Inception Through the IMIA History Taskforce, and Major Events Leading up to the 50Th Anniversary of IMIA C

Home , Back to the Future

The IMIA History Working Group: Inception through the IMIA History Taskforce, and Major Events Leading Up to the 50th Anniversary of IMIA C. A. Kulikowski1, G. Mihalas2, R. A. Greenes3, V. Yacubsohn4, H.-A. Park5 1 Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA 2 Victor Babes University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania 3 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA 4 School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina 5 College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

Summary up to the current work of the IMIA History WG and how it has clinical practices have changed under the influence of new Background: The 50th Anniversary of IMIA will be celebrated stimulated writing on the international history of biomedical insights, technologies, and the changing socio-economic, in 2017 at the World Congress of Medical Informatics in China. and health informatics, sponsoring the systematic compilation cultural and professional circumstances around the globe This takes place 50 years after the International Federation of and writing of articles and stories from pioneers and leaders over the past 50 years. Information Processing (IFIP) Societies approved the formation in the field, and the organization of workshops and panels of a new Technical Committee (TC) 4 on Medical Information over the past six years, leading towards the publication of the Keywords Processing, which was the predecessor of IMIA, under the lead- contributed volume on the 50th IMIA Anniversary History as an IMIA, History of International Biomedical and Health Informatics, ership of Dr. Francois Grémy. The IMIA History Working Group eBook by IOS Press. History Working Group, IMIA 50th Anniversary (WG) was approved in 2014 to document and write about the Conclusions: This article leads up to the IMIA History eBook history of the field and its organizations. which will contain original autobiographical retrospectives by Yearb Med Inform 2017:263-8 Objectives: The goals of this paper are to describe how the IMIA pioneers and leaders in the field, together with professional http://dx.doi.org/10.15265/IY-2017-002 History WG arose and developed, including its meetings and organizational histories of the national and regional societies Published online May 8, 2017 projects, leading to the forthcoming 50th Anniversary of IMIA. and working groups of IMIA, with commentary on the main Methods: We give a chronology of major developments leading themes and topics which have evolved as scientific and

societies in writing, from international mended that a Taskforce be formed related Overview perspectives, on the contrasting advances to the History of Biomedical and Health The IMIA History working group (WG) and persistent challenges faced by the Informatics. He argued that such a step developed from the activities of the IMIA field in terms of its research, practice, would be desirable to document and archive History Taskforce, which was formed as and education. the materials generated by IMIA during the result of the encouragement of the IMIA course of its history. Diarmuid Ua Connail, Board and General Assembly meeting IMIA’s then Secretary, indicated that he during the Asia Pacific Association for had many files on the minutes of the IMIA Medical Informatics (APAMI) Conference Formation of the IMIA Board and GA. An informal Taskforce was held in Hiroshima in 2009. This, in turn, organized and agreed that these records, built on preliminary discussions that had History Taskforce if kept in a repository online, could allow begun a few years earlier among members During the APAMI 2009 meeting held in tracking of developments of groups and of the IMIA Board, on how to document Hiroshima, the IMIA Board and General initiatives within IMIA as well as changes in the development and evolution of the field Assembly (GA) heard a proposal presented leadership and future directions. In addition, in its international dimensions, focusing by then Vice President (VP) for Services, the Taskforce was charged to coordinate and on the role of IMIA and its constituent Professor Casimir Kulikowski. He recom- channel the interests of those IMIA members

IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics 2017 264 Kulikowski et al.

