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Views on the Nature of Human Relations And, Ultimately, the Historical Process

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INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17”x 23” black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, 35mm slides of 6”x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. Order Number 8726642 Fathers and sons in the Histories of Herodotus Greenberger, Jeff Steven, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1987 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark . 1. Glossy photographs or pages______ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print _______ 3. Photographs with dark background _____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy_______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy______ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page_______ 7. indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in sp in e________ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print_______ 11. Page(s)____________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)____________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages num bered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages \/ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received S 16. Other ______ _____ ________ ____________ ______ University Microfilms International FATHERS AND SONS IN THE HISTORIES OF HERODOTUS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Jeff S. Greenberger, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1987 Dissertation Committee Approved by f Adviser Department of Classics parentibus optimis filius pius i i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My deepest thanks to June Allison for all the help and support she has provided to me since my earliest days as a graduate student, through my Master’s Degree, and up till the present. Her time, advice, and encouragement throughout the entire process of producing this dissertation have been invaluable to me. I am much obliged to Doug Lacey and Jack Balcer, my second and third readers, for their many helpful and challenging suggestions. To both of these men, and to Dick Garner (the Graduate School representative on my committee), I nic grateful for the many good vibes of the past several years. Thanks to the members of the faculty of the Department of Classics at Ohio State University, and especially its chairman, Charles Babcock, who have made me feel at home throughout my graduate career; to the many wonderful friends I’ve made over the years both among the graduate students and in the Columbus community, who helped make my time in Columbus such a long, strange trip; to Lorene Custer Decker, for ages of devoted friendship; to Suzan Justice, and to all the Kent folk, for moral support during the final year of this project; thanks finally to ■y family for never giving me a hard time about my wanting to get a Ph.D. in Classics. i ii VITA September 29, 1958 .......... Born, Tampa Florida 1980 .......................... B.A., SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 1980-1981 .................... University Fellow, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 1981 .......................... M.A., Ohio State University 1983-1984 .................... Fulbright Grant, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England 1985-1986 .................... Visiting Instructor, Kent State University, Kent, OH 1986-1987 .................... Presidential Fellow, Ohio State University FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Classical Antiquity IV TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ............................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................... iii VITA ...................................................... iv INTRODUCTION ............................................. 1 CHAPTER PAGE I. AN EXEGESIS OF THE CROESUS-LOGOS DEMONSTRATING HERODOTUS’ USE OF FATHERS AND SONS ............. 7 II. A SURVEY OF FIVE SIGNIFICANT PASSAGES FROM THE HISTORIES WITH COMMENTARIES ON HOW FATHERS AND SONS ARE USED IN EACH ............................. 62 III. A DISCUSSION OF THE THEMATIC USAGES OF FATHERS AND SONS ................................ 117 IV. AN ANALYSIS OF THE BEGINNING OF BOOK SEVEN THE EPILOGUE OF BOOK NINE ....................... 208 CONCLUSION ............................................... 249 APPENDICES A. CATALOGUE OF SELECTED PASSAGES IN THE HISTORIES IN WHICH FATHERS AND SONS ARE SIGNIFICANT .. 257 B. TEXT OF 1.73-74 ................................... 264 C. ADDITIONAL PASSAGES FROM THE HISTORIES WITH COMMENTARIES ON HOW FATHERS AND SONS ARE USED IN EACH .............................................. 269 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................. 282 v INTRODUCTION It is the claim of this dissertation that Herodotus uses the characters of fathers and sons throughout his work deliberately and consistently. The importance of fathers and sons transcends their familial roles, and their relationship may be seen as a symbolic plane on which Herodotus reveals his views on the nature of human relations and, ultimately, the historical process. His use of fathers and sons is artistic, and is a significant feature of his compositional technique. The evidence and arguments which are used to prove these claims in this dissertation are presented in a direct and unobscure manner. A few introductory remarks on the contents and methodology will make the reader’s path smoother. In a work as vast in length and scope as the Histories. set in a patriarchal world in which the prime players most often are men engaged in struggles for power in the broadest sense, we expect to encounter stories of fathers and sons. Accordingly, throughout Herodotus’ work are ranged countless mentions of genealogy, with specific references to characters’ paternity, as well as scores of 1 2 stories in which fathers and sons are major characters.1 It would be ,folly to attempt to analyze every incident in which fe.thers and sons appear; indeed, Powell’s Lexicon lists several hundred occurrences of the terms pater and pais. With respect to the questions of the unity of Herodotus’ work and the order of composition of the various logoi. we shall see that Herodotus’ interest in fathers and* sons extends from the earliest sections of his investigations to the works of his maturity.2 From seemingly gratuitous mentions of fathers and sons within ethnographic discourses to the highly-wrought didacticism of the Croesus-logos, from passages of "background material" to incidents of "hard history," throughout the work Herodotus continually focuses on a wide variety of phenomena implicit in the relationship of fathers and sons. To be sure, the great variety of stories in which fathers and sons appear makes it difficult to determine at what points they are there simply because they happen to be party to the actions he is obliged to describe as part of his investigations, at what points Herodotus is investing these characters with perhaps symbolic or 1 See Appendix A for a catalogue of selected passages in which fathers and sons are significant. 2 cf. Charles Fornara, Herodotus. An Interpretative Essay (Oxford 1971), chapter one "Unitarians, Separatists, and Book II" for an informative and intelligible discussion of the various theories on the order of compos it ion. metaphorical attributes, at what points he is molding fathers and sons into models of human behavior in whom he finds certain universals played out on the personal scale, and, inevitably, at what points these distinctions blur and yield altogether to the suppleness of Herodotus’ narrative technique. In this last category we would obviously find the Croesus-logos, as well as the treatment of Cyrus and Cambyses, and it is in stories such as these, in which fathers and sons are heightened from mere characters to a theme in and of themselves, that we shall look for Herodotus’ most powerful and artful manipulation of his material. Necessarily there are fewer of this type of story throughout the Histories than of the former types; and I should like to stress here that the ’'theme" of fathers and sons is but one of the many "themes" that present themselves in a work as rich as the Histories. Fathers and sons are not by any means the "dominant" theme in the Histories. but rather, as we shall see, they are a sustained theme to which
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