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Home , Timotheus of Miletus, Tlepolemus (general)

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87916-3 - Debating the Athenian Cultural Revolution: Art, Literature, Philosophy, and Politics 430-380 BC Edited by Robin Osborne Index More information

Index

Abrasax, in curse text 50 revolution in a public context 262 actors 279–80, 281–4 social and personal politics of 22 Andron 281 Birds, depiction of dithyrambist 298 Callipides 283 Clouds Nicostratus 283 character familiarity with song and learned Oeagrus 281 music 294–5 Theodorus of Athens 284 compared to Koranic recitation 295 Tlepolemus 281 Plato’s perception 21 Aeschines, on Conon 108 comedy of, engagement with politics 252–3, Aeschylus, and Euripides 295–7 254 Eumenides and oral binding-curse 54–5 conspiracy in 25 tragedies taken to Sicily 22 and Euripidean lyrics 290 Agoracritus, sculptor 151 Frogs, Aeschylean lyrics in 295 agriculture, productivity of 38 Knights 21 akoai, Herodotean and Thucydidean move from personal politics to constitutional compared 211–12 debate 21–3 Alcamenes, sculptor 147, 151, 157–63 parody of New Music 296–7 amnesty, in Athens 34 on Pauson 183 anabol¯e, in New Music 298–9 pessimism in plays of 33 Antigone, compared to Ridley Scott’s on Phidias 185 Gladiator 286 and Phrynichus’ music 299 Antiphon 276–7 and Plato 242, 243–5 innovations of 276–7 Wealth Jason 276 compared to fifth-century comedy and Lysias 5 245–50 Antonine plague 41 and Old Comedy 246 in Roman Egypt compared to Black Death in social politics of 22 Europe and Middle East 29 Aristotle, on aristocratic families 79, 81 Aphrodite 46 on art and artists 182–3 Arcesilas 179 on history of Attic comedy 246 Arginusae, trial after the sea battle at 21 on Pauson 181, 182 Aristodicus 146 on personification of Tragedy 266 Aristophanes on Philoxenus and metabole 298 Acharnians 39 Politics book 124 Assembly Women 250–1, 256 Aristoxenus, and New Music 288, compared to fifth-century comedy 245–50 299 criticisms of 254–6 Asclepius 7, 14 cultural change 21 statue of by Timotheus 172 irony in 255–6 temple of, at Epidaurus 165–78 and Old Comedy 246, 250 Astydamas, Hector 6 and Plato’s Republic 21, 242, 243, 263 Athena 14

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© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87916-3 - Debating the Athenian Cultural Revolution: Art, Literature, Philosophy, and Politics 430-380 BC Edited by Robin Osborne Index More information

