The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016

Home , Sustainable development

United Nations Contents

2 Foreword

3 Overview

12 Goal 1: No poverty

14 Goal 2: Zero hunger

16 Goal 3: Good health and well-being

18 Goal 4: Quality education

20 Goal 5: Gender equality

22 Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation

24 Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy

26 Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth

28 Goal 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure

30 Goal 10: Reduced inequalities

32 Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities

34 Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production

36 Goal 13: Climate action

38 Goal 14: Life below water

40 Goal 15: Life on land

42 Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions

44 Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals

48 Leaving no one behind

50 A note to the reader

51 Regional groupings The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016

United Nations New York, 2016 Foreword

On 1 January 2016, the world officially began implementation These statistics show how important coordinated global of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development—the data-generation efforts will be in supplying reliable and transformative plan of action based on 17 Sustainable timely data for systematic follow-up and progress reviews. Development Goals—to address urgent global challenges The Goals apply to all societies. Even the wealthiest countries over the next 15 years. have yet to fully empower women or eliminate discrimination. This agenda is a road map for people and the planet that will All nations will need to build the Sustainable Development build on the success of the Millennium Development Goals Goals into their national policies and plans if we are to and ensure sustainable social and economic progress world- achieve them. wide. It seeks not only to eradicate extreme poverty, but also This first report is a starting point. With collective global to integrate and balance the three dimensions of sustainable action, we can seize the opportunities before us and, together, development—economic, social and environmental—in a fulfil the pledge of the 2030 Agenda to leave no one behind. comprehensive global vision.

It is vital that we begin implementation with a sense of opportunity and purpose based on an accurate evaluation of where the world stands now.

That is the aim of this report. It presents an overview of the 17 Goals using data currently available to highlight the most Ban Ki-moon significant gaps and challenges. Secretary-General, United Nations The latest data show that about one in eight people still lived in extreme poverty, nearly 800 million people suffered from hunger, the births of nearly a quarter of children under 5 had not been recorded, 1.1 billion people were living without electricity, and water scarcity affected more than 2 billion people. Overview

This inaugural report on the global Sustainable Development Every journey has a beginning and an end. Plotting that jour- Goals (SDGs) is a first accounting of where the world stands ney and establishing key milestones along the way requires at the start of our collective journey to 2030. The report accessible, timely and reliable disaggregated data. The data analyses selected indicators from the global indicator frame- requirements for the global indicators are almost as unprece- work for which data are available as examples to highlight dented as the SDGs themselves and constitute a tremendous some critical gaps and challenges. The list of SDG indicators challenge to all countries. Nevertheless, fulfilling these agreed upon by the UN Statistical Commission in March 2016 requirements through building national statistical capacity is will be subject to refinements and improvements as methods an essential step in establishing where we are now, charting a and data availability improve. way forward and bringing our collective vision closer to reality.

Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

Goal 1 calls for an end to poverty in all its manifestations, including extreme pov- 1 in 8 people lived in extreme poverty in 2012 erty, over the next 15 years. All people everywhere, including the poorest and most vulnerable, should enjoy a basic standard of living and social protection benefits. ffThe proportion of the global population living below the extreme poverty line dropped by half between 2002 and 2012, from 26 to 13 per cent. This translated to one in eight people worldwide living in extreme poverty in 2012. Poverty remains widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, where more than Social assistance or social protection benefits 40 per cent of people lived on less than 1.90 US dollars a day in 2012. ffIn 2015, 10 per cent of the world’s workers and their families were living on less than 1.90 US dollars per person per day, down from 28 per cent in 2000. ffYoung people aged 15 to 24 are most likely to be among the working poor: 1 in 5 2 in 3 16 per cent of all employed youth were living below the poverty line in 2015, in low-income in upper-middle- countries income countries compared to 9 per cent of working adults. ffAbout one in five people received any type of social assistance or social protection benefits in low-income countries compared with two in three people in upper-middle-income countries.

3 Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

15% Goal 2 seeks to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition and to achieve sustainable food production by 2030. It is premised on the idea that everyone should have access to sufficient nutritious food, which will require widespread promo- 11% tion of sustainable agriculture, a doubling of agricultural productivity, increased Global population Nearly 800 million suffering from still suffer from hunger investments and properly functioning food markets. hunger declined from 15 to 11 per cent ffThe proportion of the population suffering from hunger declined globally from 15 per cent in 2000-2002 to 11 per cent in 2014-2016. However, nearly 800 million people worldwide still lack access to adequate food.

ffMore than half of the adult population in sub-Saharan Africa faced moderate or severe food insecurity in 2015; the level was severe for one-quarter of adults in 1 in 4 children under age 5 had stunted growth in 2014 the region. ffOne in four children under age 5 had stunted growth in 2014—an estimated 158.6 million children.

ffThe share of overweight children under age 5 increased by nearly 20 per cent between 2000 and 2014. Approximately 41 million children in this age group worldwide were overweight in 2014; almost half of them lived in Asia.

Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

Deaths per 1,000 live births Goal 3 aims to ensure health and well-being for all at all ages by improving repro- 91 ductive, maternal and child health; ending the epidemics of major communicable Under-5 mortality rates diseases; reducing non-communicable and environmental diseases; achieving 43 fell by more than half universal health coverage; and ensuring access to safe, affordable and effective from 1990 to 2015 medicines and vaccines for all.

ffBetween 1990 and 2015, the global maternal mortality ratio declined by 1990 2015 44 per cent, and the mortality rate of children under age 5 fell by more than half. Still, an estimated 5.9 million children under 5 died in 2015, mostly from preventable causes.

ffThe incidence of HIV, malaria and tuberculosis declined globally between 2000 and 2015. However, in 2015, 2.1 million people became newly infected Sub-Saharan Africa with HIV, and an estimated 214 million people contracted malaria. Almost half 89% accounted for 89 per cent of all malaria cases the world’s population is at risk of malaria, but sub-Saharan Africa accounted worldwide in 2015 for 89 per cent of all cases in 2015.

ffWorldwide in 2015, approximately three in four women of reproductive age 8 (15 to 49 years) who were married or in a union satisfied their need for family planning by using modern contraceptive methods.

ffIn 2012, almost two-thirds of deaths from non-communicable diseases in people under age 70 were attributed to cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 4 Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

Goal 4 focuses on the acquisition of foundational and higher-order skills; greater and more equitable access to technical and vocational education and training and ABC higher education; training throughout life; and the knowledge, skills and values needed to function well and contribute to society. 59 million children of primary school age ffIn 2013, 59 million children of primary school age were out of school. were out of school in 2013 ffSurveys from 63 low- and middle-income countries between 2008 and 2012 show that children from the poorest 20 per cent of households are more than four times as likely to be out of school as their richest peers. ffData from 38 countries in developed regions show that, in the majority of 757 million adults these countries, 75 per cent or more of young people had at least minimum were unable proficiency in reading and/or mathematics; the same was true for only 5 of the to read and write in 2013, two-thirds 22 developing countries with data. were women ffIn 2013, there were still 757 million adults (aged 15 and over) unable to read and write, of whom two-thirds were women.

Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Goal 5 aims to empower women and girls to reach their full potential, which requires eliminating all forms of discrimination and violence against them, includ- 20 ing harmful practices. It seeks to ensure that they have every opportunity for 19% sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights; receive due recognition Time spent each day 10 for their unpaid work; have full access to productive resources; and enjoy equal on unpaid labour 8% participation with men in political, economic and public life. 0 ffGlobally, the proportion of women aged 20 to 24 who reported that they were Women Men married before their eighteenth birthdays dropped from 32 per cent around 1990 to 26 per cent around 2015. ffIn 30 countries where the practice of female genital mutilation is concentrated, more than a third of girls aged 15 to 19 have undergone the procedure. Women in parliament: ffBased on time-use surveys conducted between 2000 and 2014 in 59 coun- 23 per cent in 2016 tries, women said they spend 19 per cent of their time each day on unpaid labour versus 8 per cent for men. ffThe proportion of seats held by women in single or lower houses of parliament rose to 23 per cent in 2016—a rise of 6 percentage points over the last decade.

5 Overview Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

Goal 6 goes beyond drinking water, sanitation and hygiene to also address the 663 million still use quality and sustainability of water resources. Achieving this Goal, which is critical unimproved water sources to the survival of people and the planet, means expanding international cooperation and garnering the support of local communities in improving water and sanitation management. 2.4 billion are without improved sanitation ffIn 2015, 6.6 billion people, or 91 per cent of the global population, used an improved drinking water source, compared with 82 per cent in 2000. However, in 2015 an estimated 663 million people were still using unimproved sources or surface water. 2 billion worldwide affected by water stress ffBetween 2000 and 2015, the proportion of the global population using improved sanitation increased from 59 per cent to 68 per cent. However, 2.4 billion were left behind. Among them were 946 million people without any Integrated Water Resources facilities at all who continue to practise open defecation. Management plans in every region of the world ffWater stress affects more than 2 billion people around the globe, a figure that is projected to rise. 39% ffIntegrated Water Resources Management plans are under way in every region of the world.

Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

Goal 7 seeks to promote broader energy access and increased use of renewable 1.1 billion people energy, including through enhanced international cooperation and expanded lacked access to infrastructure and technology for clean energy. electricity in 2012 ffThe proportion of the global population with access to electricity increased steadily, from 79 per cent in 2000 to 85 per cent in 2012. Despite these improvements, 1.1 billion people were still without this essential service in 2012.

ffIn 2014, some 3 billion people, over 40 per cent of the world’s population, relied on polluting and unhealthy fuels for cooking.

Modern renewables ffModern renewables grew rapidly, at a rate of 4 per cent a year between 2010 increased 4 per cent a year between and 2012. 2010 and 2012 ffGlobal energy intensity improved by 1.3 per cent a year from 2000 to 2012. About 68 per cent of the energy savings between 2010 and 2012 came from developing regions, with Eastern Asia as the largest contributor.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 6 Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

Continued, inclusive and sustainable economic growth is a prerequisite for global 8 prosperity. Goal 8 aims to provide opportunities for full and productive employ- 7% 6 Average annual ment and decent work for all while eradicating forced labour, human trafficking 4.7% growth rate of and child labour. real GDP per capita 4 in LDCs

ffThe average annual growth rate of real gross domestic product (GDP) per 2.6% 2 capita in the least developed countries (LDCs) declined from 4.7 per cent over 2005-2009 2010-2014 the period 2005-2009 to 2.6 per cent in 2010-2014. This was less than half the target rate of 7 per cent per year. Women are twice as likely to be unemployed as men in Western Asia and Northern Africa ffWhile labour productivity increased in the developing regions from 2005 to

2015, the value for developed regions was still more than twice that of any 9% Western Asia developing region, and around 20 times greater than the values for 20% sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. 10% Northern Africa ffIn 2015, the unemployment rate for women was 6.7 per cent versus 5.8 per cent 25% for men. Gender disparities were most striking in Western Asia and Northern 0 10 20 30 Africa, where the unemployment rate of women was more than twice that of men. 2015 Paris Climate Agreement ffWhile the share of adults with bank accounts rose by 20 per cent in four years, some 2 billion people still lack this important financial service.

Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

Goal 9 focuses on the promotion of infrastructure development, industrialization Manufacturing value added per capita in 2015 and innovation. This can be accomplished through enhanced international and 100 USD 5,000 USD domestic financial, technological and technical support, research and innovation, and increased access to information and communication technology.

ffIn 2015, manufacturing value added per capita was less than 100 US dollars a

year in the LDCs versus nearly 5,000 US dollars in developed regions. LDCs Developed regions ffGlobally, energy efficiency and cleaner fuels and technologies reduced carbon dioxide (CO ) emissions per unit of value added by 13 per cent from 2000 to 2 3G mobile-broadband coverage 2013. in 2015 worldwide ffIn 2013, global investment in research and development (R&D) stood at 29% 89% 1.7 trillion US dollars (purchasing power parity, PPP), up from 732 billion US dollars in 2000. Developed regions dedicated almost 2.4 per cent of their GDP to R&D in 2013, while the average for LDCs and landlocked developing countries was less than 0.3 per cent. Rural Urban ffThird-generation (3G) mobile-broadband covered 89 per cent of the urban Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels population but only 29 per cent of the rural population in 2015.

7 Overview Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries

National Goal 10 calls for reducing inequalities in income, as well as those based on sex, average Per capita income age, disability, race, class, ethnicity, religion and opportunity—both within and in 56 of 94 countries Poorest 40% grew more rapidly among countries. It also aims to ensure safe, orderly and regular migration and of households in the poorest addresses issues related to representation of developing countries in global households decision-making and development assistance. ffIn 56 out of 94 countries with data for the period 2007-2012, the per capita income of the poorest 40 per cent of households grew more rapidly than the national average. ffThe share of imports from the least developed and developing countries 2000 70% Share of duty-free entering developed countries duty-free increased between 2000 to 2014, imports from LDCs from 70 to 84 per cent and from 65 to 79 per cent, respectively. 2014 84% to developed countries ffThe cost of sending money across international borders averaged 7.5 per cent 0 50 100 of the amount remitted in 2015, more than double the target rate of 3 per cent.

Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

39% 40 Goal 11 aims to renew and plan cities and other human settlements in a way that 30% Proportion of global fosters community cohesion and personal security while stimulating innovation urban population and employment. 20 living in slums ffIn 2014, 880 million people lived in urban slums, or 30 per cent of the global urban population, compared to 39 per cent in 2000. 0 2000 2014 ffIn many burgeoning cities around the world, populations are moving outwards, far beyond administrative boundaries. Almost half the global ffIn 2014, about half the urban population globally was exposed to air pollution urban population is levels at least 2.5 times above the standard of safety set by the World Health exposed to ambient Organization. air pollution levels at least 2.5 times ffAs of 2015, 142 countries were developing national-level urban policies; the maximum of these, 82 countries were already in the process of implementation and 23 recommended level had reached the monitoring and evaluation stage.

Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Goal 12 aims to promote sustainable consumption and production patterns 23.6 Material footprint through measures such as specific policies and international agreements on the 14.5 kg per unit of GDP kg in 2010 management of materials that are toxic to the environment. ffIn 2010, the material footprint per unit of GDP (amount of primary materials Developing Developed used) of developed regions stood at 23.6 kilograms per unit of GDP, compared regions regions with 14.5 kilograms per unit of GDP in developing regions. Number of parties to conventions ffThat same year, domestic material consumption per capita in developed on hazardous wastes and other chemicals regions was 72 per cent higher than in developing regions. 183 180 155 ffWith six exceptions, all Member States of the United Nations are party to at least one of the conventions (Basel, Rotterdam or Stockholm) dedicated to the management of hazardous wastes and other chemicals.

