DOCSLIB.ORG

Alexander the Great

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Alexander the Great ALEXANDER THE GREAT Narrative BY W. W. TARN CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE LONDON ' NEW YORK MELBOURNE Published by the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP Bentley House, 200 Euston Road, London NWI ~DB 32 East 57th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA 296 Beaconsfield Parade, Middle Park, Melbourne 3206, Australia Copyright Cambridge University Press 1948 First published 1948 Reissued and first paperback edition 1979 Printcd in Grcat Britain at the University Press, Cambridge ISBN o 521 22584 I hard covers ISBN o 521 29563 7 paperback PREFACE Volume I of this book gives a narrative in compendious form; Volume 11, which is the main part of the work, contains a number of special studies. It has been arranged that either volume can be purchased separately, as a straight- forward narrative may appeal to a class of readers who do not want anything further; the work is therefore in essence almost two books. The narrative in Volume I consists in the main of my chapters XIand xnr in volume VI of the Cambridge Ancient History, but the text has been carefully corrected and brought upto date, and a considerable amount has been rewritten, making the present narrative rather longer; my general view of Alexander remains unchanged. I desire to express my gratitude to the Syndics of the Press both for permitting me to use these chapters and for allowing me a completely- free hand over the rest of the work which they had undertaken to publish. In the circumstances, I have written a separate prefatory note to Volume II; but I may say here that some such examination of the sources as forms Part I of that volun~eis long- overdue, and that the twenty-five studies called Appendices, some of them long essays, which form Part II of that volume, do not claim to cover all the problems raised by the Alexander story; they only deal with matters on which I thought I had something to say which needed saying ; but they do include an examina- tion of the things which are really important for our judge- ment of one of the greatest of nlanlund. No apology is needed, in 111y view, for stressiilg ail i~idividi~alman rather than streains of tendency or the inass mind or other 'idols of the cavc'. Preface As for some time I have had no access to libraries, I am almost bound to have missed some modern work; even had it been otherwise, what was written in France, Germany and Italy during the war is only now becoming accessibl;. I trust, however, that I have not missed much of real importance, for the history of Alexander has never received much help from new material, such as inscriptions; it depends- cLefly on the examination and interpretation of literary texts. My best thanks are due to the friends who have sent me references, notably Professors H. M. Last, N. H. Baynes, and A. D. Nock; Mr Nock also read Ap- pendix 22for me, and Mr Last and Mr Baynes most kindly copied out for me extracts from books which I could not get sent to me. I thank the Council of the Hellenic Society for permission to make the use I have made in Appendix 24 of an article of mine ~ublishedin theJouma1 of the Hellenic Society for 1939, and also the Royal Geographical Society for kindly sending me a copy of the article by the late Sir A. Stein, published after his death, which is utihsed in Appendix 8 ii. But my great indebtedness is to Professor F. E. Adcock, not merely for sending me some references and material, but for undertahg the labour of reading both volumes in proof with minute care and malung a number of suggestions which have greatly improved the book, for which I am most gateful. In conclusion, besides my already expressed thanks to the Syndics of the Press for publishing the book, I should hke to thank the printing staff for setting up the book so well from my manuscript, it being impossible for me to get it typed. W. W. TARN MUIRTOWN HOUSE INVBRNESS September, 1947 CONTENTS Abbreviations Page Chapters I. The Conquest of Persia 11. The Conquest of the Far East III. Personality, Policy and Aims Index Map CONTENTS OF VOLUME I1 (SOURCES AND STUDIES) Part I. The so-called 'Vulgate' and its Sources The Problem. Cleitarchus and Alexander's Expedition. The Date of Cleitarchus. Aristobulus and Cleitarchus. Cleitarchus' Book. The Poetasters. Diodorus XVII. Diodorus' Method of Work. Quintus Curtius Rufus. Curtius' Use of Diodorus. Justin, Books XI and XII. Summary. Part 11. Appendices M I LI T A R Y. Alexander's Macedonian Troops. The Short Mace- donian Cubit. Alexander's Communications. The Cardaces. The Battle of Gaugamela. The Battle of the Hydaspes. CITIES. Alexander and the Greek Cities of Asia Minor. Alexander's Foundations. SOME HISTORICALITEMS. Caranus. The Gordian Knot. The Death of Batis. The Murder of Parmenion. The Alleged Massacre of the Branchidae. Alexander and the Ganges. Contents of Volume I1 D o c u M E N T A R Y. The Speeches in Arrian (and some in Curtius). Plutarch's Liji of Alexander. The Date of the Gazetteer of Alexander's Empire. PERSONAL.Alexander's Attitude to Sex. The Queen of the Amazons. 