 l ASCOMPETITION In 1882, the for gold grew, so Chinese Exclusion did discrimination Act outlawed – the unfair treat- Chinese immi- ment of people gration. It also based on their prevented Chinese background. Some immigrants from thought only U.S. becoming citizens. citizens should be It wasn’t complete- allowed to mine for ly repealed until gold. In 1850, the 1943. Foreign Miners Tax charged foreigners $20 a month for the right to mine.

l BERNARDA RUIZ John Frémont to same rights as de Rodriguez make a “gen- U.S. citizens. She helped end the erous peace” then convinced Mexican-American with Mexico. It Mexican General War peacefully. An let Californios Pico to accept important member keep their prop- these terms. The of Santa Barbara’s erty. They could two men signed Californio com- return to Mexico the Treaty of munity, she or remain in Cahuenga in 1847. persuaded General California with the The war was over.

u ANGUSTIASDE la Guerra Ord watched her native California change. Both her father and first husband were high-ranking Mexican offi- cials. Her second husband was a prominent U.S. Army surgeon. In 1878, she collected her memories and thoughts about the struggles and rebellions of the time in a book. Occurrences in California was published in 1956.

u AS SAN FRANCISCO increased. Local one who takes acted as judge, grew, its police volunteers created the law into his or jury, and execu- force shrank the Committee her own hands. tioner. Sometimes, Did any of your – many police of Vigilance, a Committees of vigilantes punished ancestors come to California officers were off group of about Vigilance cropped people who had during the Gold Rush? If yes, mining for gold! 600 vigilantes. A up in mining set- done nothing do you know their stories? Crime and violence vigilante is some- tlements, too. They wrong.

Gold Rush_6-7.indd 17 2/15/17 3:36 PM 8 a vital part of life in California. Not A New Economy only did they carry people across More people. More gold. More everything! long distances over rugged The flood of people into California during terrain, they also the Gold Rush increased the demand for helped communi- services, homes, food, goods, jobs – you ties communicate. Sometimes name it. While thousands headed to the Parkhurst would goldfields in search of fortune, many started drive all night businesses to meet the needs of California’s and through all sorts of weather. growing population. Others became farm- She was known ers who grew food for the hungry masses. u IMAGINEDRIVING was born a female for her courage a and but lived as a and her kindness. California’s Gold Rush economy gave fighting off bandits. male and drove For example, she minorities and women opportunities that Charley Parkhurst a stagecoach for always carried other places didn’t. Together, these new did just that, many almost 30 years. candy for her Californians transformed California’s times! Parkhurst were young passengers. economy and society.

d IN CALIFORNIA, owned a boarding- r PEOPLEDREAMED unlike most other house. She wrote, of striking it rich in places, women “Women’s help is the goldfields. The could own their so very scarce that reality was that own businesses. . . . a woman that most people who While men headed can work will make got rich weren’t to the goldfields, more money than miners at all. They many women a man.”* ran businesses started businesses that served the *Mary Jane Megquier. Apron in town. They ran Full of Gold: The Letters of miners. These hotels, restau- Mary Jane Megquier from entrepreneurs San Francisco, 1849–1856, rants, laundries, by Polly Wells Kaufman. (people who start and more. Mary University of new businesses) Press, 1994. Jane Megquier ran hotels, shops, restaurants, and other enterprises. Some famous entrepreneurs included (the inven- tor of blue ) and bankers Henry Wells and .

Gold Rush_8-9.indd 16 2/15/17 3:37 PM 9 l IN 1848, THERE find enough gold were few African to buy their own Americans in freedom – and California. By 1852, the freedom of there were 2,000. friends and family If you’d been around Some came as free back home. Not all during the Gold men and women. Rush, what job would Others came as who came during you have wanted? enslaved individ- the Gold Rush Miner? Shopkeeper? uals who dug for were miners. Many Stagecoach driver? gold for slave- started businesses Something else? holders. This went or took jobs that against the rule catered to miners. in the goldfields that you owned what you found, so slaveholders were often forced off the fields. Many enslaved individ- uals were able to

u WHEN GOLD WAS businesses, and immigrants as plentiful, people held jobs. When unfair competi- felt there was gold became tion. Immigrants enough for every- harder to find, became the target one. Immigrants however, things of discrimination mined in the changed. American and even violence. goldfields, opened miners often saw

r CALIFORNIAGREW so fast, the supply of goods could not keep up with demand. This caused inflation (rising prices). Things often cost 10 times more in California than elsewhere. In his book Six Months in the Gold Mines, Edward Gould Buffum wrote that he paid $43 for breakfast for two. That would be about $1,200 today. What did they have? Bread, butter, cheese, sardines, and some- thing to drink.

