4 Sustainable Development and Equity

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

4 Sustainable Development and Equity Sustainable Development 4 and Equity Coordinating Lead Authors: Marc Fleurbaey (France / USA), Sivan Kartha (USA) Lead Authors: Simon Bolwig (Denmark), Yoke Ling Chee (Malaysia), Ying Chen (China), Esteve Corbera (Spain), Franck Lecocq (France), Wolfgang Lutz (IIASA / Austria), Maria Silvia Muylaert (Brazil), Richard B. Norgaard (USA), Chukwumerije Okereke (Nigeria / UK), Ambuj Sagar (USA / India) Contributing Authors: Paul Baer (USA), Donald A. Brown (USA), Josefa Francisco (Philippines), Michael Zwicky Hauschild (Denmark), Michael Jakob (Germany), Heike Schroeder (Germany / UK), John Thøgersen (Denmark), Kevin Urama (Nigeria / UK / Kenya) Review Editors: Luiz Pinguelli Rosa (Brazil), Matthias Ruth (Germany / USA), Jayant Sathaye (USA) This chapter should be cited as: Fleurbaey M., S. Kartha, S. Bolwig, Y. L. Chee, Y. Chen, E. Corbera, F. Lecocq, W. Lutz, M. S. Muylaert, R. B. Norgaard, C. Oker- eke, and A. D. Sagar, 2014: Sustainable Development and Equity. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cam- bridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. 283 Sustainable Development and Equity Chapter 4 Contents Executive Summary � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 287 4 4�1 Introduction � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 289 4�1�1 Key messages of previous IPCC reports � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 289 4�1�2 Narrative focus and key messages � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 290 4.1.2.1 Consumption, disparities, and well-being ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������290 4.1.2.2 Equity at the national and international scales ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������290 4.1.2.3 Building institutions and capacity for effective governance ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������292 4�2 Approaches and indicators � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 292 4�2�1 Sustainability and sustainable development (SD) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 292 4.2.1.1 Defining and measuring sustainability ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������292 4.2.1.2 Links with climate change and climate policy ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������293 4�2�2 Equity and its relation to sustainable development and climate change � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 294 4�3 Determinants, drivers and barriers � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 296 4�3�1 Legacy of development relations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 296 4�3�2 Governance and political economy � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 297 4�3�3 Population and demography � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 299 4�3�4 Values and behaviours � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 299 4�3�5 Human and social capital � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 300 4�3�6 Technology � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 301 4�3�7 Natural resources � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 302 4�3�8 Finance and investment � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 303 284 Chapter 4 Sustainable Development and Equity 4�4 Production, trade, consumption and waste patterns � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 304 4�4�1 Consumption patterns, inequality and environmental impact � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 304 4.4.1.1 Trends in resource consumption ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������304 4.4.1.2 Consumerism and unequal consumption levels ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������304 4.4.1.3 Effect of non-income factors on per capita carbon footprint ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������305 4 4�4�2 Consumption patterns and carbon accounting � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 305 4.4.2.1 Choice of GHG accounting method ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������305 4.4.2.2 Carbon footprinting (consumption-based GHG emissions accounting) . 305 4.4.2.3 Product carbon footprinting ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������306 4.4.2.4 Consumption-based and territorial approaches to GHG accounting . 306 4�4�3 Sustainable consumption and production — SCP � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 307 4.4.3.1 Sustainable consumption and lifestyle �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������307 4.4.3.2 Consumer sustainability attitudes and the relation to behaviour . 