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Life and Times of Alexander I., Emperor of All the Russias

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Life and Times of Alexander I., Emperor of All the Russias 3 182202727 1220 G-L SAN OfBBO N VERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEG 3 182202727 1220 Social Sciences & Humanities Library University of California, San Diego Please Note: This item is subject to recall. Date Due 24 1998 Cl 39 (5/97) UCSD Lib. LIFE AND TIMES OF ALEXANDER I. EMPEROR OF ALL THE RUSSIAS. OF ALEXANDER I, EMPEROR OF ALL THE RUSSIAS. BY C. JOYNEVILLE. " r My rival in glor} and power." XAPOLEOX, lo%. IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL. II. LONDON : TimEY BROTHERS, 8, CATHERINE STREET, STRAND. 1875. [All riyhts i>f Translation and Reproduction are reserved.] LONDON : 8AVILL, EDWARDS AND CO., PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET, .OOVENT GARDEN. CONTENTS THE SECOND VOLUME. CHAPTER I. WAR WITH ENGLAND. in Russian and French Alliance, 1. The Russians Corfu and Italy, 6. The Poles and Napoleon, 13. Wilson's Mission, 17. Alexander's Conversations with Savary, 20. The Russians on the Danube, 20. Russia Declares War with England, 30. Napoleon's Oppressive Rule in France, 32. Death of the last Sister of Ivan VI, 36. CHAPTER II. WAR WITH SWEDEN AND TURKEY, AND THE MEETING AT ERFURT. Gustavus IV., 37. The Russian Army Enters Finland, 40. Spanish Affairs, 42. French Evasions of the Treaty of Tilsit, 46. Caulain- court, 46. A Gay Winter, 47. Death of the Infant Grand Duchess, 48. Madame Narishkin, 49. The Empress, 50. Humi- liation of Germany, 55. Alexander and Napoleon at Erfurt, 59. Visit of the King and Queen of Prussia to Russia, 74. Alex- ander Annexes Finland to Russia, 76. The Austrian War, 83. Napoleon's Divorce, 88. Alexander and Czartoriski, 89. Poland, 97. CHAPTER III. PREPARATIONS FOR WAR BETWEEN FRANCE AND RUSSIA. The New Council of State, 100. Wallachia and Moldavia, 106. Na- poleon's Aggressions, 112. Letters, 113. Napoleon's Reasons vi Contents. for the War, 115. Alexander thrown from his Horse, 125. at Tchichagof, 128. Treaty of Bucharest, 132. The Plague 141. Odessa, 133. Speranski'a Disgrace, 136. Letters on Poland, Wellington, 148. Napoleon at Dresden, 150. Narbonne's lieport, 152. Strength of Europe arrayed against Russia, 152. CHAPTER IV. THE FRENCH CAMPAIGN IN RUSSIA. Alexander at Yilna, 155. The French Cross the Niemen, 157. Alexander's last Letter to Napoleon, 158. The Russian Army, 159. French want of Forage, 162. Alexander visits Moscow, 166. Enthusiasm of its People, 167. Peace with England, 170. Alexander goes to Abo, 170. Kutuzov, 172. Aifairs of Turkey, 180. England thwarts the Russian Scheme for a Diversion in Italy, 181. Alexander refuses to dismiss Romanzov, 185. The Grand Duke Nicholas, 187. Madame de Stael, 188. Battle of Borodino, 191. Moscow burnt by its Inhabitants, 199. Receipt of the News in St. Petersburg, 201. Letters from Alexander and Kutuzov, 201. The Empress-Mother, 207. Russian Successes, 210. Napoleon's Letter to Alexander, 211. Kutuzov's Policy, 214. The French leave Moscow, 218. Disorders there, 219. Rostopchine, 219. Effects of the Burning of Moscow, 221. CHAPTER V. THE FRENCH RETREAT AND THE RUSSIAN PURSUIT. Alexander's Plan for the Campaign, 222. War with Persia, 224. State of Poland, 225. The Russians compel the French to retreat by their old Route, 227. Battle of Viazma, 226. Famine in the French Army, 227. Their Losses falsely attributed to the Cold, 227. Battle of Krasnoe, 229. The Passage of the Beresina, 231. Napoleon Leaves his Army, 232. Its Sufferings, 235. Alexander arrives at Vilna, 237. His Kindness to the Sick and Wounded, 238. Death of his Brother-in-Law, 238. He crosses the Niemen, 240. Yorck's Convention, 241. Warsaw Capitulates, 243. The Russian Progress in Germany, 245. Alexander's Proclamation, 245. The Treaty of Kalisch, 247. Letters from Alexander and 249. The Czartoriski, Poles, 250. Bernadotte's Insincerity to the Allies, 254. Alexander enters Dresden, 258. Battle of Lutzen, 261. Bautzen, 265. An Armistice, 265. Contents. vii CHAPTER VI. THE CAMPAIGNS OF DRESDEN AND LEIPSIC. Agreement between England, Russia, and Prussia, 277. Alexander meets Francis, 277. The Congress of Prague, 278. Alexander's Religious Impressions, 281, Exaggerated Estimate of the Allied Strength, 287. Davoust, 289. Bernadotte, 289. Moreau, 290. Schwartzenberg, 292. Jomini, 295. Battle of Dresden, 299. Kulm, 304. Katzbach, 313. Alexander receives the Order of the Garter, 314. Czernichef takes Cassel, 315. Yermalof, 325. Napoleon's Flight, 329. Alexander maintains order in Leipsic, 331. His Courtesy, 331. The French cross the Rhine, 337. He Visits his Wife's Relations, 334. Crosses the Rhine, 345. LIFE AND TIMES OF ALEXANDEE L, EMPEROR OF ALL THE RUSSIAS. CHAPTER I. 1807. WAR WITH ENGLAND. M1&.1. 