Gold Rush_8-9.indd 17 2/15/17 3:38 PM 10 Tools of the Trade “Gold is where you find it.” This was a popular saying during the Gold Rush, but finding gold wasn’t as easy as it looked – or as easy as people said it was. Looking for gold was long, hard, tedious work. A forty-niner needed the right tools and a positive attitude. More than anything, a miner needed luck.

PAN: “Panning for gold” was the most basic method. A miner scooped up water, soil, and gravel using a metal pan. Then he’d swirl the pan around and around. Gold is heavier than most minerals, so nuggets and “dust” (small particles) sink to the bottom. Then SHOVEL: the miner would Forty-niners pour out the water used shovels to and dirt to see if any dig up earth and gold was left. gravel in search of gold.

ARRASTRE: Mexican gold miners often used an arrastre (which means “to pull” in Spanish). An arras- tre was an upright axle turned by horses, burros, or mules. As the axle turned, it crushed rocks to reveal any hidden gold.

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SLUICE: A is a long metal trough. Miners would set up near a river to catch water. As the water flowed down the sluice, its riffles (or ridges) would catch heavier gold nug- gets and gold dust.

ROCKER, OR CRADLE: Using a rocker was often a two-man job. One person would pour dirt, gravel, and water into the top tray. Meanwhile, the other person would rock the box. A screen would catch gold pieces and other heavy things as the water ran out. A rocker was also called a cradle because it looked like a baby’s cradle.

Gold Rush_10-11.indd 17 2/15/17 3:39 PM 12 l THEFIRSTPERSON to arrive at a spot was allowed to Staking a Claim “stake a claim.” That means he Getting rich was the dream. would claim the spot as his own Grueling work was the reality. and mark it off Mining for gold was difficult and with wooden stakes. It was as if hardly ever profitable. Miners rarely he owned the land made money. That didn’t stop thou- for a short while. sands of people from following the dream to California. Before long, settlements, or camps where miners lived, began to pop up around the mining sites. They became like little of their own.

MINERS OFTEN the miners faced searched for gold hazards, or dangers, six days a week. and hardships, or Many started min- difficult challenges. ing before dawn Some became very and didn’t stop until rich, but most end- after dark. It took a ed up with little to lot of work, and a nothing, despite all lot of luck, to find their efforts. gold. Almost all

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MINERS SET UP found some joy in camps around min- playing cards or ing sites. Their tents music. On Sundays didn’t offer much they did chores, protection from and sometimes a rain or snow. Food traveling preacher and medicine were would visit to scarce. Life was deliver a sermon. hard, but the miners

r THANKSTO LOUISE daily life in San Clapp, we know Francisco and in a lot about what mining towns. life was really like Her letters were during the Gold published in The Rush. She wrote Pioneer maga- detailed letters to zine under the her sister, Mary pen name Dame Jane, who still Shirley. Later they If you were a forty-niner, lived back in were collected in it helped to know the . a book called The lingo. Louise described Shirley Letters. PAY DIRT: Land that was rich in gold “A man may work in a CLAIM-JUMPER: Someone claim for many months, who took another and be poorer at the end person’s claim

. . . or he may take out : A town, like San Francisco, that saw thousands in a few hours. a sudden jump in popu- It is a mere matter of lation and business chance.” * SQUATTER: Someone who lived on land that did – Louise Clapp as not belong to them

“Dame Shirley” PROSPECTOR: Another term for a miner *Louise Clapp. From a letter to her sister, April 10, 1852. The Shirley Letters From the California Mines in 1851–1852. Edited by Thomas C. Russell. Harvard College Library, 1922.