Basel Stockholm Rotterdam

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 8 Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

2015 Paris Climate Agreement Climate change presents the single biggest threat to development, and its widespread, unprecedented effects disproportionately burden the poorest and the most vulnerable. Urgent action is needed not only to combat climate change MAX and its impacts, but also to build resilience in responding to climate-related 2°C hazards and natural disasters. ffIn April 2016, 175 Member States signed the historic Paris Agreement, which sets the stage for ambitious climate action by all to ensure that global temperatures rise no more than 2 degrees Celsius. An average of 83,000 people died ffAn average of 83,000 people died and 211 million were affected each year as a and 211 million were result of natural disasters occurring from 2000 to 2013. affected each year by natural disasters ffIn 2015, only 83 countries reportedly had legislative and/or regulatory provi- from 2000 to 2013 sions in place for managing disaster risk.

Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

This Goal seeks to promote the conservation and sustainable use of marine and Proportion of fish stocks coastal ecosystems, prevent marine pollution and increase the economic benefits within biologically sustainable levels to small island developing States and LDCs from the sustainable use of marine 1974 90% resources. ffMarine resources are particularly important for people living in coastal com- 2013 69% munities, who represented 37 per cent of the world's population in 2010. ffThe proportion of global marine fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels declined from 90 per cent in 1974 to 69 per cent in 2013.

20 19% ffIn 2014, 8.4 per cent of the marine environment under national jurisdiction (up to 200 nautical miles from shore) was under protection. From 2000 to 15% 2016, the share of marine key biodiversity areas that were completely covered Proportion of by protected areas increased from 15 per cent to 19 per cent. 10 marine key biodiversity areas under protection ffThe five large marine ecosystems most at risk from coastal eutrophication are worldwide the Bay of Bengal, East China Sea, Gulf of Mexico, North Brazil Shelf and South 0 China Sea—areas that provided ecosystem services for coastal populations 2000 2016 totalling 781 million in 2010.

9 Overview Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

1990-2000 2010-2015 0 Goal 15 focuses on managing forests sustainably, restoring degraded lands and successfully combating desertification, reducing degraded natural habitats and Global annual ending biodiversity loss. All of these efforts in combination will help ensure that -4 -3.3 million net forest loss hectares livelihoods are preserved for those that depend directly on forests and other ecosystems, that biodiversity will thrive, and that the benefits of these natural -8 -7.3 million resources will be enjoyed for generations to come. hectares ffGlobal net loss in forest area declined from 7.3 million hectares per year in the 1990s to 3.3 million hectares per year during the period 2010-2015.

ffThe percentage of global terrestrial, inland freshwater and mountain key Over 23,000 species biodiversity areas covered by protected areas increased from 16.5 per cent to face extinction 19.3 per cent, 13.8 per cent to 16.6 per cent and 18.1 per cent to 20.1 per cent, across the globe respectively, from 2000 to 2016.

ffAs of 2015, over 23,000 species of plants, fungi and animals were known to face a high probability of extinction. Human activities are causing species extinctions at rates three orders of magnitude higher than those normal throughout the Earth’s history.

ffSince 1999, at least 7,000 species of animals and plants have been detected in illegal trade affecting 120 countries.

Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

34% Goal 16 envisages peaceful and inclusive societies based on respect for human 13% Proportion of child rights, the rule of law, good governance at all levels, and transparent, effective and victims of human accountable institutions. Many countries still face protracted violence and armed trafficking worldwide 2004 2011 conflict, and far too many people are poorly supported by weak institutions and lack access to justice, information and other fundamental freedoms.

ffBetween 2008 and 2014, the homicide rate in developing countries was twice that of developed countries.

ffAt the peak in 2011, 34 per cent of the victims of human trafficking at the 1 in 2 children global level were children, up from 13 per cent in 2004. have not been registered by ffGlobally, 30 per cent of people held in detention over the period 2012-2014 their fifth birthdays in LDCs had not been sentenced. ffThe births of more than one in four children under age 5 worldwide go unrecorded. In the LDCs, one in two children have not been registered by their fifth birthdays.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 10 Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development

The 2030 Agenda requires a revitalized and enhanced global partnership that mobilizes all available resources from Governments, civil society, the private sec- 6.9% ODA totalled 131.6 billion US dollars tor, the United Nations system and other actors. Increasing support to developing in 2015, an increase of countries, in particular LDCs, landlocked developing countries and small island 6.9 per cent in real terms developing States is fundamental to equitable progress for all. from 2014 ffOfficial development assistance totalled 131.6 billion US dollars in 2015, which was 6.9 per cent higher in real terms than in 2014 and represents the highest 2014 2015 level ever reached. ffThe debt service to export ratio fell significantly over the period 2000-2012, dropping from 11.7 in 2000 to under 2.7 in 2012. ffIn 2015, fixed-broadband Internet penetration reached 29 per cent in developed 90 per cent regions, but only 7.1 per cent in developing regions and 0.5 per cent in LDCs. CENSUS of all countries conducted population ffAlthough the share of LDC merchandise exports in total exports nearly and housing censuses doubled from 2000 to 2014, it still represented only a small fraction of global over the period exports in 2014, at 1.1 per cent. 2006-2015 ffNinety per cent of all countries and 88 per cent of developing countries conducted population and housing censuses over the period 2006-2015, a key source of essential data.

Ensuring that no one is left behind

In launching the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, ffThe LDCs, landlocked developing countries and small island Member States recognized that the dignity of the individual is developing States all reported a prevalence of undernourish- fundamental and that the Agenda’s Goals and targets should ment that was substantially higher than that of developing be met for all nations and people and for all segments of regions as a whole (13.6, 9.8 and 5.1 percentage points society. Furthermore, they will endeavour to reach first those higher, respectively) in 2014-2016. who are furthest behind. Going beyond rhetoric in this regard Leaving no one behind is the overarching principle of the 2030 will be no simple matter because disaggregated data tell us Agenda. However, without data and indicators that address that the benefits of development are far from equally shared. specific groups within a population, including the most ffIn 2015, the youth unemployment rate (among people aged vulnerable, full implementation of the commitments made in 15 to 24) globally was 15 per cent—more than three times the SDGs will not be possible. A global effort to improve data the rate for adults (4.6 per cent). availability and use, including through improvements in the integration of data sources, has already begun. But much work ffGlobally in 2015, births in the richest 20 per cent of house- lies ahead. The global statistical community stands ready to holds were more than twice as likely to be attended by transform and modernize the way this work is undertaken in skilled health personnel as those in the poorest 20 per cent order to fully meet current needs and to fulfil our promise to of households (89 per cent versus 43 per cent). present and future generations. ffChildren from the poorest households are more than twice as likely to be stunted as their richest peers. ffAlmost 80 per cent of urban inhabitants have access to piped water versus one-third of the rural population. Wu Hongbo Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs

11 Overview Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

In signing Agenda 2030, Governments around the world committed to ending poverty in all its manifestations, including its most extreme forms, over the next 15 years. They resolved that all people everywhere should enjoy a basic standard of living. This includes social protection benefits for the poor and most vulnerable and ensuring that people harmed by conflict and natural hazards receive adequate support, including access to basic services.

Proportion of the population living below 1.90 US dollars a day, 2002 and 2012 Poverty was halved over a decade, but one (percentage) in eight people around the world still lived 57 Sub-Saharan Africa 43 in extreme poverty in 2012 48 Oceania 30 The international poverty line is currently defined as 36 Southern Asia 15 1.90 US dollars per person per day using 2011 purchasing 33 Caucasus and Central Asia 12 power parity (PPP). In the decade from 2002 to 2012, the 21 South-Eastern Asia 8 proportion of the global population living below the poverty 32 line dropped by half, from 26 to 13 per cent. If economic Eastern Asia 6 13 growth rates observed during those 10 years prevail for Latin America and the Caribbean 6 the next 15, the global rate for extreme poverty will likely 1.2 Developed regions 0.1 fall to 4 per cent by 2030, assuming that growth benefits 33 all income groups equally. Poverty remains widespread Developing regions 15 26 in sub-Saharan Africa, where more than 40 per cent of World 13 people lived on less than 1.90 US dollars a day in 2012. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

2002 2012

Note: The regional estimates for Northern Africa and Western Asia could not be calculated because the available data do not have sufficient population coverage.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 12 Among the working poor, young people are Proportion of employed population living below 1.90 US dollars a day, total, youth most likely to live in extreme poverty and adults, 2000 and 2015 (percentage) 60 In 2015, 10 per cent of the world’s workers and their families were living on less than 1.90 US dollars 50 per person per day, down from 28 per cent in 2000. Young people aged 15 to 24 are most likely to be among the working poor: 16 per cent of all employed youth were 40 living below the poverty line in 2015, compared with 9 per cent of working adults. One-third of all workers in 30 sub-Saharan Africa and more than 18 per cent of workers in Southern Asia were among the working poor that year. 20

0 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 Sub- Southern South- Northern Eastern Latin Caucasus Western World Saharan Asia Eastern Africa Asia America and Asia Africa Asia and the Central Caribbean Asia

Adults Youths Total

About one in five people receive any type Proportion of the population receiving social protection beneﬁts, most recent data of social protection benefit in low-income available during 2000-2014 (percentage) countries Low-income countries 15 1 2 One way of further reducing poverty is to improve coverage of social protection programmes and target benefits to the Lower-middle-income countries 21 4 8 poor and most vulnerable. Social protection programmes Upper-middle-income countries 45 28 2 include social assistance, such as cash transfers, school Social assistance Social insurance Labour market feeding and targeted food assistance. Social insurance and labour market programmes are other forms of social protection, covering old-age and disability pensions, maternity benefits, unemployment insurance, skills training and wage subsidies, among others. Most poor people remain outside social protection systems, especially in poorer countries: about one in five people receive any type of benefit in low-income countries compared with two in three in upper-middle-income countries.

13 GOAL 1 | No poverty Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

Goal 2 seeks sustainable solutions to end hunger in all its forms by 2030 and to achieve food security. The aim is to ensure that everyone everywhere has enough good-quality food to lead a healthy life. Achieving this Goal will require better access to food and the widespread promotion of sustainable agriculture. This entails improving the productivity and incomes of small-scale farmers by promoting equal access to land, technology and markets, sustainable food production systems and resilient agricultural practices. It also requires increased investments through international cooperation to bolster the productive capacity of agriculture in developing countries.

Number and proportion of undernourished people, 2000-2002 and 2014-2016 Despite progress, more than 790 million (millions and percentage) people worldwide still suffer from hunger 35 204 mil The fight against hunger has seen some progress over the 30 past 15 years. Globally, the proportion of undernourished

25 118 mil people declined from 15 per cent in 2000-2002 to 908 mil 272 mil 11 per cent in 2014-2016. However, more than 790 million 20 220 mil 930 mil 1.3 mil 222 mil people still lack regular access to adequate food. If current 11 mil 15 trends continue, the zero hunger target will be largely

Percentage 60 mil 281 mil 1.4 mil 10 14 mil missed by 2030. The persistence of hunger is no longer 780 mil 61 mil 145 mil 19 mil 795 mil a matter of food availability. Rather, in many countries 6 mil 7 mil 5 21 mil 34 mil that failed to reach the Millennium Development Goals 4 mil 0 15 mil (MDGs) hunger target, natural and human-induced disasters or political instability have resulted in food Oceania World EasternWestern Asia Asia Southern Asia Northern Africa insecurity affecting large swathes of the population. Developed regions Sub-Saharan Africa South-Eastern Asia Developing regions Preliminary estimates from the Food Insecurity Experience Caucasus and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Scale—available for about 150 countries in 2014 and 2000-2002 2014-2016 2015—reveal that food insecurity is most prevalent in Note: Vertical position of the bubbles represents the percentage of the population that is sub-Saharan Africa. More than half of the adult population undernourished. The size of the bubbles represents the number of undernourished people. The proportion of undernourished people is less than 5 per cent for Northern Africa and in that region faced moderate or severe levels of food Developed regions for both time periods. insecurity, and one-quarter faced severe levels. Southern Asia had the second highest prevalence: around 25 per cent of adults there experienced moderate or severe food insecurity, and 12 per cent experienced severe levels.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 14 Chronic undernutrition, or stunted growth, Proportion of children under age 5 with stunted growth, 2000 and 2014 (percentage)

still affects one in four children under age 5 38 Oceania 39 43 In 2014, an estimated 158.6 million children under age 5 Sub-Saharan Africa 36 50 were affected by stunting, a chronic form of under Southern Asia 35 38 nutrition defined as inadequate height for age. Chronic South-Eastern Asia 27 undernutrition puts children at greater risk of dying from 24 Northern Africa 18 common infections, increases the frequency and severity 24 Western Asia 17 of infections and contributes to delayed recovery. It is also 27 Caucasus and Central Asia 15 associated with impaired cognitive ability and reduced 17 Latin America and the Caribbean 11 school and work performance. Globally, the proportion of 19 Eastern Asia 7 stunted children has fallen in all regions except Oceania. 5 Southern Asia made the most progress between 2000 and Developed regions 4 36 2014, but the region is still home to the largest number of Developing regions 26 33 stunted children in the world, 63.9 million. In sub-Saharan World 24 Africa, population growth outpaced progress: the number 0 10 20 30 40 50 of stunted children increased from an estimated 50.1 mil- 2000 2014 lion in 2000 to 57.3 million in 2014. Together, Southern Note: The population coverage for developed regions is less than 50 per cent for all periods between 2000 and 2014. Asia and sub-Saharan Africa accounted for three-quarters Proportion of children under age 5 who are overweight, 2000 and 2014 (percentage)

of children under 5 with stunted growth in 2014. 12 Northern Africa 16 9 Caucasus and Central Asia 12 5 The share of overweight children under age Oceania 9 6.5 5 has increased by nearly 20 per cent Western Asia 7.5 7.0 Latin America and the Caribbean 7.5 Worldwide, the proportion of children under age 5 who are 3 South-Eastern Asia 7.4 overweight increased from 5 per cent in 2000 to 6 per cent 6 Eastern Asia 5 in 2014. Overweight is a growing problem affecting nearly 4.4 Sub-Saharan Africa 4.5 every region. Northern Africa has the highest prevalence 3 Southern Asia 4 of overweight children under 5 (16 per cent), followed by 9 the Caucasus and Central Asia (12 per cent). Globally, Developed regions 10 5 41 million children in this age group are overweight; almost Developing regions 6 5 half of them live in Asia and one quarter live in Africa. World 6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 2000 2014 Note: The population coverage for developed regions is less than 50 per cent for all periods between 2000 and 2014.