Index 335

Athens politics of commemoration in 92 Acropolis 13 politics of space 92 Alcamenes’ sculpture on 147, 157 space for the demos 114 changes in functions between 430 and 390 statues of living men 107–11; of Chabrias bc 113–14 110–11; of Conon 13, 107–9;of development before 420 bc 92–4; Eponymous Heroes 96, 101; of Euagorus Promachos by Phidias 92; Brauronion 13, 107–9; of Iphicrates 110–11;of 93; inscriptions 93; Nike Bastion 92; Timotheus 110–11; of Tyrannicides 13;of Odeion of Pericles 94; Parthenon 92, 161; Zeus 96 Propylaia 92 Triangular Hieron 94 development between 420 and 390 bc 96; archons, location of 94 Erechtheion 96 Assembly 14, 19, 25 display of Solon’s laws 13 boul¯e/Council 5, 19, 91 Erechtheion 96, 113–14, 155, 175–6 burial in 56 functions in the fifth century bc 91 changes at the end of the fifth century 2 negotiation of sculpture 15 choregia in fourth-century theatre 247 Parthenon 16 citizen participation in dialogue 225–41 and political display 14–15 city elite 61, 78–80, 87–8; see also Athens, temple of Athene Nike 16 liturgical class works of Myron 3 cityscape 92–113 adoption at 80 commemoration Agora 16 of Athenian victories 105–6 Altar of Aphrodite Ourania 94 of citizens 105–13 Altar of the Twelve Gods 95 politics of 91 binding curse tablet from 51 commercialised economy in the fifth century commemoration of tribal victories in bc 40 contests 112–13 Council, see boul¯e development before 420 bc 94–6; Aiakeion cultural change in 8, 27–9, 44–5, 91 94; Hephaisteion 94; Old Bouleuterion curse tablets, earliest judicial in character 54 94; Southeast Fountain House 94; employment to control of socio-cultural statues to the Twelve Gods dedicated by risks 65–6 Leagrus 94; statues of Tyrannicides 94; first evidence of 11 Stoa Basileios 94; Stoa Poikile 94; Tholos spread of 54–6 94 when written 61–4 development between 420 and 390 bc why written 57–60 96–7; Hephaisteion 96; inscriptions 97; democracy 25 Mint 96; New Bouleuterion 96; statue of amnesty declared after the restoration of 34 Conon 96; statue of Euagoras of Cypriot nature of 34 Salamis 96; Stoa Basileios 96 Demosion Sema 91 development in the 420s bc 94; South Stoa Dionysia, legislation concerned with 15; see I 94; Stoa of Zeus 94 also Athens, Sanctuary of Dionysus focus of Athenian civic attention 13–15 economy, and Peloponnesian War 11, 27–43 focus of display between 430 and 390 bc 114 emigration from 31 functions, fifth-century bc 91; between 430 grave stelai 16 and 390 bc 114–15; between 410 and 390 inscriptions, placement of between 430 and bc 91–2 390 bc 97–101 inscriptions, absence of 94; emphasis on judicial curse tablets and lawcourts 62–4 Athenian citizens 99–101; importance of linked to Minos by Thucydides 198–9 placement 101; in front of the liturgical class 74–7, 82 Bouleuterion 102–5; in front of the Stoa marriage alliances in the fourth century bc 79 Basileios 102–5; in front of the Stoa of migration to 85–7 Zeus 102–5 mortality in 31–3 location for exchanges (markets) 38 oligarchic coup of 411 bc 61 the Mint 104–5 overseas possessions of 32 Painted Stoa 15, 105 Panathenaea 15, 91

336 Index

Athens (cont.) Bloom, Alan, Plato, and Aristophanes the plague 33 ‘thinker’ 261 Pnyx 91 Brumfiel, Elizabeth 179 politics (democracy) Burn, Lucilla, on the Meidias Painter hydria participation in 72–8, 83–4, 85, 87–9, 90 (London hydria) 133 quietism/non-participation 83–4 population 33 Callimachus, sculptor 151 in 403 bc 31–3, 40–1 capitalism, emergence of in Middle in 431 bc 37–40 Ages 29 basis for military prominence 38 Carpenter, Rhys 17, 161 and cultural revolution in Athens 27–9 Cartledge, Paul, on Athenian morality 430–320 and the economy 11 bc 6 fifth to fourth centuries bc 11, 27–43, 81 on Athens 430–380 bc 4–5 growth/fertility between 431–403 bc 41–2 cavalry, in Thucydides 30 prior to and after Peloponnesian War 29 Chaeremon 269 structure of, 431–403 bc 41–3 Achilles Thersitoktonos 269 structure of slaves, 431–403 bc 42–3 Cleon 21, 26 prosopographical material from 73 Cohen, Edward 36–7 changes in deme origin, 480–322 bc 73 comedy, Aristophanic 5–6; see also Aristophanes changes in wealth, 480–322 bc 73 after Peloponnesian War 21 chronological distribution of 77–8 in fourth-century Athens 228, 245–50 fourth century bc compared to fifth Middle 246–50 century bc 77–8 Conon, statue of 13, 107–9 revenues in fifth century bc 38 Cornford, Frances Macdonald 7–8 Sanctuary of Dionysus 91, 94 Cox, Cheryl, on marriage alliances 79 society, affected by Peloponnesian War Cratinus, Old Comedy of, and Aristophanes 27–43 Assembly Women and Wealth 246 state decrees 97, 98–101 Critias, grave of 16 Stoa of Zeus and military victories 111–12 Critius Boy 146 wage increases, 403–330 bc 35–6 Csapo, Eric 246, 271 wealth, changes in distribution of 79–83 cultural change, in literature 2, 146 women, and lawcourts 62–4 Cup of Nestor, conditional curse 46 Attica curse tablets (defixiones, katadesmoi) 44 ‘normal’ mortality of population 32 and ancient literature 46, 53 demes, evidence for in fourth century bc appearance of in Athens in the fifth century 75–6, 86 bc 11–12, 54–66 funerary inscriptions, geographical archaeological record of 46–7 distribution 85–6 categories of 57–9 grave stelai from 16 compared to conditional curses in Thucydides 29 45–6 population creation of written curses 55–6 at start of Peloponnesian War 31 creators of 47–53 prior to and after Peloponnesian War development of 55–6 29–33 intention of 47–53 settlement density 38–9 judicial 12, 59–60 language of 47–53 banausoi, Plato on 184 materials of 45 banking, Athenian 11, 36 pre-emptive 46–53 Bendideia 14 recipients of 47 Berkeley, Bishop 4 spell types 48–53 Black Death, in Europe and Middle East with appeal to deities/supernatural powers for compared to Antonine plague in Roman assistance (the dead) 49–52 Egypt 29 with similia similibus formulae 52–3 in England compared to Athens at end of fifth with verb of binding or restraining century bc 41 48–9