interested in the history of the organization well as many others from around the world as well as urge the recording of personal History Workshop at Medinfo participated to this workshop [15]. Valerio and group recollections and writings about 2010 in Capetown, South Yacubsohn of Argentina, a pioneer in the developments in informatics from a wide organization, described in depth how IMIA- range of international viewpoints. Africa: Introduction of the ad LAC had evolved. Together with Alvaro The first members leading the ad hoc hoc IMIA History Taskforce Margolis of Uruguay, they committed to IMIA History Taskforce, hereafter referred The discussions at the Medinfo 2010 History create a written version of the IMIA-LAC to simply as the History Taskforce, in- Workshop in Capetown demonstrated enthu- history as well as recruit volunteers from cluded representatives from all the major siasm of the participants for the History Task- the region. They enjoyed the active support regional associations: Casimir Kulikowski force projects and received many commitments of Dr. Amado Espinosa of Mexico, the Chair (USA/AMIA-North America), George for writing on personal and specialty topics by and host of the IMIA-LAC 2011 Conference. Mihalas (Romania/EFMI-Europe), Hyeo- a wide range of IMIA members. Lyn Hanmer, un-Ae Park (Korea/APAMI – Asia-Pacif- Secretary of IMIA at the time, and leader of ic), Sedick Isaacs (South Africa/HELINA SAHIA and HELINA, organized the confer- – Africa), and Alvaro Margolis (Uruguay/ ence. Casimir Kulikowski, serving as VP for Formation of the ACMI IMIA-LAC - Latin America). The IMIA Services, gave a report about the ad hoc History History Taskforce sponsored the gathering Taskforce which had been constituted after Committee of Historians of IMIA-related archival materials and the Hiroshima IMIA meeting, and outlined its in the US at AMIA 2011 in developed a prototype media repository at objectives of developing a plan for writing a Rutgers University (http://infohistory.rut- History of International Medical Informatics Washington, DC gers.com). The materials repository helped (MI) to be published by IMIA in conjunction The American College of Medical Infor- in writing and chronicling the development with the 50th Anniversary of the Association and evolution of IMIA, its contributors, matics (ACMI) includes international mem- in 2017; surveying the literature on the history bers and as such, it is a leading professional its sponsored events and publications, its of MI and developing an index of resources,

organization for distinguished researchers history [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11], as and database of sources/resources to support well as educational [12, 13, 14] and other and practitioners in biomedical and health the creation of the initial outline of the History, informatics worldwide. Upon hearing of professional activities. In particular, Diar- through a MediaWiki at Rutgers University; muid Ua Connail collected materials from the IMIA History Taskforce activities, it developing a funding plan for IMIA to support constituted an ACMI Committee of His- previous IMIA meetings and provided these activities. them to the Rutgers MediaWiki archive. torians, at the AMIA 2011 meeting. The Following this meeting, pioneers in med- Committee defined goals and a scope of Initiatives related to the IMIA History ical informatics were contacted, and their Taskforce from 2009 to 2014 included work including history-oriented activities support obtained for the proposed work. The th workshops and panels at a large number for the 30 anniversary of the 1984 forma- National Library of Medicine in the US also tion of ACMI in 2014. Specific activities of international and regional conferences, provided positive feedback, as did the IEEE including: Medinfo 2010 held in Cape included a description by Professors Joan History Center. The workshop at Medinfo Ash and Dean Sittig of the National Library Town, IMIA-LAC in Guadalajara in 2011, 2010 discussed a number of alternative his- as well as most AMIA Annual Meetings of Medicine (NLM) Oral History Project tories of medical informatics – beyond the which they lead as well as possible future and ACMI Meetings since 2011, MIE mainstream, and a meeting for INFOLAC 2011 in Oslo, APAMI in Beijing in 2012, connections to other projects at the NLM was planned. Charles McGrew of the Rutgers as well as with IMIA. a workshop in Prague in conjunction with Laboratory for Computer Science Research the EFMI-STC in 2013, the Medinfo 2013 assisted in the development of the prototype Congress held in Copenhagen, MIE 2014 MediWiki to include short biographies, in Istanbul, APAMI 2014 in New Dehli, meeting and publication descriptions, salient Medinfo 2015 in Sao Paulo, EFMI-STC dates and a timeline of IMIA, and helped in Methods of Information in 2016 in Paris, NI 2016 in Geneva, HEC- preparing an outline of the 50th Anniversary Medicine Jubilee Conference, EFMI 2016 in Munich, and the ACMI IMA History book to be released in 2017. meetings celebrating the 40th Anniversary Heidelberg, June 11, 2011 of SCAMC at AMIA-2016 in Chicago. The IMIA History WG formally received Reinhold Haux, long-time editor of Methods, IMIA Board approval at the New Delhi History Workshop at IMIA-LAC organized the Jubilee meeting to celebrate meeting (2014). A summary of past and the 50th Anniversary of the first journal future major developments carried out 2011 in Guadalajara, Mexico in medical informatics that was founded under the auspices of the IMIA History A large number of Latin American experts by Gustav Wagner in 1962 in Heidelberg. Working Group follows. in Biomedical and Health Informatics as Contributions of Methods to the history of

IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics 2017 265 The IMIA History Working Group: Inception through the IMIA History Taskforce, and Major Events Leading Up to the 50th Anniversary of IMIA

the field were discussed, including the role of the Taskforce, indicating that it would epidemiology, and the series of IMIA and of Schattauer Publishers, which later also look favorably at funding publication of a EFMI Meetings held in Prague from 1985 produced the IMIA Yearbook of Medical book to celebrate the history of IMIA on to the 2013 EFMI-STC. Marion Ball spoke Informatics since it was founded by Jan its 50th anniversary in 2017. At this meet- on what history can teach us in medical van Bemmel and Alexa McCray in 1992. ing Reinhold Haux quoted Thomas More informatics, while George Mihalas focused There was considerable discussion about on the importance of history: “Tradition on the evolution of concepts in the field. the different threads of research, educa- is not to preserve the ashes, it is passing Izet Masic spoke on staging developments tion, and practice in medical informatics on the fire.” across the decades while Casimir Kulikow- and the evolution of the field internation- ski gave an update on the 50th Anniversary ally. The roles of citation analysis and IMIA History Project. Barber and Scholes’ the need to supplement this approach in comments were about the early develop- producing a more complete historical ments in health informatics in the UK. record of the evolution of biomedical and History Workshop at EFMI- Some of the papers were subsequently health informatics was also a topic. The STC 2013 in Prague, Czech published in Acta Informatica [18, 19, difficulties faced by journals, authors, 20, 21] and later, partly re-published in an and publishers with the system of impact Republic edited volume Contributions to the History factors and how this affects publication A major step forward in the IMIA history of Medical Informatics edited by Masic and can constrain the dissemination of activities happened at a special EFMI and Mihalas [22]. novel ideas and methods was seen as History Workshop organized by George influencing how a highly heterogeneous Mihalas, Jana Zvarova, and Casimir Ku- field like biomedical and health informat- likowski. The workshop was sponsored ics evolves. The meeting was especially by the History Taskforce, with strong History Workshop at Medinfo valuable in bringing together the many participation of many of its members [17]. senior contributors to the field who had Panelists were Marion Ball, Jan H van 2013 in Copenhagen, served Methods and the IMIA Yearbook Bemmel, Arie Hasman, Izet Masic, and in an editorial capacity, providing strong Diane Whitehouse. In addition, written Denmark leadership in emphasizing the scientific comments from Barry Barber and Maureen The workshop broadened the involvement research of informatics. Scholes were read in their absence. The of the IMIA community in the process Workshop was associated with the Prague- of planning and implementing the 50th STC EFMI Meeting in April 2013. Jan H Anniversary History of IMIA as an edited van Bemmel discussed the evolution of volume, and as materials available online IMIA History Taskforce at people and ideas in Medical Informatics, on the IMIA MediaWiki. The Taskforce pointing out how nobody predicted person- showed selections from the IMIA-related APAMI 2012 in Beijing, al computers in the 1970s, the world-wide archival materials, accessible through the web in 1991, the rapid rise of the Internet prototype MediaWiki at Rutgers Univer- China and world wide web, and the spread of sity to help those contributing to the book At the History Taskforce meeting during social media in this century. Hence, no- or writing their own recollections and APAMI 2012 in Beijing, progress was body expected that human factors, rather histories. The materials support a chronicle reported on the development of the than hardware or software, would become of the development and evolution of IMIA, wiki (http://infohistory.rutgers.edu) [16] crucial for the successful applications of its contributors, its sponsored events and produced at Rutgers. The wiki contains computers in health care. Whitehouse publications, educational and other profes- timelines, member and event profiles plus reviewed challenges of active and healthy sional activities. The Workshop included bio-sketches for IMIA and ACMI members ageing, Europe’s eHealth action plan for recollections about the 1966 Elsinore including links to publications and IMIA 2020, and Digital Futures 2050, envision- meeting that was the first broad-ranging documents. Diarmuid UaConnaill had ing healthy lifestyles supported by infor- international meeting that set the stage for retrieved, scanned, and provided digital mation and communication technologies. the founding of IFIP-TC4, which evolved copies of IMIA archival Board, GA, and Arie Hasman gave an abridged history of into IMIA. The Taskforce received feed- other documents. A photographic archive medical informatics education, the Neth- back on the application of novel informat- of IMIA events was assembled and linked erlands experiences, the first international ics methods from text mining, graphical to the timeline. An experiment in text anal- IMIA Recommendations on Education display and visualization to the materials ysis of IMIA documents found frequen- in 2000, and work on IMIA Program that the IMIA community was gathering cies of references to IMIA officers and Accreditation. Jana Zvarova reviewed the as part of the plans for producing the 50th patterns of events and social. The IMIA history of medical informatics in the Czech Anniversary IMIA History volume and Board reiterated its support for the work Republic, its relationship to statistics and website.

IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics 2017 266 Kulikowski et al.

Engelbrecht, Masic, Haux, and Kulikowski prior to the panels, the ACMI Committee Approval of the IMIA History discussed “Medical Informatics History of Historians presented Dr. Lindberg with Working Group at the IMIA - A View from Socio-Political Context in a commemorative medal on the occasion of European Countries” [23], contrasting the his retirement after 30 years as Director of GA during APAMI 2014 in differing experiences of participants during the NLM. The Medal honors his leadership New Delhi, India the days when eastern and western Europe of biomedical and health informatics both During 2014, Casimir Kulikowski and George had completely different socio-political and nationally and in the international sphere. Mihalas drafted a proposal for the transforma- economic systems, which strongly impacted tion of the History Taskforce into a formally the medical, scientific, and technological recognized IMIA Working Group with of- developments in health informatics. ficial standing in order to help sponsor and History Workshop at Medinfo coordinate historical writing on biomedical and health informatics from an international 2015 in Sao Paulo, Brazil perspective. The proposal, submitted to the ACMI History Panels at AMIA The History Workshop involved four major IMIA Board and GA in the late summer of activities with a focus on the History WG 2014, included objectives and plans for action. 2014 in Washington, DC, USA itself. First, it reviewed progress on the The IMIA Biomedical and Health Informatics After the official formation of the IMIA IMIA 50th Anniversary History Project, History Working Group which will continue History WG, its members participated in discussed how regional efforts contributed to to be known in the future as the IMIA History the organization and chairing of the ACMI the work while presenting challenges related Working Group, was approved at the IMIA GA History Sessions (Kulikowski and McCray) to overlap of efforts. Second, it identified held in New Delhi in conjunction with APAMI during AMIA 2014 in Washington, DC. Two the unique worldwide aspects for defining 2014 in August of that year. The approved panels identified themes and topics in the the scope of IMIA history to guide the objectives for the History WG are consistent history of biomedical and health informat- History WG in comparing and contrasting with its past work, e.g. to sponsor meetings, in- historical themes and topics with current ics, and traced how they have developed vestigations, studies, and to generate materials and evolved over the history of the field. research and challenges in the field. Third, and publications on the history of biomedical The first panel discussed the founding of the Workshop sought to receive broader in- and health informatics. However, the History ACMI and how AMIA arose from ACMI put from Medinfo 2015 participants on the WG extended the activities of the History Task merging with SCAMC and AAMSI, and coverage of content and proposed outline of Force, providing coordinating mechanisms included Donald A.B. Lindberg, Thomas the 50th Anniversary IMIA History volume, for activities of different regional and national Piemme, Ted Shortliffe, Marion Ball, and while it encouraged attendees to join the groups engaged in related historical studies of Bruce Blum, moderated by Alexa McCray History WG. Finally, feedback was sought the field. The current work plan for the Histo- [24]. The second panel covered roughly on software infrastructure and informatics ry WG focuses on gathering, archiving, and chronological developments starting in the methods for analysis, display/visualization, indexing historical documents and materials 1980’s covered by Betsy Humphreys and and retrieval of the history project materials from IMIA and related professional societies, Peter Szolovits; the 1990’s discussed by and MediaWiki updates necessary to support institutional and individual sources, developing Patricia Brennan and George Hripsack; the the effort. The History WG was surprised and maintaining a web-site and a