308 4.4.3.3 Sustainable production ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������309 4�4�4 Relationship between consumption and well-being � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 310 4�5 Development pathways � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 311 4�5�1 Definition and examples� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 311 4�5�2 Transition between pathways � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 312 4.5.2.1 Path dependence and lock-ins ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������312 4.5.2.2 Examples and lessons from the technology transition literature . 313 4.5.2.3 Economic modelling of transitions between pathways ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������314 4�6 Mitigative capacity and mitigation, and links to adaptive capacity and adaptation � � � � � � � � � � � 315 4�6�1 Mitigation and adaptation measures, capacities, and development pathways � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 315 4�6�2 Equity and burden sharing in the c ontext of international cooperation on climate � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 317 4.6.2.1 Equity principles pertinent to burden sharing in an international climate regime . 317 4.6.2.2 Frameworks for equitable burden sharing ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������319 4�7 Integration
Recommended publications
  • The Ecological Footprint Emerged As a Response to the Challenge of Sustainable Development, Which Aims at Securing Everybody's Well-Being Within Planetary Constraints
    16 Ecological Footprint accounts The Ecological Footprint emerged as a response to the challenge of sustainable development, which aims at securing everybody's well-being within planetary constraints. It sharpens sustainable development efforts by offering a metric for this challenge’s core condition: keeping the human metabolism within the means of what the planet can renew. Therefore, Ecological Footprint accounting seeks to answer one particular question: How much of the biosphere’s (or any region’s) regenerative capacity does any human activity demand? The condition of keeping humanity’s material demands within the amount the planet can renew is a minimum requirement for sustainability. While human demands can exceed what the planet renew s for some time, exceeding it leads inevitably to (unsustainable) depletion of nature’s stocks. Such depletion can only be maintained temporarily. In this chapter we outline the underlying principles that are the foundation of Ecological Footprint accounting. 16 Ecological Footprint accounts Runninghead Right-hand pages: 16 Ecological Footprint accounts Runninghead Left-hand pages: Mathis Wackernagel et al. 16 Ecological Footprint accounts Principles 1 Mathis Wackernagel, Alessandro Galli, Laurel Hanscom, David Lin, Laetitia Mailhes, and Tony Drummond 1. Introduction – addressing all demands on nature, from carbon emissions to food and fibres Through the Paris Climate Agreement, nearly 200 countries agreed to keep global temperature rise to less than 2°C above the pre-industrial level. This goal implies ending fossil fuel use globally well before 2050 ( Anderson, 2015 ; Figueres et al., 2017 ; Rockström et al., 2017 ). The term “net carbon” in the agreement further suggests humanity needs far more than just a transition to clean energy; managing land to support many competing needs also will be crucial.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Graded Property Tax Robert M
    TaxingTaxing Simply Simply District of Columbia Tax Revision Commission TaxingTaxing FairlyFairly Full Report District of Columbia Tax Revision Commission 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 550 Washington, DC 20036 Tel: (202) 518-7275 Fax: (202) 466-7967 www.dctrc.org The Authors Robert M. Schwab Professor, Department of Economics University of Maryland College Park, Md. Amy Rehder Harris Graduate Assistant, Department of Economics University of Maryland College Park, Md. Authors’ Acknowledgments We thank Kim Coleman for providing us with the assessment data discussed in the section “The Incidence of a Graded Property Tax in the District of Columbia.” We also thank Joan Youngman and Rick Rybeck for their help with this project. CHAPTER G An Analysis of the Graded Property Tax Robert M. Schwab and Amy Rehder Harris Introduction In most jurisdictions, land and improvements are taxed at the same rate. The District of Columbia is no exception to this general rule. Consider two homes in the District, each valued at $100,000. Home A is a modest home on a large lot; suppose the land and structures are each worth $50,000. Home B is a more sub- stantial home on a smaller lot; in this case, suppose the land is valued at $20,000 and the improvements at $80,000. Under current District law, both homes would be taxed at a rate of 0.96 percent on the total value and thus, as Figure 1 shows, the owners of both homes would face property taxes of $960.1 But property can be taxed in many ways. Under a graded, or split-rate, tax, land is taxed more heavily than structures.
