DOCSLIB.ORG

Causes of the Rise in Violence in the Eastern Campaigns of Alexander the Great

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Causes of the Rise in Violence in the Eastern Campaigns of Alexander the Great “Just Rage”: Causes of the Rise in Violence in the Eastern Campaigns of Alexander the Great _______________________________________ A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _____________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts _____________________________________________________ by Jenna Rice MAY 2014 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled “JUST RAGE”: CAUSES OF THE RISE IN VIOLENCE IN THE EASTERN CAMPAIGNS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT presented by Jenna Rice, a candidate for the degree of master of history, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Ian Worthington Professor Lawrence Okamura Professor LeeAnn Whites Professor Michael Barnes τῷ πατρί, ὅς ἐμοί τ'ἐπίστευε καὶ ἐπεκέλευε ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee, Professors Worthington, Okamura, Whites, and Barnes, for the time they spent reading and considering my thesis during such a busy part of the semester. I received a number of thoughtful questions and suggestions of new methodologies which will prompt further research of my topic in the future. I am especially grateful to my advisor, Professor Worthington, for reading through and assessing many drafts of many chapters and for his willingness to discuss and debate the topic at length. I know that the advice I received throughout the editing process will serve me well in future research endeavors. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ iv INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Chapter 1. THE GREEK RULES OF WAR ..............................................................................5 2. ALEXANDER IN PERSIA ...................................................................................22 3. BACTRIA ...............................................................................................................37 4. INDIA .....................................................................................................................84 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................136 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................139 The following frequently cited ancient authors are abbreviated as follows: Arr. Arrian, Anabasis Alexandrou Curt. Quintus Curtius Rufus Diod. Diodorus Siculus Hdt. Herodotus Plut. Plutarch Thuc. Thucydides Xen. Xenophon The following frequently cited modern works are abbreviated as follows: Bosworth, Alexander and the East Bosworth, A.B. Alexander and the East:The Tragedy of Triumph. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. Bosworth, “Calanus” Bosworth, A.B. “Calanus and the Brahman Opposition.” Alexander der Grosse: Eine Welteroberung und Ihr Hintergrund (Vorträge des Internationalen Bonner Alexanderkolloquiums). Bonn: Rudolf Habelt, 1998. Bosworth, Commentary [I-II] A.B. Bosworth, Commentary on Arrian’s History of Alexander. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980, 1995. Bosworth, Conquest and Empire Bosworth, A.B. Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge: Canto Classics, 1993. iv Fuller, Generalship of Alexander the Great Fuller, J.F.C. The Generalship of Alexander the Great. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1958. Hanson, Western Way of War Hanson, Victor D. The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. Heckel, Conquests of Alexander the Great. Heckel, Waldemar. The Conquests of Alexander the Great. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Holt, Alexander the Great and Bactria Holt, Frank. Alexander the Greatand Bactria: The Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia. Leiden: Brill, 1988. Holt, Into the Land of Bones Holt, Frank. Into the Land of Bones: Alexander the Great and Afghanistan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. Kern, Ancient Siege Warfare Kern, Paul. Ancient Siege Warfare. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. Pritchett, Greek State at War [I-V] Pritchett, William. The Greek State at War vols. I-V. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974- 1985. Rawlings, Ancient Greeks at War Rawlings, Louis. The Ancient Greeks at War. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007. Romm, Landmark Arrian Romm, James. The Landmark Arrian: The Campaigns of Alexander. Translated by Pamela Mensch. New York: Pantheon Books, 2010. v Tritle, From Melos to My Lai Tritle, Lawrence. From Melos to My Lai: A Study in Violence, Culture, and Social Survival. New York: Routledge, 2000. Worthington, Philip II Worthington, Ian. Philip II of Macedonia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. Worthington, By the Spear Worthington, Ian. By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Translations Translations of Arrian’s Anabasis come from The Landmark Arrian. Translations of Herodotus, and Thucydides come from the Penguin Classics as cited in the bibliography. The translation of the title, a quote from Curtius, comes from the Penguin translation of The History of Alexander. All other translations of ancient authors come from the Loeb Classical Library except where otherwise noted. vi Introduction Alexander the Great of Macedonia (356-323) is perhaps the best known secular figure of antiquity. Acceding to the throne aged twenty in 336, in thirteen years he forged an empire that stretched from Greece and Macedonia in the west to India in the east, and its collapse drastically altered the political and intellectual spectrum of the Near East. The construction