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On the Use of Coptic Numerals in Egypt in the 16 Th Century
ON THE USE OF COPTIC NUMERALS IN EGYPT IN THE 16 TH CENTURY Mutsuo KAWATOKO* I. Introduction According to the researches, it is assumed that the culture of the early Islamic period in Egypt was very similar to the contemporary Coptic (Qibti)/ Byzantine (Rumi) culture. This is most evident in their language, especially in writing. It was mainly Greek and Coptic which adopted the letters deriving from Greek and Demotic. Thus, it was normal in those days for the official documents to be written in Greek, and, the others written in Coptic.(1) Gold, silver and copper coins were also minted imitating Byzantine Solidus (gold coin) and Follis (copper coin) and Sassanian Drahm (silver coin), and they were sometimes decorated with the representation of the religious legends, such as "Allahu", engraved in a blank space. In spite of such situation, around A. H. 79 (698), Caliph 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan implemented the coinage reformation to promote Arabisation of coins, and in A. H. 87 (706), 'Abd Allahi b. 'Abd al-Malik, the governor- general of Egypt, pursued Arabisation of official documentation under a decree by Caliph Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik.(2) As a result, the Arabic letters came into the immediate use for the coin inscriptions and gradually for the official documents. However, when the figures were involved, the Greek or the Coptic numerals were used together with the Arabic letters.(3) The Abjad Arabic numerals were also created by assigning the numerical values to the Arabic alphabetic (abjad) letters just like the Greek numerals, but they did not spread very much.(4) It was in the latter half of the 8th century that the Indian numerals, generally regarded as the forerunners of the Arabic numerals, were introduced to the Islamic world. -
Arabic Alphabet - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Arabic Alphabet from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Arabic alphabet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia َأﺑْ َﺠ ِﺪﯾﱠﺔ َﻋ َﺮﺑِﯿﱠﺔ :The Arabic alphabet (Arabic ’abjadiyyah ‘arabiyyah) or Arabic abjad is Arabic abjad the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually[1] stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad. Type Abjad Languages Arabic Time 400 to the present period Parent Proto-Sinaitic systems Phoenician Aramaic Syriac Nabataean Arabic abjad Child N'Ko alphabet systems ISO 15924 Arab, 160 Direction Right-to-left Unicode Arabic alias Unicode U+0600 to U+06FF range (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf) U+0750 to U+077F (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf) U+08A0 to U+08FF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf) U+FB50 to U+FDFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf) U+FE70 to U+FEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf) U+1EE00 to U+1EEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf) Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. Arabic alphabet ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet 1/20 2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي History · Transliteration ء Diacritics · Hamza Numerals · Numeration V · T · E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arabic_alphabet&action=edit) Contents 1 Consonants 1.1 Alphabetical order 1.2 Letter forms 1.2.1 Table of basic letters 1.2.2 Further notes -
Discovering the Other Judeo-Spanish Vernacular