    [Show full text]
  • Horizontal Equity Effects in Energy Regulation
    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES HORIZONTAL EQUITY EFFECTS IN ENERGY REGULATION Carolyn Fischer William A. Pizer Working Paper 24033 http://www.nber.org/papers/w24033 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 November 2017, Revised July 2018 Previously circulated as "Equity Effects in Energy Regulation." Carolyn Fischer is Senior Fellow at Resources for the Future ([email protected]); Professor at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Marks Visiting Professor at Gothenburg University; Visiting Senior Researcher at Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei; and CESifo Research Network Fellow. William A. Pizer is Susan B. King Professor of Public Policy, Sanford School, and Faculty Fellow, Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University ([email protected]); University Fellow, Resources for the Future; Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research. Fischer is grateful for the support of the European Community’s Marie Sk odowska–Curie International Incoming Fellowship, “STRATECHPOL – Strategic Clean Technology Policies for Climate Change,” financed under the EC Grant Agreement PIIF-GA-2013-623783. This work was supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Grant G-2016-20166028. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2017 by Carolyn Fischer and William A. Pizer. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment Versus Growth — a Criticism of “Degrowth” and a Plea for “A-Growth”
    Ecological Economics 70 (2011) 881–890 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ecological Economics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolecon Analysis Environment versus growth — A criticism of “degrowth” and a plea for “a-growth” Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh ⁎ ICREA, Barcelona, Spain Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, and Department of Economics and Economic History, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola), Spain Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, and Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands article info abstract Article history: In recent debates on environmental problems and policies, the strategy of “degrowth” has appeared as an Received 21 May 2010 alternative to the paradigm of economic growth. This new notion is critically evaluated by considering five Received in revised form 21 September 2010 common interpretations of it. One conclusion is that these multiple interpretations make it an ambiguous and Accepted 28 September 2010 rather confusing concept. Another is that degrowth may not be an effective, let alone an efficient strategy to Available online 4 November 2010 reduce environmental pressure. It is subsequently argued that “a-growth,” i.e. being indifferent about growth, is a more logical social aim to substitute for the current goal of economic growth, given that GDP (per capita) is Keywords: Consumption a very imperfect indicator of social welfare. In addition, focusing ex ante on public policy is considered to be a Environmental policy strategy which ultimately is more likely to obtain the necessary democratic–political support than an ex ante, Equity explicit degrowth strategy. In line with this, a policy package is proposed which consists of six elements, some GDP paradox of which relate to concerns raised by degrowth supporters.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Anthropology Engaging Ecotopia an Introduction
    Environmental Anthropology Engaging Ecotopia An Introduction Joshua Lockyer and James R. Veteto We are living in a utopian moment. The majority of humans are already be- ing negatively affected by a number of coupled social and environmental crises. These conditions are created in large part by hegemony of thought and practice that ontologically separates humans from nature, rationalizes the externalization of the social and environmental costs of production and consumption, justifi es extreme inequality, and sees solutions only in a continuation of the same systems that generated the problems in the fi rst place. Together these and other problems constitute a crisis that demands imaginative responses and viable alternatives. We contend that anthropol- ogy must fi nd ways to engage with such existing possibilities. The present crises are not new; the fundamental idea that the current situation cannot continue was recognized decades ago with the rise of international discourse on the topic of sustainable development (Brundt- land 1987). The widely promoted concept of sustainability is ultimately utopian in nature; it is the good state that we must strive for but may not actually exist except in theory. Despite our best efforts, we do not know exactly what a sustainable society looks like. This has been the paradox of utopianism since Sir Thomas More ([1516] 1906) coined the term “utopia” in 1516, and it is the paradox of sustainability today. The premise underlying this volume is the basic belief that, at its best, anthropology has always
    [Show full text]
  • Participating in Food Waste Transitions: Exploring Surplus Food Redistribution in Singapore Through the Ecologies of Participation Framework
    Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cjoe20 Participating in food waste transitions: exploring surplus food redistribution in Singapore through the ecologies of participation framework Monika Rut , Anna R. Davies & Huiying Ng To cite this article: Monika Rut , Anna R. Davies & Huiying Ng (2020): Participating in food waste transitions: exploring surplus food redistribution in Singapore through the ecologies of participation framework, Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2020.1792859 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2020.1792859 © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 16 Jul 2020. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 79 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=cjoe20 JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY & PLANNING https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2020.1792859 Participating in food waste transitions: exploring surplus food redistribution in Singapore through the ecologies of participation framework Monika Rut a, Anna R. Davies a and Huiying Ng b aDepartment of Geography, Museum Building, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; bIndependent Scholar, Singapore ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Food waste is a global societal meta-challenge requiring a sustainability transition Food waste; transitions; involving everyone, including publics. However, to date, much transitions research has participation; ecologies of been silent on the role of public participation and overly narrow in its geographical participation; Singapore reach. In response, this paper examines whether the ecologies of participation (EOP) approach provides a conceptual framing for understanding the role of publics within food waste transitions in Singapore.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Planning and Urban Design