'Barsine ' and her Son Heracles. ANIKH TOZ. T HE M A I N P R o B L E M S. Alexander's Deification. The Embassies to Babylon. Alexander's Supposed Plans and the ' World-kingdom'. Brotherhood and Unity. viii To all the friends, living arzd dead, who have helped me over many years ABBREVIATIONS Berve. H. Berve, Das Alexanderreich, 2 vols., 1926. C.A. H. Cambridge Ancient History. Jacoby. F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen ~istoriker (FGrHist). In progress. Kornemann. E. Kornemann, Die Alexandergeschichte des Konigs Ptolemaios I von Aegypten, 193 5. Phy. C. Phus Secundus, Naturalis Historia. Rostovtzeff, Soc. and Econ. Hist. M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World, 3 VO~S.,1941. S. V.F. H. von Arnim, Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, 3 vols., 1903-5- Susermhl. Fr. Susermhl, Geschichte dergriechischen Literatur in der Alexandrinerzeit, 2 vols., 1891, 1892. Tarn, Hell. C~V.~W. W. Tam, Hellenistic Civilisation, 2nd ed., 1930. Tam,Bactria and India. W.W. Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India, 1938. ALEXANDER THE GREAT CHAPTER ONE THE CONQUEST OF PERSIA LEXANDER 111, son of Philip I1 and the Epirote rincess Olympias, was born in summer 356, and Apwas twenty when in 336 he succeeded to the throne of Macedonia. Though both his parents claimed Greek descent, he certady had from his father, and probably from his mother, some Illyrian, i.e. Albanian, blood. When his son was thirteen, Phhp- invited Aristotle to Macedonia to be his tutor; and, so far as his character was influenced by others, it was influenced by Aristotle and Olympias, by a philosopher who taught that moderation alone could hold a kingdom together1 and by a woman to whom any sort of inoderation was unknown. Olympias was proud and terribly passionate, with an emotional side which made her a devotee of the orgiastic worships of Thrace; but she kept her son's love all his life, and, though he Inherited from Philip the solid qualities of capacity for affairs and ditary talent, his nature was largely hers, though not his mind. For if his nature was passionate, his mind was practical; he was found, when a boy, entertaining some Persian envoys by questioning thein about the routes across Asia. For physical pleasures, except hunting, he cared little ; but he read much poetry, and shared Euripidks' diske of the professional athlete. His heroes were his I Arist. Pol. vrn (v), I I, 13 I 3 n, 19. The Conquest of Persia traditional ancestors AcMes and Heracles, and he kept under his pdow a copy of the Iliad which Aristotle had revised for hun. During their three years together at Mieza, Aristotle taught him ethics and hls own views on politics and on the geography of Asia, and perhaps some metaphysics; later he wrote for him a treatise on the art of rhg,and perhaps another on colonisation. He also gave him a general interest in pldosophy, scientific investigation, and medicine. The last two bore fruit in Alexander's care for his army's health in Asia and in the great contributions he made to the knowledge of geography, hydrography, ethnology, zoology, and botany; the first is illustrated by the phdosophers who accompanied hmto Asia, and by the treatise on kmgship written for him by Xenocrates, while hs admiration for Heracles may have been quickened by the Cynic teaching which was already mhgof Heracles the ideal king, labouring incessantly for the good of man- kind. In appearance, Alexander was fair-shed, ruddy, and clean-shaven ; Lysippus' portrait-statues rendered famous the inchation of his head to the left side and the soft, upturned eyes. For the rest, he was at his accession easy to persuade but impossible to drive; generous, am- bitious, masterful, loyal to fiiends, and above all very young. HISdeeper qualities, for good or evil, remained to be called out by events. At sixteen he had governed Macedonia in Philip's ab- sence and defeated a Thracian rising; at eighteen he had commanded Pldp's left at Chaeronea, and broken the Sacred Band of Thebes. At nineteen he was an exlle. Relations between PhiLp and Olympias had long been strained, for Olympias was not the woman to tolerate Philip's harem; and the trouble came to a head when, in Alexander's youth 3 3 7, PMip married Cleo~atra,niece of hs general Attalus, which, unUe most of pup's 'marriages', threatened Olympias' position.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iranian Coins & Mints: Achaemenid Dynasty
