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The Opposition to Latin American Liberation Theology and the Transformation of Christianity, 1960-1990 Sonia M Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-30-2016 The Opposition to Latin American Liberation Theology and the Transformation of Christianity, 1960-1990 Sonia M. Scheuren Acevedo FIU, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC000270 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Catholic Studies Commons, Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, Christianity Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Scheuren Acevedo, Sonia M., "The Opposition to Latin American Liberation Theology and the Transformation of Christianity, 1960-1990" (2016). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2454. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2454 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida THE OPPOSITION TO LATIN AMERICAN LIBERATION THEOLOGY AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF CHRISTIANITY, 1960 - 1990. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in RELIGIOUS STUDIES by Sonia M. Scheuren Acevedo 2016 To: Dean John Stack Green School of International and Public Affairs This thesis, written by Sonia M. Scheuren Acevedo, and entitled The Opposition to Latin American Liberation Theology and the Transformation of Christianity, 1960 -1990 having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this thesis and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Christine Gudorf _______________________________________ Oren B. Stier _______________________________________ Ana María Bidegain, Major Professor Date of Defense: March 30, 2016 The thesis of Sonia M. Scheuren Acevedo is approved. _______________________________________ Dean John Stack Green School of International and Public Affairs _______________________________________ Andrés G. Gil Vice President for Research and Economic Development and Dean of the University Graduate School Florida International University, 2016 ii DEDICATION To the three amazing people that have supported me with their trust, love and wisdom: Eduardo, Ariana and Ana María, my husband, my daughter and my professor. To my parents, Luz Estela and Felix, two stars on my life, two life heroes. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My first acknowledgment must go to Dr. Ana María Bidegain, my major professor, who not only gave me the academic orientation to develop this research, but also her great humanity, kindness and willingness. This research has her spirit and my endless gratitude for her guidance. Special thanks to Dr. Christine Gudorf, member of my Graduation Committee, for her wise comments, corrections and suggestions on this work. I wish to specially thank Eduardo, my husband, for his unconditional support and love during the research and writing of this thesis, not to mention his incredible collaboration with the National Archives trips and research. In the same manner, I wish to thank my friend Bibiana Ortega for her help doing research in the National Archives. I am also grateful to Dr. Joseph Holbrook and Miguel Asencio for giving me the opportunity to work with the Carlos Uran & Ana María Bidegain’s Collection at the Green Library at Florida International University. Thanks to Carlos, Shelly and Jeanette at the FIU Writing Center for their valuable support. Equally, I want to express my gratitude to Dr. Oren Stier, Graduate Program Director and member of my Committee, the Religious Studies Department wonderful staff, Yusimi and Luz, Professors, and my dear fellow colleagues Komal, Raymond, Yehonatan, Anthony, Meisam, Yoletta, David, Patrick, John and Rania for providing me with an academic, cordial and supporting environment. Finally, I am very grateful and blessed to have the immense affection and support of Ariana, my daughter, my parents, and my siblings Susa and Ivan. iv ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS THE OPPOSITION TO LATIN AMERICAN LIBERATION THEOLOGY AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF CHRISTIANITY, 1960 - 1990. by Sonia M. Scheuren Acevedo Florida International University, 2016 Miami, Florida Professor Ana María Bidegain, Major Professor This thesis aims to explore the political, social and religious opposition to Liberation Theology in Latin America during the 1960s to 1990s, and the transformation of Christianity. During this period, most Latin American countries underwent social struggles and political repression in which opposition and persecution arose from dictatorial and military governments who labeled those committed to the poor as communists. Liberation Theology emerged as an ecclesial and theological trend committed to the poor, in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s in Latin America. This thesis traces the origins, development, expansion and repression of Liberation Theology. This work maintains that under the Cold War context and the National Security Doctrine, Liberation Theology became a target of political repression because its commitment with the poor placed it as subversive and communist. This research reveals how it was repressed with violence and the promotion of counteracting religious groups, leading to changes in Christianity. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Contextual and Conceptual Framework ..................................................... 1 Liberation Theology ...…………………………………………………………..1 The Catholic Action ................................................................................... .3 Base Ecclesial Communities (BECs or CEBs) .......................................... .4 Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) ....................................................... .7 CELAM-Latin American Episcopal Conference ......................................... 8 Second Latin American Episcopal Conference, Medellin (1968) ............. 10 Chapter 1 ................................................................................................. 15 The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and The National Security Doctrine in Latin America ......................................................................... 15 U.S. National Security Perspectives on Liberation Theology ................... 15 The U.S. National Security Doctrine ........................................................ 17 Identifying the Enemy .............................................................................. 20 Subversive Agents ................................................................................... 22 Latin America ........................................................................................... 24 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………..26 Chapter 2 ................................................................................................. 27 Political Opposition to Liberation Theology .............................................. 27 South America ......................................................................................... 27 Brazil ........................................................................................................ 27 Transnational Organized Repression ...................................................... 39 Chile......................................................................................................... 42 Argentina ................................................................................................. 52 Central America ....................................................................................... 59 El Salvador .............................................................................................. 60 Nicaragua ................................................................................................ 67 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 69 Chapter 3 ................................................................................................. 70 Religious and Social Opposition to Liberation Theology .......................... 70 Religious Opposition ................................................................................ 70 Second Vatican Council ........................................................................... 70 Expansion of Liberation Theology ............................................................ 75 Opposition to Liberation Theology and Church Divisions ........................ 76 Religious Repression Supported by External Funds ................................ 91 Social Repression .................................................................................... 93 vi Protestantism and Pentecostalism ........................................................... 96 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….100 Chapter 4 ............................................................................................... 101 Opposition to Liberation Theology and Religious Transformation .......... 101 Changes in the Latin American Catholic Church Following the Repression of Liberation Theology ........................................................ 101 The Church as a Refuge .......................................................................
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