Agriculture share of government Agriculture share of government expenditure, agriculture share of GDP (percentage) expenditures increasingly lags behind and agriculture orientation index for world, developing and developed regions, 2001-2013 its economic contribution World Developing regions Developed regions The productive capacity of agriculture depends on invest- 12 1.2

ments from public and private sources, both domestic Agriculture Orientation Index 10 1.0 and foreign. Recent trends in government spending have not been favourable. The agriculture orientation index 8 0.8 (AOI)—the agriculture share of government expenditures divided by the agriculture share of GDP—fell from 0.37 to 6 0.6

0.33 between 2001 and 2013 in developing countries. The 4 PRICE CRISIS FOOD WORLD PRICE CRISIS FOOD WORLD PRICE CRISIS FOOD WORLD 0.4 decline was interrupted only during the food price crisis (percentage) Shares of 2006 to 2008, when governments boosted agricultural 2 0.2 spending. Since the late 1990s, aid to agriculture in 0 0.0 developing countries has languished at around 8 per cent of 2013 2013 2013 2001 2001 2001 2005 2005 2005 2009 the total, down from a high of 20 per cent in the mid-1980s, 2009 2009 when donors began focusing more on improving govern- Agriculture share of GDP (left axis) ance, building social capital and bolstering fragile States. Agriculture share of government expenditures (left axis) Agriculture orientation index (right axis)

15 GOAL 2 | Zero hunger Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

Goal 3 seeks to ensure health and well-being for all at every stage of life. The aim is to improve reproductive and maternal and child health; end the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and neglected tropical diseases; reduce non-communicable and environmental diseases; achieve universal health coverage; and ensure universal access to safe, affordable and effective medicines and vaccines. Towards that end, world leaders committed to support research and development, increase health financing, and strengthen the capacity of all countries to reduce and manage health risks.

Maternal mortality ratio worldwide, 1990-2015 Maternal, newborn and child mortality rates 400 have declined sharply since 1990 but are still unacceptably high 300 Between 1990 and 2015, the global maternal mortality 200 ratio declined by 44 per cent to an estimated 216 deaths per 100,000 live births, falling short of the MDGs and 100 Maternal deaths Maternal far from the target of 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 per 100,000 live births live per 100,000 0 live births established in the 2030 Agenda. Almost all 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 maternal deaths occur in low-resource settings and can be Neonatal and under-5 mortality rates worldwide, 1990-2015 prevented, including by expanding access to appropriate 100 sexual and reproductive health services. Globally in 2015, approximately three in four women of reproductive 75 age (15 to 49 years) who were married or in a union satisfied their need for family planning by using modern 50 contraceptive methods. Only three in four births took

25 place with the assistance of a skilled birth attendant. per 1,000 live births live per 1,000 The global under-5 mortality rate declined by more than

Neonatal and under-5 deaths Neonatal and under-5 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 half to 43 per 1,000 live births from 1990 to 2015. This was short of the two-thirds reduction envisaged in the Under-5 Neonatal MDGs. In 2015, an estimated 5.9 million children under age 5 died; most of these deaths were preventable. Over this period, progress in child survival among children aged 1 to 59 months outpaced advances in reducing neonatal mortality; as a result, a growing share of all under-5 deaths occurs in the first month of life (45 per cent in 2015).

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 16 The incidence of major communicable Global HIV, malaria and tuberculosis incidence rates, 2000-2015 diseases is declining, although hundreds of 200 millions of people are still newly infected each year 150 The incidence of HIV, malaria and tuberculosis declined globally between 2000 and 2015, indicating that MDG 6 was achieved. Ending these epidemics, however, will 100 require reinvigorated efforts. In 2015, the number of new HIV infections globally was 0.3 per 1,000 uninfected people, and an estimated 2.1 million people became 50 newly infected that year. The incidence of HIV was highest in sub-Saharan Africa, with 1.5 new cases per 0 1,000 uninfected people. In 2014, 9.6 million new cases 2000 2005 2010 2015 of tuberculosis (133 per 100,000 people) were reported worldwide, with 58 per cent of them in South‑Eastern Tuberculosis (new cases per 100,000 people) Asia and the Western Pacific. Almost half of the Malaria (new cases per 1,000 people at risk) world’s population is at risk of malaria and, in 2015, the HIV (new cases per 100,000 uninfected people) incidence rate was 91 new cases per 1,000 people at risk—an estimated 214 million cases. Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 89 per cent of all malaria cases worldwide, with an incidence rate of 235 per 1,000 people at risk.

Among people under age 70, cardiovascular Share of premature deaths* due to non-communicable diseases by type, 2012 diseases and cancer account for almost (percentage) two-thirds of deaths from non-communicable 4 diseases 8

In 2012, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) were Respiratory diseases responsible for around 38 million deaths per year, 37 Diabetes accounting for 68 per cent of all deaths worldwide. 23 Cardiovascular diseases Among deaths in the population under age 70, commonly Cancer referred to as premature deaths, NCDs accounted for Other NDCs 52 per cent of all deaths. Over three-quarters of premature deaths from NCDs were caused by cardiovascular 27 diseases, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory disease. Globally, premature mortality from these four main * Premature deaths refer to deaths in the population under age 70. NCDs declined by 15 per cent between 2000 and 2012. Note: Because of rounding, percentages do not add up to 100.

Road traffic deaths have slowly declined Number of road trafﬁc deaths (thousands) and vehicles (millions) in high-, low- since 2000 in high-income countries, and middle-income countries, 2000-2013 while increasing significantly 1,200 1.2 in low- and middle-income countries Number of vehicles (millions) 1,000 1.0

Around 1.25 million people died from road traffic acci- 800 0.8 dents in 2013, an average of 3,400 each day. In addition, tens of millions of people are injured or disabled each 600 0.6 year from traffic accidents, with children, pedestrians, 400 0.4 cyclists and older people among the most vulnerable. Deaths (thousands) 200 0.2 Halving the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents by 2020 is an ambitious goal 0 0 2000 2005 2010 2013 given the dramatic increase in the number of vehicles, which nearly doubled between 2000 and 2013. Deaths, high-income countries (left axis) Deaths, low- and middle-income countries (left axis) Vehicles, high-income countries (right axis) Vehicles, low- and middle-income countries (right axis)

17 GOAL 3 | Good health and well-being Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

Goal 4 aims to ensure that all people have access to quality education and lifelong learning opportunities. This Goal focuses on the acquisition of foundational and higher-order skills at all stages of education and development; greater and more equitable access to quality education at all levels, as well as technical and vocational education and training (TVET); and the knowledge, skills and values needed to function well and contribute to society.

Proportion of out-of-school children of primary school age in selected countries Children are less likely to attend school by sex, location, household wealth and education of the household head, 2008-2012 if they live in rural areas, are poor or have (percentage) parents with little or no education Boys 7.1 Girls Despite progress, the world failed to meet the MDG of 7.3 universal primary education by 2015. In 2013, the latest Urban 5.1 year for which data are available, 59 million children of Rural 7.7 primary school age and 65 million adolescents of lower Household wealth secondary age were out of school. Most of them were Richest quintile 2.9 girls. Survey data from 63 low- and middle-income Second richest quintile 4.2 Middle quintile countries between 2008 and 2012 show that children 6.4 Second poorest quintile of primary school age from the poorest 20 per cent of 8.4 Poorest quintile households were more than four times as likely to be out 12.5 of school as their richest peers. Children, especially girls, Education of household head Secondary or higher from households headed by someone with less than a 3.5 Primary primary education were more than four times as likely 6.4 Less than primary to be out of school as children from households headed 16.0 by someone with a secondary or higher education. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

National values Median values

Note: Data are based on nationally representative household surveys from 63 low- and middle- income countries between 2008 and 2012.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 18 Fundamental skills provide a solid Proportion of young people at the end of lower secondary education achieving foundation to young people for further at least minimum levels of proﬁciency in reading and mathematics, selected countries in developing and developed regions, 2012 (percentage) learning throughout their lives s n ) o s i e Quality education should lead to the acquisition of g i e r Mathematics r t

n fundamental skills, such as literacy and numeracy, and d

u 78 e o p

o Reading higher-order skills. The end of lower secondary school often l e 3 8 c v 81 ( coincides with the end of compulsory education. By this e D stage, students should be able to master subject-related knowledge and skills, possess personal and social skills and s n o i have a solid foundation for further learning throughout life. g e

r Mathematics

Data from 38 countries in developed regions show that, n 47 i p

o Reading in the majority of these countries, at least 75 per cent of l e 56 v (22 countries) (22 e

young people achieved at least minimum proficiency in D reading and/or mathematics; the same was true for only 0 20 40 60 80 100 5 of the 22 countries with data in developing regions. National values Median values

More than half of children aged 3 and 4 in Proportion of children aged 36-59 months who are developmentally on track selected countries are developmentally on in at least three of the following domains: literacy-numeracy, physical development, social-emotional development and learning, 2009-2015 (percentage) track in physical, learning and psycho-social well-being Sub-Saharan Africa (18) 60 Southern Asia (3) 64 Early childhood development is multidimensional, Northern Africa (2) 71 Western Asia (5) 71 encompassing several aspects of a child’s well-being: Eastern Asia (2) 75 physical, social, emotional and mental. Despite varia- Caucasus and Central Asia (3) 84 tions in the pace and rate at which children develop, all Latin America and the Caribbean (14) 84 South-Eastern Asia (4) 86 children have an inherent right to develop to their fullest potential. In 54 of 58 countries with available data for the Developed regions (7) 91 period 2009-2015, at least half of children aged 3 and 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 were developmentally on track in at least three of the Note: Data are available for 58 countries for the period 2009-2015 covering 18 per cent of the world’s population. The number of countries in each region with available data is in following domains: literacy-numeracy, physical devel- parentheses. opment, social-emotional development and learning.

Learning opportunities of many types should extend throughout life

Education for sustainable development and global VOCATIONAL¬TECHNICAL TRAINING citizenship addresses pressing and overarching requirements of society: “living together” and the TVET enrolment at the upper secondary level “relationship with nature”. These are critical avenues rose by nearly one-third for a sustainable and peaceful future for all. between 2000 and 2013 Equitable access to TVET and higher education should also be promoted. Although enrolments in TVET in upper secondary school rose by one-third between 2000 50 and 2013, the share of TVET in secondary education overall fell from 26 per cent to 22 per cent. Tertiary education has expanded rapidly over the same period, The share of TVET 26% of all enrolments with enrolments doubling globally and increasing by 25 22% in secondary education 2.5 times in developing regions and with almost equal fell from 26 per cent numbers of men and women enrolled. However, world- to 22 per cent wide in 2013, there were still 757 million adults unable to read and write, of whom two-thirds were women. 0 2000 2013

19 GOAL 4 | Quality education Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Empowering women and girls to reach their full potential requires that they have equal opportunities to those of men and boys. This means eliminating all forms of discrimination and violence against them, including violence by intimate partners, sexual violence and harmful practices, such as child marriage and female genital mutilation (FGM). Ensuring that women have better access to paid employment, sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights, and real decision-making power in public and private spheres will further ensure that development is equitable and sustainable.

Proportion of women aged 20 to 24 years who were married or in a union Rates of child marriage have declined before ages 15 and 18, 1990 and 2015 (percentage) overall but remain at unacceptable levels, 70 especially in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa 60 The practice of child marriage has been declining slowly. 50 32 Globally, the proportion of women aged 20 to 24 who 40 reported that they were married before their eighteenth

28 birthdays dropped from 32 per cent around 1990 to 30 28 26 per cent around 2015. Child marriage is most common 26 20 20 in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, with rates of 20 20 21 23 21 25 30 18 44 per cent and 37 per cent, respectively. In fact, the 19 10 16 19 11 14 16 10 countries with the highest rates in the world are found 11 11 12 8 9 9 7 7 7 7 in these two regions. Marriage rates for girls under age 0 1 2 2 3 2 2 15 are also highest in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Africa, at 16 per cent and 11 per cent, respectively. But Caucasus Northern South- Western Oceania Latin Sub- Southern World and Africa Eastern Asia America Saharan Asia social norms can and do change: the marriage of girls Central Asia Asia and the Africa Caribbean under age 15 declined globally from 12 per cent in 1990 to 7 per cent today, although disparities persist across regions Married/in a union before age 15 Married/in a union after age 15 but before age 18 and even countries. The fastest progress in reducing child Note: The values for 2015 refer to the latest available data collected between 2010 and 2014. Because of rounding, percentages in chart may not add up to totals. marriage overall has been recorded in Northern Africa, where the share of child brides dropped by more than half over the last 25 years, from 29 per cent to 13 per cent.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 20 Despite progress, more than one in three Proportion of girls aged 15 to 19 who have undergone female genital mutilation girls aged 15 to 19 in the 30 countries where in 30 countries where the practice is concentrated, 1985-2015 (percentage) the practice is concentrated have undergone 60 female genital mutilation 50 51 FGM is a human rights violation that affects girls and 49 48 46 women worldwide, especially in countries where it is an 44 40 entrenched social norm. At least 200 million have been cut 41 in the 30 countries where the practice is concentrated and 37 that have representative prevalence data. Rates of FGM 30 overall have declined by more than 25 per cent over the last three decades. However, not all countries have made 20 progress, and the pace of decline has been uneven. Today, in these 30 countries, more than one in three girls aged 15 10 to 19 have undergone the procedure versus one in two in the mid-1980s. 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Different forms of violence, including physical, sexual, Note: The figures are population-weighted averages based on comparable data from 30 countries. psychological and economic, as well as trafficking and The values for 2015 refer to the latest available data collected between 2010 and 2014. other forms of sexual exploitation affect millions of women and girls worldwide. This not only constitutes a grave violation of human rights, but also hinders the process of development. Available comparable data from 52 countries (including only one country from the developed regions) indicate that 21 per cent of girls and women interviewed aged 15 to 49 years experienced physical and/or sexual violence at the hands of an intimate partner in the previous 12 months.

