DOCSLIB.ORG

The Uranium Potential of the Bushveld Igneous Complex

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Uranium Potential of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (GEA748| June 1987 THE URANIUM POTENTIAL OF THE BUSHVELD IGNEOUS COMPLEX A CRITICAL REAPPRAISAL Investigators: MAG Andreoli R J Hart H J Brynard F A G M Camisani-Calzolari ATOMIC ENERGY CORPORATION OF SOUTH AFRICA LIMITED PRETORIA THIS DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE COPIED IN ANY WAY WHATSOEVER PER 158 GEA 748 ATOMIC ENERGY CORPORATION/UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA WORKING GROUP ON URANIUM IN THE BUSHVELD COMPLEX Progress Report No. 4 THE URANIUM POTENTIAL OF THE BUSHVELD IGNEOUS COMPLEX A CRITICAL REAPPRAISAL Investigators: MAG Andreoli R J Hart H J Beynard F A G M Camisani-Calzolari POSTAL ADDRESS: Department of Geotechnology P 0 Box 582 PELINDABA PRETORIA June 1987 0001 ISBN 0 86960 848 7 PER-158 GEA-748 ATOMIC ENERGY CORPORATION/UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA WORKING GROUP ON URANIUM IN THE BUSHVELD COMPLEX Progress Report No. 4 THE URANIUM POTENTIAL OF THE BUSHVELD IGNEOUS COMPLEX A CRITICAL REAPPRAISAL Investigators: MAG Andreoli R J Hart H J Brynard F A G M Camisani-Calzolari DEPARTMENT OF GEOTECHNOLOGY ATOMIC ENERGY CORPORATION OF SOUTH AFRICA LIMITED P 0 BOX 582, PRETORIA (0001) June 1987 ISBN 086960 848 7 PER-158- i - CONTENTS Page Samevatting/Abstract vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ii-iii LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES v 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 ON THE POSSIBILITY OF A GIANT OLYMPIC DAM-TYPE DEPOSIT JN THE BUSHVELD COMPLEX 3 3 THE WATERBERG COVER: A TARGET FOR UNCOMFORMITY-TYPE DEPOSITS? 19 4 ADDITIONAL TARGETS FOR URANIUM EXPLORATION 25 5 DISCUSSION & RECOMMENDATIONS 27 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 30 7 REFERENCES 30 LIST OP IBBEKVIAÏIOIIS All allanite amp amphibole apa apatite bar barite bas bastnaesite bor bornite bra brannerite car carbonate cat carnotite cha chalcocite chl chlorite cof coffinite cpy chalcopyrite cov covellite dav davidite dig digenite ena enargite fer ferberite flo florencite flu fluorspar gal galena gum gummite hem hematite mi>: microcline mon monazite mt magnetite mol molybdenite mus muscovite Raf albite-oligoclase phi phlogopite pit pitchblende pyr py/ite pyt pyrrhotite pyx pyroxene PER-158- iii - LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (continued) qtz quartz rut rutile sea scapolite sen scheelite ser sericite sid siderite sil silver smaltite sph sphene spl sphalerite tor torbenite tou tourmaline ura uraninite urf uranofane xen xenotime zir zircon F.apa fluoroapatite F.phl fluorite-bearing phlogopite Fe.rut ilmeno-rutile REE.F.car fluorocarbonate with Rare Earths Elements (REE) Nb.rut niobian rutile Th.bra thorian brannerite Ti.hem ilmeno-hematite Ti.mt titanomagnetite V.tuch uranium-rich hydrocarbons gel (tucholite) V.mt vanadian magnetite LILE Large Ion Lithophile Elements (e.g. U, Th, REE, K, Rb, etc.) REE Rare Earth Elements t tens (metric) 9 6a 10 years PER-158- iv - LIST OP TABLES Page TABLE 1 Uranium Deposits in the pre-mesozoic basement of South Australia TABLE 2 South Australia provisional copper inventory 10 TABLE 3 South Australia provisional uranium inventory 10 TABLE 4 Frovisional uranium inventory of the Bushveld Igneous Complex and Northern Transvaal, South Africa 11 TABLE 5 K-, Ha-rich granitoids of South Australia 12 TABLE 6 K-rich rhyolites (1-3) and granitoids (4-8) of the Bushveld Complex 14 TABLE 7 Calculation of U,0o reserves in the Vergenoeg Pipe 18 TABLE 8 Comparative geochronology of uncomformity related uranium deposits 21 TABLE 9 Comparati/e geology of uncomformity-type deposits and central N Transvaal 23 PER-15*- v - LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Distribution of principal uranium occurrences in S. Australia listed in Table 1 8 Figure 2 Distribution of uranium occurrences in the Bushveld Complex and adjacent areas in relation to regional geology and relevant metallogenic provinces 9 PER-158- vi - ABSTRACT A review of published literature supported by field observations on the uranium potential of the Bushveld Complex indicates that this geological region may host deposits with reserves in the range of a