Gold Rush_12-13_v2.indd 17 2/15/17 3:55 PM 14 d WHAT GREAT of the U.S. – just timing for the in time to reap The Effects of the Gold United States! the rewards of The signing of the Gold Rush and the Treaty of set the wheels Guadalupe in in motion for Rush on People 1848 put California the change to under the control statehood. The Gold Rush had a huge social, political, and economic impact on California and the nation as a whole. Before it, California had been the wild frontier. It had had barely any connection to the East Coast, which was the center of power in the United States. Suddenly, California was the focus of worldwide attention. The state’s enormous growth and newfound wealth ushered in major developments, like the transcontinental railroad, and laws that had far-reaching consequences. It also sped the way for California to become the 31st state, in 1850. The new state of California didn’t allow slavery, which tipped the balance of free states versus slave states in the Union. That helped fuel the beginning of the Civil War. Just think: all this change started with one little piece of gold seen glittering in a river.

l THE GOLD RUSH $1,000. The train paved the way for ticket cost just the transcontinen- $150. Building the tal railroad, which railroad took an was completed in enormous human 1869. It revolution- toll. Thousands ized cross-country worked on it under travel in the United harsh conditions. States. Whereas it Many Native used to take four American com- months to cross munities along the the country, the route were pushed train took only a aside (or worse) few days. Before to make way for the railroad, the progress. trip cost about

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u CALIFORNIA Indians saw their land taken away and communities destroyed during the Gold Rush. u AS ITS POPULATION for a convention to Prevented from and power grew, decide California’s hunting on their the people of future. Forty-eight land, many went California wanted delegates gathered hungry. This led the same rights in Monterey. They to deadly conflict. that everyone ratified a constitu- By the mid-1800s, else in the United tion and agreed on more than 100,000 States had. In California’s bound- California Indians 1849, General aries. They also had been killed. In Bennet Riley, the voted unanimously 1850, the California military governor to outlaw slavery. legislature passed of California, called the Indian Indenture Act, which allowed the enslavement of Native Americans. It also allowed u whites to indenture ASGOLDFEVER watched as the should be allowed A constitution sets native children raged across newcomers came to mine for gold, down basic laws and to be sold as California, tension to outnumber so they drove ideals for people to “apprentices.” grew between the them. Each group them away. Other live by. If you wrote The act wasn’t Californios and the thought it owned Californios were your own constitution, repealed until Americanos, as the California. Many swindled, or what three main things 1863. Californios called forty-niners didn’t tricked, out of would you put in it? them. Californios think Californios their land.

Gold Rush_14-15.indd 17 2/15/17 3:59 PM 16 The Effects of the Gold Rush on the Environment By 1850, it was getting hard to find placer The era of big mining companies and gold. That’s the gold found in rivers and industrial mining had begun. near the ground’s surface. As a result, Industrial mining methods soon took gave way to lode mining, over. was the most which goes deep into rock and minerals. effective, but it had very bad effects on the Lode mining requires digging up moun- environment. Some of those effects can still tains or drilling deep into the ground. be seen today in California’s mountains, The days of the placer miner were over. rivers, farms, and forests.

u WECANSTILL to be replaced. formed a canyon see the effects of The at 7,000 feet long hydraulic mining. Malakoff Diggins and 3,000 feet More than a billion near City, wide. In the late cubic yards of land California, is just 1870s, that pit was removed from one example. was almost 600 the Sierras, never Mining there feet deep.