    5 Urban Planning and Urban Design Coordinating Lead Author Jeffrey Raven (New York) Lead Authors Brian Stone (Atlanta), Gerald Mills (Dublin), Joel Towers (New York), Lutz Katzschner (Kassel), Mattia Federico Leone (Naples), Pascaline Gaborit (Brussels), Matei Georgescu (Tempe), Maryam Hariri (New York) Contributing Authors James Lee (Shanghai/Boston), Jeffrey LeJava (White Plains), Ayyoob Sharifi (Tsukuba/Paveh), Cristina Visconti (Naples), Andrew Rudd (Nairobi/New York) This chapter should be cited as Raven, J., Stone, B., Mills, G., Towers, J., Katzschner, L., Leone, M., Gaborit, P., Georgescu, M., and Hariri, M. (2018). Urban planning and design. In Rosenzweig, C., W. Solecki, P. Romero-Lankao, S. Mehrotra, S. Dhakal, and S. Ali Ibrahim (eds.), Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network. Cambridge University Press. New York. 139–172 139 ARC3.2 Climate Change and Cities Embedding Climate Change in Urban Key Messages Planning and Urban Design Urban planning and urban design have a critical role to play Integrated climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in the global response to climate change. Actions that simul- should form a core element in urban planning and urban design, taneously reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and build taking into account local conditions. This is because decisions resilience to climate risks should be prioritized at all urban on urban form have long-term (>50 years) consequences and scales – metropolitan region, city, district/neighborhood, block, thus strongly affect a city’s capacity to reduce GHG emissions and building. This needs to be done in ways that are responsive and to respond to climate hazards over time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case Study Report Aims to Analyse More in Depth the Strategies
    Rebound effects and the ecological rucksack in the light of resource policies ESDN Case Study No. 7 Nisida Gjoksi ESDN Office Team www.sd-network.eu June 2011 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................3 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY AND THE REBOUND EFFECTS .........................................................................3 DEFINITION OF THE REBOUND EFFECT ......................................................................................................4 TYPES OF REBOUND EFFECT ...................................................................................................................4 POLICY RESPONSES ..............................................................................................................................4 MAGNITUDE OF REBOUND EFFECTS .........................................................................................................5 RECOMMENDATIONS ...........................................................................................................................5 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY AND THE ECOLOGICAL RUCKSACK .................................................................6 DEFINITION OF THE ECOLOGICAL RUCKSACK ..............................................................................................6 WEAKNESSES OF THE ECOLOGICAL RUCKSACK FACTOR .................................................................................7 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Dec Issue # 76 What You Have Missed! MARINA BARRAGE’S 10TH ANNIVERSARY FINALE 26-28 Oct 2018
    Dec Issue # 76 What you have missed! MARINA BARRAGE’S 10TH ANNIVERSARY FINALE 26-28 Oct 2018 The end of October has held particular significance for PUB since 2008 – on 31 October 2008, the Marina Barrage was officially opened after decades of hard work and planning, realising former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew’s vision of a freshwater reservoir in the city. In celebration of this milestone, a 3-day carnival was held from 26-28 October, bringing people a slew of fun and excitement. There were over a hundred stalls for the shopaholics, foodies, and activities for families and even our environmentally-conscious friends! There were specially-curated foods reminiscent of the Barrage’s crest gates and gigantic pumps, both of which work to maintain consistent water levels in the Marina Reservoir and alleviate flooding in low-lying areas of the city. Free river cruises for the public to appreciate the efforts that go into keeping the reservoir waters clean beautiful. The Barrage came alive at night with twinkling fairy lights and the sounds of bustle, when shoppers did what they did best and sourced for their kicks. Many stalls boasted self-designed and handmade items, and the prices of the little trinkets sure were easy on the pocket! With 2018 designated as the year of Climate Action, and the Marina Barrage an icon of water security and sustainability, it only made sense that there be a Sustainable Zone at the Finale! Members of the public could sign up for activities and workshops to try their hand at upcycling everyday items into useful stuff, like milk cartons into coin pouches, and throwaway wallpaper samples into wallets! Image credit: Terra SG The highlight of the three days was when Deputy Prime Minister and Coordinating Minister for National Security, Mr Teo Chee Hean, graced the celebrations on 27 October.