Women in developing countries spend four Proportion of time spent on unpaid and paid work in selected countries, times as many hours on unpaid work as men women and men, 2000-2014 (percentage of time spent per day) 30 countries 29 countries 59 countries In every region, women and girls do the bulk of unpaid in developing regions in developed regions worldwide work, including caregiving and household tasks such as 30 25 cooking and cleaning. Women report that on average they 10 10 10 20 spend 19 per cent of their time each day on unpaid labour 16 19 15 21 versus 8 per cent for men. The responsibilities of unpaid 10 19 18 19 care and domestic work, combined with paid labour, mean 5 10 8 5 that women and girls work longer hours than men and boys 0 and have less time for rest, self-care, learning and other Women Men Women Men Women Men activities. Unpaid work Paid work Note: Data are based on time-use surveys conducted between 2000 and 2014 in 59 countries, 30 from developing regions and 29 from developed regions.

Women hold only 23 per cent Proportion of seats held by women in single or lower houses of national parliament, of parliamentary seats worldwide 2016 (percentage) Oceania 5 The proportion of seats held by women in single or lower Western Asia 13 houses of parliament rose to 23 per cent in 2016. This Caucasus and Central Asia 18 represents an average increase of 0.6 percentage points Southern Asia 18 South-Eastern Asia 18 a year since 2006 and a rise of 6 percentage points over Northern Africa 22 a decade. Slow progress in this area contrasts with more Eastern Asia 22 rapid developments for women in parliamentary leadership Sub-Saharan Africa 24 Latin America and the Caribbean 28 positions. In 2016, the number of women speakers of parliament increased from 43 to 49 (out of the 273 posts Developed regions 26 Developing regions 21 globally); women accounted for 18 per cent of all speakers World 23 of parliament in January 2016. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

21 GOAL 5 | Gender equality Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

Sustainable Development Goal 6 goes beyond drinking water, sanitation and hygiene to also address the quality and sustainability of water resources, which are critical to the survival of people and the planet. The 2030 Agenda recognizes the centrality of water resources to sustainable development and the vital role that improved drinking water, sanitation and hygiene play in progress in other areas, including health, education and poverty reduction.

Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available A growing number of countries are freshwater resources, around 2012 (percentage) confronting water stress, which now affects

Northern Africa 96 more than 2 billion people worldwide Western Asia 54 Holistic management of the water cycle means taking Caucasus and Central Asia 50 into account the level of “water stress”, calculated as the Southern Asia 48 ratio of total fresh water withdrawn by all major sectors Eastern Asia 20 to the total renewable freshwater resources in a particular South-Eastern Asia 8 country or region. Currently, water stress affects more than Sub-Saharan Africa 3 2 billion people around the globe, a figure that is projected Latin America and the Caribbean 2 to rise. Water stress affects countries on every continent, Oceania 0.06 which hinders the sustainability of natural resources, as Developed regions 7 well as economic and social development. While many Developing regions 10 regions are below the 25 per cent threshold that marks the World 9 beginning stages of physical water stress, huge differences 0 20 40 60 80 100 are found within and among countries. In 2011, 41 countries 25 per cent: threshold that marks the beginning stages of water stress experienced water stress, an increase from 36 countries in 1998. Of these, 10 countries—on the Arabian Peninsula and in Central Asia and Northern Africa—withdrew more than 100 per cent of their renewable freshwater resources.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 22 Over 90 per cent of people worldwide Proportion of population using improved drinking water sources, 2000 and 2015 use improved drinking water sources, (percentage) but not all sources are safely managed 53 Oceania 56 Sub-Saharan Africa 55 In 2015, 6.6 billion people, or 91 per cent of the global 68 Caucasus and Central Asia 83 population, used an improved drinking water source 89 South-Eastern Asia 80 compared with 82 per cent in 2000. An estimated 90 81 663 million people in 2015 were still using unimproved Southern Asia 93 90 sources or surface water. While coverage was around Northern Africa 93 87 90 per cent or more in all regions except sub-Saharan Western Asia 95 90 Africa and Oceania, widespread inequalities persist within Latin America and the Caribbean 95 81 and among countries. Moreover, not all improved water Eastern Asia 96 sources are safely managed. In 2012, for example, it was 98 Developed regions 99 estimated that at least 1.8 billion people were exposed 79 Developing regions 89 to drinking water contaminated with faecal matter. 82 World 91

0 20 40 60 80 100 2000 2015

Inadequate sanitation facilities are still Proportion of population using improved sanitation facilities, 2000 and 2015 a reality for one-third of the global (percentage) population 26 Sub-Saharan Africa 30 Oceania 36 Between 2000 and 2015, the proportion of the global 36 Southern Asia 32 population using improved sanitation increased from 47 South-Eastern Asia 59 59 per cent to 68 per cent. This means that 4.9 billion 72 60 people globally were using an improved sanitation facility Eastern Asia 77 75 in 2015. However, 2.4 billion were not; among them Latin America and the Caribbean 83 80 were 946 million people without any facilities at all, Northern Africa 90 83 who continued to practise open defecation. The unsafe Western Asia 94 88 management of faecal waste and wastewater continues to Caucasus and Central Asia 96 pose a major risk to public health and the environment. 95 Developed regions 96 50 Developing regions 62 59 World 68

0 20 40 60 80 100 2000 2015

Plans for the integrated management of Proportion of countries in various stages of implementing national Integrated water resources are under way in countries Water Resources Management plans or equivalent, 2012 (percentage) in every region, with varying progress Western Asia on implementation Latin America and the Caribbean Oceania A key aspect of sustainable water management is Southern Asia the implementation of Integrated Water Resources Sub-Saharan Africa Management (IWRM), a follow-up to the 2002 South-Eastern Asia Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. In 2012, Eastern Asia 65 per cent of the 130 countries that responded to an Caucasus and Central Asia Northern Africa IWRM survey question reported that management plans were in place at the national level, although Developed regions full implementation varies across regions. Developing regions World

0 20 40 60 80 100

Not relevant Under development Developed, not implemented Implementation started Implementation advanced Fully implemented

23 GOAL 6 | Clean water and sanitation Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

Access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy is crucial to achieving many of the Sustainable Development Goals—from poverty eradication through advancements in health, education, water supply and industrialization to mitigating climate change. Energy access, however, varies widely across countries, and the current rate of progress falls short of what will be required to achieve this Goal. Redoubled efforts will be needed, particularly for countries with large energy access deficits and high energy consumption.

Proportion of the population with access to electricity, 2000 and 2012 (percentage) An increasing proportion of the population

23 has gained access to electricity, but Oceania 29 26 1.1 billion people still live without it Sub-Saharan Africa 35 63 Southern Asia 79 The proportion of the global population with access to 79 electricity increased steadily, from 79 per cent in 2000 South-Eastern Asia 90 89 to 85 per cent in 2012. Recent progress was driven Western Asia 93 largely by advancements in Southern Asia, South-Eastern Latin America and the Caribbean 93 96 Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Despite these improve- Eastern Asia 97 99 ments, 1.1 billion people are still without this essential 92 Northern Africa 100 service, including over 65 per cent of the population 99 Caucasus and Central Asia 100 of sub-Saharan Africa and 70 per cent in Oceania. Of

100 those gaining access to electricity worldwide since 2010, Developed regions 100 74 the vast majority (80 per cent) are urban dwellers. Developing regions 81 79 World 85 0 20 40 60 80 100

2000 2012

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 24 More than 40 per cent of the world’s people Proportion of the population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies still rely on polluting and unhealthy fuels for for cooking, 2005 and 2014 (percentage) cooking 12 Sub-Saharan Africa 13 21 From 2005 to 2014, the proportion of the global Oceania 30 29 population with access to clean fuels and technologies Southern Asia 35 33 for cooking, such as gas and electricity, increased from South-Eastern Asia 53 51 54 per cent to 58 per cent. Advancements have been Eastern Asia 58 81 slow in some regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa, where Latin America and the Caribbean 87 81 access remains very low. Limited progress since 2010 Caucasus and Central Asia 88 falls substantially short of global population growth 94 Western Asia 95 and is almost exclusively confined to urban areas. As 95 Northern Africa 100 a result, the absolute number of people relying on 98 polluting fuels and technologies for cooking has actually Developed regions 99 54 increased, reaching an estimated 3 billion people. World 58 0 20 40 60 80 100 2005 2014

Use of renewable energy is growing only Renewable energy share in total ﬁnal energy consumption, 2000, 2005, 2010 modestly, but modern renewables comprise and 2012 (percentage) a large and expanding share 20 18.1 17.4 17.8 The share of renewable energy—derived from hydropower, 17.0 solid and liquid biofuels, the wind, sun, biogas, geothermal 15 7.2 and marine sources, and waste—in the world’s total final 7.3 8.4 8.8 energy consumption increased marginally, from 17.4 per cent in 2000 to 18.1 per cent in 2012. However, modern renew- 10 ables, which exclude solid biofuels, grew at a rate of 4 per cent a year between 2010 and 2012. The contribution 10.2 of renewables to the electricity sector has been growing 5 9.7 9.4 9.3 significantly. Modern renewables accounted for 60 per cent of all new power-generating capacity in 2014. In absolute 0 terms, about 72 per cent of the increase in energy consump- 2000 2005 2010 2012 tion from modern renewable sources between 2010 and Other renewables Modern renewables 2012 came from developing regions, mostly Eastern Asia.

Global economic growth is being decoupled Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and gross domestic product, from energy use, but not quickly enough 2000 and 2012 (megajoules per 2011 US dollars PPP) 10.3 Energy intensity—calculated by dividing total primary Oceania 11.0 16.7 energy supply by GDP—reveals how much energy is used to Caucasus and Central Asia 9.2 10.0 produce one unit of economic output. Global energy inten- Eastern Asia 8.1 10.4 sity improved by 1.3 per cent per year from 2000 to 2012, Sub-Saharan Africa 7.8 6.8 falling from 6.7 megajoules per unit of GDP (2011 US dollars Southern Asia 5.4 4.7 PPP) in 2000 to 5.7 in 2012. A contributing factor was the Western Asia 4.9 proportion of energy use covered by mandatory energy effi- 5.5 South-Eastern Asia 4.5 ciency regulation, which almost doubled in the last decade 4.4 Latin America and the Caribbean 4.1 (from 14 per cent in 2005 to 27 per cent in 2014). Still, pro- 3.7 Northern Africa 3.9 gress is proceeding at only two-thirds of the pace needed to 6.6 double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency Developed regions 5.3 6.8 by 2030. Among end-use sectors, industry was the largest Developing regions 6.1 contributor to reduced energy intensity, followed closely by 6.7 World 5.7 transportation. About 68 per cent of the savings in energy 0 5 10 15 20 intensity between 2010 and 2012 came from developing 2000 2012 regions, with Eastern Asia as the largest contributor.

25 GOAL 7 | Affordable and clean energy Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

Sustained and inclusive economic growth is a prerequisite for sustainable development, which can contribute to improved livelihoods for people around the world. Economic growth can lead to new and better employment opportunities and provide greater economic security for all. Moreover, rapid growth, especially among the least developed and developing countries, can help them reduce the wage gap relative to developed countries, thereby diminishing glaring inequalities between the rich and poor.

Average annual growth rate of real GDP per capita, 2000-2004, 2005-2009 and Increased economic growth is needed to 2010-2014 (percentage) meet the target of 7 per cent GDP growth 2.4 in the least developed countries Small island developing States 2.3 2.5 3.5 In the period 2010-2014, the global average annual growth Landlocked developing countries 5.5 rate of real GDP per capita was 1.6 per cent, slightly below 3.6 3.4 the rate achieved over the period of 2000-2004. The Least developed countries 4.7 2.6 growth rate of countries in developing regions was more than triple that of developed regions (4.1 per cent versus 2.1 Developed regions 0.5 1.3 per cent, respectively), yet the rates for both regions 1.3 were below their historical averages. This suggests that 3.6 Developing regions 4.5 much work remains to achieve the goal of sustained and 4.1 inclusive economic growth. The challenge is particularly 1.8 World 1.0 steep for the least developed countries, whose per capita 1.6 growth accelerated for a time but has since slowed to 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 only 2.6 per cent on average during 2010-2014, less 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 than half the target rate of at least 7 per cent a year.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 26 Labour productivity in developing regions, Labour productivity (GDP per worker) in constant 2005 US dollars, 2005 and 2015 despite improvements, remains far below (thousands of US dollars) that of developed regions 2.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 2.9 2.1 Growth in labour productivity in developing regions Southern Asia 3.5 3.8 outpaced that of developed regions, especially in Asia. That Oceania 4.9 3.6 said, the productivity of workers in the poorest regions is South-Eastern Asia 5.0 still only a small fraction of that of workers in the developed 3.6 Caucasus and Central Asia 5.8 world. Workers in Southern Asia and sub‑Saharan Africa, 7.5 Northern Africa 8.1 for example, are only about 5 per cent as productive 4.4 Eastern Asia 8.9 as those in developed regions, when measured as a Latin America and the Caribbean 12.0 percentage of GDP. Even the developing region with 13.4 Western Asia 25.5 the highest labour productivity, Western Asia, has only 27.2 about 40 per cent of the labour productivity of developed 62.7 Developed regions 68.2 regions, and this rate has declined slightly since 2000. 16.5 World 18.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2005 2015

Women are 15 per cent more likely to be Unemployment rates by sex, 2015 (percentage) unemployed than men worldwide, but the Northern Africa 25.2 gender gap is far larger in Northern Africa 10.2 Western Asia 19.7 and Western Asia 9.0 9.7 Caucasus and Central Asia 9.4 The global unemployment rate stood at 6.1 per cent in 9.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 7.1 2015, down from a peak of 6.6 per cent in 2009. The 8.8 Latin America and the Caribbean 5.7 unemployment rate was lowest in Southern, Eastern and Oceania 6.9 South-Eastern Asia, below 5 per cent, compared with other 6.0 Southern Asia 5.2 regions of the world, where the average rates were around 4.0 4.5 7 per cent or higher. Globally, women are more likely to South-Eastern Asia 4.4 4.2 be unemployed than men. Differences are most striking Eastern Asia 5.3 in Western Asia and Northern Africa, where the unem- 7.5 ployment rate of women is more than twice that of men. Developed regions 7.8 6.7 World 5.8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Women Men

While the share of adults with bank accounts Proportion of the world’s adult population that has an account at a ﬁnancial rose by 20 per cent in four years, some institution, 2011 and 2014 (percentage) 2 billion people still lack this important financial service

Between 2011 and 2014, the proportion of the world’s adult population with an account at a financial institution 51 per cent 62 per cent of the world’s of the world’s or a mobile money service increased from 51 per cent adult population adult population 2.5 have an account 2 have an account to 62 per cent, meaning that 700 million adults became billion billion account holders during this period. However, 2 billion adults unbanked unbanked worldwide still lack an account at a financial institution. Financial exclusion disproportionately affected women 2011 2014 and the poor. The proportion of women who are account holders is 9 percentage points lower than the proportion of men account holders. Moreover, the proportion of account holders among the poorest 40 per cent of households is 14 percentage points lower than among those living in the richest 60 per cent of households.