“Environmentally, the dis- covery of gold was a disaster. People described the California landscape as looking like it had been dug up by giant moles.”* u IN HYDRAULIC up solid rock. The es on the sluice. mining, long hos- water would carry Miners would then – es shot powerful shattered rock and pick out the gold. Malcolm J. Rohrbough, jets of water at mud down a sluice. The muddy water Gold Rush historian a hillside. The Large rocks and would empty out jets were strong pieces of gold got into a nearby river *Malcolm J. Rohrbough. After the Gold Rush, by Stuart Thornton. National enough to break caught in the ridg- or creek. Geographic, 2011. http://nationalgeographic.org/news/after-gold-rush/

Gold Rush_16-17.indd 16 2/15/17 4:02 PM 17 l HYDRAULIC mining interfered with the natural systems (how elements of nature work together) of rivers, forests, and wildlife. It dumped so much rocky, muddy water into rivers that it killed the fish. Sometimes it even filled up parts of a river. This affected businesses, too. Ships could not pass through shallow waters.

r THENEEDFOR lumber began long before the Gold Rush started. After all, Sutter’s Mill was built to meet the demands for lumber. That demand skyrock- eted during the Gold Rush. More wood than ever was needed to build structures and to burn as fuel. That meant more logging and more damage to California’s forests and wildlife.

l FLOODS CAUSED rate out the gold. won! Hydraulic by hydraulic This toxic metal mining was out- mining damaged would wash down- lawed in California farmland. They stream and then in 1884. That was devastated crops, poison crops and one of the first but that wasn’t livestock. Farmers environmental laws the only problem. fought against in this country. Some miners used the big mining to sepa- companies – and

Gold Rush_16-17.indd 17 2/15/17 4:03 PM 18 Activities

DIARY ENTRY Imagine that you are living in a camp. Think about the kinds of activities you might do and the challenges you might face. Write a diary entry about a day in your life. Describe how you spent your day as a miner. Be sure to include a descrip- tion of the camp, and share how you feel about living there.

BUSINESS ADVERTISEMENT Imagine that you’re starting a business during the Gold Rush. Think about what miners might want that you could provide. Would you sell a product that they could use? Or would you offer a service? Create an advertisement describing what your business does. Use persuasive words to tell how it benefits miners.

Gold_Rush_18-19.indd 18 2/15/17 4:04 PM 19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES

Civil Rights Cultural Development California: Becoming an The civil rights movement is one of the and Diversity Economic Power most critically important periods California is one of the most diverse How did California become the in U.S. history. Segregation, particularly states in our country. This is your agricultural and industrial powerhouse in the South, gave birth to nonviolent chance to explore why and how it it is today? Find out by tracing the protests, sit-ins, and civil disobedience, happened – why immigration and transformation of California, from which ultimately led to the passage migration to California exploded revolutionary developments in trans- of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Learn between 1840 and 1900 and how portation and communication to about the heroes who led the charge cultural influences from the world massive engineering projects that led for this movement, including Rosa over play out in California. to our state’s major role in agriculture. Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

4.3 Students explain the economic, social, and political life in California from the establishment of the Bear Flag Republic through the Mexican-American War, the Gold Rush, and the granting of state- hood. LEARN 4.3.2. Compare how and why people traveled to California and the routes MORE they traveled (e.g., , , John C. Fremont, Pio Pico). 4.3.3 Analyze the effects of the Gold Rush on settlements, daily ONLINE! life, politics, and the physical environment (e.g., using biographies of John Sutter, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, Louise Clapp). 4.3.4. Study the lives of women who helped build early California (e.g., Biddy Mason).

• Many people took in 1850 and became a 4.4 Students explain how California became an agricultural and the overland route to successful merchant. industrial power, tracing the transformation of the California economy California, traveling in He helped start the and its political and cultural development since the 1850s. wagon trains that Mirror of the Times, the 4.4.2. Explain how the Gold Rush transformed the , followed one of two first African American– including the types of products produced and consumed, changes in towns trails: the owned newspaper in (e.g., Sacramento, San Francisco), and economic conflicts between diverse or the . California. groups of people. 4.4.3. Discuss immigration and migration to California between 1850 and 1900, including the diverse composition of those who came; the countries of origin and their relative locations; and conflicts and • At the end of a long, • Mariano Guadalupe accords among the diverse groups (e.g., the 1882 ). hard day of digging for Vallejo was born to 4.4.4. Describe rapid American immigration, internal migration, settlement, gold, forty-niners had a wealthy Californio and the growth of towns and cities (e.g., Los Angeles). no warm bed to curl up family in 1808. He rose in. They slept in tents in through the ranks of Historical and Social Sciences Analysis Skills: camps that were often the Mexican military Research, Evidence, and Point of View crowded and dirty. and went on to become 3. Students distinguish fact from fiction by comparing documentary sources one of the delegates on historical figures and events with fictionalized characters and events. • Mifflin Gibbs (above) at the Monterey came to San Francisco Convention.