Index 337

daimones, in curse tablets 50, 55 Euagoras, statue of, displayed in the Agora 13, daimonion, of Socrates 14 107–9 dating, relative 2 Euegetes of Pallene 269–71, 276, 281 Davies, John K. 79, 80, 81 Euphronius, vase-painter 6 Decelea, Spartan occupation of 9, 33, 35 Eupolis, and Aristophanes’ Assembly Women and defixiones (katadesmoi) 44; see also curse tablets Wealth 246 democracy, social structure in fifth century Euripides 280–1 bc 283 and Aeschylus 295–7 demography 27–9; see also Athens, population innovation of 274, 275 Demosthenes, on Conon 108 Ion 277–8 on Conon and Euagoras 107 late works compared to earlier works 5 dialogue, essential to philosophy 225, 232 Medea, metre of 276 ‘essentialist approach’ 225 new musical style 288 Diodorus, on Athenian effort in Lamian War 30 Orestes 275, 276 Diogenes Laertius, on the invention of expatriates, Athenian, return of 33 dialogue 20 Diomedes, on reading dramatic lyrics 294 Farrar, Cynthia 18 Dionysus, statues of 147, 151–7 feudalism, end of 29 Discobolus,byMyron 3, 4, 146 Finley, John H., on the rational mind dithyramb 9–10 modulations in 297–9 Finley, Moses I. 36 reception of in New Music 297 Four Hundred Dodds, Eric 7–8 abolition of pay for public office 35 Doryphorus, by Polyclitus 147, 148 Agora as city focus as a result of 91 Douglas, Mary 65 Fowler, Robert, on Herodotus 18 Douris, vase-painter 6 Foxhall, Lin Dover, Kenneth 249 on land-holding in fourth century bc 81 drama on women and lawcourts 63 centres for 272 French Revolution 3 Euripidean, complexity of musical effects 23 modulations in 297–9 Garnsey, Peter, and Athenian agriculture 38 Ge, in curses 50 Easterling, Pat 10 Genette, Gerard, metalepsis 117 Eavesdropper, Nicolas Maes, metalepsis Giuliani, Luca in 119–20, 121 on polychronous and monochronous pictures eisangelia, no case of decided in assembly 14 129 England, in late Middle Ages 27–9 on trends in fifth-century bc vase-painting Epidaurus, temple of Asclepius 17, 167 129–30 akroteria 167–72 on visual storytelling and written storytelling cult statue by Thrasymedes 165 117 design and construction by Theodotus 165 Gladiator 286–7 east pediment, attributed to Hectoridas 167 Gomme, A. W. 106 Priam 167 xoanon of Trojan Athena 167 Hansen, Mogens Herman sculptors working at 165–78 on Athenian combat casualties 32 Hectoridas 166, 167 on Athenian population 34 Theo– 166, 167 on division of Attica 75–6 Thrasymedes 165, 166 on Thucydides 1, 3, 30 Timocleidas, guarantor of Hectoridas 166 Hanson, Victor, on the effects of invasion of Timotheus 166, 167 Decelea 9 theatre 166 Havelock, Eric, on mousik¯e 293 tholos 166 Hecataeus, and Herodotus 18 west pediment, Achilles 167 Hecate, in curse tablets 49, 50 Penthesilea 167, 176 Hectoridas, sculptor and dedicant at Epidaurus Trojan Amazonomachy 167 172, 173–8