    IRANIAN COINS & MINTS: ACHAEMENID DYNASTY DARIC The Achaemenid Currency By: Michael Alram DARIC (Gk. dareiko‚s statê´r), Achaemenid gold coin of ca. 8.4 gr, which was introduced by Darius I the Great (q.v.; 522-486 B.C.E.) toward the end of the 6th century B.C.E. The daric and the similar silver coin, the siglos (Gk. síglos mediko‚s), represented the bimetallic monetary standard that the Achaemenids developed from that of the Lydians (Herodotus, 1.94). Although it was the only gold coin of its period that was struck continuously, the daric was eventually displaced from its central economic position first by the biga stater of Philip II of Macedonia (359-36 B.C.E.) and then, conclusively, by the Nike stater of Alexander II of Macedonia (336-23 B.C.E.). The ancient Greeks believed that the term dareiko‚s was derived from the name of Darius the Great (Pollux, Onomastikon 3.87, 7.98; cf. Caccamo Caltabiano and Radici Colace), who was believed to have introduced these coins. For example, Herodotus reported that Darius had struck coins of pure gold (4.166, 7.28: chrysíou statê´rôn Dareikôn). On the other hand, modern scholars have generally supposed that the Greek term dareiko‚s can be traced back to Old Persian *dari- "golden" and that it was first associated with the name of Darius only in later folk etymology (Herzfeld, p. 146; for the contrary view, see Bivar, p. 621; DARIUS iii). During the 5th century B.C.E. the term dareiko‚s was generally and exclusively used to designate Persian coins, which were circulating so widely among the Greeks that in popular speech they were dubbed toxo‚tai "archers" after the image of the figure with a bow that appeared on them (Plutarch, Artoxerxes 20.4; idem, Agesilaus 15.6).
    [Show full text]
  • The Westminster Historical Atlas to the Bible
    The Westminster Historical Atlas to the Bible by George Ernest Wright and Floyd Vivian Filson "The Great Empires of Israelite Times" The story of man's oft-repeated attempt to dominate his world by the use of totalitarian power is a fascinating account. It is the story of ambitious men who consolidate their power over a people, and turn the total resources of that people toward world conquest. Strangely enough, the conquest has not always been an unmixed evil. The organizing energy required often stirred creative powers to such an extent that great prosperity resulted and achievements in science and art were phenomenal. Yet conquest was more often a dreadful thing, draining the resources of subject peoples and keeping them in a state of poverty, terror, and seething hatred. The mounds which dot the ancient Near East are filled with the evidence of this state of affairs. In Palestine and Syria especially the average city was frequently destroyed in war. Small wonder that Israel was so concerned with death and judgment and salvation! . The period of the Old and New Testaments was the first great epoch of empire-building, and in its maelstrom of tragedy and triumph the Hebrew people were inevitably caught. The Egyptian Empire of the fifteenth century B.C. was the greatest which the world had seen. Yet it was dwarfed by the achievements which followed. During the eighth and seventh centuries the Assyrian Empire was formed, including in its scope the whole of Mesopotamia, Palestine-Syria, southern Asia Minor, and even for a time Egypt. By 600 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander's Seventh Phalanx Battalion Milns, R D Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Summer 1966; 7, 2; Proquest Pg
    Alexander's Seventh Phalanx Battalion Milns, R D Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Summer 1966; 7, 2; ProQuest pg. 159 Alexander's Seventh Phalanx Battalion R. D. Milns SOME TIME between the battle of Gaugamela and the battle of A the Hydaspes the number of battalions in the Macedonian phalanx was raised from six to seven.1 This much is clear; what is not certain is when the new formation came into being. Berve2 believes that the introduction took place at Susa in 331 B.C. He bases his belief on two facts: (a) the arrival of 6,000 Macedonian infantry and 500 Macedonian cavalry under Amyntas, son of Andromenes, when the King was either near or at Susa;3 (b) the appearance of Philotas (not the son of Parmenion) as a battalion leader shortly afterwards at the Persian Gates.4 Tarn, in his discussion of the phalanx,5 believes that the seventh battalion was not created until 328/7, when Alexander was at Bactra, the new battalion being that of Cleitus "the White".6 Berve is re­ jected on the grounds: (a) that Arrian (3.16.11) says that Amyntas' reinforcements were "inserted into the existing (six) battalions KC1:TCt. e8vr(; (b) that Philotas has in fact taken over the command of Perdiccas' battalion, Perdiccas having been "promoted to the Staff ... doubtless after the battle" (i.e. Gaugamela).7 The seventh battalion was formed, he believes, from reinforcements from Macedonia who reached Alexander at Nautaca.8 Now all of Tarn's arguments are open to objection; and I shall treat them in the order they are presented above.