29. pride of England is gratified by the common saying THEthat during her long war with France she, with a population of fifteen millions, was opposed to the master of French historians Europe ; and many go further, and call Napoleon the master of the world. But in reality he had influence in Russia the time no more during he was her ally, than England possessed in the dominions of Napoleon III. Russia was no more subservient to the French conqueror than England was to France during the Crimean war, and her press never lent its pens in those days to a fulsome adulation of its ally. The brothers of Napoleon were seated on the thrones of Holland, Naples, and Westphalia, the last kingdom being formed out of the ceded dominions of partly Prussia ; and a gay young sailor speaking Corsican French, but not a word of German, was enthroned among the potentates of the Father- if he had land ; but Alexander, chosen, might have seated his brothers on the thrones of Sweden, Roumania, and Poland. The diplomatic correspondence between the two Eastern and Western Empires from the close of 1807 to 1812, was on the side of Russia a constant protest against the continual French evasions of the treaty of Tilsit; and on Napoleon's VOL. H. B War with England. side perpetual excuses and endeavours to soothe the growing irritation of his ally. Russia kept the promise she had rashly when she would her made, thought England accept mediation ; and on the utter refusal of the cabinet of Great Britain to entertain any terms of peace, she declared war. This neces- sitated a line of policy in common with the French Govern- ment, but otherwise Alexander pursued his own course, and refused to accept any officious suggestions on the internal control of his dominions. The conciliation was all on the side of France, who felt it of the utmost importance to keep Alexander in good temper and at peace, whilst she was embarrassed with the war but the Spanish ; independent attitude Russia preserved was most galling to Napoleon, who, while using the softest words, still evidently cherished great jealousy of the only sovereign on the Continent whom he had not subdued. He wished to make France the supreme in but he could not effect this " authority Europe ; except by driving back Russia/' as he expressed it, "into Asia." Austerlitz and Friedland, his only real victories over the Russtans, had cost him more than many a defeat. In both the Russians had retreated in good order, and halted within sight of the French, who were not in a condition to pursue felt that he still had to his them ; and he prove superiority to the empire of the Czar. At the same time the Russians battles and the burned to revenge those two ; nobility thought their sovereign demeaned himself by acknowledging a low-born Corsican as a brother monarch. This feeling was encouraged by the English agents and merchants in Russia, the last of whom suffered severely from the rupture of commercial inter- course between the two nations. The enormous price, and at last total deficiency of sugar and every other English colonial produce was felt by all classes, particularly the Russian nobles, in and the whose tables were sumptuous the extreme ; French emigrant nobility had influence in the society of St. Peters- burg, which contained a curious variety of refugees from all in parts of Europe, who could only repose in safety England or under the strong wing of Russia. Those who urged peace, such as Budberg and Benningsen, foretold that it could not had time to collect her last a twelvemonth ; Russia required resources, and to suppress the rising hopes of the Poles, and War with England. then the two nations would go to war again, and fight till one or the other was utterly crushed. When the French news- papers containing the false accounts of the fraternization of the French and Russian soldiers were received by the Russian after the officers contradicted them and army Tilsit, eagerly ; the King of Prussia complained that Napoleon, as if to insult him, had also had the audacity to assert the same untruth in his presence. Everj'thing combined from the very first to show that the peace could be nothing but a long truce. Although Alexander admired the institutions of England and the character of the English, he maintained that France was Russia's natural ally. Circumstances had brought him into alliance with England, and the bad faith of an ephemeral French Government had brought him into opposition with France; but the French had no real interests which need clash with those of Russia, so long as each kept to her proper limits. She had no fleet, and more commerce on land than on sea, while Russia aspired to be a naval power and had a considerable maritime trade. But though Russia possessed an immense tract in Asia before England had owned a foot of land in the East, there were already shadows of the un- easiness in those quarters which might arise between the two nations.
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