338 Index

‘Helen’, from temple of Nemesis, and Antiphon 5 Rhamnous 151–3, 155, 157 new language of 5 Hellen 195–6 on the Thirty 12 Hermes, in curse tablets 49, 50, 51, 55 Lysippus 187 Herodotus and the Athenian Assembly 25 Macedonia, Pella, curse tablet from 50 and Carians 204, 207–10 ‘Maenad’, 4, from temple of Dionysus, and ‘earlier times’ 188 Athens 151–5, 157 and Hecataeus 18 Maes, Nicolas, Eavesdropper 119–20 on Minos 188, 190–1, 204–15, 220 Malthus, Thomas 28 and other intellectuals 18 Marxist theory, and Middle Ages 28 on Polycrates 190–1, 216–19 Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, sculpture of 172 and Thucydides 18–19, 141, 188, 193, 205–8, metabol¯e, in New Music 297–9 210, 213 metalepsis 15–17, 117–18 Hippocrates, in Plato 183–4 in Greek antiquity 120–43 history in Homer 120 constructing 2 in Nicolas Maes’s Eavesdropper 118–20 cultural 7–10 modal 137, 141–2 economic 27 and visual art 118, 141–3 internalist 3 metics 29, 33 whiggish 3 Minos Homer as discussed by Herodotus, Thucydides, and metalepsis in 120 Plato 18–19 Odyssey, on new songs 288 Herodotus on 190–1, 204–15, 220 Homeric aoid¯e, and rhapsodic recitation Socrates on 200–2 294 Thucydides on 190–1, 193–6, 197, 198–9, hoplites 204 casualties in Peloponnesian War 34–5 Morris, Ian, and patterns of land-holding 81 in Thucydides 29 mousik¯e 288–300 Hornblower, Simon 6, 190, 211 Murray, Oswyn 10 music 293–300 Iasos of Collytus 271, 276, 281 change and innovation 289–92 Isocrates 185–6, 266 change between sixth and fourth centuries bc 300 katadesmoi (defixiones or curses) 44; see also curse classical, periodisation of 289–90 tablets contextual aspects 292 korai 2 developments in Greece in late fifth century kouroi 3, 4 bc 288–300 Kubrick, Stanley 286–7 in public and private contexts 293 Myron of Eleutherai 3 Laokoon¨ , Lessing’s 129 Discobolus 3, 4, 146 Leagrus, statues to the Twelve Gods 94 Leda and the Swan, by Timotheus 147, 157–63, ‘Narcissus’ 147–51 172 navy, Minos’ invention of 196 Leochares 187 Neils, Jenifer, on Cleveland lekythos 138 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 129 Nemesis, temple of at Rhamnous 147, 151–7 liberty, Athenian 25 Nicomachus, prosecuted 14 Liddel, Peter 97 Nightingale, Andrea, on Plato and Lloyd, Geoffrey E. R. 20 Aristophanes 257 logopoioi, comparisons with Herodotus 18 Nike of Paionios 161, 171, 177 Loomis, William 35–6 Loraux, Nicole 106 oraliture, defined 130 Lucian, on Pauson 180 Lycurgus, legislation associated with 15 paragraph¯e, invention of 14 Lysias Paralos, in Plato’s Protagoras 184