    [Show full text]
  • Ii. Historical Perspectives
    II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES An important background for the early Greek accounts of India lies in the ancient Near Eastem awareness of South Asia. This awafeness goes back to a very early period, but does not form a continuous tradition. An even more important factor was the Persian con- quests in Northwestem India (now mostly Pakistan), and the va¡ious contacts of the Achaemenian period, for during this time we first find Greeks (or at least one Greek) in India and Indians in Greece, and both nationsl meet each other in the capitals of the empire. In this period several Indian products were introduced into Greece (and in some cases there was even some vague idea about their place of origin.) In this chapter I shall discuss these factors, and thus give the outlines ofthe history ofearly contacts between India and the West and study some related problems. l.The Ships of Meluþþa In a study devoted to the literary evidence of a much later period we can safely leave aside the question of prehistoric contacts between India and the West. Surely there were such at least with Iran, and at an early date important innovations like agriculture and pottery travelled far and wide from their original Near Eastem homelands.2 The interpretation of the archaeological evidence is rather complicated - often the process seems to have been step by step without direct contact over wide distances, but there is hardly any conclusive evidence to be found. As far as our theme is concemed, the first phase of Indo-Ìrry'estem relations belongs to the third millennium, in the wide commercially and culturally interacting world of Sumer, Dilmun, Magan and Melufþa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Court of Alexander the Great As Social System
    Originalveröffentlichung in Waldemar Heckel/Lawrence Tritle (Hg.), Alexander the Great. A New History, Malden, Mass. u.a. 2009, S. 83-98 5 The Court of Alexander the Great as Social System Gregor Weber In his discussion of events that followed Alexander ’s march through Hyrcania (summer 330), Plutarch gives a succinct summary of the king ’s conduct and reports the clash of his closest friends, Hephaestion and Craterus (Alex. 47.5.9-11).1 The passage belongs in the context of Alexander ’s adoption of the traditions and trap ­ pings of the dead Persian Great King (Fredricksmeyer 2000; Brosius 2003a), although the conflict between the two generals dates to the time of the Indian campaign (probably 326). It reveals not only that Alexander was subtly in tune with the atti­ tudes of his closest friends, but also that his changes elicited varied responses from the members of his circle. Their relationships with each other were based on rivalry, something Alexander - as Plutarch ’s wording suggests - actively encouraged. But it is also reported that Alexander made an effort to bring about a lasting reconcili ­ ation of the two friends, who had attacked each other with swords, and drawn their respective troops into the fray. To do so, he had to marshal “all his resources ” (Hamilton 1969; 128-31) from gestures of affection to death threats. These circumstances invite the question: what was the structural relevance of such an episode beyond the mutual antagonism of Hephaestion and Craterus? For these were not minor protagonists, but rather men of the upper echelon of the new Macedonian-Persian empire, with whose help Alexander had advanced his con ­ quest ever further and exercised his power (Berve nos.
