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Tapas Aborto.Indd Sistematización Hitos noticiosos sobre aborto en la prensa 1998-2010 Brasil, Chile, México y Nicaragua Programa Inclusión Social y Género Claudia Dides C., M. Cristina Benavente R., Isabel Sáez A. Ayudantes de investigación: Carmengloria López N., Pablo Valencia M. Consultoras: Telia Negrão (Brasil), Adriana Peimbert (México), Graciella Marsal (Nicaragua) 2 CONTENIDO Introducción 6 Hitos Noticiosos de Aborto en Brasil 8 a. Criterio: Casos Médicos sobre aborto 9 i. CPI da Mortalidade Materna, dos relatórios de saúde para uma CPI 9 ii. A sobrevida da bebe Marcela 12 iii. Menina de Pernambuco 19 b. Criterio: Campañas Electorales 26 i. Eleições de 2006 26 c. Criterio: Casos Internacionales sobre aborto 32 i. A Liberação da RU 486 nos Estados Unidos 32 ii. Caso Uruguai 35 d. Criterio: Procesos de Reforma 38 i. Caso Tripartite 39 ii. Distribuição da pílula do dia seguinte 49 iii. Humanização do atendimento ao aborto 53 iv. Médicos quebram o silêncio sobre a questão do aborto 60 e. Criterio: Movilizaciones masivas de la sociedad civil 60 ii. Campanha Aborto, porque a mulher sempre é capaz de decidir 60 iii. Campanha da Igreja católica – bonecos de fetos e vídeos usados nas paróquias durante as missas, parte da Campanha da Fraternidade “Escolhe, pois, a vida” (Escoge la vida) 62 f. Criterio: Acciones de la Justicia respecto al aborto 63 i. A disputa judicial sobre anencefalia no Brasil 63 ii. As mil mulheres do Mato Grosso do Sul 70 Hitos Noticiosos de Aborto en Chile 82 a. Critério: Casos Médicos sobre aborto 83 i. Caso: Gladys Pavéz 83 3 ii. Caso: Griselle Rojas 92 iii. Caso Karen Espíndola 116 b. Criterio: Campañas Electorales 122 i. Elecciones Presidenciales 1999 122 ii. Campaña Presidencial 2009 138 c. Casos Internacionales sobre aborto 176 i. Caso Rosita 176 i Ley de Aborto en España 179 ii Sao Paulo: Niña de 9 años aborta embarazo de gemelos producto de una violación 182 d. Procesos de Reforma 186 i Proyecto de Aborto 2006 186 ii Proyecto Ley Marco sobre Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos 205 iii Servicio Nacional de la Mujer (SERNAM): Discusión y aprobación del Protocolo Facultativo 210 iv. Moción de diputados para legislar sobre Aborto Terapéutico 226 Hitos Noticiosos de Aborto en México 230 a. Casos Médicos sobre aborto 231 i Caso Paulina 231 ii. Obstrucción para el acceso a la Interrupción Legal del Embarazo (caso Mochis, Sinaloa) 242 b. Campañas Electorales 246 i. Elecciones para la jefatura de Gobierno de la Ciudad de México, 2006 247 c. Casos Internacionales sobre aborto 251 i Caso Uruguay 251 ii. Caso Nicaragua 252 iii. Caso Brasil 253 d. Procesos de Reforma 253 i. Declaración del Secretario de Salud Juan Ramón de la Fuente 254 ii Ley Robles 264 iii. Reglamentación ILE 276 iv. Despenalización del aborto en la ciudad de México 277 e. Movilizaciones masivas de la sociedad civil 291 4 i Por un cambio imprescindible 291 ii. Organizaciones y miembros de la sociedad a favor de la despenalización del aborto en la Ciudad de México 291 f. Acciones de la Justicia respecto al aborto 296 i. Resolución caso Paulina 296 ii. Caso de muerte de una adolescente por aborto legal en DF 297 Hitos Noticiosos de Aborto en Nicaragua 303 a. Casos Médicos sobre aborto 304 i. Caso de Rosita 304 ii. Muerte de embarazadas desde la penalización del aborto terapéutico 323 b. Campañas Electorales 333 i. Aborto terapéutico, tema controversial en campaña política para las elecciones presidenciales y parlamentarias(2006) 333 ii. Iglesia se involucra en la campaña electoral 2006 345 c. Procesos de Reforma 351 i. Asamblea Nacional inicia debate sobre el aborto en anteproyecto de reforma al Código Penal (2000). 351 ii. Aborto Terapéutico desata polémica en Asamblea Nacional ante la aprobación de la reforma al Código Penal en el año 2004. 359 iii. Se discute propuesta de nuevo Código Penal en el año 2006. 368 iv. Se penaliza aborto terapéutico en Nicaragua 378 d. Movilizaciones masivas de la sociedad civil 391 i. Conferencia episcopal promueve marcha anti aborto. 391 ii. Movimientos de Mujeres y Sociedades médicas protestan ante Asamblea Nacional y casa presidencial. 394 iii. Protesta de Mujeres en catedral metropolitana. 397 iv. Movilizaciones para exigir sentencia de recurso 399 e. Acciones de la Justicia respecto al aborto 405 i. Recurso por inconstitucionalidad ante la penalización del aborto terapéutico en la Corte Suprema de Justicia sin resolución 405 ii. Denuncias a Nicaragua ante Organismos Internacionales por la penalización del aborto terapéutico en Nicaragua 415 iii. Terrorismo político, presión y persecución política contra actores y ONGs que apoyan el aborto terapéutico 418 5 iv. Primeros procesados judicialmente por práctica de aborto 427 INTRODUCCIÓN El documento de trabajo que presentamos a continuación contiene las fichas realizadas en e proceso de recopilación de las noticias de prensa sobre aborto desarrollado en el estudio de Políticas de Aborto en Latinoamérica por el Programa Inclusión Social y Género de FLACSO-Chile. La búsqueda fue realizada en los medios de