few.thousand tons U.O . The possibility that the Bushveld Complex or its cover rocks hosts, or has ever hosted in the past, giant uranium deposits such as those of Olympic Dam, Key Lake, Jabiluka or Rossing is considered to be unlikely. The potential for volcanogenic, caldera-type deposits in the Rooiberg Felsites remains at present untested. Recommendations for research currently sponsored by the AEC at the University of Pretoria are presented. PER-158- 1 - 1 IHTKODOCTIOH Since 1983 the Atomic Energy Corporation has actively supported scientific investigations on the uranium potential of the Bushveld Complex with the aim to locate target areas for a major uranium deposit outside the Witwatersrand Basin. These studies were conducted by the Institute for Geological Research on the Bushveld Complex at Pretoria University in conjunction with visiting experts from the USA (E S Cheney) and the UK (P R Simpson). These authors - in view of the time constraints on thtir stay in SAuth Africa - concentrated on a preliminary assessment of the available published and unpublished material which was available at the end of 1985. Simpson & Hurley's (1986) study is largely of a geochemical nature and predicts that yet undisclosed uranium mineralizations probably occur (besides the Karoo sequence) at the base of the Waterberg Group or as hydro thermal vein deposits in areas with the following favourable features: (a) Fertile granite source (uranium-bearing proto-ore) (b) High he&c flow to drive the hydrothermal circulation (c) Availability of fluids in the thermal aureole (transport of U) (d) Tectonically produced channelways (faults/fractures) (e) Suitable geological traps to precipitate uranium Simpson & Hurley (1986) further identified four potential lineaments which transect the Bushveld and host the largest proportions of uranium (and tin-fluorspar) mineralizations. These lineaments would appear to provide a preliminary exploration target for uranium. The analysis by Cheney (1986) supports Simpson's conclusions, but limits the size of the potential hydrothermal mineralizations, which he considers to be very small (e.g. Albert Silver Mine) in size. While emph-sizing the need for accurate radiometric mapping and PER-158- 2 - regional hydrogeochemical grids oyer the Bushveld, Cheney (op., cit.) formulates five additional potential exploration targets (listed here in approximate order of decreasing priority): (i) Giant Olympic Dan U deposits in the coarse, oxidized sedimentary interbeds within the Rooiberg Formation (e.g. Cheney & Twist, 1986), or - more likely - in the sediments of the Vaterberg group/Loskop Formation (ii) Giant unconformity/vein-type deposits (e.g. Canada, Australia) at the base of the Waterberg sedimentary sequences (iii) Volcanogenic (e.g. caldera-related) uranium ores in the Rooiberg felsite (iv) Chemical precipitation of uranium that has been leachea froc acid igneous rocks such as felsite and granite (v) Nigmatitic-pegmatitic (Rossing-type) zones of uranium enrichment caused by the Rustenburg Layered Suite in the roof/floor rocks (e.g. Transvaal sediments, Rooiberg felsite) A different approach to the problem of the uranium in the Bushveld was proposed by Twist (1986) on his return from a visit to the world-famous Olympic Dam deposit. From the available data Twist modifies Cheney's (fip.. £i£.) interpretation and suggests that an equivalent of the Olympic Dam mineralization should not be searched for in coarse-grained (oxidized) volcaniclastic sequences in areas of graben, but rather in the more evolved granitic terranes. In accordance with this interpretation, the fluorspar mine of Vergenoeg (Crocker, 1985) is cited as a possible Olympic Dam equivalent. To date no written technical discussion or comment has yet been produced by the AEC geolqgical staff on these reports. The authors PER-158- 3 - intend therefore to analyse critically the above-mentioned prospecting targets to assist the planning of current, short-term research activities at the University of Pretoria. In this investigation the authors studied in detail the available scientific literature on the Australia and Canadian U mineralizations. In addition, field visits to uranium occurrences in the Rooiberg, Pietersburg and Bronkhorstspruit areas, led by Dr F Walraven, Messrs I Crocker and C Callahan (GSO), provided ample opportunity for discussion and brain-storming for all involved. Some limited petrographical work on selected samples has also been conducted. 