Index 339

parenthek¯e 221–2 book 2 229 Pasianax book 3 231–2 epithet of Zeus 50 book 4 232 in spell type 1 binding curse tablet 50 book 5 232–4; Aristophanes’ Assembly name belonging to Pluto 50 Women 21, 242–61, 263, and book 1, 233, Patterson, Cynthia, on the population of philosophy and intellectualism of comic Athens 34 drama 260–1 Pausanias, on Agoracritus 151 book 10 234 on Alcamenes 151 Cephalus 227 on Peloponnesian War 9 conception of the philosopher 226–35 on Thrasymedes 172 dialogue 225, 235–40 on statue of Timotheus 110 distancing from Socratic heritage 224–5 on Timotheus (sculptor) 172 exploration of the city 8 Pauson (Athenian painter) 180, 181, 182, 183 Glaucon 229–35 Peloponnesian War injustice 230–2 and Athens’ society and economy 27–35, 43 interlocutors 19 development of foreign cults during 7 interpersonal dialogue 225–6 Pausanias on 9 justice 228–32 Pergamon Altar 120–1 moral reflections on characters 226 Pericles on the philosopher 226–7, 236–7 building programme 165 philosopher’s hunger for learning 226–35 Odeion of 94 philosopher’s intellectual interests 226, 227 on liberty 25 philosophical and democratic dialogue 225 on Sparta, in Thucydides 29 Polemarchus 232 periodisation 9 psychological reflections of characters 226 Persephone, in curse tablet 49, 50, 55 reference to binding curses 46 Persian Wars, figurative imagery in cemeteries self-interrogation/internal dialectic 238 following 16 Socrates and interpersonal dialogue Phidias 239–40 Aristophanes on 185 Socrates and knowledge 227 Athena Promachus 92 Theaetetus, interlocutor and dialectic 238–9 Plato on 183–5, 187 Thrasymachus 228–9, 233 Philip son of Amyntas 9 Timaeus 226–7, 236–7 philosophy, changes in 5–6, 299; see also Plato; on Tynnichus 299 Socrates; Socratic dialogue Platonic dialogue 273–4 Pindar 259, 288 Pliny, on Timotheus 172 piracy, Thucydides on 196–7 Pluto, Pasianax, name belonging to 50 Piraeus 38 poleis, artistic contact between 145 Plato politics, Athenian, patterns of participation Apology 245 in 12–15 and Aristophanes 242, 243–5, 261–2 Pollitt, J. J., psychological effects of art of late and comic poets 245 fifth century bc 7–8 criticisms of New Music 288, 289 Polyclitus, Doryphorus 147–51, 183–5 and dialogue 19–21, 225, 240–1 Polycrates intellectualism of 261 Herodotus on 190–1, 216–19 Laws 22, 46, 278 Thucydides on 216–18 Minos 200–2 Polygnotus I 181 on Minos 18 Polygnotus II (vase-painter) 6 on music 299 workshop of, image of Tragoidia from 267 on Phidias 183–5, 187 population, Athenian, between Peloponnesian on population and military power 37 War and end of fifth century bc 11 Republic 224 portrait, honorary, statue type erected in the Adeimantus 230–5 Agora 92 Bendideia as setting for opening 14 pottery, Athenian 2 book 1 227–9, 233, 235 multistability in 140

340 Index

pottery, Athenian (cont.) Socratic dialogue 224 organisational change of scenes in late fifth tragedy 430–380 bc indicative of 284–7 century bc 15–17 political 24–6 visual storytelling, late fifth century bc political view 4 138–41 rhetoric of 1, 4 Athenian black-figure 2 rhapsodic recitation and Homeric aoid¯e 294 Athenian red-figure 2, 5–6 Rhesus 268–9 appearance of personifications of literary rhuthmos, in sculpture 148 genres in 267 Ricardo, David, and the study of Middle Ages binary conceptual contrasts in 266 28 interpretation of storytelling in 116, Roman Egypt, Antonine plague 29 128–31 Meidian vase-painting 5, 6, 20, 132–8, Sallares, Robert, usefulness of total population 138–41 figures 37 metaleptic situation in (body narrative) 121 Scheidel, Walter, on population and military Nicias Painter hydria, Judgment of Paris power 37 121–8; compared to hydria by Coghill Scopas 187 Painter, binding of Andromeda 125; Scott, Ridley, Gladiator 286–7 compared to Meidias Painter 132; sculptors, Athenian compared to Vivenzio hydria by hierarchies of value in 144 Cleophrades Painter, Fall of Troy 125; status of 164 innovations 130–1; metalepsis 126; stylistic changes by 144 proleptic elements 127 working at temple of Asclepius, Epidaurus Niobid Painter 128–9 165–78 polychronous storytelling in 128 sculpture, styles of 144, 145–63 proleptic storytelling in 128 Selinus, curse tablets from 46, 53, 54 Pronomos vase 266–7 serfdom, end of in Middle Ages 29 Tragedy/Tragoidia in 266–7 Sicily Praxiteles 187 Aeschylus’ tragedies taken to 22 proem, so-called Archaeology in and Athenian curse-writing 54 Thucydides 193–4 Athenian disaster in 35 prose, change in 5–6 curse tablets from 46, 53, 54 Protagoras, Plato on 184–5 death of Minos 220 Simonides 179 Raeck, Wulf, trends in fifth-century bc Slater, Niall, rise of Menander 247–8 vase-painting 129 Smith, Adam, and study of Middle Ages 28 revolution, concept of 189 Socrates cultural 1, 17, 284–7 daimonion of 14 1960s 265, 285 and Hippocrates 183–4 Athens, and dialogue 240 and interlocutors in Plato’s Republic 19 binding curses indicative of 45 and Thucydides on Minos 200–2 contemporary usage 285 Socratic dialogue the Great Proletarian 284 depiction of character through 226–35 in Athens 27, 188 innovation of 224 in England in late Middle Ages, invention of 19–21 comparative model for classical Athens literary expression and philosophical inquiry 27–9 19–21 in Greek historiography 189, 190 Socratics, dialogue, commitment to 240 in Greek thought 190 Solon, laws of, displayed on Acropolis 13 in history 189 sophists, comparisons with Herodotus 18 internet 285–6; compared to changes in Sophocles tragedy 430–380 bc 285–6 comparison of late and early works 5 language of 1 Philoctetes 274 na¨ıve view 3–4 Sparta, resistance to Athenian imperialism 18 original usage of term 284 Spartacus 286–7