of this Macedonian Empire led Alexander and his army to the edges of the world; they travelled farther and for a longer time than any Greek army before them, spreading Hellenic culture in their wake. Given the extent of Alexander’s influence and the number of works written about him in antiquity, it is astounding that not one contemporary source survives intact; all are fragmentary. The only extant intact histories of Alexander’s reign were written centuries after his death and under Roman influence by Diodorus Siculus (1st century BCE), Pompeius Trogus (epitomized by Justin in the 2nd century CE ), Quintus Curtius Rufus (1st century CE), and Arrian (2nd century CE). To these we can add the 1-2nd century biographer Plutarch, who wrote a biography of Alexander. The way in which these later authors used the earlier (now mostly lost) sources is unknown, and for this reason their accounts should be treated with caution.1 Nevertheless, without them it would be impossible to proceed in the study of Alexander, and many of the obstacles the sources present may be overcome through consideration of credibility, purpose, and by presenting a reader with variations of an account. 1 See E. Baynham, “The Ancient Sources for Alexander the Great,” Brill’s Companion to Alexander the Great ed. J. Roisman (Leiden: Brill, 2003): 1-29; A.B. Bosworth, From Arrian to Alexander: Studies in Historical Interpretation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988). 1 It is the nature of the ancient sources to center their reports on Alexander or his generals, making the perspectives of unranked men, the majority of the campaign’s participants, difficult to determine. Such is the general state of accounts of war throughout history, but in his 1976 work The Face of Battle Keegan has shown that it is possible to reconstruct some degree of the common soldier’s experience.2 By considering the points of view of all participants in a battle, Keegan offered a fresh understanding of war through three case studies from between the fifteenth and twentieth centuries. Hanson followed in his footsteps by reconstructing the experience of the ancient Greek hoplite soldier in his The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece.3 In my thesis, I attempt to use a similar methodology on a smaller scale to investigate the type and acceleration of violence in Alexander’s army, aspects of his campaign in the East that bear further scrutiny. The Macedonian invasion of Bactria, Sogdiana, and India in the latter half of the campaign stands out as distinct from operations in West Asia, the traditional Persian Empire. The degree of slaughter involved in the conquest and occupation of these lands is emphasized in the ancient sources and used by some modern historians as a basis for forming a “new…orthodoxy”4 in order to combat the romanticized Alexander of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. However, I do not think that something as complex as human brutality can be easily explained, and attributing the rise of violence to 2 J. Keegan, The Face of Battle: A Study of Agincourt, Waterloo, and the Somme (London: Penguin Books, 1983). 3 V. Hanson, The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994). 4 P. Briant, Alexander the Great and His Empire, trans. A. Kuhrt (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010), 140. 2 Alexander’s personality or suggesting that “killing was what he did best” is not sufficient.5 Rather, the causes of heightened violence are numerous, multifaceted, and unique to time and location. In my thesis, I argue that the rise in carnage and incidence of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Artaxerxes II
    Artaxerxes II John Shannahan BAncHist (Hons) (Macquarie University) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Ancient History, Macquarie University. May, 2015. ii Contents List of Illustrations v Abstract ix Declaration xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Conventions xv Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 THE EARLY REIGN OF ARTAXERXES II The Birth of Artaxerxes to Cyrus’ Challenge 15 The Revolt of Cyrus 41 Observations on the Egyptians at Cunaxa 53 Royal Tactics at Cunaxa 61 The Repercussions of the Revolt 78 CHAPTER 2 399-390: COMBATING THE GREEKS Responses to Thibron, Dercylidas, and Agesilaus 87 The Role of Athens and the Persian Fleet 116 Evagoras the Opportunist and Carian Commanders 135 Artaxerxes’ First Invasion of Egypt: 392/1-390/89? 144 CHAPTER 3 389-380: THE KING’S PEACE AND CYPRUS The King’s Peace (387/6): Purpose and Influence 161 The Chronology of the 380s 172 CHAPTER 4 NUMISMATIC EXPRESSIONS OF SOLIDARITY Coinage in the Reign of Artaxerxes 197 The Baal/Figure in the Winged Disc Staters of Tiribazus 202 Catalogue 203 Date 212 Interpretation 214 Significance 223 Numismatic Iconography and Egyptian Independence 225 Four Comments on Achaemenid Motifs in 227 Philistian Coins iii The Figure in the Winged Disc in Samaria 232 The Pertinence of the Political Situation 241 CHAPTER 5 379-370: EGYPT Planning for the Second Invasion of Egypt 245 Pharnabazus’ Invasion of Egypt and Aftermath 259 CHAPTER 6 THE END OF THE REIGN Destabilisation in the West 267 The Nature of the Evidence 267 Summary of Current Analyses 268 Reconciliation 269 Court Intrigue and the End of Artaxerxes’ Reign 295 Conclusion: Artaxerxes the Diplomat 301 Bibliography 309 Dies 333 Issus 333 Mallus 335 Soli 337 Tarsus 338 Unknown 339 Figures 341 iv List of Illustrations MAP Map 1 Map of the Persian Empire xviii-xix Brosius, The Persians, 54-55 DIES Issus O1 Künker 174 (2010) 403 333 O2 Lanz 125 (2005) 426 333 O3 CNG 200 (2008) 63 333 O4 Künker 143 (2008) 233 333 R1 Babelon, Traité 2, pl.