2 OH THE POSSIBILITY OF A GIANT OLYMPIC DAM-TYPE DEPOSIT IH THE BUSHVELD COMPLEX Using data by Roberts & Hudson (1983), Cheney (1986) suggested that the sedimentary intervals within the Rooiberg group felsites could host an Olympic Dam deposit, for the following reasons: (a) The Rooiberg Group was deposited immediately before the atmosphere became oxidizing or shortly after (b) Fe, Pb, Zn sulphides have been prospected for in Rooiberg volcanics and agglomerates (c) The Selousrivier Volcanics have a sulphidic/hematitic character resembling that of the host rocks of the Olympic Dam deposit In Cheney's model U leached from the Bushveld granites could have been fixed within those sulphide-bearing sedimentary horizons because of (a) above. A new interpretation of the Olympic Dam deposit was subsequently proposed by Twist (1986). This was based on direct underground observations, and on broad similarities in setting, geochemistry, age and lithology between the Olympic Dam deposit and the Bushveld Igneous Complex. PER-158- 4 - Tables 1-4 and Figs. 1 and 2 indicate that there are appreciable and critical differences between this giant Australian deposit and the proposed South African equivalent. The Olympic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Timeline of Natural History
    Timeline of natural history This timeline of natural history summarizes significant geological and Life timeline Ice Ages biological events from the formation of the 0 — Primates Quater nary Flowers ←Earliest apes Earth to the arrival of modern humans. P Birds h Mammals – Plants Dinosaurs Times are listed in millions of years, or Karo o a n ← Andean Tetrapoda megaanni (Ma). -50 0 — e Arthropods Molluscs r ←Cambrian explosion o ← Cryoge nian Ediacara biota – z ←Earliest animals o ←Earliest plants i Multicellular -1000 — c Contents life ←Sexual reproduction Dating of the Geologic record – P r The earliest Solar System -1500 — o t Precambrian Supereon – e r Eukaryotes Hadean Eon o -2000 — z o Archean Eon i Huron ian – c Eoarchean Era ←Oxygen crisis Paleoarchean Era -2500 — ←Atmospheric oxygen Mesoarchean Era – Photosynthesis Neoarchean Era Pong ola Proterozoic Eon -3000 — A r Paleoproterozoic Era c – h Siderian Period e a Rhyacian Period -3500 — n ←Earliest oxygen Orosirian Period Single-celled – life Statherian Period -4000 — ←Earliest life Mesoproterozoic Era H Calymmian Period a water – d e Ectasian Period a ←Earliest water Stenian Period -4500 — n ←Earth (−4540) (million years ago) Clickable Neoproterozoic Era ( Tonian Period Cryogenian Period Ediacaran Period Phanerozoic Eon Paleozoic Era Cambrian Period Ordovician Period Silurian Period Devonian Period Carboniferous Period Permian Period Mesozoic Era Triassic Period Jurassic Period Cretaceous Period Cenozoic Era Paleogene Period Neogene Period Quaternary Period Etymology of period names References See also External links Dating of the Geologic record The Geologic record is the strata (layers) of rock in the planet's crust and the science of geology is much concerned with the age and origin of all rocks to determine the history and formation of Earth and to understand the forces that have acted upon it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bushveld Igneous Complex
    The Bushveld Igneous Complex THE GEOLOGY OF SOUTH AFRICA’S PLATINUM RESOURCES By C. A. Cousins, MSC. Johannesburg Consolidated Investment Company Limited A vast composite body of plutonic and volcanic rock in the central part of the Transvaal, the Bushveld igneous complex includes the platinum reef worked by Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited and constituting the world’s greatest reserve of the platinum metals. This article describes the geological and economic aspects of this unusually interesting formation. In South Africa platinum occurs chiefly in square miles. Two of these areas lie at the the Merensky Reef, which itself forms part of eastern and western ends of the Bushveld and the Bushveld igneous complex, an irregular form wide curved belts, trending parallel to oval area of some 15,000 square miles occupy- the sedimentary rocks which they overlie, and ing a roughly central