Gold_Rush_18-19.indd 19 2/15/17 4:05 PM hmhco.com

EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon FACT-CHECKER: David Stienecker ART DIRECTION: Brobel Design DESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, AUTHOR: Emily Dodi David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Barak Zimmerman PHOTO RESEARCH: Ted Levine, Elisabeth Morgan PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine ACTIVITIES WRITER: Kristine Scharaldi CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine PROOFREADER: Carolyn Jackson

GRADE 4 TITLES (Mifflin Gibbs); Corbis Historical: p.15 top left (Indian Indenture Act). Granger Collection: p.4 top right (gold rush guidebook), p.4 bottom right (gold rush saloon), p.4 California: Places and Regions Civil Rights middle right (Chinese miners), p.6 bottom left (prospectors at Auburn Ravine, California), p.6 top left (San Francisco c. 1850), p.7 top center (Chinese gold miners), p.9 top left Pre-Columbian People of California Cultural Development and Diversity (African American miner), p.10 bottom right (), p.12 top right (forty-niners), Spanish Exploration and Colonization California: Becoming an Economic p.13 top right (gold mining camp), p.15 bottom center (Lagrange Mine). Huntington p.8 middle left Power Library, San Marino, CA: (Apron Full of Gold, The Letters of Mary Jane Mexican Settlement and Rule Megquier from San Francisco, 1849–1856). : Historical Bear Flag Republic: Road to Statehood A Plan for Government Society: p.17 bottom (hydraulic mining banned); Nicholas Philip Trist Papers: p.14 right American Government: (Treaty of Hidalgo). OAC / UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library: Dames and Williams: p.7 Gold Rush middle right (Angustias de la Guerra Ord). Atomazul: p.19 top left (Martin Federal, State, and Local Shutterstock: Luther King Jr.); Everett Historical: p.14 bottom left (transcontinental railroad), p.19 top center (Japanese Americans); Kissofdeath: p.19 top right (California tractor); larryrains: p.18 top (gold miner cartoon); patrimonio designs ltd: p.13 bottom right (illustration of a ON THE COVER: A group of gold miners pose for a photo in what is now Sacramento, miner); Vladislav Gurfinkel: p.18 bottom (vintage sign).Smithsonian Institute: Kenneth California. Alamy: Photo Researchers. E. Behring Center: p.3 middle right (first gold nugget).

PICTURE CREDITS: Alamy: 914 collection: p.7 bottom (Committee of Vigilance); Artokoloro ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS: Quint Lox Limited: p.16 middle (Malakoff Diggins); Ivy Close Images: p.2 bottom left Brobel Design: Routes of the Forty-Niners, p.5. (Sutter’s Mill); North Wind Picture Archives: p.3 top left (James Marshall), pp.2–3 bottom (prospectors), p.5 middle left (Samuel Brannan), p.9 middle right (violence Michael Kline Illustration: A Little Secret Goes Big, Gold: Can You Dig It?, cover; against immigrants), p.12 bottom left (prospectors), p.16 bottom left (hydraulic mining); Choosing His Route, p.5; Bernarda Ruiz de Rodriguez, p.6; Inflation, p.9. Photo Researchers, Inc.: p.3 center middle (John Sutter); Pictorial Press Ltd: pp.8–9 bottom center (Levi Strauss advert); SOTK2011: p.17 middle center (Sierra logging); TEXT ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The Protected Art Archive: p.17 top (dump and tailings). Bridgeman Images: Peter Excerpt from “After the Gold Rush” by Stuart Thornton from National Geographic, Newark American Pictures: p.8 top right (Charlie Parkhurst). California State Archives: Friday, January 21, 2011. Text copyright © 2011 by National Geographic. Reprinted by p.15 top right (California Constitution). Getty Images: Archive Photos: p.19 bottom permission of The National Geographic Society.

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