ḤAKETÍA: DISCOVERING THE OTHER JUDEO-SPANISH VERNACULAR ALICIA SISSO RAZ VOCES DE ḤAKETÍA “You speak Spanish very well, but why are there so many archaic Cervantes-like words in your vocabulary?” This is a question often heard from native Spanish speakers regarding Ḥaketía, the lesser known of the Judeo-Spanish vernacular dialects (also spelled Ḥakitía, Ḥaquetía, or Jaquetía). Although Judeo-Spanish vernacular is presently associated only with the communities of northern Morocco, in the past it has also been spoken in other Moroccan regions, Algeria, and Gibraltar. Similar to the Djudezmo of the Eastern Mediterranean, Ḥaketía has its roots in Spain, and likewise, it is composed of predominantly medieval Castilian as well as vocabulary adopted from other linguistic sources. The proximity to Spain, coupled with other prominent factors, has contributed to the constant modification and adaptation of Ḥaketía to contemporary Spanish. The impact of this “hispanization” is especially manifested in Haketía’s lexicon while it is less apparent in the expressions and aphorisms with which Ḥaketía is so richly infused.1 Ladino, the Judeo-Spanish calque language of Hebrew, has been common among all Sephardic communities, including the Moroccan one, and differs from the spoken ones.2 The Jews of Spain were in full command of the spoken Iberian dialects throughout their linguistic evolutionary stages; they also became well versed in the official Spanish dialect, Castilian, since its formation. They, however, have continually employed rabbinical Hebrew and Aramaic 1 Isaac B. Benharroch, Diccionario de Haquetía (Caracas: Centro de Estudios Sefardíes de Caracas, 2004), 49. 2 Haїm Vidal Séphiha, “Judeo-Spanish, Birth, Death and Re-birth,” in Yiddish and Judeo-Spanish, A European Heritage, ed. -
Arabic Alphabet 1 Arabic Alphabet
Arabic alphabet 1 Arabic alphabet Arabic abjad Type Abjad Languages Arabic Time period 400 to the present Parent systems Proto-Sinaitic • Phoenician • Aramaic • Syriac • Nabataean • Arabic abjad Child systems N'Ko alphabet ISO 15924 Arab, 160 Direction Right-to-left Unicode alias Arabic Unicode range [1] U+0600 to U+06FF [2] U+0750 to U+077F [3] U+08A0 to U+08FF [4] U+FB50 to U+FDFF [5] U+FE70 to U+FEFF [6] U+1EE00 to U+1EEFF the Arabic alphabet of the Arabic script ﻍ ﻉ ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ ﺵ ﺱ ﺯ ﺭ ﺫ ﺩ ﺥ ﺡ ﺝ ﺙ ﺕ ﺏ ﺍ ﻱ ﻭ ﻩ ﻥ ﻡ ﻝ ﻙ ﻕ ﻑ • history • diacritics • hamza • numerals • numeration abjadiyyah ‘arabiyyah) or Arabic abjad is the Arabic script as it is’ ﺃَﺑْﺠَﺪِﻳَّﺔ ﻋَﺮَﺑِﻴَّﺔ :The Arabic alphabet (Arabic codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually[7] stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad. Arabic alphabet 2 Consonants The basic Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters. Adaptations of the Arabic script for other languages added and removed some letters, such as Persian, Ottoman, Sindhi, Urdu, Malay, Pashto, and Arabi Malayalam have additional letters, shown below. There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms. Many letters look similar but are distinguished from one another by dots (’i‘jām) above or below their central part, called rasm. These dots are an integral part of a letter, since they distinguish between letters that represent different sounds. -
La in Arabic Letters
La In Arabic Letters Nagging Ruperto never fuzzes so finitely or deionizes any eyases stammeringly. Meddlesome Antony compel some contexts and misappropriates his admirer so phrenetically! Coziest and well-turned Jae tyrannises while aeneous Filbert justifying her cablets dumpishly and sulks leadenly. It make sure your knowledge beyond a number one with no longer answers do you actually already know how a drag and may all! Listen online audio pronunciation of letters in arabic? Then i will make money. Learn Arabic Free Arabic Lessons L-Lingo. The hebrew letters, as they are looking for writing is a medinan surah kausar is! They may be accurate wehr dictionary take a word, in fact they were added about hindi language, in your problems more ideas about dua khatam e quran. How would say numbers in Arabic Zero to Ten YouTube. Lebanese slang River Lane Media River Lane Media. No longer and might shock your browser as explanations, and educational reference app was looking for la ilaha illallah arabic. Hebrew Waw Pronunciation Splatoon. Arabic Letters of the Alphabet Initial Medial Final Alone Romanization. Emanate and english. Now skin can deduce from the herein above software that Arabic letters. One of north indian states otherwise, in meaning of a stative meaning: that all ultimately derive from? Tajweed quran free download Integrated Health. Roman numeral Chart & Facts Britannica. The 12 Arabic Letters & Sounds that We Don't Have in English Practical. From the Harvard Art Museums' collections Xian jian shuo. What should i to functional, click on free font sites and. 2- Arabic letters form words by connecting them together. -