position in the province dipping inwards towards the centre of the of the Transvaal. A geological map of the Bushveld at similar angles. The western belt area, which provides the largest known has a flat sheet-like extension reaching the example of this interesting type of formation, western boundary of the Transvaal. The is shown on the facing page. third area extends northwards and cuts out- The complex rests upon a floor of sedi- side the sedimentary basin. Its exact relation- mentary rocks of the Transvaal System. This ship to the other outcrops within the basin floor is structurally in the form of an immense has not as yet been solved. oval basin, three hundred miles long and a As the eastern and western belts contain hundred miles broad.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Booklet
    DSI-NRF CIMERA Annual COLLOQUIUM 26-27 NOVEMBER 2020 ABSTRACT BOOKLET Image: Transvaal Supergroup, banded iron formation, Kuruman Kop, Northern Cape. 26-27 November 2020 ONLINE & IN PERSON School of Tourism and Hospitality (STH) University of Johannesburg Auckland Park Bunting Road Campus 2 Dear All, Dear All, We would like to extend a warm welcome to the annual DSI-NRF CIMERA Colloquium, hosted by the University of We would like to extend a warm welcome to the annual DSI-NRF CIMERA Colloquium, hosted by the University of Johannesburg. Johannesburg. DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Integrated Mineral and Energy Resource Analysis (CIMERA) is hosted by the Department DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Integrated Mineral and Energy Resource Analysis (CIMERA) is hosted by the Department of Geology at the University of Johannesburg (UJ), and co-hosted by the School of Geosciences at the University of the of Geology at the University of Johannesburg (UJ), and co-hosted by the School of Geosciences at the University of the DearWitwatersrand All, (Wits). DSI-NRF CIMERA is a virtual centre of research that concentrates existing research excellence, capacity Witwatersrand (Wits). DSI-NRF CIMERA is a virtual centre of research that concentrates existing research excellence, capacity Weand extend resources a warm welcome to enable to the researchersannual DSI-NRF toCIMERA collaborate Colloquium, across hosted disciplinesby the University and of Johannesburg. institutions on long-term projects of economic and/ or and resources to enable researchersThe to Colloquiumcollaborate will acrossrun as a hybriddisciplines event this and year, institutions triggered by the on COVID-19 long-term pandemic projects lockdown of economic situation and and/ or societal benefit in geology, that are locally relevant and internationally competitive.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline of Natural History
    Timeline of natural history Main articles: History of the Earth and Geological his- chondrules,[1] are a key signature of a supernova ex- tory of Earth plosion. See also: Geologic time scale and Timeline of evolution- ary history of life • 4,567±3 Ma: Rapid collapse of hydrogen molecular For earlier events, see Timeline of the formation of the cloud, forming a third-generation Population I star, Universe. the Sun, in a region of the Galactic Habitable Zone This timeline of natural history summarizes signifi- (GHZ), about 25,000 light years from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.[2] • 4,566±2 Ma: A protoplanetary disc (from which Earth eventually forms) emerges around the young Sun, which is in its T Tauri stage. • 4,560–4,550 Ma: Proto-Earth forms at the outer (cooler) edge of the habitable zone of the Solar Sys- tem. At this stage the solar constant of the Sun was only about 73% of its current value, but liquid wa- ter may have existed on the surface of the Proto- Earth, probably due to the greenhouse warming of high levels of methane and carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere. Early bombardment phase begins: because the solar neighbourhood is rife with large planetoids and debris, Earth experiences a number of giant impacts that help to increase its overall size. Visual representation of the history of life on Earth as a spiral 2 Hadean Eon cant geological and biological events from the formation of the Earth to the rise of modern humans. Times are listed in millions of years, or megaanni (Ma).
