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This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Demeter in Hellenistic Poetry: Religion and Poetics Maria Constantinou A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to Classics Department School of History, Classics and Archaeology The University of Edinburgh 2014 Declaration This thesis has been composed by the candidate, the work is the candidate’s own and the work has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or professional qualification. ii Abstract The thesis examines the presence of Demeter in Hellenistic poetry, while it also considers the way contemporary Demeter cult informs the poetic image of the goddess. My research focuses on certain poems in which Demeter is in the foreground, that is, Philitas’ Demeter, Callimachus’ Hymn to Demeter, Theocritus’ Idyll 7, and Philicus’ Hymn to Demeter, supplemented by the epilogue of Callimachus’ Hymn to Apollo and Philicus’ Hymn to Demeter. The first part of my study is dedicated to the presentation of the evidence for Demeter’s role in the religious life of places that are directly or indirectly associated with the poems I discuss, that is, Egypt, Cyrene, Cos and Cnidus, in order to establish the cultic and historical framework within which Demeter’s literary figure appears. In the second part I closely examine the poems that feature Demeter and conclude that the goddess and motifs closely linked with her have poetological significance, which supports the view that Demeter functions as a symbol of poetics. Furthermore, I examine the social elements in the narrative of the most extant Hellenistic poem on Demeter, i.e. Callimachus’ Hymn to Demeter, and propose that these reflect Demeter’s role as a ‘social’ goddess. iii Acknowledgments I would like to express my deepest gratitude to people who have contributed to the completion of this thesis. First and foremost, I am indebted to my parents for the constant encouragement and support they offered me all these years; without them this thesis would not have been possible. I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Stephanie Winder, not only for her academic supervision and guidance, but also for her patience, understanding, moral and intellectual support throughout my MSc and PhD studies. I would also like to express my appreciation to my secondary supervisors, Dr. Richard Rawles and Prof. Douglas Cairns for their encouragement and their useful comments. Morever, I owe thanks to the School of History, Classics and Archaeology of the University of Edinburgh for the funding it provided, both for my Master’s and PhD studies, and for giving me the opportunity to teach at tutorial level, which proved to be a rewarding experience. Furthermore, I would like to thank my thesis examiners, Prof. Gregory Hutchinson and Dr. Donncha O’ Rourke, for their invaluable feedback and advice for a future publication of my thesis. Finally, I am grateful to my friend and colleague Chrysanthi for her continuous encouragement and willingness to read my work, my friend and colleague Lavinia for the support and the constructive discussions on ancient Greek religion and archaeology, as well as my friends Lisa, Stella, Georgia, Petros and Vania for their moral and practical help, especially in the final stages of my PhD. iv Contents Declaration………………………………………………………………… ii Abstract…………………………………………………………………..... iii Acknowledgments………………………………………………………… iv Abbreviations…………………………………………………………….... 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 3 Part I: Demeter in Cult…………………………………………………… 6 Chapter 1: Demeter in Egypt…………………………………………… 7 Chapter 2: Demeter in Cyrene………………………………………….. 39 Chapter 3: Demeter on Cos and Cnidus………………………………… 46 Part II: Demeter in Poetry…………………………………………………. 65 Chapter 4: A Network of Poems on Demeter: Callimachus, Philicus, Philitas and Theocritus……………………………………… 66 Chapter 5: Demeter and Poetics………………………………………… 112 Chapter 6: Demeter and Social Boundaries…………………………….. 171 Conclusions……………………………………………………………...... 201 Bibliography……………………………………………………………..... 203 v Abbreviations A.-B. Austin, C., Bastianini, G. (2002). (eds). Posidippi Pellaei quae supersunt omnia, Milan. Austin Austin, M. M. (2006). The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest. A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation2, Cambridge. Burstein Burstein, S. M. (1985). The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra VII, Cambridge. CA Powell, J. U. (1925). (ed.). Collectanea Alexandrina, Oxford. Consbr. Consbruch, M. (1971). Hephaestionis enchiridion cum commentariis veteribus, Stuttgart. D.-K. Diels, H., Kranz, W. (1972). (eds). Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker I-III, Berlin. Diehl Diehl, E. (1925). Anthologia Lyrica Graeca, Leipzig. ED Segre, M. (1993). Iscrizioni di Cos, Rome. FGrH Jacoby, F. (1923-1958). (ed.). Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker I-IV, Berlin/Leiden. G.-P. Gow, A. S. F., Page, D. L. (1965). (eds). The Greek Anthology. Hellenistic Epigrams, Cambridge. Harder Harder, A. (2012). (ed.). Callimachus: Aetia. Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary, Oxford. HGK Herzog, R. (1928). Heilige Gesetze von Kos. Abhandlungen der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Berlin. IG (1873-). Inscriptiones Graecae, Berlin. IK Blümel, W. (1992). Die Inschriften von Knidos I, Bonn. IThraceL Loukopoulou, L. D., Parissaki, M. G., Psoma, S., Zournatzi, A. (2005). Επιγραφές της Θράκης του Αιγαίου: Μεταξύ των Ποταμών Νέστου και Έβρου (Νομοί Ξάνθης, Ροδόπης και Έβρου), Athens. Keil Keil, H. (1874). Grammatici Latini VI, Leipzig. LIMC (1981-). Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, Dusseldorf/Munich/Zurich. LSCG Sokolowski, F. (1969). Lois sacrées des cités grecques, Paris. LSJ Liddell, H. G., Scott, R. (1996). A Greek-English Lexicon, Revised and Augmented Throughout by H. S. Jones. Edited with Revised Supplement9, Oxford. M.-W. Merkelbach, R., West, M. L. (1967). (eds). Fragmenta Hesiodea, London. Mass. Massimilla, G. (1996–2010). (ed.). AITIA. Libri primo e secondo, Libro terzo e quarto, Pisa/Rome. Matth. Matthews, V. J. (1996). Antimachus of Colophon. Text and Commentary (Mnemosyne Supplements), Leiden/New York/Cologne. OGIS Dittenberger, W. (1903-1905). (ed.). Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae. Supplementum Sylloges Inscriptionum Graecarum I-II, Leipzig. 1 PEG Bernabè, A. (1996). Poetae Epici Graeci, Leipzig. Perry Perry, B. E. (1952). (ed). Aesopica. A Series of Texts Relating to Aesop or Ascribed to him or Closely Connected with the Literary Tradition that Bears his Name, Urbana. Pf. Pfeiffer, R. (1949-1953). (ed.). Callimachus I-II, Oxford. PMG Page, D. L. (1962). (ed.). Poetae Melici Graeci, Oxford. RE (1893-). Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Stuttgart/Munich. Roscher Roscher, W. H. (1884-1937). Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie, Leipzig. Sb. Sbardella, L. (2000). Filita. Testimonianze e frammenti poetici. Introduzione, edizione e commento, Rome. SEG (1923-). Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Leiden. SGO Merkerbach, R., Stauber, J. (1998-2004). (eds). Steinepigramme aus dem griechischen Osten I-V, Munich/Leipzig. SH Lloyd-Jones, H., Parsons, P. J. (1983). (eds). Supplementum Hellenisticum, Berlin/New York. Sp. Spanoudakis, K. (2002). Philetas of Cos, Leiden/Boston/Cologne. ThesCRA (2004-2012). Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum I-VIII, Los Angeles. TrGF Snell, B., Kannicht, R., Radt, S. (1971-2009). (eds). Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta I-V, Gottingen. West West, M. L. (1989-1992). (ed.). Iambi et elegi Graeci I-II2, Oxford. References to ancient authors and ancient works are according to the abbreviations of the Oxford Classical Dictionary4, edited by S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth (Oxford 2003), with the exception of Callimachus’ Hymns, which I abbreviate as H. 1, H. 2 etc. For papyri I use the abbreviations of the Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri, while for journals I follow the abbreviations of L’Année philologique. 2 Introduction The topic of the current study is Demeter’s presence in Hellenistic poetry. Demeter’s importance in Hellenistic poetry has been noted by a number of scholars who examined individual poems featuring the goddess,1 while certain studies on Demeter’s cult in Ptolemaic Egypt have indicated that Demeter held a very prominent role in the religion of the area. Callimachus’ Hymn to Demeter in particular has very recently attracted scholarly attention anew, as indicated by the articles of Giuseppetti (2012), Faulkner (2012) and Faraone (2012), each of them dealing with a different aspect of the poem,2 while Demeter’s cult in Ptolemaic Egypt has been the topic of a detailed treatment by Parca (2007). Nevertheless, the lack of a treatise entirely dedicated to Demeter’s appearance in
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  • One God Three Greek Experiments in Oneness* 1

    One God Three Greek Experiments in Oneness* 1

    CHAPTER THREE ONE GOD THREE GREEK EXPERIMENTS IN ONENESS* Ik hou niet van ‘één.’ ‘Eén’ is zo’n eenzaam woord (I do not like ‘one’. ‘One’ is such a lonesome word). Liselot (5 year) ὅθεν καὶ τῶν κατὰ τὸν βίον οἱ μὲν ἕνα φασὶν εἶναι θεόν, οἱ δὲ πολλοὺς καὶ διαφόρους ταῖς μορφαῖς (Hence ordinary people differ also, some saying that there is one god, others that there are many gods and of various shapes). Sext. Emp. Pyr. 3.219 1. Introduction Ancient Greek religion was, as we have seen in our first chapter, unashamedly polytheistic. Hence the subject of the present chapter, that of ‘oneness’ in Greek religion Archaic, Classical and Hellenis- tic, may come as a surprise. I will discuss three Greek modes of by- passing, negotiating, reconciling, in short of coping with the alarming complexity of divine manifestations. The three relevant sections are entitled: “One and many,” “Many is one,” and “One is the god.” The first concerns the Archaic, the last the Hellenistic period, the second discusses a phenomenon that can be found throughout Greek history. All three are ‘experiments in oneness’, which, on the face of it, attempt to redefine a diversity of phenomena as being basically a unity. I hope to show, however, that none of these theologies aims at fusing the poly- theistic plurality itself into one unifying system or structure. Rather, in each of them, though in singularly different ways, the plurality and * This title is both an indication of what this chapter is about and an allusion to my book TER UNUS (1990), on which the third section of the present chapter leans heavily and to which in this chapter I shall refer by its title in order to avoid an irritat- ing repetition of ‘Versnel 1990’.