Numbers 1 to 100
Numbers 1 to 100 PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Tue, 30 Nov 2010 02:36:24 UTC Contents Articles −1 (number) 1 0 (number) 3 1 (number) 12 2 (number) 17 3 (number) 23 4 (number) 32 5 (number) 42 6 (number) 50 7 (number) 58 8 (number) 73 9 (number) 77 10 (number) 82 11 (number) 88 12 (number) 94 13 (number) 102 14 (number) 107 15 (number) 111 16 (number) 114 17 (number) 118 18 (number) 124 19 (number) 127 20 (number) 132 21 (number) 136 22 (number) 140 23 (number) 144 24 (number) 148 25 (number) 152 26 (number) 155 27 (number) 158 28 (number) 162 29 (number) 165 30 (number) 168 31 (number) 172 32 (number) 175 33 (number) 179 34 (number) 182 35 (number) 185 36 (number) 188 37 (number) 191 38 (number) 193 39 (number) 196 40 (number) 199 41 (number) 204 42 (number) 207 43 (number) 214 44 (number) 217 45 (number) 220 46 (number) 222 47 (number) 225 48 (number) 229 49 (number) 232 50 (number) 235 51 (number) 238 52 (number) 241 53 (number) 243 54 (number) 246 55 (number) 248 56 (number) 251 57 (number) 255 58 (number) 258 59 (number) 260 60 (number) 263 61 (number) 267 62 (number) 270 63 (number) 272 64 (number) 274 66 (number) 277 67 (number) 280 68 (number) 282 69 (number) 284 70 (number) 286 71 (number) 289 72 (number) 292 73 (number) 296 74 (number) 298 75 (number) 301 77 (number) 302 78 (number) 305 79 (number) 307 80 (number) 309 81 (number) 311 82 (number) 313 83 (number) 315 84 (number) 318 85 (number) 320 86 (number) 323 87 (number) 326 88 (number) -
Distant Relation Between Spanish and Arabic
The (Not-So) Distant Relation between Spanish and Arabic Bryan Kirschen UCLA Abstract This paper reviews the outcomes of linguistic contact between the Spanish and Arabic lan- guages from the fifteenth century until the present day. While much is known about the relation between these two languages during the period 711–1492, the current scope of investigation explores the variants produced by such contact. This study reviews the distinct cases of language contact in Ceuta and Melilla, as well as the Moroccan Judeo-Spanish vernacular of the Sephardim, Haketia, which developed in cities such as Tetuan and Tangier. Keywords: Spanish, Arabic, Morocco, Ceuta, Melilla, Sephardim, Haketia 1. Introduction. While a great deal is known about the influence of Arabic on the Spanish language during the period of 711–1492, much less is known about how these two languages have been in contact throughout the centuries that follow. It has only been in recent years that researchers have started to advance this field (Tilmatine and García 2011). As such, this study explores the contemporary linguistic devel- opment of both of these languages in the geographical proximities of Spain and Morocco and addresses outcomes of contact between them. As a point of reference, we will use four cities in Northern Morocco: Ceuta, Melilla, Tetuan and Tangier. First we will take a look at the unique situation of bilingualism and languages in contact. Next, we will analyze their political nomenclatures. Finally, we will conclude with a discussion on how these linguistic factors have an effect on both the Spanish and Arabic languages. 2. -
Hindu-Arabic Numerals
The Hindu-Arabic Numerals European Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Devanāgarī Digit ० १ २ ३ ४ ५ ६ ७ ८ ९ ۷ ۸ ۹ ٦ ٥ ٤ East Arabic Digits ۰ ۱ ۲ ۳ Arabic Variant ۴ ۵ ۶ Unfortunately, I do not have unicode fonts containing West Arabic digits. These are closer to the European digits. Below are some more variations in my unicode font. European Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mongolian Digit ᠐ ᠑ ᠒ ᠓ ᠔ ᠕ ᠖ ᠗ ᠘ ᠙ Tibetan Digit ༠ ༡ ༢ ༣ ༤ ༥ ༦ ༧ ༨ ༩ Thai Digit ๐ ๑ ๒ ๓ ๔ ๕ ๖ ๗ ๘ ๙ Abjad Numerals Before, and alongside the Hindu-Arabic numerals, Arabic writers use a system based on Arabic letters. This sytem is very similar to the