    [Show full text]
  • Resources in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa
    Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Volume 150(1), 2016 15 Fe-Ti-V-(P) RESOURCES IN THE UPPER ZONE OF THE BUSHVELD COMPLEX, SOUTH AFRICA by L.A. Fischer and Q. Yuan (with four text-figures and two plates) Fischer, L.A. & Yuan, Q. 2016 (31:viii): Fe-Ti-V-(P) resources in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 150(1): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.150.1.15 ISSN 0080-4703. Institut für Mineralogie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany, and School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (LAF*); Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China, and Department of Geology, University of Liege, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium (QY). *Author for correspondence. Email: [email protected] The Bushveld Complex in South Africa is the largest layered intrusion on Earth. Its upper part is known for huge resources of iron, tita- nium, vanadium and phosphorus. Associated with the layered character of the rocks, these resources are enriched at certain levels of the intrusion, which makes it important to understand the formation processes of those layers. In this paper we give an introduction and overview of recent debates and challenges. Key Words: layered intrusion, Bushveld, resources. INTRODUCTION Fe, Ti, V and P never or only rarely occur as native elements in nature. Minerals, rich in one or more of these Iron (Fe), titanium (Ti) and vanadium (V) are important elements are mined and their components are extracted.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2011
    Natural and Agricultural Sciences Annual Report 2011 Natural and Agricultural Sciences Annual Report 2011 Contact Details Dean Prof Neil Heideman +27 (0)51 401 2322 [email protected] Vice-Dean Prof. Corli Witthuhn +27 (0) 51 4013855 [email protected] Faculty Manager Mr Johan Kruger +27 (0)51 401 2409 Issued by [email protected] Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Marketing Manager University of the Free State Ms Elfrieda Lotter Editorial Compilation +27 (0)51 4012531 [email protected] Betta van Huyssteen Physical Address Language Revision Room 9A, Biology Building, Main Campus, Bloemfontein Betta van Huyssteen Stella Mcgill Postal Address Revision of Bibliographical Data University of the Free State PO Box 339 Mercia Coetzee Bloemfontein Design, Layout South Africa 9300 Chrysalis Advertising & Publishing Fax: +27 (0)51 401 3728 Printing E-mail: [email protected] Oranje Drukkery • Printers Faculty website: www.ufs.ac.za/natagri Table of Contents Preface 5 Research Clusters 6 Agricultural Sciences 13 Agricultural Economics 14 Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences 20 Plant Sciences 30 Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences 40 Building Sciences 49 Architecture 50 Quantity Surveying and Construction Management 56 Urban and Regional Planning 62 Natural Sciences 67 Chemistry 68 Computer Science and Informatics 86 Consumer Science 94 Genetics 100 Geography 108 Geology 116 Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science 126 Mathematics and Applied Mathematics 132 Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology 136 Physics 150 Zoology
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa's Coalfields – a 2014 Perspective
    South Africa's coalfields – a 2014 perspective 1Hancox, P. John and 2,3Götz, Annette E. 1University of the Witwatersrand, School of Geosciences, Private Bag 3, 2050 Wits, South Africa; [email protected] 2University of Pretoria, Department of Geology, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa; [email protected] 3Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Highlights • South Africa’s Coalfields are presented. • The role of Gondwanan coals as palaeoclimate archives is stated. • Future research fields include palynology, sequence stratigraphy, basin fill. Abstract For well over a century and a half coal has played a vital role in South Africa’s economy and currently bituminous coal is the primary energy source for domestic electricity generation, as well as being the feedstock for the production of a substantial percentage of the country’s liquid fuels. It furthermore provides a considerable source of foreign revenue from exports. Based on geographic considerations, and variations in the sedimentation, origin, formation, distribution and quality of the coals, 19 coalfields are generally recognised in South Africa. This paper provides an updated review of their exploration and exploitation histories, general geology, and coal seam nomenclature and coal qualities. Within the various coalfields autocyclic variability is the norm rather than the exception, whereas allocyclic variability is much less so, and allows for the correlation of genetically related sequences. During the mid-Jurassic break up of Gondwana most of the coals bearing successions were intruded by dolerite. These intrusions are important as they may cause devolatilisation and burning of the coal, create structural disturbances and related seam correlation problems, and difficulties in mining operations.