27 GOAL 8 | Decent work and economic growth Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

Sustainable Development Goal 9 addresses three important aspects of sustainable development: infrastructure, industrialization and innovation. Infrastructure provides the basic physical facilities essential to business and society; industrialization drives economic growth and job creation, thereby reducing income inequality; and innovation expands the technological capabilities of industrial sectors and leads to the development of new skills.

Manufacturing value added per capita, 2005 and 2015 (constant 2010 US dollars) The untapped manufacturing potential of the least developed countries suggests 62 Least developed countries 98 significant growth opportunities 119 Landlocked developing countries 149 Manufacturing is one of the principal engines of economic

1,068 growth. However, inequalities in the value added in the Small island developing States 1,363 manufacturing sector point to the steep challenges faced by the most disadvantaged countries, as well as their 4,710 Developed regions 4,926 potential for growth. For example, in 2015, manufacturing

552 value added (MVA) per capita was less than 100 US dollars Developing regions 923 a year in the least developed countries (LDCs) compared to 1,347 World 4,926 US dollars in developed regions. Significant invest- 1,630 ment is needed in the LDCs to boost technological progress 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 and economic growth, and to achieve the target of doubling 2005 2015 industry’s share in the gross domestic product of these countries. Trends in MVA show steady increases in developing regions and a slight decline in developed regions, which is similar to trends in manufacturing jobs. The potential for growth in manufacturing employment is particularly high in the LDCs because large segments of the population continue to work in agricultural and traditional sectors.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 28 Energy efficiency and cleaner fuels and Carbon dioxide emissions per unit of value added, 2000 and 2013 technologies have reduced carbon dioxide (kilograms per constant 2010 US dollars) emissions per unit of value added 1.02 Caucasus and Central Asia 0.55 Eastern, Southern, South-Eastern 0.45 As countries shift to less energy intensive industries, Asia and Oceania 0.41 cleaner fuels and technologies and stronger energy 0.29 Western Asia 0.28 efficiency policies, almost all regions have shown a 0.22 Northern Africa reduction in the carbon intensity of their GDP. The pro- 0.23 0.27 Sub-Saharan Africa portion of the world’s energy use covered by mandatory 0.21 energy efficiency regulations has almost doubled over the 0.21 Latin America and the Caribbean 0.19 last decade, from 14 per cent in 2005 to 27 per cent in 0.37 2014. More extensive deployment of clean technologies Developed regions 0.29 will increase the likelihood of achieving the proposed target 0.36 Developing regions 0.34 of upgrading infrastructure and retrofitting industries to 0.38 World make them sustainable, with increasingly efficient use 0.33 of resources and greater adoption of clean and environ- 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 mentally sound technologies and industrial processes. 2000 2013

Although expenditures on research and Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, 2005 and 2013 development have grown, the poorest (percentage) countries lag behind 0.19 Least developed countries 0.24 In 2013, global investment in research and development 0.24 Landlocked developing countries 0.28 (R&D) stood at 1.7 trillion US dollars (PPP), up from 0.96 Small island developing States 732 billion US dollars in 2000. This represents an annual 0.98 growth rate of 4.6 per cent, which suggests 1.7 per cent of global GDP was devoted to R&D in 2013. While substantial, 2.15 Developed regions 2.36 this global average masks wide disparities among regions: 0.79 Developing regions developed regions dedicated almost 2.4 per cent of their 1.16 GDP to R&D in 2013, while the average for the LDCs 1.54 World 1.70 and landlocked developing countries stood at less than 0.3 per cent. More concerted efforts are urgently needed 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 to enhance research capabilities in these countries. 2005 2013

Mobile-broadband networks reach almost Proportion of the population covered by a third-generation mobile-broadband 90 per cent of the urban population but less network, by location and technology, 2015 (percentage) than 30 per cent of the rural population

Technological advances in the communications sector, 29 per cent of rural expanding networks and falling prices have driven the population spread of mobile-cellular services around the world. People covered by 3G in previously unconnected areas have joined the global information society and, in 2015, 95 per cent of people 69 per cent World rural population: 3.4 billion of the population living in the LDCs were covered by a mobile-cellular covered by 3G signal. However, higher-speed Internet access through third-generation (3G) mobile-broadband networks is less 89 per cent widespread: only 29 per cent of the rural population are of urban population covered. Increasingly, Internet access is a requirement covered by 3G for producers and entrepreneurs to remain competitive, World population: 7.4 billion and greater efforts are needed to expand this type of World urban population: 4 billion coverage to rural and remote parts of the world. 3G coverage No 3G coverage

29 GOAL 9 | Industry, innovation and infrastructure Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries

Goal 10 calls for reducing inequalities in income, as well as those based on sex, age, disability, race, class, ethnicity, religion and opportunity—both within and among countries. World leaders recognized the positive contribution of international migration to inclusive growth and sustainable development, while acknowledging that it demands coherent and comprehensive responses. Accordingly, they committed to cooperate internationally to ensure safe, orderly and regular migration. The Goal also addresses issues related to representation of developing countries in global decision-making and development assistance.

Proportion of countries in each region where the average annual growth rates of real Many countries in Latin America and the income per capita were greater in the bottom 40 per cent of the population than the Caribbean and in Asia saw a decline in national average, 2007-2012 (percentage) income inequality

Africa 50 When income growth among the poorest people in a country is faster than the national average, income Asia 67 inequality is reduced. In 56 out of 94 countries with data Latin America and the Caribbean 88 for the period 2007-2012, the per capita income of the poorest 40 per cent of households grew more rapidly Developed regions 49 than the national average. This was especially true in World 60 Latin America and the Caribbean and in Asia, where 0 20 40 60 80 100 88 per cent and 67 per cent of countries, respectively,

Note: The chart represents 94 countries with data: 43 in developed regions, 16 in Africa, saw gains for the poorest 40 per cent of households. That 19 in Asia and 16 in Latin America and the Caribbean. said, faster growth for the poorest does not necessarily imply greater prosperity because 9 of the 56 countries experienced negative income growth rates over this period.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 30 Labour’s contribution to GDP has decreased Labour share of GDP (PPP), comprising wages and social protection transfers, across most regions 2000 and 2015 (percentage)

50 The share of GDP that is attributed to labour has been Southern Asia 47 50 trending downward over the past 15 years as processes Sub-Saharan Africa 47 47.7 have become more mechanized and capital assumes a Oceania 48.2 growing share of GDP. Over this period, the labour share 52 Northern Africa 49 of GDP increased only in Oceania and Latin America 53 Western Asia 49 and the Caribbean, where it was at 48 and 52 per cent, Latin America and the Caribbean 51 respectively, in 2015. Eastern Asia saw flat growth of 52 Eastern Asia 61 the labour share of GDP and continues to maintain the 61 highest share in the world at 61.4 per cent of GDP. While 58 Developed regions 55 the labour share of GDP fell from almost 58 per cent 54 Developing regions 55 in 2000 to just over 55 per cent in 2015 for developed World 57 regions, developing regions experienced a slight improve- 55 ment from 54 to 55 per cent. Stagnating wages across 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 all regions contributed significantly to these results. 2000 2015

The share of imports from LDCs and Proportion of imports (excluding arms and oil) from least developed countries developing countries that enter developed and developing countries entering developed countries duty free, 2000-2014 (percentage) countries duty free has been continuously on the rise 100 90 The share of imports from LDCs and developing countries that benefited from duty-free treatment increased from 90 2000 to 2014, reaching 84 per cent and 79 per cent, 85 respectively, although the pace of change was faster for 80 developing countries. The comparative advantage of LDCs 75 in duty-free access varied depending on the product groups: 70 almost all agricultural products from LDCs (98 per cent) 65 were exempted from duties by developed countries versus 60 74 per cent of products from developing countries. The relative advantage for LDCs was even greater for textiles 55 and clothing: rates for both product groups were around 50 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 70 per cent for LDCs; for developing countries, the rates LDCs were 41 per cent for textiles and 34 per cent for clothing. Developing countries

The cost of sending money across World average cost of sending the equivalent of 200 US dollars in remittances international borders has declined as a proportion of amount remitted, 2008-2015 (percentage) 10 Migrants contribute positively to inclusive growth 9.8 9 9.5 9.1 9.2 and sustainable development. They also contribute 8.8 8.9 to the development of their countries of origin and 8 8.3 destination through their work and the remittances they 7 7.5 send home. Total remittances to developing countries 6 increased slightly in 2015 to 431.6 billion US dollars 5

(up 0.4 per cent from 2014), but the cost of sending 4 money across international borders remains high. 3 Even though the cost declined from 2012 to 2015, it 3.0 Target still averaged 7.5 per cent of the amount remitted in 2 2015, more than double the target rate of 3 per cent. 1 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2030

31 GOAL 10 | Reduced inequalities Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Today, more than half the world’s population live in cities. By 2030, it is projected that 6 in 10 people will be urban dwellers. Despite numerous planning challenges, cities offer more efficient economies of scale on many levels, including the provision of goods, services and transportation. With sound, risk-informed planning and management, cities can become incubators for innovation and growth and drivers of sustainable development.

Proportion of urban population living in slums, 2000 and 2014 (percentage) Almost a third of the urban population in developing regions still live in slums 65 Sub-Saharan Africa 55 In 2014, 30 per cent of the urban population in developing 46 Southern Asia 31 regions lived in conditions categorized as slums. In 40 South-Eastern Asia 27 sub-Saharan Africa, the proportion was 55 per cent— 37 the highest of any region. Though the percentage of Eastern Asia 25 city dwellers living in such conditions declined over 21 Western Asia 25 the last decade, more than 880 million people around 24 Oceania 24 the world were still living in slums in 2014. Concerted 29 Latin America and the Caribbean action will be needed to address this challenge and 20 enhance resilience because cities remain magnets for 20 Northern Africa 11 people seeking greater opportunities and a better life.

39 Developing regions 30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2000 2014

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 32 Urban sprawl is found in many cities around Average ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate, 1990-2000 the world and 2000-2015, based on a stratiﬁed sample of 194 cities 1.5 Latin America and the Caribbean In many burgeoning cities around the world, growing 0.9 0.94 Southern and Central Asia populations are moving outwards, far beyond administra- 0.91 tive boundaries. Urban sprawl is found in many regions: 1.2 Sub-Saharan Africa Eastern Asia and Oceania had the highest ratio of land 1.3 1.4 South-Eastern Asia consumption to population growth in the world from 1.3 1.4 Western Asia and Northern Africa 2000 to 2015, developed regions were second. Only Latin 1.5 2.0 America and the Caribbean and Southern and Central Asia Eastern Asia and Oceania saw a ratio of less than 1.0, meaning that cities in these 2.1 2.1 regions became more densely populated. Unfortunately, a Developed regions 1.9 low value for this ratio is not necessarily an indication that 1.5 Developing regions urban dwellers are faring well because it can indicate a 1.7 1.68 World prevalence of overcrowded slums. Unplanned urban sprawl 1.74 is associated with increased per capita emissions of carbon 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 dioxide and hazardous pollution and often drives housing 1990-2000 2000-2015 prices up, all of which hamper sustainable development.

Cities in every part of the world have Average annual mean of particulate matter of 2.5 microns in diameter or smaller dangerously high levels of air pollution (PM2.5) concentration levels in urban areas (μg /m3), 2014 Oceania 11 Air pollution is a major environmental risk to health. Latin America and the Caribbean 19 Globally, ambient (outdoor) air pollution in both cities South-Eastern Asia 26 and rural areas is estimated to have caused 3.7 million Caucasus and Central Asia 31 premature deaths in 2012. In 2014, about half the urban Sub-Saharan Africa 39 population worldwide was exposed to air pollution Western Asia 55 levels at least 2.5 times above the safety standard Eastern Asia 60 set by the World Health Organization (WHO). No Northern Africa 64 region had annual average mean concentrations of Southern Asia 73 particulate matter below the maximum level set by WHO of 10 micrograms per cubic metre (μg/m3). Developed regions 14 Developing regions 52 World 45

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

WHO maximum recommended air pollution level: 10 μg /m 3

Note: Data reported only for WHO member States.

Nearly three-quarters of countries have Proportion and number of countries that are implementing national urban policies implemented or are working to implement by stage of implementation, 2015 (percentage) national-level urban policies 6 National policies and regional development plans that 16 5 take into account the specific needs and characteristics Feasibility (9 countries) 15 of urban areas are essential to sustainable development. Diagnostic (7 countries) As of 2015, 142 countries were developing national-level Formulation (21 countries) urban policies; of these, 82 countries were already in Implementation (82 countries) the process of implementation and 23 had reached the Monitoring and evaluation (23 countries) monitoring and evaluation stage. The vast majority of these urban policies can be further aligned with SDGs and can be 58 disaggregated by key themes of the sustainability agenda. They are a way to connect national policy to local action.

33 GOAL 11 | Sustainable cities and communities Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Sustainable growth and development requires minimizing the natural resources and toxic materials used, and the waste and pollutants generated, throughout the entire production and consumption process. Sustainable Development Goal 12 encourages more sustainable consumption and production patterns through various measures, including specific policies and international agreements on the management of materials that are toxic to the environment.