    [Show full text]
  • MAC II in General, All Greek Troops “Constitutionally
    ALEXANDER’S FINAL ARMY An Honors Thesis for the Department of History By Jonathan A. Miller Thesis Advisor: Steven Hirsch Tufts University, 2011 AKNOWLEDGMENTS Alexander the Great is a man with whom many great leaders throughout history have been compared, a model of excellence whose achievements can never quite be matched. 2 My introduction to his legacy occurred in the third grade. Reading a biography of Julius Caesar for a class project, I happened across Plutarch’s famous description of Caesar’s reaction to reading a history of Alexander: “he was lost in thought for a long time, and then burst into tears. His friends were astonished, and asked the reason for his tears. ‘Do you not think,’ said he, ‘that it is a matter of sorrow that while Alexander, at my age, was already king of so many peoples, I have as yet achieved no brilliant success?’”1 This story captivated my imagination and stuck with me throughout my middle and high school years. Once at college, I decided to write a thesis on Alexander to better understand the one man capable of breeding thoughts of inadequacy in Caesar. This work is in many ways a tribute to both Caesar and Alexander. More pointedly, it is an exploration into the designs of a man at the feet of whom lay the whole world. This paper has meant a lot to me. I want to thank all those who made it possible. First and foremost, my undying gratitude goes to Professor Steven Hirsch, who has helped me navigate the difficult process of researching and writing this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    Index Note : Geographical landmarks are listed under the proper name itself: for “Cape Sepias” or “Mt. Athos” see “Sepias” or “Athos.” When a people and a toponym share the same base, see under the toponym: for “Thessalians” see “Thessaly.” Romans are listed according to the nomen, i.e. C. Julius Caesar. With places or people mentioned once only, discretion has been used. Abdera 278 Aeaces II 110, 147 Abydus 222, 231 A egae 272–273 Acanthus 85, 207–208, 246 Aegina 101, 152, 157–158, 187–189, Acarnania 15, 189, 202, 204, 206, 251, 191, 200 347, 391, 393 Aegium 377, 389 Achaia 43, 54, 64 ; Peloponnesian Aegospotami 7, 220, 224, 228 Achaia, Achaian League 9–10, 12–13, Aemilius Paullus, L. 399, 404 54–56, 63, 70, 90, 250, 265, 283, 371, Aeolis 16–17, 55, 63, 145, 233 375–380, 388–390, 393, 397–399, 404, Aeschines 281, 285, 288 410 ; Phthiotic Achaia 16, 54, 279, Aeschylus 156, 163, 179 286 Aetoli Erxadieis 98–101 Achaian War 410 Aetolia, Aetolian League 12, 15, 70, Achaius 382–383, 385, 401 204, 250, 325, 329, 342, 347–348, Acilius Glabrio, M. 402 376, 378–380, 387, 390–391, 393, Acragas 119, COPYRIGHTED165, 259–261, 263, 266, 39MATERIAL6–397, 401–404 352–354, 358–359 Agariste 113, 117 Acrocorinth 377, 388–389 Agathocles (Lysimachus ’ son) 343, 345 ; Acrotatus 352, 355 (King of Sicily) 352–355, 358–359; Actium 410, 425 (King of Bactria) 413–414 Ada 297 Agelaus 391, 410 A History of Greece: 1300 to 30 BC, First Edition. Victor Parker.
    [Show full text]
  • Philip II of Macedon: a Consideration of Books VII IX of Justin's Epitome of Pompeius Trogus
    Durham E-Theses Philip II of Macedon: a consideration of books VII IX of Justin's epitome of Pompeius Trogus Wade, J. S. How to cite: Wade, J. S. (1977) Philip II of Macedon: a consideration of books VII IX of Justin's epitome of Pompeius Trogus, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10215/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. PHILIP II OF MACEDON: A CONSIDERATION OF BOOKS VII - IX OF JUSTIN* S EPITOME OF POMPEIUS TROGUS THESIS SUBMITTED IN APPLICATION FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS - by - J. S. WADE, B. A. DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM OCTOBER 1977 ABSTRACT The aim of this dissertation is two-fold: firstly to examine the career and character of Philip II of Macedon as portrayed in Books VII - IX of Justin's epitome of the Historiae Phillppicae .of Pompeius Trqgus, and to consider to what extent Justin-Trogus (a composite name for the author of the views in the text of Justin) furnishes accurate historical fact, and to what extent he paints a one-sided interpretation of the events, and secondly to identify as far as possible Justin's principles of selection and compression as evidenced in Books VII - IX.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 21: the Art of Greece
    The Artios Home Companion Series Unit 21: The Art of Greece Teacher Overview The arts reflect the society that creates them. Nowhere is this truer than in the case of the ancient Greeks. Through their temples, sculpture, pottery and literature, the Greeks incorporated the concept of reaching for excellence and one’s full potential. Reading and Assignments In this unit, students will: Complete six lessons in which they will learn about Greek literature, art, philosophy, religion, and myths, journaling and answering discussion questions as they read. Define vocabulary words. Explore the following website: ▪ Gods and goddesses of Ancient Greece http://www.ancientgreece.co. uk/gods/explore/exp_set.ht ml Visit www.ArtiosHCS.com for additional resources. A recreation in modern materials of the lost colossal statue by Pheidias, Athena Parthenos is housed in a full-scale replica of the Parthenon in Nashville’s Centennial Park. She is the largest indoor sculpture in the western world. Photograph by Dean Dixon, Sculpture by Alan LeQuire (1990), work of art is free according to the terms of the Free Art License. Leading Ideas In Acts 17, Paul gives a sermon that makes it evident that he understood Greek philosophy. However, he did not stay there in his conversation. He presented the gospel to them. This is a great demonstration of not being “of the world” but being “sent into” the world. — Acts 17 (Read this chapter in ESV at: https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+17&version=ESV) Ancient: Middle School Unit 21: The Art of Greece Page 314 Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect.