Index 341

stelai Astydamas 268 sculpted grave 16 pupils of Isocrates 268 in last third of ﬁfth century bc 33 Theodectes 268 Strauss, Barry 9, 32, 34–5 tragedy summetria, in sculpture 148 aesthetic prejudice 265 astrophic songs in 270–1 Tethys, in curse tablet 49 and Athens 264–5, 278–9 thalassocracy Bacchylides 3, and Athens’ naval arch¯e antecedents of in Thucydides 194 199–200 in Thucydides, as natural, universal changes in 22, 23, 269–71 phenomenon 196–8 and comedy 273, 281 Theo–, sculpture of 173–8 of Euripides and Sophocles compared 5–6 Theodectes, Alcmaeon 6 in fourth century 267 Theodorus of Athens 284 music of 270–1 Theodotus, architect of temple of Asclepius 172 New Music and 270 Theopompus, Stratiotides, women soldiers in 244 repertoire 274 thetes, casualties among 34–5 revisiting earlier themes in 5 Thirty revival of 280 oligarchic revolution of, Agora as city focus as and satyr drama 272-3 a result of 91 in Sicily 272 Xenophon and Lysias on 12 theorisation of 272–4, 284 Thomas, Rosalind, on Herodotus 18 travelling actors and 272 Thrasymedes, cult statue of Asclepius 172 venues for 271, 272 Thucydides Tragoidia, earliest surviving image, by Archaeology 193–4 Polygnotus’ workshop 267 and Athens 190–1, 193–9, 204 triremes, in Thucydides 30 on Athenian ignorance 25 Tynnichus, Plato on the music of 299 and Attic Greek 5 tyrannicides, statues of 13 and combat casualties by 32 on demographic recovery after the plague 8 Vernant, J.-P., on philosophy 20 on disaster of Sicily 221–2 Voutiras, E., on Pasianax 50 on displaced people during Peloponnesian War 96 Webster, T. B. L., deﬁning aesthetic sensibility of and Herodotus 18–19, 141, 208 early fourth century bc 266 on liberty (eleutheria) 25 Wunsch,¨ R., on Pasianax 50 Melian Dialogue 21 on Minos 188 Xanthippus, in Plato 184 and oligarchic coup in 411 bc 12, 61 Xenophon and Pericles on war with Sparta 29, 32 combat casualties by 32 and the plague 32, 33 dialogue 19 on Polycrates 219, compared to Herodotus on on cavalry and the Thirty 83 Polycrates 216–18 on democrats and men of Piraeus 83 on population and military power 30, 34, 37 on the Thirty 12 prototype of modern historians 192 and cavalry 83 on slaves lost during Decelean War 33 and Thucydides 2, 5 and Xenophon 2, 5 Virtue and Vice 266 and zetesis 221 Timotheus, sculptor 147, 157–63, 172, 173–8 Zeitgeist 146, 290–1 Timotheus of Miletus, and Euripides 297 Zeitstil 146 tragedians, ‘great’ fourth century 268–9 zetesis, in Sicily 221 Aphareus 268 Zeus, Pasianax, epithet of 50