Greek Ionian system. It is based on the old order of letters called the Abjad order. Today Arabic letters are ordered in a different way based partly on similarity of form. In addition, Hebrew numerals are based on Hebrew letters. The close similarity between the Arabic system and the earlier Hebrew system is apparent in the table below. In both systems letters and numerals are written right to left. Note: The term abjad is sometimes used for a writing system that represents consonants, while an alphabet is used for a writing system that represents vowels and consonants. Others use alphabet for both types. Also note, Arabic does use letters to indicate long vowels. ā or 1 א ʼ alef 1 ﺍ ʼalif ʼ b, 2 ב bet 2 ﺏ b bāʼ bh ǧ or ǧīm g, 3 ג gimel 3 ﺝ j (jīm) gh d, 4 ד dalet 4 ﺩ d dāl dh 5 ה h he 5 ﻩ h hāʼ v, 6 ו vav 6 ﻭ w, ū wāw w 7 ז z zayin 7 ﺯ z zāy ḥ, 8 ח khet 8 ﺡ ḥ ḥāʼ kh 9 ט ṭ tet 9 ﻁ ṭ ṭāʼ 10 י y yod 10 ﻱ y , ī yāʼ k, 20 כ kaf 20 ﻙ k kāf -
Abjad 1 Abjad Numerals 6 References Article Sources and Contributors 9 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 10 Article Licenses License 11 Abjad 1 Abjad
al-ʾAbǧad Two Wikipedia Articles PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Mon, 30 Sep 2013 21:20:08 UTC Contents Articles Abjad 1 Abjad numerals 6 References Article Sources and Contributors 9 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 10 Article Licenses License 11 Abjad 1 Abjad An abjad is a type of writing system where each symbol always or usually stands for a consonant, leaving the reader to supply the appropriate vowel. It is a term suggested by Peter T. Daniels to replace the common terms "consonantary", "consonantal alphabet" or "syllabary" to refer to the family of scripts called West Semitic. Abjad is thought to be based on the first letters (a,b,ǧ,d) found in all Semitic language such as Phoenician, Syriac, Hebrew, and Arabic. In Arabic, "A" (ʾAlif), "B" (Bāʾ), "Ǧ" (Ǧīm), "D" (Dāl) make the word "abjad" which means "alphabet". The modern Arabic word for "alphabet" and "abjad" is interchangeably either "abajadeyyah" or "alefbaaeyyah". The word "alphabet" in English has a source in Greek language in which the first two letters were "A" (alpha) and "B" (beta), hence "alphabeta" (in Spanish, "alfabeto", but also called "abecedario", from "a" "b" "c" "d"). In Hebrew the first two letters are "A" (Aleph), "B" (Bet) hence "alephbet." It is also used to enumerate a list in the same manner that "a, b, c, d" (etc.) are used in the English language. Writing systems • History • Grapheme • List of writing systems Types • Featural alphabet • Alphabet • Abjad • Abugida • Syllabary • Logography • Shorthand Related topics • Pictogram • Ideogram Etymology is derived from pronouncing the first letters of the Arabic alphabet in order. -
Internationalization and Math
Internationalization and Math Test collection Made by ckepper • English • 2 articles • 156 pages Contents Internationalization 1. Arabic alphabet . 3 2. Bengali alphabet . 27 3. Chinese script styles . 47 4. Hebrew language . 54 5. Iotation . 76 6. Malayalam . 80 Math Formulas 7. Maxwell's equations . 102 8. Schrödinger equation . 122 Appendix 9. Article ourS ces and Contributors . 152 10. Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors . 154 Internationalization Arabic alphabet Arabic Alphabet Type Abjad Languages Arabic Time peri- 356 AD to the present od Egyptian • Proto-Sinaitic ◦ Phoenician Parent ▪ Aramaic systems ▪ Syriac ▪ Nabataean ▪ Arabic Al- phabet Arabic alphabet | Article 1 fo 2 3 َْ Direction Right-to-left األ ْب َج ِد َّية :The Arabic alphabet (Arabic ا ْل ُح ُروف al-ʾabjadīyah al-ʿarabīyah, or ا ْل َع َربِ َّية ISO ْ al-ḥurūf al-ʿarabīyah) or Arabic Arab, 160 ال َع َربِ َّية 15924 abjad is the Arabic script as it is codi- Unicode fied for writing Arabic. It is written Arabic alias from right to left in a cursive style and includes 28 letters. Most letters have • U+0600–U+06FF contextual letterforms. Arabic • U+0750–U+077F Originally, the alphabet was an abjad, Arabic Supplement with only consonants, but it is now con- • U+08A0–U+08FF sidered an "impure abjad". As with other Arabic Extended-A abjads, such as the Hebrew alphabet, • U+FB50–U+FDFF scribes later devised means of indicating Unicode Arabic Presentation vowel sounds by separate vowel diacrit- range Forms-A ics. • U+FE70–U+FEFF Arabic Presentation Consonants Forms-B • U+1EE00–U+1EEFF The basic Arabic alphabet contains 28 Arabic Mathematical letters. -