    [Show full text]
  • Implicit Geomodelling of the Merensky and UG2 Reefs of the Bushveld Complex from Open-Source Data: Implications for the Complex’S Structural History
    minerals Article Implicit Geomodelling of the Merensky and UG2 Reefs of the Bushveld Complex from Open-Source Data: Implications for the Complex’s Structural History Ben Stoch 1,2,*, Ian James Basson 1,2 and Jodie A. Miller 1 1 Department of Earth Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7601, South Africa; [email protected] (I.J.B.); [email protected] (J.A.M.) 2 Tect Geological Consulting, Unit 3 Metrohm House, 20 Gardner Williams Avenue, Paardevlei, Somerset West 7130, South Africa * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 September 2020; Accepted: 29 October 2020; Published: 1 November 2020 Abstract: The Bushveld Complex (BC) is the world’s largest source of platinum group metals. Extensive studies on the complex have focused on its geochemistry, magma and platinum group mineral genesis, mineral characterization and intrusion mechanisms. However, relatively little work has been undertaken on the overall 3D geometry of the complex, which detracts from the adequate contextualization of such studies. Furthermore, the absence of a broader 3D model of the complex does not permit the identification of structural trends and mineralization patterns. This contribution details the construction of 3D implicitly-modelled Merensky and UG2 Reefs across the Rustenburg Layered Suite of the BC, using Seequent’s Leapfrog software. Multiple open-source and public-domain data sources and modelling workflows were explored to account for disparities in data resolution, data spacing and clustering, and the resolution of model
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Energy Minerals in the Springbok Flatsbasin, South Africa: Implications for Geochemical and Geophysical Exploration
    AN OVERVIEW OF ENERGY MINERALS IN THE SPRINGBOK FLATSBASIN, SOUTH AFRICA: IMPLICATIONS FOR GEOCHEMICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION By LEBOGANG LEDWABA A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (Exploration Geology) MSc Exploration Geology Programme Geology Department Rhodes University P.O. Box 94 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa November 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to the Council for Geoscience for funding my studies and for giving me the opportunity to study further. To my colleagues especially Emmanuel Chirenje, thank you for the support and encouragement. To the administrator of the MSc Programme, Mrs. Ashley Goddard I sincerely thank you for your support and the effort you put in making sure that I have a comfortable stay in Grahamstown. To the Programme Director Professor Yong Yao thanks for the guidance throughout the studies and supervising this thesis. To all the lectures that took their precious time and effort to ensure that me and my classmate get lectured throughout the programme I thank you as well because without all of you the exploration programme wouldn’t be possible. To my classmate, this has been a pleasant journey with great memories and unforgettable moments, thanks to all of you for your kindness. ii DECLARATION I, Lebogang John Ledwaba, declare this dissertation to be my own work. It is submitted in fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Science at the University of Rhodes. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other University or tertiary institution. Signature of the candidate: ……Lebogang Ledwaba…………………………………. Date: …01 December 2014…………………………………………………………… iii Dedicated to my late father Lesetja Daniel Ledwaba and my mother Khomotso Martha Ledwaba, thanks for the support and for funding my fees throughout the years.