    [Show full text]
  • Reducing Inequalities and Strengthening Social Cohesion Through Inclusive Growth: a Roadmap for Action
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Boarini, Romina; Causa, Orsetta; Fleurbaey, Marc; Grimalda, Gianluca; Woolard, Ingrid Article Reducing inequalities and strengthening social cohesion through inclusive growth: A roadmap for action Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal Provided in Cooperation with: Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW) Suggested Citation: Boarini, Romina; Causa, Orsetta; Fleurbaey, Marc; Grimalda, Gianluca; Woolard, Ingrid (2018) : Reducing inequalities and strengthening social cohesion through inclusive growth: A roadmap for action, Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E- Journal, ISSN 1864-6042, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW), Kiel, Vol. 12, Iss. 2018-63, pp. 1-26, http://dx.doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2018-63 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/183500 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte.
    [Show full text]
  • A Menu for Change
    A Menu for Change Using behavioural science to promote sustainable diets around the world The Behavioural Insights Team / A Menu for Change 2 The Behavioural Insights Team / A Menu for Change Toby Park, Head of Energy & Sustainability, The Behavioural Insights Team [email protected] Acknowledgements This report has benefitted from several individuals’ contributions. With particular thanks for substantive research support and contributions to early content and the structure of the report, to Emma Garnett (University of Cambridge) and Brittney Titus (University of Oxford), both supporting us while at placement at BIT. With thanks also to Elisabeth Costa (BIT), Dr Filippo Bianchi (BIT), Dr Jessica Barker (BIT), and Dr Christian Reynolds (University of Sheffield) for their valuable feedback and comments. This is a long report. We hope you’ll read it cover-to-cover, but if not, it’s written to allow you to dip into individual sections. Look out for the short orange descriptions at the beginning of each chapter to keep track of where you are. Sections 1.1-1.2 introduce the problem, and make the rationale for shifting global diets. This will be familiar ground for environmental scientists. Section 1.3 looks at the current state, and emerging trends, in diets around the world, and Section 1.4 highlights the many historical occasions when diets have radically changed through technological innovation or deliberate intervention from government and industry. Section 1.5 acknowledges the sensitivities of this topic, and offers some reflections on how we might navigate public and political consent. We don’t have all the answers here but give a series of recommendations for building public support and developing effective policy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transition to a Predominantly Urban World and Its Underpinnings
    Human Settlements Discussion Paper Series Theme: Urban Change –4 The transition to a predominantly urban world and its underpinnings David Satterthwaite This is the 2007 version of an overview of urban change and a discussion of its main causes that IIED’s Human Settlements Group has been publishing since 1986. The first was Hardoy, Jorge E and David Satterthwaite (1986), “Urban change in the Third World; are recent trends a useful pointer to the urban future?”, Habitat International, Vol. 10, No. 3, pages 33–52. An updated version of this was published in chapter 8 of these authors’ 1989 book, Squatter Citizen (Earthscan, London). Further updates were published in 1996, 2003 and 2005 – and this paper replaces the working paper entitled The Scale of Urban Change Worldwide 1950–2000 and its Underpinnings, published in 2005. Part of the reason for this updated version is the new global dataset produced by the United Nations Population Division on urban populations and on the populations of the largest cities. Unless otherwise stated, the statistics for global, regional, national and city populations in this paper are drawn from United Nations (2006), World Urbanization Prospects: the 2005 Revision, United Nations Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, CD-ROM Edition – Data in digital form (POP/DB/WUP/Rev.2005), United Nations, New York. The financial support that IIED’s Human Settlements Group receives from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DANIDA) supported the writing and publication of this working paper. Additional support was received from the World Institute for Development Economics Research.
    [Show full text]