    [Show full text]
  • Macedonian Relations with Greece Under Philip and Alexander
    MACEDONIANMACEDONIAN RELATIONRELA TrONSS WITWITHH GREECEGREECE UNDEUNDERR PHILIPHILIPP ANANDD ALEXANDERALEXANDER byby NicholaNicholass SpearSpear ProukouProukou A thesisthesis submittedsubmitted toto thethe facultyfaculty ofof ThThee UniversitUniversityy ooff UtahUtah in partiapartiall fulfillmentfulfillment ofof ththee requirementrequirementss foforr ththee degreedegree of MasteMasterr ofof ArtsArts DepartmentDepartment ofof HistoryHistory ThThee UniversityUniversity ofof UtahUtah AugusAugustt 20092009 CopyrightCopyright © NicholaNicholass SpearSpear ProukoProukouu 20092009 AlAlll RightRightss ReservedReserved THE UNJVERSJTY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Nicholas Spear Proukou This thesis has been read by each member of the following supervisory committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory. Randall O. Stewart· THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL FINAL READING APPROVAL To the Graduate Council of the University of Utah: I have read the dissertation of Nicholas Spear Proukou in its final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and bibliographic style are consistent and acceptable; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the supervisory committee and is ready for submission to The GraduateSchool. '2go9 ff�(/' a!�2� Date Winthrop 1. Adams Chair: Supervisory Committee Approved for the MajorDepartment ��eLL1, JamesR. Lehning 3 ChairlDean Approved for the Graduate Council
    [Show full text]
  • Views on the Nature of Human Relations And, Ultimately, the Historical Process
    INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17”x 23” black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, 35mm slides of 6”x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. Order Number 8726642 Fathers and sons in the Histories of Herodotus Greenberger, Jeff Steven, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1987 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark .
    [Show full text]
  • The Anabasis of Alexander; Or, the History of the Wars and Conquests Of
    CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Cornell University Library PA 3935.E5A3 1884 Anabasis of Alexander: or. The history o 3 1924 026 460 752 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026460752 THE ANABASIS OF ALEXANDER. THE ANABASIS OF ALEXANDER; OR, i^e Pislorg of tl^e ffiars anir Cottqnjcsts of '^hxmhtx tl^t (irtat. LITERALLY TRANSLATED, WITH A COMMENTARY, FROM THE GREEK OF ARRIAN THE NICOMEDIAN, BY E. J. CHINNOCK, M.A., LL.B., L0ND9N, Rector of Dumfries Academy. HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27, PATERNOSTER ROW. MDCCCLXXXIV. "g 5~ /\ . 5"b r. f ^5- A3 Butler & Tanner. The Selwood Fiintiug Works, Frome, and London. PREFACE. When I began this Translation^ more than two years ago, I had no intention of publishing it; but as the work progressed, it occurred to me that Arrian is an Author deserving of more attention from the English- speaking races than he has yet received. No edition of his works has, so far as I am aware, ever appeared in England, though on the Continent many have been pub- lished. In the following Translation I have tried to give as literal a rendering of the Greek text as I could with- out transgressing the idioms of our own language. My theory of the duty of a Translator is, to give the ipsissima verba of his Author as nearly as possible, and not put into his mouth words which he never used, under the mistaken notion of improving his diction or his way of stating his case.
    [Show full text]