Material footprint per GDP by type of raw material, 2000 and 2010, As developing regions industrialized, their (kilogram per unit of GDP at constant 2005 US dollars) use of raw materials grew

30 The material footprint is an accounting of fossil fuels and 25.9 other raw materials extracted globally and used in a par- 25 23.6 ticular country. It reflects the amount of primary materials required to meet a country’s needs and can be interpreted 9.6 20 as an indicator of the material standard of living or level 9.0 of capitalization of an economy. From 2000 to 2010, the 14.5 15 3.1 material footprint per GDP of developed regions dropped 2.7 11.8 as a result of greater efficiency in industrial processes. 6.9 But at 23.6 kilograms per unit of GDP in 2010, it was still 10 6.9 6.4 5.3 substantially higher than the figure for developing regions 1.7 1.4 at 14.5 kilograms per unit of GDP. As developing countries 5 2.0 2.4 industrialized, the material footprint of the regions as 6.3 5.5 3.2 3.4 a whole grew over this 10-year period. Non-metallic 0 2000 2010 2000 2010 minerals showed the largest increase, rising from 5.3 to Developed regions Developing regions 6.9 kilograms per unit of GDP. This component represents Material footprint (Non-metallic minerals) Material footprint (Fossil fuels) almost half the material footprint of developing regions. Material footprint (Metal ores) Material footprint (Biomass)

Note: The sum of the raw material categories may not add up to the total because of rounding.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 34 Per capita consumption of natural resources Domestic material consumption per capita, 2000 and 2010 (metric tons per capita) declined in developed regions, while Eastern Asia 7.4 increasing in most developing regions 17.0 9.1 Western Asia 12.2 Another measure of the flow or use of materials in 9.7 Latin American and the Caribbean 11.6 individual countries is domestic material consumption, Caucasus and Central Asia 8.2 which measures the amount of natural resources used 11.5 6.1 in economic processes. Domestic material consumption Northern Africa 8.6 10.7 per capita declined slightly in developed regions, from Oceania 7.7 17.5 metric tons per capita in 2000 to 15.3 metric tons 5.6 South-Eastern Asia 6.9 per capita in 2010. However, it remained 72 per cent 3.1 Southern Asia 4.1 higher than the value for developing regions, which stood Sub-Saharan Africa 3.4 at 8.9 metric tons per capita in 2010. Domestic material 3.6 consumption per capita increased in almost all developing 17.5 Developed regions 15.3 regions over this period, except in sub-Saharan Africa, Developing regions 5.7 where it remained relatively stable, and Oceania, where 8.9 8.0 it decreased from 10.7 to 7.7 metric tons per capita. World 10.1 The dramatic rise in the consumption per capita of raw 0 5 10 15 20 materials in Asia, particularly Eastern Asia, during this 2000 2010 period is primarily due to rapid industrialization. Note: Domestic material consumption measures the total amount of materials used by an economy. It is defined as the annual quantity of raw materials extracted from the domestic territory, plus all physical imports and minus all physical exports. It includes intermediate and final consumption until released to the environment.

Almost all countries are party to at least one Proportion of parties to international multilateral environmental agreements international environmental agreement on on hazardous wastes and other chemicals (Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm conventions), 2005 and 2015 (percentage) hazardous wastes and other chemicals

International frameworks to achieve environmentally 100 sound management of hazardous wastes, chemicals and 29 persistent organic pollutants have been established by the 80 34 Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm conventions. With six 21 25 34 52 38 43 exceptions, all Member States of the United Nations are 73 60 76 83 78 party to at least one of these conventions. The number 84 36 88 of parties to these conventions increased significantly 29 27 34 27 from 2005 to 2015, particularly in Africa and Oceania. 40 27 21 Currently, there are 183 parties to the Basel Convention, 28

180 to the Stockholm Convention and 155 to the Rotterdam 20 11 36 36 36 14 Convention (including the European Union as a party in all 28 30 26 13 25 13 16 16 10 three conventions). Becoming a party to these international 9 10 8 0 4 4 agreements brings certain obligations, including the estab- 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 lishment of a contact person to transmit relevant commu- 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 Oceania Asia Africa Latin America Developed Developing World nication. All but one of the parties to the Basel Convention and the regions regions and the majority of parties to the Rotterdam and Stockholm Caribbean conventions have designated such contacts. However, the One convention Two conventions All three conventions number of countries submitting national progress reports, Note: Data for Asia include Caucasus and Central Asia, Eastern, Southern, South-Eastern which are also obligatory under the Basel and Stockholm and Western Asia. Data for Africa include Northern and sub-Saharan Africa. conventions, has been declining since 2009-2010.

35 GOAL 12 | Responsible consumption and production Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Climate change presents the single biggest threat to development, and its widespread, unprecedented effects disproportionately burden the poorest and the most vulnerable. Goal 13 calls for urgent action not only to combat climate change and its impacts, but also to build resilience in responding to climate-related hazards and natural disasters.

Comparison of global greenhouse gas emission levels in 2025 and 2030 resulting The Paris Agreement sets the stage from the implementation of the intended nationally determined contributions for ambitious climate action by all for (INDCs) and under other scenarios (GtCO2 eq/yr) sustainable development

70 Carbon emissions have been steadily rising over the past decades, leading to increases in global temperatures. 60 The period from 2011 to 2015 was the hottest on record, Pre-INDC scenarios INDCs with sea ice reaching its lowest level in history and 50 7 coral bleaching—resulting from increased sea surface temperatures—threatening the world’s coral reefs. The 40 Historical emissions landmark Paris Agreement, signed in April 2016 by Least-cost 2˚C scenarios 175 Member States, attempts to mitigate climate change 30 and accelerate and intensify actions and investments 1.5˚C scenarios needed for a sustainable, low-carbon future. Central 20 to the agreement is the need to strengthen the global

10 response to keep global temperatures from rising no more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and

0 to pursue further efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Celsius. The Paris Agreement requires parties to identify Note: For a more detailed chart, please see figure 2 of the updated synthesis report of the United their “intended nationally determined contributions” Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change on the aggregate effect of the intended nationally determined contributions, 2 May 2016 (http://unfccc.int/focus/indc_portal/ (INDCs). Progress on the Paris Agreement will be tracked items/9240.php). every five years through a global stocktaking exercise.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 36 Over 70 per cent of parties to the UN Number of parties that referred to an area or sector as a priority, as communicated Framework Convention on Climate Change in the adaptation component of the INDCs included an adaptation component in their Water 119 plans for climate action Agriculture 107 As of 4 April 2016, 189 of the 197 parties to the United Health 87 Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Ecosystems 72 had submitted 161 INDCs (the European Commission Infrastructure 71 submitted one joint INDC). Of these, 137 included an Forestry 71 adaptation component. Some stressed that adaptation Energy 53 was their main priority because they see the potential Disaster risk reduction 51 impacts of climate change as strongly linked to national Food security 50 Coastal protection 49 development, sustainability and security. Parties referred Fisheries 41 to virtually every sector and area of the economy in the adaptation component of their INDCs. The top 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 three priority areas were water, agriculture and health, which coincide with the top climate hazards that parties identified—floods, drought and higher temperatures. Many parties also referred to vector- or water-borne diseases as a hazard that will require adaptation.

As natural disasters have increased Total number of deaths and affected persons resulting from natural disasters in frequency and intensity, more people worldwide, 2000-2013 (thousands) have been affected by them 350 700,000 300 600,000 Disasters, many of which are exacerbated by climate 250 500,000 change and are increasing in frequency and intensity, 200 400,000 impede progress towards sustainable development. 150 300,000 While the number of people affected varies greatly 100 200,000 from year to year, an average of 83,000 people died and 211 million were affected annually as a result of 50 100,000 0 0 natural disasters occurring from 2000 to 2013. 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2013

Total deaths (left axis) Total affected (right axis)

Eighty-three countries around the world Number of countries with legislative and/or regulatory provisions for managing have provisions in place to manage disaster disaster risk, 2015 risk Oceania 3

With the rise in natural disasters, countries have begun Latin America and the Caribbean 8 implementing national and local disaster risk reduction Asia 18 strategies. In 2015, 95 countries voluntarily agreed to Europe 24 a self-assessment on the inclusion of legislative and/or Africa 30 regulatory provisions for managing disaster risk. Among them, 83 countries had such provisions in place. With World 83 the aim of reducing underlying disaster risk factors, countries have begun considering and implementing 0 20 40 60 80 100 a variety of different mechanisms, including climate change adaptation projects and programmes, environmental impact assessments, integrated planning, payments for ecosystem services and legislation for the protection of environmentally sensitive areas.

37 GOAL 13 | Climate action Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

Oceans, seas and other marine resources are essential to human well-being and social and economic development worldwide. Their conservation and sustainable use are central to achieving the 2030 Agenda, especially for small island developing States. Marine resources are particularly important for people living in coastal communities, who represented 37 per cent of the world's population in 2010. Oceans provide livelihoods, subsistence and benefits from fisheries, tourism and other sectors. They also help regulate the global ecosystem by absorbing heat and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. However, oceans and coastal areas are extremely vulnerable to environmental degradation, overfishing, climate change and pollution.

Proportion of ﬁsh stocks within biologically sustainable limits, 1974-2013 The downward trend in sustainable fish stocks (percentage) has slowed and appears to have stabilized 95 Fisheries contribute significantly to global food security, 90 livelihoods and the economy. However, if not sustainably

85 managed, fishing can damage fish habitats, reduce biodiversity and impair the functioning of ecosystems 80 with negative repercussions for sustainable social and

75 economic development. To achieve a healthy balance, fish stocks must be maintained within biologically 70 sustainable limits—at or above the abundance level that 65 can produce the maximum sustainable yield. Based on an analysis of assessed stocks, the proportion of world 60 marine fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels 55 declined from 90 per cent in 1974 to 69 per cent in 2013

50 and appears to have stabilized over the last few years. 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2013

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 38 Coverage of coastal and marine areas under Proportion of coastal and marine areas protected, 2000 and 2014 (percentage) protection has increased fourfold since 0.16 Southern Asia 2000 0.24 0.7 Caucasus and Central Asia Protecting biodiverse marine sites is vital for ensuring 0.7 0.4 the sustainability of marine biodiversity and ecosystem Western Asia 0.8 services. In 2014, 8.4 per cent of the marine environment 0.5 Northern Africa under national jurisdiction (up to 200 nautical miles from 0.9 0.5 Eastern Asia shore) and 0.25 per cent of the marine environment beyond 0.9 0.6 national jurisdiction were under protection. Both developed South-Eastern Asia 2.3 and developing regions increased their protection of 0.2 Sub-Saharan Africa marine areas from 2000 to 2014. However, much of the 2.6 1.6 Latin America and the Caribbean increase was due to the establishment of large protected 3.1 0.1 areas around a few countries and in sites not necessarily Oceania 7.4 targeted for biodiversity. Consequently, marine protected 4.2 Developed regions areas are not evenly distributed, and the differences across 12.4 regions are significant. In Oceania, the share of protected 0.6 Developing regions marine and coastal areas grew from 0.1 per cent in 2000 4.2 1.9 World to 7.4 per cent in 2014—the largest percentage among 8.4 developing regions. To ensure that marine habitats and 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 species are not lost, these protected areas need to be 2000 2014 effectively managed and cover key biodiversity areas, which are sites significant for the global persistence of biodiversity. From 2000 to 2016, the share of marine key biodiversity areas that were completely covered by protected areas increased from 15 per cent to 19 per cent.

Important marine ecosystems supporting Nutrient risk indicator categories of large marine ecosystems over 780 million people are at very high risk of coastal eutrophication

Coastal regions are particularly vulnerable to pollution. Since river basins, marine ecosystems and the atmosphere are all part of hydrological systems, the effects of pollution are often felt far from their source. In many coastal communities, pollution and eutrophication—excessive nutrients in water, frequently due to runoff from land, causing dense plant and algal growth and the death of animal life from lack of oxygen—have been key factors driving detrimental changes. According to the Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme global comparative assessment in 2016, the five large marine ecosystems Risk level 1 (very low) Risk level 2 (low) Risk level 3 (medium) most at risk from coastal eutrophication are the Bay of Risk level 4 (high) Risk level 5 (very high) No data

Bengal, East China Sea, Gulf of Mexico, North Brazil Shelf Note: Global map is for illustrative purposes only and does not imply the expression of any opinion and South China Sea, areas which provided ecosystem whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. services for coastal populations of 781 million in 2010.

39 GOAL 14 | Life below water Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

Preserving diverse forms of life on land requires targeted efforts to protect, restore and promote the conservation and sustainable use of terrestrial and other ecosystems. Goal 15 focuses specifically on managing forests sustainably, halting and reversing land and natural habitat degradation, successfully combating desertification and stopping biodiversity loss. All these efforts combined aim to ensure that the benefits of land-based ecosystems, including sustainable livelihoods, will be enjoyed for generations to come.

Annual net change in forest area, 1990-2000 and 2010-2015 (thousands of hectares) Net forest loss has decreased by more than half since the 1990s, but the loss of forests -3,553 Sub-Saharan Africa -2,846 continues -4,455 Latin America and the Caribbean -2,178 Between 1990 and 2015, the world’s forest area diminished South-Eastern Asia -2,107 -767 from 31.7 per cent of the world’s total land mass to Oceania 3 -4 30.7 per cent. This loss was mainly due to the conversion 16 Caucasus and Central Asia 8 of forests to other uses, such as agriculture and infrastruc- 16 Northern Africa 10 ture development. Meanwhile, other areas returned to 70 Western Asia 104 forests through planting, landscape restoration or natural Southern Asia 35 136 expansion. As a result of these ongoing processes and 1,769 Eastern Asia 1,310 efforts to slow deforestation, the global net loss in forest area declined from 7.3 million hectares per year in the 938 Developed regions 919 1990s to 3.3 million hectares per year during the period -8,205 Developing regions -4,227 2010-2015. Progress across regions is mixed: Latin America -7,267 World -3,308 and the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa and South-Eastern -10,000 -8,000 -6,000 -4,000 -2,000 0 2,000 Asia accounted for the largest losses in forest area, whereas Eastern Asia accounted for the largest gains. 1990-2000 2010-2015

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 40 Key biodiversity areas are increasingly Proportion of key biodiversity areas that are completely covered by protected areas, covered by protected areas by ecosystem type (terrestrial, inland freshwater and mountain), 2000-2016 (percentage) In 2014, 15.2 per cent of the world’s terrestrial and fresh- Terrestrial Inland freshwater Mountain water environments were covered by protected areas, 30 which are recognized, dedicated and managed to achieve the long-term conservation of nature. A fundamental measure of their efficacy is the extent to which they include 20 places that contribute significantly to the maintenance of global biodiversity, such as key biodiversity areas 10 (KBAs). Globally, the percentage of terrestrial, inland freshwater and mountain KBAs covered by protected areas has increased from 16.5 per cent to 19.3 per cent, 0 13.8 per cent to 16.6 per cent, and 18.1 per cent to 20.1 2016 2016 2016 2010 2010 2010 2005 2005 2005 2000 2000 per cent, respectively, from 2000 to 2016. Safeguarding 2000 KBAs around the globe in all three ecosystems is critically Developed regions Developing regions World important for maintaining genetic, species, and ecosystem Note: Ecosystem types are not mutually exclusive. diversity, and in turn the benefits they provide to people.