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Power, Law and Justice in Ancient Macedonia Joseph Roisman
    Royal Power, Law and Justice in Ancient Macedonia Joseph Roisman In his speech On the Crown Demosthenes often lionizes himself by suggesting that his actions and policy required him to overcome insurmountable obstacles. Thus he contrasts Athens’ weakness around 346 B.C.E. with Macedonia’s strength, and Philip’s II unlimited power with the more constrained and cumbersome decision-making process at home, before asserting that in spite of these difficulties he succeeded in forging later a large Greek coalition to confront Philip in the battle of Chaeronea (Dem.18.234–37). [F]irst, he (Philip) ruled in his own person as full sovereign over subservient people, which is the most important factor of all in waging war . he was flush with money, and he did whatever he wished. He did not announce his intentions in official decrees, did not deliberate in public, was not hauled into the courts by sycophants, was not prosecuted for moving illegal proposals, was not accountable to anyone. In short, he was ruler, commander, in control of everything.1 For his depiction of Philip’s authority Demosthenes looks less to Macedonia than to Athens, because what makes the king powerful in his speech is his freedom from democratic checks. Nevertheless, his observations on the Macedonian royal power is more informative and helpful than Aristotle’s references to it in his Politics, though modern historians tend to privilege the philosopher for what he says or even does not say on the subject. Aristotle’s seldom mentions Macedonian kings, and when he does it is for limited, exemplary purposes, lumping them with other kings who came to power through benefaction and public service, or who were assassinated by men they had insulted.2 Moreover, according to Aristotle, the extreme of tyranny is distinguished from ideal kingship (pambasilea) by the fact that tyranny is a government that is not called to account.
    [Show full text]
  • The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyla-Koutsopetria I Archaeological Survey of an Ancient Coastal Town American Schools of Oriental Research Archeological Reports
    PYLA-KOUTSOPETRIA I ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF AN ANCIENT COASTAL TOWN AMERICAN SCHOOLS OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH ARCHEOLOGICAL REPORTS Kevin M. McGeough, Editor Number 21 Pyla-Koutsopetria I: Archaeological Survey of an Ancient Coastal Town PYLA-KOUTSOPETRIA I ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF AN ANCIENT COASTAL TOWN By William Caraher, R. Scott Moore, and David K. Pettegrew with contributions by Maria Andrioti, P. Nick Kardulias, Dimitri Nakassis, and Brandon R. Olson AMERICAN SCHOOLS OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH • BOSTON, MA Pyla-Koutsopetria I: Archaeological Survey of an Ancient Coastal Town by William Caraher, R. Scott Moore, and David K. Pettegrew Te American Schools of Oriental Research © 2014 ISBN 978-0-89757-069-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Caraher, William R. (William Rodney), 1972- Pyla-Koutsopetria I : archaeological survey of an ancient coastal town / by William Caraher, R. Scott Moore, and David K. Pettegrew ; with contributions by Maria Andrioti, P. Nick Kardulias, Dimitri Nakassis, and Brandon Olson. pages cm. -- (Archaeological reports ; volume 21) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-89757-069-5 (alkaline paper) 1. Pyla-Kokkinokremos Site (Cyprus) 2. Archaeological surveying--Cyprus. 3. Excavations (Archaeology)--Cyprus. 4. Bronze age--Cyprus. 5. Cyprus--Antiquities. I. Moore, R. Scott (Robert Scott), 1965- II. Pettegrew, David K. III. Title. DS54.95.P94C37 2014 939’.37--dc23 2014034947 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper. For Our Parents, Fred and Nancy Caraher Bob and Joyce Moore Hal and Sharon Pettegrew Introduction to A Provisional Linked Digital Version of Pyla-Koutsopetria I: Archaeological Survey of an Ancient Coastal Town We are very pleased to release a digital version of Pyla-Koutsopetria I: Archaeological Survey of an Ancient Coastal Town (2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander's Seventh Phalanx Battalion Milns, R D Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Summer 1966; 7, 2; Proquest Pg