Eastern Arabic Numerals - Wikipedia
Eastern Arabic numerals - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals Eastern Arabic numerals e Eastern Arabic numerals (also called Arabic–Hindu numerals , Arabic Eastern numerals and Indo-Persian numerals ) are the symbols used to represent the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, in conjunction with the Arabic alphabet in the countries of the Mashriq (the east of the Arab world), the Arabian Peninsula, and its ariant in other countries that use the Perso-Arabic script in the Iranian plateau and Asia. Eastern Arabic numerals on a clock Contents in the Cairo Metro. Origin Other names Numerals Usage Contemporary use Notes References Origin e numeral system originates from an ancient Indian numeral system, which was re-introduced in the book On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals wri&en by Clocks in the Ottoman Empire tended to use Eastern Arabic the medie al-era Iranian mathematician and engineer Khwara(mi,[1] whose name numerals. was Latini(ed as Algoritmi .[note 1] Other names Indian numbers") in Arabic. ey are sometimes also called "Indic numerals" in") ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻫﻨﺪﻳﺔ ese numbers are known as English. [2] Howe er, that is sometimes discouraged as it can lead to confusion with Indian numerals, used in ,rahmic scripts of India.[3] Numerals Each numeral in the Persian ariant has a di-erent .nicode point e en if it looks identical to the Eastern Arabic numeral counterpart. Howe er the ariants used with .rdu, Sindhi, and other South Asian languages are not encoded separately from the Persian ariants. See .01221 through .01223 and .01241 through .01243. 1 of 3 6/13/2018, 9:46 PM Eastern Arabic numerals - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals Hindu-Arabic numerals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ٩ ٨ ٧ ٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ ٠ Eastern Arabic Perso-Arabic variant ۰ ۱ ۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹ Urdu variant Usage 5ri&en numerals are arranged with their lowest- alue digit to the right, with higher alue positions added to the le6. -
Polyglossia.Pdf
Πολυγλωσσια Polyglossia: Modern multilingual typesetting with X LE ATEX and LuaLATEX FRanÇois ChaRette ARthuR ReutenaueR∗ Bastien RoucaRiÈs JÜRgen SpitzmÜlleR 2021/04/12 v1.53 (pdf file generated on 12 April 2021) Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Setting up multilingual documents 5 2.1 Activating languages ........................ 5 2.2 Supported languages ........................ 5 2.3 Relation to and use of Babel language names ........... 6 2.4 Using IETF language tags ...................... 8 2.5 Global options ............................ 12 3 Language-switching commands 13 3.1 Recommended commands ..................... 13 3.2 Babel commands ........................... 14 3.3 Other commands .......................... 15 3.4 Setting up alias commands ..................... 15 4 Font setup 16 ∗Current maintainer 1 5 Adapting hyphenation 16 5.1 Hyphenation exceptions ...................... 16 5.2 Hyphenation thresholds ...................... 17 5.3 Hyphenation disabling ....................... 17 6 Language-specific options and commands 18 6.1 afrikaans ............................... 18 6.2 arabic ................................. 18 6.3 armenian ............................... 19 6.4 belarusian .............................. 19 6.5 bengali ................................ 21 6.6 catalan ................................ 21 6.7 croatian ................................ 21 6.8 czech ................................. 23 6.9 dutch ................................. 24 6.10 english ................................ 24 6.11 esperanto ..............................