prensa de Brasil, Chile, México y Nicaragua comprendiendo el periodo desde 1998 hasta 2009. En la etapa inicial se seleccionaron los medios de comunicación escrita de cada país de acuerdo a la presencia, el reconocimiento y posición ideológica de éstos en la discusión pública. El resultado fue el siguiente: Tabla 1: Selección de los medios de prensa escrita por países Brasil Chile México Nicaragua Folha de São Paulo El Mercurio El Universal La Prensa El Estado de Sao Paulo La Tercera La Jornada El Nuevo Diario Periódico El Globo La Nación Reforma Confidencial Correio Brasiliense The Clinic Fuente: elaboración Programa de Inclusión Social y Género FLACSO-Chile, 2011. La recopilación se realizó a través de búsquedas en hemerotecas, como también en su versión online, para luego ser colocadas en una matriz de vaciado de datos construida para este fin. El procedimiento consistió en un fichaje sistemático de las distintas noticias, editoriales, reportajes y artículos. En este proceso de revisión de prensa se constató la presencia repetitiva de ciertos hitos. A partir de este hallazgo se crearon categorías de análisis, denominadas en adelante como criterios. Se definieron los criterios de acuerdo al tipo de discurso o espacio donde se desarrollan un conjunto de hitos. Los criterios fueron los siguientes: 1. Casos Médicos sobre aborto: se refiere a situaciones en las que el debate sobre el aborto se da en relación a realidades concretas de embarazos con patologías que ponen en riesgo la vida la mujer o del feto. 2. Campañas electorales: incluye los debates sobre aborto inserto en un contexto eleccionario, ya sea a nivel presidencial, parlamentario y/o municipal. 3. Casos internacionales sobre aborto: se refiere a los debates internacionales sobre aborto que han impactado en la prensa nacional. 4. Procesos de reforma: se refiere al debate sobre aborto en los parlamentos, en torno a proyectos de ley sobre aborto. 6 5. Movilizaciones masivas de la sociedad civil: incluye las expresiones de la sociedad civil en relación al aborto. 6. Acciones de la justicia respecto al aborto: son todas las acciones que ingresan en el sistema judicial de cada país y que derivan en un debate público. Tabla 2: Total de noticias recopiladas en la prensa escrita por criterios y paises CRITERIOS BRASIL CHILE MÉXICO NICARAGUA TOTAL Casos Médicos sobre aborto 22 54 33 42 151 Campañas Electorales 5 75 8 26 114 Casos Internacionales sobre aborto 11 12 5 - 28 Procesos de Reforma 36 62 76 53 227 Movilizaciones masivas de la sociedad civil 3 - 10 20 33 Acciones de la Justicia respecto al aborto 22 - 12 36 70 TOTAL 99 203 144 177 623 Fuente: elaboración Programa de Inclusión Social y Género FLACSO-Chile, 2011. Quisiéramos agradecer especialmente a las consultoras Telia Negrão, Adriana Peimbert, Graciela Marshall, Carmengloria López, por el trabajo realizado en los países su ayuda en la recopilación y participación en distintas etapas del proyecto de Políticas de Aborto en Latinoamérica. 7 Hitos Noticiosos de Aborto en Brasil 8 a. Criterio: Casos Médicos sobre aborto i. CPI da Mortalidade Materna, dos relatórios de saúde para uma CPI FICHA 1 CRITERIO: Casos Médicos sobre aborto Hito CPI da Mortalidade Materna, dos relatórios de saúde para uma CPI Fecha 03/06/1999 Medio Folha de São Paulo Dirección http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/cotidian/ff03069919.htm Electrónica Sección Cotidiano / Saúde Titulo Encontro discute formas de reduzir índices crescentes de mortes no parto; para especialista, 90% são evitável mortalidade materna cresce em São Paulo. Descripción Em 1999 são divulgados no Brasil dados internacionais sobre a mortalidade materna, relacionada com abortos inseguros, que colocam o Brasil em situação de desvantagem. O dado alarmante é que entre 1996 e 1997, o coeficiente de mortalidade materna em São Paulo aumentou em 20,07%, com 133 mortes maternas na cidade de São Paulo. Actor Organizações defensoras Tipo de Biomédico discursos FICHA 2 CRITERIO: Casos Médicos sobre aborto Hito CPI da Mortalidade Materna, dos relatórios de saúde para uma CPI Fecha 14/03/1999 Medio Folha de São Paulo Dirección http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/mundo/ft14039911.htm Electrónica Sección Mundo Titulo Aborto mata 275 vezes mais onde é proibido. Descripción Edição com três matérias sobre o tema. Divulga dado referente a um relatório divulgado pelo Instituto Alan Guttmacher, uma organização apartidária que destina recursos para pesquisas na área da reprodução humana e análises políticas em todo o planeta. O relatório mostra, em estatísticas, que há sérios problemas decorrentes da prática do aborto. Actor Organizações defensoras Tipo de Direitos garantidos e violados discursos FICHA 3 CRITERIO: Casos Médicos sobre aborto Hito CPI da Mortalidade Materna, dos relatórios de saúde para uma CPI 9 Fecha 14/03/1999 Medio Folha de São Paulo Dirección http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/mundo/ft14039911.htm Electrónica Sección Mundo Titulo No Brasil, falta de informação e assistência são mortais.
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