In every region the survival of species is Red List Index* of species survival, 1993-2016 increasingly threatened 1.0 As of 2015, over 23,000 species of plants, fungi and 0.92 0.92 0.88 0.88 0.88 animals were known to face a high probability of extinction. 0.91 0.83 Better 0.83 0.82 0.82 According to the International Union for Conservation of 0.86 0.81 0.79 Nature’s Red List Index, amphibians are declining most 0.8 0.77 0.82 0.82 0.80 rapidly in Latin America and the Caribbean, primarily 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.74 owing to the chytrid fungal disease, one of numerous Worse 0.72 0.73 wildlife diseases on the rise worldwide. The greatest 0.68 increases in extinction risk for birds and mammals have 0.6 occurred in South-Eastern Asia, mainly driven by the World Oceania conversion of lowland forests. On average, the extinction Eastern Asia Southern Asia Western Asia risk for coral species is increasing most rapidly, while Northern Africa South-Eastern Asia Sub-Saharan Africa DevelopedDeveloping regions regions cycad species (an ancient group of cone-producing plants) are the most severely threatened species group Caucasus and Central Asia 1993 2016 assessed. However, the loss of species is not inevitable: Latin America and the Caribbean * The Red List Index for each region is based on the aggregate survival probability (the inverse of extinction risks for vertebrate species have been reversed extinction risk) for all birds, mammals, amphibians, corals and cycads occurring within the region, in five small island developing States (Cook Islands, weighted by the fraction of each species’ distribution within the region. Values range from 1.0, which indicates a minimum contribution to the global index (i.e., all species in the region are Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles and Tonga) as a result of classified as Least Concern) to zero, which indicates the maximum possible contribution to the global index (i.e., all species in the region are classified as Extinct). conservation actions over the last several decades.

Illegal trade in wildlife is a global Share of seizure incidents by taxonomic class, 1999-2015 (percentage) phenomenon with distinct regional 100 variations 80

The list of species under international protection con- 60 tinues to grow. At the same time, conservation efforts are being thwarted by the poaching and trafficking of 40 wildlife, crimes that are occurring worldwide. Since 20 1999, at least 7,000 species of animals and plants have 0 been reported in illegal trade affecting 120 countries. Australia Central Africa Northern Asia Europe and and America Trafficking in wildlife affects all regions of the world, New Zealand South America whether as a source, transit location or destination. Reptiles Corals Mammals Birds Boney fish Other Trafficking in birds is most common in Central and Note: Share of all seizure incidents in the World Wildlife Seizures database, which contains over South America, mammals in Asia and Africa, reptiles 164,000 seizures from 120 countries. Regional groupings are according to the United Nations standard geographical regions for statistical use (M49). in Europe and North America, and corals in Oceania.

41 GOAL 15 | Life on land Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

Central to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is the need to promote peaceful and inclusive societies based on respect for human rights, the rule of law and transparent, effective and accountable institutions. A number of regions have enjoyed increased and sustained levels of peace and security in recent decades. But many countries still face protracted violence and armed conflict, and far too many people are poorly supported by weak institutions and lack access to justice, information and other fundamental freedoms. Efforts are under way to make national and international institutions more effective, inclusive and transparent. Today, more than half the world has internationally recognized human rights institutions. However, significant challenges remain, including lack of data on various forms of violence against children and other vulnerable groups, access to justice and public access to information.

Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, Intentional homicide rates vary widely 2014 or latest year across regions Latin America and the Caribbean 22.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 9.5 Worldwide, the number of victims of intentional Oceania 8.2 homicide per 100,000 people was estimated at Western Asia 5.0 between 4.6 and 6.8 in 2014. However, the intentional Caucasus and Central Asia 3.9 Southern Asia 3.7 homicide rate in developing regions was twice that South-Eastern Asia 2.9 of developed regions, and in Latin America and the Northern Africa 2.4 Caribbean it was four times the world average. Eastern Asia 0.9

Developed regions 2.7 Developing regions 5.9 World 5.3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Point estimate Range

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 42 Children, a majority of them girls, represent Proportion of children among detected victims of trafﬁcking in persons worldwide, almost 30 per cent of victims of human by sex, 2004-2014 (percentage) trafficking worldwide 35

Various forms of violence against children persist, including 30 13 human trafficking and sexual violence. Globally, the share of 25 8 girls and boys among victims of human trafficking peaked 10 in 2011, at 21 per cent and 13 per cent, respectively, of cases 20 9 detected by authorities that year. Girls who are victims of 15 human trafficking are often subjected to sexual exploitation, 3 10 21 21 forced marriage and/or domestic servitude. Underreporting 17 13 and lack of comparable data remain stubborn obstacles 5 10 to understanding the full extent of sexual violence against 0 children. Survey data from 31 low- and middle-income 2004 2006 2009 2011 2014 countries suggest that the proportion of women aged (preliminary) 18 to 29 years who experienced sexual violence for the Girls Boys first time before age 18 may be as high as 16 per cent.

Thirty per cent of prisoners worldwide, Unsentenced prisoners as a percentage of total prisoners, 2003-2005 and two-thirds of them in developing countries, 2012-2014 75 are being held without being sentenced Southern Asia 64 Latin America and the Caribbean 43 Worldwide, the proportion of people held in detention 43 46 without being sentenced for a crime decreased only slightly Sub-Saharan Africa 40 35 over the last decade—from 32 per cent of total detainees Oceania 33 42 in 2003-2005 to 30 per cent in 2012-2014. The figure for South-Eastern Asia 32 45 developing regions has on average been higher than that for Northern Africa 31 29 developed regions. The highest rate of unsentenced detain- Eastern Asia 29 54 ees was in Southern Asia, where, despite recent progress, Western Asia 23 18 about two out of three prisoners remained unsentenced in Caucasus and Central Asia 16 2012-2014. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the region 21 Developed regions 19 with the second highest percentage, the share of persons 49 Developing regions 42 held in detention without being sentenced remained World 32 practically unchanged over the last decade, at 43 per cent. 30 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2003-2005 2012-2014

Birth registration is the first step in securing Estimated proportion of children under 5 whose births were registered, 2010-2015 recognition before the law, yet one in four (percentage) children are denied this fundamental right Sub-Saharan Africa 46 Southern Asia 63 Registering children at birth is the first step in securing South-Eastern Asia 79 recognition before the law and safeguarding individual Western Asia 85 rights and access to justice and social services. However, Latin America and the Caribbean 94 the births of more than one in four children under age 5 Northern Africa 99 worldwide go unrecorded. In sub-Saharan Africa, the share is over half (54 per cent). In the LDCs, one in two Developed regions 100 children have not been registered by their fifth birthdays. World 71 Globally, children living in urban areas are around 1.5 times 0 20 40 60 80 100 more likely to be registered than their rural counterparts. Note: Estimates are based on data from 144 countries covering 92 per cent of the global population of children under age 5. Data coverage was insufficient to calculate regional estimates for And in most regions, birth registration rates tend to be Eastern Asia, Oceania and the Caucasus and Central Asia. highest among the richest 20 per cent of the population.

43 GOAL 16 | Peace, justice and strong institutions Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development

Achieving the ambitious targets of the 2030 Agenda requires a revitalized and enhanced global partnership that brings together Governments, civil society, the private sector, the United Nations system and other actors, mobilizing all available resources. Meeting implementation targets, including the raising of necessary funds, is key to realizing the Agenda, as is the full implementation of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda. Increasing support to developing countries, in particular the least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States, is fundamental to equitable progress for all.

Net ofﬁcial development assistance from OECD-DAC countries (billions of constant Official development assistance has 2014 US dollars) and as a proportion of donors’ gross national income (percentage), continued to grow, although aid to the 2000-2015 poorest countries has stagnated 160 0.35 In 2015, official development assistance (ODA) from member countries of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and 120 0.26 Development (OECD) totalled 131.6 billion US dollars. Taking into account inflation and the rise in the value of the dollar ODA/GNI in 2015, this was 6.9 per cent higher in real terms than 80 0.18 in 2014, and represented the highest level ever reached. Total ODA from DAC countries as a share of their gross national income (GNI) was 0.30 per cent, on par with 2014. 40 0.09 Most of the increase was due to higher expenditures for Billions of constant 2014 US dollars 2014 Billions of constant refugee costs. However, even if those costs are excluded, ODA still rose by 1.7 per cent. In 2015, seven countries met 0 0.00 the United Nations target for ODA of 0.7 per cent of GNI: 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 (preliminary) Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, ODA/GNI (right axis) the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. LDCs ODA/GNI (right axis) Total ODA (left axis) Total ODA to LDCs (left axis)

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 44 Debt service burdens declined substantially Debt service as a proportion of total exports of goods and services, 2000 and 2012 from 2000 to 2012 (percentage) 19.8 The ratio of external debt service to exports was below Latin America and the Caribbean 6.5 18.6 6 per cent for almost all developing regions in 2012, Western Asia 5.7 15.4 which represents a substantial decline from comparable Southern Asia 4.4 15.0 ratios in 2000. Increased export earnings, enhanced Northern Africa 4.4 debt management and attractive borrowing conditions in 9.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 3.8 international markets contributed to this improvement. 6.4 South-Eastern Asia 2.3 However, for the poorest countries, the most important Caucasus and Central Asia 8.6 contributing factor was outright debt relief: 36 of the 39 2.1 Oceania 6.0 countries eligible for the Heavily Indebted Poor Country 1.5 4.9 Initiative completed the process and received debt relief Eastern Asia 0.4 of around 136 billion US dollars from official creditors. 11.7 Developing regions 2.6 12.8 Least developed countries 5.4 8.5 Landlocked developing countries 3.0 9.4 Small island developing States 7.0

0 5 10 15 20

2000 2012

High-speed Internet remains out of reach for Fixed-broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, 2010 and 2015 the vast majority of people living in the least 0.1 developed countries Least developed countries 0.5 Fixed-broadband connections remain largely unaffordable 4.1 Developing regions and unavailable across large swathes of the population 7.1 in developing regions, highlighting the vast digital 23.5 Developed regions divide in access to high-speed, high-capacity Internet 29.0 services. In 2015, fixed-broadband penetration reached 7.6 World 29 per cent of the population in developed regions, but 10.8 only 7.1 per cent in developing regions and 0.5 per cent in the least developed countries. Furthermore, while 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 speeds of over 10 megabits per second were common 2010 2015 in developed regions, connections in most developing regions did not exceed 2 megabits per second. Similarly, while Internet access has grown substantially over the last decade, only one-third of the population in developing countries and 1 in 10 people in LDCs were online in 2015, compared with about 80 per cent of the population in developed countries. There is also an important gender digital divide: globally, the Internet user penetration rate was about 11 per cent lower for women than for men.

45 GOAL 17 | Partnerships for the Goals Share of global merchandise and service exports for developing regions and the least Developing countries’ share of global developed countries, 2000-2014 (percentage) exports has increased substantially, but the Developing regions 50 share of LDC exports remains small 44.6 42.1 The share of merchandise exports from the least developed 40 36.3 countries in global merchandise exports nearly doubled 31.9 over the period 2000-2014. Still, it represented only a 29.9 30 27.9 small fraction of global exports in 2014, at 1.1 per cent. For 23.1 23.4 developing regions more generally, merchandise exports Least developed countries 1.2 1.06 1.08 grew by nearly 40 per cent and amounted to almost 20 0.78 0.8 45 per cent of global exports in 2014. In comparison, 0.56 0.77 0.62 service exports from developing regions lagged behind, 10 0.4 0.46 0.45 accounting for about 30 per cent of total exports. The key

0.0 2000 2005 2010 2014 driver of export growth during this period was a massive 0 rise in the price of fuel, ores and metals, reflecting a 2000 2005 2010 2014 high demand in developing countries, notably China. Merchandise exports Service exports

Average tariffs levied by developed countries on key products exported by the While tariffs on agricultural products from least developed countries, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014 (percentage) the least developed countries have declined, 8 those on clothing and textiles remain high 7.8 7 Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on 6.7 6.5 6 6.4 imports from the least developed countries declined steadily for all product groups until 2005. After that year, 5 the average tariff for agricultural products continued to 4 4.1 decline, reaching less than 1 per cent in 2014. Tariff rates 3.6 are still high for clothing and textiles exports from the 3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.0 least developed countries, owing to the exclusion of some 2 large Asian exporters from certain preferential tariffs. 1 1.0 0.9 0 2000 2005 2010 2014

Agriculture Clothing Textiles

Number of countries with a national statistical plan, 2010 and 2015 National statistical plans need to be updated

60 in many countries A national statistical plan is key to strengthening a nation's 50 statistical system. The requirements of the MDG indicators have gone a long way towards fostering stronger national 40 17 31 statistical plans and systems. The number of countries with

30 a national statistical plan increased in some regions and country groups between 2010 and 2015, including the least 8 13 20 developed countries and landlocked developing countries. 31 15 17 However, many are still without a plan. The overall number 10 21 20 16 of small island developing States with a statistical plan 9 7 actually declined from nine to seven over this period, 0 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 as the time period for some existing plans expired. Least developed countries Landlocked developing Small island countries developing States

Countries without a plan Countries with an active plan

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 46 In 2013, the least developed countries Total ofﬁcial development assistance dedicated to statistical capacity-building received more than 80 per cent of ODA activities in developing regions, 2010 and 2013 (millions of US dollars) targeted for capacity-building in statistics 2.5 Northern Africa 0.2 1.3 Financial support to build national capacity in statistics Eastern Asia 0.3 2.9 amounted to 325 million US dollars in 2013 compared Oceania 1.1 10.4 with 379 million US dollars in 2010, a decline of Caucasus and Central Asia 6.9 14 per cent. However, assistance to the least developed 102.5 Latin America and the Caribbean 7.9 countries tripled during this period, reaching 265 million 7.8 Western Asia 31.8 US dollars. This means that 82 per cent of all financial South-Eastern Asia 14.4 support for statistical capacity-building went to the 58.8 Southern Asia 124.7 least developed countries in 2013. South-Eastern Asia, 80.1 75.1 Western Asia and sub-Saharan Africa were the biggest Sub-Saharan Africa 120.6 beneficiaries of this shift in funding priorities. Despite 81.3 Least developed countries 264.7 a growing awareness of the importance of statistics Landlocked developing countries 53.7 for evidence-based policy-making and development, 99.8 Small island developing States 6.6 the share of ODA dedicated to statistics hovered 4.1 at around 0.3 per cent between 2010 and 2013. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 2010 2013

Population and housing censuses are still Proportion of countries that conducted at least one population and housing census not conducted in all countries over the period 2006-2015 (percentage)

Population and housing censuses are an important source Southern Asia 67 Western Asia 69 of disaggregated data needed to formulate, implement and Northern Africa 83 monitor development policies. During the 10-year period Sub-Saharan Africa 86 from 2006 to 2015, 96 per cent of countries in developed Caucasus and Central Asia 88 regions conducted at least one population and housing Latin America and the Caribbean 91 census. The share in developing regions as a whole was South-Eastern Asia 100 88 per cent, dropping to 67 per cent and 69 per cent, Eastern Asia 100 respectively, in Southern Asia and Western Asia. Oceania 100

Developed regions 96 Developing regions 88 World 90

0 20 40 60 80 100

Death registration, a crucial source of data Number of countries with death registration data that are at least 75 per cent on health-related sustainable development complete, 2010-2014

indicators, remains far from universal Africa 9

Over the period 2010-2014, death registration data were Oceania 10 available for 145 out of 230 countries and territories. Asia 24

Of these, 128 had data that were at least 75 per cent Latin America and the Caribbean 29 complete. Death registration coverage is lowest in Africa and Asia. Information on deaths, especially when Developed regions 56

it is complete and disaggregated, is key to producing 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 a number of basic health statistics and indicators.