MediaWiki first decade of the millennium by Robert and delighted to receive the Working Group for these purposes, and sponsoring the pub- Greenes and Siaw-Teng Liaw; and the 2010 of the Year Award presented at the General lication of an eBook on the History of Inter- decade and the future by Wendy Chapman Assembly Meeting! national Biomedical and Health Informatics and Neil Sarkar. Casimir Kulikowski mod- that summarizes and disseminates the results. erated. The panelists covered achievements Dr. Gogia, who chaired the APAMI meeting, and persistent challenges faced by the field, organized a session on the history of medical such as those related to the very definition History Workshop at EFMI- informatics in the Asia-Pacific Region and of information and problems of knowledge brought together the contributors for the IMIA representation. They pointed to the per- STC 2016 in Paris, France History project from this region. sistence of silos of expertise that have im- A workshop was organized by Mihalas, peded technical and professional progress, Kulikowski, and Séroussi on “European which aggravates the perennial problems Medical Informatics History: Peoples EFMI History Workshop at that clinical organizations have with legacy and Events”, which featured an initial systems from IT suppliers which are rarely major presentation by Isabelle Grémy, MIE 2014 in Istanbul, Turkey technologically up-to-date, and not easily who outlined her father’s life, and his Mihalas organized a Workshop at MIE customizable to specific clinical environ- pioneering work in medical informatics 2016, where he and van Bemmel, Richards, ments. During the ACMI dinner the day leading to the founding of IFIP TC4.

IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics 2017 267 The IMIA History Working Group: Inception through the IMIA History Taskforce, and Major Events Leading Up to the 50th Anniversary of IMIA

Rolf Engelbrecht invoked the memory panel was moderated by Casimir Kulikows- of another pioneer, Peter Reichertz, who EFMI @ 40 Panel at HEC-MIE ki and included Michael Ackerman, Marion galvanized the German medical informatics 2016 in Munich, Germany Ball, Robert Greenes, Judy Ozbolt, and Ted field in the 1970’s and 1980’s, while Mira Shortliffe giving their historical perspec- Hercjgonja-Szekeres outlined the history of Besides the workshop on EFMI and IMIA tives on early SCAMCs, and major work on medical and nursing informatics in Croatia, history organized by Mihalas and Kulikow- AI in Medicine, Clinical Decision Support, with special attention to the educational ski, a panel “Anticipating the Future while and Nursing Informatics, while Josh Denny, components. John Mantas discussed the Appreciating the Past” was organized by Jacqueline Merrill, and Anne Moen gave development of curricula in medical Anne Moen, the President of EFMI, which Perspectives on recent Biomedical and informatics, and Casimir Kulikowski gave covered topics such as the interactions Health Informatics challenges. This was an update on the 50th Anniversary IMIA between people, technologies, and informa- followed by a lively audience discussion, History Project, while George Mihalas tion; the role of computer-assisted diagnosis sharing their experiences on the topic of concluded with comments on different in the genomic era; and how digital health enduring challenges to the field. evolutionary trajectories in countries that can result from patient engagement. Pan- were in socio-economic and political elists included Mihalas, who summarized transition in Eastern Europe. the history and challenges of computer-assisted decision support; Kulikowski, who emphasized the importance of designing Activities Leading up to the technologies that are responsive to patient th and practitioner needs, rather than IT and 50 Anniversary History of IMIA History Activities in administrative needs; and Hoerbst, who International Biomedical Nursing Informatics NI-2016, discussed eHealth issues. Moen offered concluding comments on patient apps, con- and Health Informatics Geneva, Switzerland sumer strategies, and patient engagement. At this point, with the IMIA History WG