    Alexander's Seventh Phalanx Battalion Milns, R D Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Summer 1966; 7, 2; ProQuest pg. 159 Alexander's Seventh Phalanx Battalion R. D. Milns SOME TIME between the battle of Gaugamela and the battle of A the Hydaspes the number of battalions in the Macedonian phalanx was raised from six to seven.1 This much is clear; what is not certain is when the new formation came into being. Berve2 believes that the introduction took place at Susa in 331 B.C. He bases his belief on two facts: (a) the arrival of 6,000 Macedonian infantry and 500 Macedonian cavalry under Amyntas, son of Andromenes, when the King was either near or at Susa;3 (b) the appearance of Philotas (not the son of Parmenion) as a battalion leader shortly afterwards at the Persian Gates.4 Tarn, in his discussion of the phalanx,5 believes that the seventh battalion was not created until 328/7, when Alexander was at Bactra, the new battalion being that of Cleitus "the White".6 Berve is re­ jected on the grounds: (a) that Arrian (3.16.11) says that Amyntas' reinforcements were "inserted into the existing (six) battalions KC1:TCt. e8vr(; (b) that Philotas has in fact taken over the command of Perdiccas' battalion, Perdiccas having been "promoted to the Staff ... doubtless after the battle" (i.e. Gaugamela).7 The seventh battalion was formed, he believes, from reinforcements from Macedonia who reached Alexander at Nautaca.8 Now all of Tarn's arguments are open to objection; and I shall treat them in the order they are presented above.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Tsjcl Certamen Novice Division Round 1
    2017 TSJCL CERTAMEN NOVICE DIVISION ROUND 1 TU 1 What mythological group was made up of Thalia, Terpsichore, and seven others? THE MUSES B1 Who was the mother of the Muses? MNEMOSYNE B2 In one story, the Muses were said to have been born when what creature touched the Helicon spring? PEGASUS TU 2 From what Latin verb with what meaning do we get the English words overt and aperture? APERIO = TO OPEN, UNCOVER, DISCLOSE B1 From what Latin verb with what meaning do we get the English words augment and auction? AUGEO = TO INCREASE B2 From what Latin verb with what meaning do we get the English word obedience? AUDIO = TO HEAR, LISTEN TO TU 3 For the verb capio, capere give the 3rd person, plural, future, active, indicative CAPIENT B1 Change capient to the future perfect CEPERINT B2 Change ceperint to the passive voice CAPTI ERUNT TU 4 What structure located between the Palatine and Aventine Hills was known for its chariot racing? CIRCUS MAXIMUS B1&B2 The emperor Domitian added two colored factions to the original four. For five points each, name these colors PURPLE & GOLD 1 2017 TSJCL CERTAMEN NOVICE DIVISION ROUND 1 TU 5 Say in Latin: Do you like learning the Latin language? AMASNE / AMATISNE / DILIGISNE / DILIGITISNE DISCERE LINGUAM LATINAM? B1 Say in Latin: You are not going to school tomorrow, are you? NUM CRAS AD SCHOLAM IS / ITIS? // NUM ES ITURUS / ESTIS ITURI AD SCHOLAM CRAS? B2 Say in Latin: You want to win this contest don’t you? NONNE HOC CERTAMEN VIS / VULTIS / CUPIS / CUPITIS VINCERE? [SCORE CHECK] TU 6 What state has the motto “ad astra per aspera”? KANSAS B1 What state has the motto “dum spiro, spero”? SOUTH CAROLINA B2 What is the Latin motto of the state of Missouri? SALUS POPULI SUPREMA LEX (ESTO) TU 7 Give the accusative singular for the phrase solum animal.