47 GOAL 17 | Partnerships for the Goals Leaving no one behind

In committing to the realization of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Member States recognized that the dignity of the individual is fundamental and that the Agenda’s Goals and targets should be met for all nations and people and for all segments of society. Furthermore, they endeavoured to reach first those who are furthest behind. Ensuring that these commitments are translated into effective action requires a precise understanding of target populations. However, the disaggregated data needed to address all vulnerable groups— including children, youth, persons with disabilities, people living with HIV, older persons, indigenous peoples, refugees, internally dis- placed persons and migrants—as specified in the 2030 Agenda, are sparse. Few of the current indicators, for example, are able to shed light on the particular situations of migrants, refugees, older persons, persons with disabilities, minorities and indigenous peoples. Even from the limited data currently available, however, it is clear that the benefits of development are not equally shared. The following examples show how data broken down by age, sex, income level and location of residence can highlight significant differences.

Homicide victims and perpetrators per 100,000 people by sex and age, 2014* Young men face the highest risk of becoming murder victims and suspected 20 Homicide victims per 100,000 people by age 18 perpetrators 16 14 12 Young people are overrepresented among direct and 10 11.6 11.3 8 indirect victims of violence. Some 200,000 homicides 6 each year—43 per cent of all homicides globally—involve 4 5.4 1.2 2 0.6 3.7 0.5 3.0 2.5 3.3 children and adults aged 10 to 29 years. Young men 0 Men (66 countries) Women (66 countries) have the highest risk of becoming homicide victims 0-14 15-29 30-44 45-59 60+ and the highest rates, by far, of being suspected homicide perpetrators. Children are among those most

20 Homicide perpetrators per 100,000 people by age affected by human trafficking, and in several regions 18 16 18.5 they make up the majority of trafficking victims. 14 12 13.0 Young people also face other big challenges. In 2015, 10 8 the global youth unemployment rate (among people 6 4 6.4 aged 15 to 24) was 15 per cent—more than three times 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.4 0.9 2 2.8 0.1 0.4 0.1 0 the rate for adults (4.6 per cent). In Northern Africa Men (36 countries) Women (36 countries) and Western Asia, the youth unemployment rate 0-17 18-24 25-29 30-44 45-59 60+ reached 46 per cent and 31 per cent, respectively. * Data refer to 2014 or latest year available.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 48 In every developing region, the poorest Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel in the poorest 20 per cent women are the least likely to have a skilled and richest 20 per cent of households, by region, 2000, 2010 or 2015 (percentage) attendant during delivery Sub- South- Caucasus Southern Saharan Northern Eastern Western and Central Asia Africa Africa Caribbean Asia Asia Asia World In Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, less than 100 98 99 96 98 95 one-third of births among women in the poorest 20 per 93 91 92 91 cent of households are attended by skilled health 88 89 83 personnel, compared with over 80 per cent of births 80 85 81 80 76 82 in the richest 20 per cent of households. Globally in 78 68 2015, births in the richest 20 per cent of households 60 60 62 were more than twice as likely to be attended by skilled 59 53 54 health personnel as those in the poorest 20 per cent 50 50 43 of households (89 per cent versus 43 per cent). 40 33

Severe income inequality also affects other aspects 30 of sustainable development. Survey data from 63 20 25 22 developing countries for 2008-2012 show that children 10 from the poorest households are nearly four times 0 more likely to be out of school than their counterparts 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2010 2010 2010 from the richest households. An analysis of 87 coun- 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 tries with survey data from 2005-2014 suggests that Richest 20 per cent Poorest 20 per cent Rich-poor gap children from the poorest households are more than twice as likely to be stunted as their richest peers.

People in rural areas are disadvantaged Skilled birth attendance, demand for family planning satisﬁed with modern methods, when it comes to many health-related population using an improved drinking water source and population using improved sanitation facilities, by urban and rural areas, 2015* (percentage) services Demand for family Population using Population using Health systems tend to be weakest in rural and remote Skilled birth planning satisfied with an improved improved sanitation attendance modern methods drinking water source facilities areas, with lower rates of health service coverage than in (85 countries) (61 countries) (180 countries) (179 countries) urban centres. For example, while over 90 per cent of births Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 100 in urban areas are attended by skilled health personnel, the 98 90 91 92 89 share is only 72 per cent for rural areas. The demand satis- 80 81 fied for family planning shows a similar pattern, with over 70 72 71 70 per cent of the urban population reporting that their needs for family planning with modern methods are met, 60 60 versus 60 per cent in rural areas. Finally, improved drinking 50 water sources and sanitation facilities are both more prev- 40 alent in urban than in rural areas. The differences are even 30 more pronounced when considering piped water: 79 per 20 cent of urban inhabitants have water piped to their homes 10 or premises in contrast to one-third of the rural population. 0 National values Median values Interquartile ranges * 2015 or latest year for which data are available.

People in the least developed countries Prevalence of undernourishment for selected groups of countries, 2014-2016 are twice as likely to be undernourished as (percentage) those in developing regions as a whole Least developed countries 27

Persistent inequalities are also found among groups Landlocked developing countries 23 of countries in special situations. For example, the Small island developing States 18 prevalence of undernourishment is substantially higher in the least developed countries, landlocked Developing regions 13 developing countries and small island developing World 11

States than in developing regions as a whole. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

49 Leaving no one behind A note to the reader

Global indicator framework for the follow-up and review of the SDGs The information presented in this report is based on the latest progress at the global level. The selection of the indicators in this available data as of May 2016 on selected indicators of the global report does not intend to represent a selection of the targets based SDG framework. The indicators presented are those for which there on their importance, as all Goals and targets are equally important are sufficient data available to provide an overview at the regional and will need to be addressed by the appropriate indicators. 1 and global levels. The global indicator framework was devel- The composition of regions and subregions in this report is oped by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators based on United Nations geographical divisions with some (IAEG-SDGs), and agreed to as a practical starting point, at the modifications necessary to create, to the extent possible, groups forty-seventh session of the United Nations Statistical Commission of countries for which a meaningful analysis could be carried out.2 in March 2016. This set of indicators is intended for the review of

Data sources and the basis for this analysis For most of the indicators presented in this report, values represent statistical authorities. A database of available global, regional regional and/or subregional aggregates. In general, the figures are and country data and metadata for the SDG indicators accom- weighted averages of country data, using the population of refer- panying this report is being maintained by the United Nations ence as a weight. They are calculated from national data collected Statistics Division and is available at http://unstats.un.org/sdgs. by international agencies, based on their respective mandates Although the aggregate figures presented are a convenient and specialized expertise, from national statistical systems. The way to track progress, the situation of individual countries national data provided to the international statistical system are within a given region may vary significantly from regional often adjusted for international comparability and, where lacking, averages. Presenting aggregate figures for all regions also are estimated. As decided by the Statistical Commission and in obscures another reality: the lack in many parts of the world accordance with United Nations Economic and Social Council of adequate data to assess national trends and to inform and resolution 2006/6, estimates used for the compilation of global monitor the implementation of development policies. indicators are to be produced in full consultation with national

Improving data quality and availability Quality data are vital for Governments, international organiza- well-established reporting mechanisms from countries to tions, civil society, the private sector and the general public to the international statistical system. Such mechanisms can be make informed decisions and to ensure an accurate review of improved by strengthening the coordination function of national the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. That said, tracking statistical offices and/or other national institutions. To fill data progress on the SDGs requires the collection, processing, gaps and improve international comparability, countries will analysis and dissemination of an unprecedented amount need to adopt internationally agreed upon standards, while the of data and statistics at subnational, national, regional and international statistical community will need to work closely global levels, including those derived from official statistical with development partners and other stakeholders to strengthen systems and from new and innovative data sources. national statistical capacities and improve reporting mechanisms. Many national statistical systems across the globe face International and regional organizations and regional mecha- serious challenges in this regard. As a result, accurate and nisms play a significant role in facilitating these processes. timely information about certain aspects of people’s lives are The success of these global initiatives will require capacity-building unknown, numerous groups and individuals remain “invisible”, efforts and the mobilization of resources. New data sources and and many development challenges are still poorly understood. technologies for data collection and for the integration of different In resolution 70/1, Member States recognized the crucial role sources of data will need to be explored, including through of strengthened data collection and capacity-building and partnerships with civil society, the private sector and academia. committed to addressing the data gap (paragraph 57). The integration of geospatial information and statistical data will be Where possible, global monitoring should be based on particularly important for the production of a number of indicators. comparable and standardized national data obtained through

1 The complete list of indicators is presented in Annex IV of the Report of the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators (E/CN.3/2016/2/Rev.1), http://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/47th-session/documents/2016-2-IAEG-SDGs-Rev1-E.pdf. 2 The composition of these subregions is shown in the next section, “Regional groupings”.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 50 Regional groupings

Developed regions Northern Africa Sub-Saharan Africa South-Eastern Asia Eastern Asia Southern Asia Western Asia Caucasus and Central Asia Oceania Latin America and the Caribbean

This report presents data for the world as a whole and for various The designations employed and the presentation of the material in country groupings. These are classified as “developing” regions this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatso- and “developed” regions.3 The developing regions are further ever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning broken down into the subregions shown on the map above. These the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its author- regional groupings are based on United Nations geographical ities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. divisions, with some modifications necessary to create, to the extent possible, groups of countries for which a meaningful analysis can be carried out. A complete list of countries included in each region and subregion is available at http://unstats.un.org/sdgs.

3 Because there is no established convention for the designation of “developed” and “developing” countries or areas in the United Nations system, this distinction is made for the purposes of statistical analysis only.

51 Photo credits:

Cover © UNICEF/Yarim Shamsan Page 12 © The World Bank/Stanislas Fradelizi Page 14 © UNICEF/Jiro Ose Page 16 © UNDP Picture This/Jean-François Mousseau Page 18 © UNICEF/Giacomo Pirozzi Page 20 © UNICEF/Susan Markisz Page 22 © The World Bank/Allison Kwesell Page 24 © Tomasz Juszczak Page 26 © The World Bank/Jonathan Ernst Page 28 © The World Bank/Gerardo Pesantez Page 30 © UNICEF/Ash Gilbertson Page 32 © UNICEF/Olivier Asselin Page 34 © UNMIT/Martine Perret Page 36 © UN Photo/Mark Garten Page 38 © The World Bank/Curt Carnemark Page 40 © Tomasz Juszczak Page 42 © UNICEF/Jan Grarup Page 44 © UNICEF/Josh Estey Page 48 © The World Bank/Simone D. McCourtie

Figure credit: Figure on page 36 is from the UNFCCC/IPCC Fifth Assessment Report scenario database. Map credit: Map on page 39 is from the Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (GEF/UNEP/IOC-UNESCO). Infographic icons credit: Infographic icons from page 3 to 11 and on page 19 are from thenounproject.com under a NounPro license.

Design: United Nations Graphic Design Unit/DPI Additional report design, graphics design, typesetting and copy-editing: Copy Preparation and Proofreading Section/DGACM Editor: Lois Jensen

Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Center at http://www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications, 300 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, United States of America. Email: [email protected]; website: http://www.un.org/publications United Nations publication issued by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) ISBN: 978-92-1-101340-5 e-ISBN: 978-92-1-058259-9 ISSN: 2518-3915 Sales No. E.16.I.10

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 52 The report is based on a master set of data prepared by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat with inputs from a large number of international and regional organizations in response to General Assembly resolution 70/1 (para. 83) to provide an annual assessment of progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. The international and regional organizations that contributed to the report are listed below. A number of national statisticians, experts from civil society and academia also contributed.

ALLIANCE OF SMALL ISLAND STATES ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AGENCY INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTRE INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION JOINT UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMME ON HIV/AIDS OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Partnership in statistics for Development in the 21st Century / Paris21 SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL UNITED NATIONS CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT FUND UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME UNITED NATIONS DIVISION FOR OCEAN AFFAIRS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION UNITED NATIONS ENTITY FOR GENDER EQUALITY AND THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN / UN-WOMEN UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR DISASTER REDUCTION UNITED NATIONS MINE ACTION SERVICE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF RULE OF LAW AND SECURITY INSTITUTIONS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF THE HIGH REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, LANDLOCKED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL’S ENVOY ON YOUTH UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME UNITED NATIONS PEACEBUILDING SUPPORT OFFICE UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND UN-ENERGY UN-OCEAN UN-WATER THE WORLD BANK GROUP WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION

For more information, visit the UN Statistics Division Sustainable Development Goals website at http://unstats.un.org/sdgs/. 16-06736 Above all,itpledges to leave noonebehind. equality andrespect for therights ofall. of climate action.Itisrooted ingender partnership. Itconveys theurgency An agenda for shared prosperity, peace and An agenda for the planet,ourcommon home. for people,to endpoverty inallitsforms. for abetter world. Itisanagenda integrated andtransformative vision to allpeopleeverywhere. Itisauniversal, The new agenda isapromise by leaders — UNSecretary-General BANKi-moon

ISBN 978-92-1-101340-5