NI-2016 proved to be an excellent venue During the IMIA GA meeting the History formally in place, invitations have been in which to engage the nursing community WG was even more surprised than at the extended to potential contributors to bio- in the activities of the IMIA History WG, previous GA to receive the WG of the Year medical and health informatics (BMHI) since nursing informatics started writing its Award for a second year running! internationally and many short, personal history in the 1980’s, long before medical story contributions have been already informatics itself. Connections were made received about how pioneers and leaders and contributions to the IMIA 50th Anniver- came to be involved in biomedical and sary History volume were volunteered by ACMI History Workshop health informatics. This main section of nursing informatics specialists from around the 50th Anniversary IMIA History will the world. A panel organized by Luis Luque at AMIA 2016, in Chicago, illustrate the diversity of motivations, in- on the topic “Social Media as catalyzer for th spirations, and early contributions across Connected Health, hype or hope? Perspec- celebrating the 40 the different specialties and threads of tives from IMIA Working Groups” included Anniversary of the research, practice, and education. They Luis Fernandez-Luque, Vivian Vilmarlund, are the kinds of stories unlikely to be em- Elizabeth Borycki, Stefan Schulz, Craig Symposium on Computers in phasized in more traditional curricula or Kuziemsky, Michael Marschollek, and Medical Care (SCAMC) professional work descriptions. In this way, Casimir Kulikowski. The panel discussed they are intended as original contributions how social media had become an avenue The first SCAMC in 1976 held near Wash- that supplement previously published ma- to accessing, creating, and sharing health ington, DC, began a long and successful terials on the History of BMHI in the IMIA information among patients and healthcare series of conferences that helped define and Yearbook, the journals of the Association, professionals, becoming a key feature in coalesce biomedical and health informatics and other sources. many eHealth solutions, including wearable as a professional field in the US, while also Coordination with other working groups technologies, Big Data solutions, eLearn- encouraging considerable international involved in medical, nursing, social, ethical, ing systems, serious games, and medical participation. In 1988, SCAMC was one of and scientific aspects of the field has been imaging. Panelists discussed how these the three organizations that merged to create discussed in order that contributors provide hyper-connected technologies are facilitating AMIA. Coverage of the very wide breadth not only their personal statements of how the creation of a new paradigm shift towards of biomedical informatics disciplines and they have contributed to the field of BMHI, more connected health, and how this is af- depth of scientific and clinical involvement but also how the other working and special fecting biomedical and health informatics has been carried on successfully by AMIA interest groups have contributed to their from a historical perspective. through its meetings to the present day. The respective histories.

IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics 2017 268 Kulikowski et al.