    [Show full text]
  • Recycling of Paleoplacer Gold Through Mechanical and Postdepositional Mobilization in the Neoarchean Black Reef Formation, South Africa
    Recycling of Paleoplacer Gold through Mechanical and Postdepositional Mobilization in the Neoarchean Black Reef Formation, South Africa Item Type Article Authors Nwaila, G. T.; Manzi, M. S. D.; Kirk, J.; Maselela, H. K.; Durrheim, R. J.; Rose, D. H.; Nwaila, P. C.; Bam, L. C.; Khumalo, T. Citation G. T. Nwaila, M. S. D. Manzi, J. Kirk, H. K. Maselela, R. J. Durrheim, D. H. Rose, P. C. Nwaila, L. C. Bam, and T. Khumalo, "Recycling of Paleoplacer Gold through Mechanical and Postdepositional Mobilization in the Neoarchean Black Reef Formation, South Africa," The Journal of Geology 127, no. 2 (March 2019): 137-166. https://doi.org/10.1086/701678 DOI 10.1086/701678 Publisher UNIV CHICAGO PRESS Journal JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Rights © 2019 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Download date 24/09/2021 22:08:57 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final published version Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/633050 Recycling of Paleoplacer Gold through Mechanical and Postdepositional Mobilization in the Neoarchean Black Reef Formation, South Africa G. T. Nwaila,1,* M. S. D. Manzi,1 J. Kirk,2 H. K. Maselela,1 R. J. Durrheim,1 D. H. Rose,3 P. C. Nwaila,4 L. C. Bam,5 and T. Khumalo1 1. School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa; 2. Geosciences Department, University of Arizona, 1040 East Fourth Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA; 3. Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; 4. PG Techno Wox, 43 Patrys Avenue, Helikon Park, Randfontein, 1759, South Africa; 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey New Information Resources of the U.S. Geological Survey Library System Number
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW INFORMATION RESOURCES OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LIBRARY SYSTEM NUMBER 24 April 1988 OPEN-FILE REPORT 88-400-D This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with the U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards 1988 Main PAGE Bibliography and index of Colorado geology, 1983. Denver, Colo. : Colorado Geological Survey, Dept. of Natural Resources, 1987. (271) C3is no.21 Bibliography of the moon. Washington, D.C. : The Dept., [i960] 042.736 Un36b Generalized geological map of the Baltic Shield. [Helsinki] : Geological Survey of Finland, 1985. M(580)2 1985b Materialy po geologii Shpi sbergena. Leningrad : [s.n.], 1965. 203 (980) M418 Mineral resources of the Canaan Mountain and The Watchman Wilderness Study Areas, Washington and Kane counties, Utah. Washington, D.C. : U.S. G.P.O., 1988. (200) E no.!746-A Tien wen ti chin hsueh kai lung. Pei-ching : Ti chih ch6 pan she, 1983. 737 T443 Actinides 85 (1985 : Aix en Provence). Proceedings of Actinides 85, Aix en Provence, 1985, Part 1. Lausanne : Elsevier Sequoia, 1986. 439 J824 v.121 Anderson, John J. Geologic map of the Little Creek Peak quadrangle, Iron and Garfield Counties, Utah. Salt Lake City, Utah : Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, 1987. M(273)2 L722a Anderson, John J. Geologic map of the Panguitch NW quadrangle, Iron and Garfield Counties, Utah. Salt Lake City, Utah : Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, 1987. M(273)2 P193a Australian mining's product register. Australian mining's product register. Chippendale, N.S.W. : Thomson Publications Australia, 1988- 408 (800) qAu783 Baker, Eva G.
    [Show full text]
  • Kimberlite-Hosted Diamond Deposits of Southern Africa: a Review Ore
    Ore Geology Reviews 34 (2008) 33–75 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ore Geology Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oregeorev Kimberlite-hosted diamond deposits of southern Africa: A review Matthew Field a,⁎, Johann Stiefenhofer b, Jock Robey c, Stephan Kurszlaukis d a DiaKim Consulting Limited, Mayfield, Wells Road, Wookey Hole Wells, Somerset, BA5 1DN, United Kingdom b De Beers Group Services (Pty) Limited, Mineral Resource Management, P.O. Box 82851, Southdale, 2135, South Africa c De Beers Group Services, PO Box 47, Kimberley, South Africa d De Beers Canada Inc. 65 Overlea Boulevard, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Following the discovery of diamonds in river deposits in central South Africa in the mid nineteenth century, it Received 21 November 2006 was at Kimberley where the volcanic origin of diamonds was first recognized. These volcanic rocks, that were Accepted 4 November 2007 named “kimberlite”, were to become the corner stone of the economic and industrial development of Available online 22 April 2008 southern Africa. Following the discoveries at Kimberley, even more valuable deposits were discovered in South Africa and Botswana in particular, but also in Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Keywords: A century of study of kimberlites, and the diamonds and other mantle-derived rocks they contain, has Diamond Kimberlite furthered the understanding of the processes that occurred within the sub-continental lithosphere and in Diatreme particular the formation of diamonds. The formation of kimberlite-hosted diamond deposits is a long-lived Pipe and complex series of processes that first involved the growth of diamonds in the mantle, and later their Dyke removal and transport to the earth's surface by kimberlite magmas.
    [Show full text]