    [Show full text]
  • Marathon 2,500 Years Edited by Christopher Carey & Michael Edwards
    MARATHON 2,500 YEARS EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SUPPLEMENT 124 DIRECTOR & GENERAL EDITOR: JOHN NORTH DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS: RICHARD SIMPSON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARATHON CONFERENCE 2010 EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2013 The cover image shows Persian warriors at Ishtar Gate, from before the fourth century BC. Pergamon Museum/Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. Photo Mohammed Shamma (2003). Used under CC‐BY terms. All rights reserved. This PDF edition published in 2019 First published in print in 2013 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN: 978-1-905670-81-9 (2019 PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/1019.9781905670819 ISBN: 978-1-905670-52-9 (2013 paperback edition) ©2013 Institute of Classical Studies, University of London The right of contributors to be identified as the authors of the work published here has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Designed and typeset at the Institute of Classical Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory note 1 P. J. Rhodes The battle of Marathon and modern scholarship 3 Christopher Pelling Herodotus’ Marathon 23 Peter Krentz Marathon and the development of the exclusive hoplite phalanx 35 Andrej Petrovic The battle of Marathon in pre-Herodotean sources: on Marathon verse-inscriptions (IG I3 503/504; Seg Lvi 430) 45 V.
    [Show full text]
  • ASKO TIMONEN the Historia Augusta
    Criticism of Defense. The Blaming of "Crudelitas" in the "Historia Augusta"* ASKO TIMONEN The Historia Augusta (HA) is the coilection of the biographies of the em­ perors and famous pretenders from Hadrian to Numerian. It constitutes an enigma in that we know neither its a.uthor nor the exact time of pub­ lication. For the purpose of this report, I have adopted the broad dating used by P. Soverini, as such a stance provides a general foundation in terms of the research of the history of mentalities and ideologies. Soverini dates publication of the compilation at about the fourth or the fifth century.1 In this paper the concept of crudelitas - the use of "unnecessary" vio­ lence - shall be discussed with reference to the political situation in a histo­ riographical sense. Of further interest here is the methodology used in the biographical historiography in that the author utilizes imperial propaganda for his own purpose of blaming a ruler, in this case L. Septimius Severus, of being cruel. To illustrate this concept, I shall interpret the author's comments on the autobiography of Septimius Severus as weil as the au­ thor's excerpts which were inspired either by this very autobiography or by Severus' speeches to the senate. The author of the HA was weil acquainted with the now-lost autobiography of Septimius Severus: Uxorem tune Mar­ ciam duxit, de qua tacuit in historia vitae privatae (Sept. Sev. 3.2). Vitam suam privatam publicamque ipse composuit ad fidem, solum tarnen vitium crudelitatis excusans (Sept. Sev. 18.6). In vita sua Severus dicit ..
    [Show full text]
  • The Court of Alexander the Great As Social System
    Originalveröffentlichung in Waldemar Heckel/Lawrence Tritle (Hg.), Alexander the Great. A New History, Malden, Mass. u.a. 2009, S. 83-98 5 The Court of Alexander the Great as Social System Gregor Weber In his discussion of events that followed Alexander ’s march through Hyrcania (summer 330), Plutarch gives a succinct summary of the king ’s conduct and reports the clash of his closest friends, Hephaestion and Craterus (Alex. 47.5.9-11).1 The passage belongs in the context of Alexander ’s adoption of the traditions and trap ­ pings of the dead Persian Great King (Fredricksmeyer 2000; Brosius 2003a), although the conflict between the two generals dates to the time of the Indian campaign (probably 326). It reveals not only that Alexander was subtly in tune with the atti­ tudes of his closest friends, but also that his changes elicited varied responses from the members of his circle. Their relationships with each other were based on rivalry, something Alexander - as Plutarch ’s wording suggests - actively encouraged. But it is also reported that Alexander made an effort to bring about a lasting reconcili ­ ation of the two friends, who had attacked each other with swords, and drawn their respective troops into the fray. To do so, he had to marshal “all his resources ” (Hamilton 1969; 128-31) from gestures of affection to death threats. These circumstances invite the question: what was the structural relevance of such an episode beyond the mutual antagonism of Hephaestion and Craterus? For these were not minor protagonists, but rather men of the upper echelon of the new Macedonian-Persian empire, with whose help Alexander had advanced his con ­ quest ever further and exercised his power (Berve nos.