The authors have been delighted by the Inform 2011:175-82. ceedings IMIA-LAC Conference, Guadalajara, many stories they have encountered over the 3. Ball M. Back to the Future: What Have We Failed Mexico; 2011. to Learn? How Does the Future Look? Yearb Med 16. Kulikowski C, McGrew C. An Informatics Ap- seven years summarized in this report. Bio- Inform 2011: 196-8. proach to Chronicling the History of IMIA. Proc medical and health informatics has clearly 4. Yacubsohn V. A Short History of the Beginnings of Medinfo 2013:1130. attracted an astonishing array of committed Hospital Information Systems in Argentina, Yearb 17. Mihalas G, Zvarova J, Kulikowski C. European scholars and professionals whose focus is to Med Inform 2012:163-8. History of Medical Informatics. Proc EFMI STC, Prague, 2013. www.stc2013.org/joint-activities/ improve human health through the informa- 5. Fieschi M. The Development of AI in Medicine and the Research Environment of the SPHINX panels tion sciences applied to health and human Project at the Start of the 1980s. Yearb Med Inform 18. Mihalas GI, Zvarova J, Kulikowski C, Ball M, van Bemmel JH, Hasman A, et al. History of Medical suffering. The overwhelming interest and 2012:153-60. Informatics in Europe - a Short Review by Differ- support we have found throughout the global 6. Ball MJ, van Bemmel JH, Kaihara S. IMIA Pres- ent Approach. Acta Inform Med 2014;22(1):6-10. community and, indeed, even from family idential Retrospectives on Medical Informatics. 19. Mihalas GI. Evolution of Trends in European members associated with our past leaders Yearb Med Inform 2007:165-75. Medical Informatics. Acta Inform Med 2014; makes us confident that the future history of 7. Lindberg DAB. The Evolution of Medical Infor- 22(1):37-43. matics. In: Myers JD, editor. Medical Education in 20. Kulikowski C. The 50th Anniversary IMIA History this discipline will continue to be meaningful the Information Age. Proc SCAMC, Assoc Amer of Medical Informatics Project. Acta Inform Med and help us to better place into perspective Med Colleges. 1986: 86-95. 2014; 22(1):68-70. the ongoing challenges faced by our field. 8. Blum BI, Duncan K. A History of Medical Infor- 21. Deželić G, Kern J, Petrovečki M, Ilakovac V, matics. New York: Addison-Wesley. ACM History Hercigonja-Szekeres M. Medical Informatics in Series; 1987. Croatia- a Historical Survey. Acta Inform Med Acknowledgements 9. Collen MF. A History of Medical Informatics in 2014;22:49-59. The authors wish to thank and acknowledge the United States. Indianapolis, IN: AMIA; 1995. 22. Masic I, Mihalas G. Contributions to the History the suggestions and help of their colleagues 10. The Nursing Informatics Project http://www.amia. of Medical Informatics, Avicenna, Sarajevo; 2014. of the IMIA History Working Group and the or/programs/working-groups/nursing-informatics/ 23. Mihalas GI, van Bemmel JH, Richards B, En- history-project gelbrecht R, Masic I, Haux R, et al. Medical ACMI Committee of Historians, as well as 11. Ozbolt J, Saba V. A brief history of nursing in- Informatics History - A View from Socio-Political the reviewers and editors of the IMIA Year- formatics in the United States of America. Nurs Context in European Countries. Workshop MIE book of Medical Informatics without which Outlook 2008 Sep-Oct;56(5):199-205.e2. 2014, Istanbul. 24. McCray A. ACMI at 30 – The Founding of the this work would not have been possible. 12. Hasman A, Albert A, Wainwright P, Kar R, Sosa M. Education and Training in Health Informatics American College of Medical Informatics and the in Europe. Amsterdam: IOS Press; 1995. American Medical Informatics Association. Proc 13. Zvárová J. Education in Methodology for Health AMIA 2014. Washington, DC; 2014. Care – EuroMISE. Methods Inf Med 1994;33: References 315-7. Correspondence to: 1. Peterson HE, Lundin P. Documenting the Use of 14. Hasman A, Prokosch HU, Dudeck J, Gell G, En- Casimir A. Kulikowski Computers in Swedish Health Care up to 1980. gelbrecht R, editors. Medical Infobahn for Europe. Department of Computer Science Yearb Med Inform 2011:169-74. Stud Techn Health Inform 2000;77:1-1274. Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey 2. Van Bemmel JH. People and Ideas in Medical 15. Mihalas GI. An attempt to define major stages Piscataway, New Jersey, USA Informatics – A Half-Century Review. Yearb Med of Medical Informatics development. CD Pro- E-mail: [email protected]

IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics 2017