    [Show full text]
  • MAC II in General, All Greek Troops “Constitutionally
    ALEXANDER’S FINAL ARMY An Honors Thesis for the Department of History By Jonathan A. Miller Thesis Advisor: Steven Hirsch Tufts University, 2011 AKNOWLEDGMENTS Alexander the Great is a man with whom many great leaders throughout history have been compared, a model of excellence whose achievements can never quite be matched. 2 My introduction to his legacy occurred in the third grade. Reading a biography of Julius Caesar for a class project, I happened across Plutarch’s famous description of Caesar’s reaction to reading a history of Alexander: “he was lost in thought for a long time, and then burst into tears. His friends were astonished, and asked the reason for his tears. ‘Do you not think,’ said he, ‘that it is a matter of sorrow that while Alexander, at my age, was already king of so many peoples, I have as yet achieved no brilliant success?’”1 This story captivated my imagination and stuck with me throughout my middle and high school years. Once at college, I decided to write a thesis on Alexander to better understand the one man capable of breeding thoughts of inadequacy in Caesar. This work is in many ways a tribute to both Caesar and Alexander. More pointedly, it is an exploration into the designs of a man at the feet of whom lay the whole world. This paper has meant a lot to me. I want to thank all those who made it possible. First and foremost, my undying gratitude goes to Professor Steven Hirsch, who has helped me navigate the difficult process of researching and writing this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Dascylium: an Overview of the Achaemenid Satrapal City Author(S)
    <Article>Dascylium: An Overview of the Achaemenid Title Satrapal City Author(s) ABE, Takuji Citation 西洋古代史研究 (2012), 12: 1-17 Issue Date 2012-12-01 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/166619 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University The Kyoto Journal of AncientDascylium: History ,An Vol. Overview12（2012） of the Achaemenid Satrapal City 1 《Article》 Dascylium: An Overview of the Achaemenid Satrapal City Takuji ABE 【Summary】 Dascylium was an Achaemenid administrative centre, and a satrapal seat of north-western Anatolia. This paper investigates this satrapal capital’s status, particularly its cultural association with the Persian heartland, and in addition serves to compare Dascylium to similar studies of Lydia, and its capital of Sardis. Archaeological evidence reveals that Dascylium’s governors did not inherit monumental structures which they could adopt for their use as public buildings, despite the fact that history of the city dates back to the pre-Persian period. Instead, a new landscape evolved that we assume is the ideal satrapal centre, which can now be studied as a result of the excavations at Dascylium. Among them is included the most intriguing find; an assemblage of bullae – clay lumps bearing seal impressions – recovered from the site of the acropolis. A great number of king’s legends shown on the bullae likely point to an intimate relationship between Persian sovereigns and subjects in the capital of their westernmost satrapy. The motifs of impressions also help reconstruct our image of cultural life as it was experienced by the Persian immigrants; for instance, the worship of Ahura Mazda, and hunting in paradeisoi.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    Index Note : Geographical landmarks are listed under the proper name itself: for “Cape Sepias” or “Mt. Athos” see “Sepias” or “Athos.” When a people and a toponym share the same base, see under the toponym: for “Thessalians” see “Thessaly.” Romans are listed according to the nomen, i.e. C. Julius Caesar. With places or people mentioned once only, discretion has been used. Abdera 278 Aeaces II 110, 147 Abydus 222, 231 A egae 272–273 Acanthus 85, 207–208, 246 Aegina 101, 152, 157–158, 187–189, Acarnania 15, 189, 202, 204, 206, 251, 191, 200 347, 391, 393 Aegium 377, 389 Achaia 43, 54, 64 ; Peloponnesian Aegospotami 7, 220, 224, 228 Achaia, Achaian League 9–10, 12–13, Aemilius Paullus, L. 399, 404 54–56, 63, 70, 90, 250, 265, 283, 371, Aeolis 16–17, 55, 63, 145, 233 375–380, 388–390, 393, 397–399, 404, Aeschines 281, 285, 288 410 ; Phthiotic Achaia 16, 54, 279, Aeschylus 156, 163, 179 286 Aetoli Erxadieis 98–101 Achaian War 410 Aetolia, Aetolian League 12, 15, 70, Achaius 382–383, 385, 401 204, 250, 325, 329, 342, 347–348, Acilius Glabrio, M. 402 376, 378–380, 387, 390–391, 393, Acragas 119, COPYRIGHTED165, 259–261, 263, 266, 39MATERIAL6–397, 401–404 352–354, 358–359 Agariste 113, 117 Acrocorinth 377, 388–389 Agathocles (Lysimachus ’ son) 343, 345 ; Acrotatus 352, 355 (King of Sicily) 352–355, 358–359; Actium 410, 425 (King of Bactria) 413–414 Ada 297 Agelaus 391, 410 A History of Greece: 1300 to 30 BC, First Edition. Victor Parker.
    [Show full text]