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Judith Kalik Movable Inn the Rural Jewish Population of Minsk Guberniya from 1793 to 1914

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Judith Kalik Movable Inn the Rural Jewish Population of Minsk Guberniya from 1793 to 1914 Judith Kalik Movable Inn The Rural Jewish Population of Minsk Guberniya from 1793 to 1914 Judith Kalik Movable Inn The Rural Jewish Population of Minsk Guberniya from 1793 to 1914 Managing Editor: Katarzyna Michalak Associate Editor: Irena Vladimirsky Language Editors: Yehudah Gershon and Adam Tod Leverton ISBN: 978-3-11-057601-6 e-ISBN: 978-3-11-057609-2 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. © 2018 Judith Kalik Published by De Gruyter Poland Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Managing Editor: Katarzyna Michalak Associate Editor: Irena Vladimirsky Language Editors: Yehudah Gershon and Adam Tod Leverton www.degruyter.com Cover illustration: © Sergei Sergachev Contents Acknowledgements VII Introduction 1 1 Historical Background 11 1.1 The Pre-Mongol Age: The Canaanite Jews 11 1.2 Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Ashkenazi Jewish Settlement 14 1.3 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Ruralization of the Jewish Population 21 1.4 The Age of the Partitions: “Reform of the Jews” 30 1.5 Jewish Experience in Russia during the Pre-Partition Age (1654-1772) 33 2 The Legal Position of Rural Jews in the Russian Empire 35 3 The Demographics and Geographic Distribution of Rural Jews 51 3.1 District of Bobruisk 54 3.2 The District of Borisov 55 3.3 The District of Igumen 56 3.4 The District of Minsk 57 3.5 The District of Mozyr’ 58 3.6 The District of Pinsk 58 3.7 The District of Rechitsa 60 3.8 The District of Sluck 60 Appendix 1: Tables to Chapter 3 62 4 Lords and Masters 132 4.1 Polish-Lithuanian Magnates 133 4.2 The Local Szlachta 138 4.3 Russian Dignitaries 138 4.4 Non-Noble Gentry (Merchants) 139 4.5 Ecclesiastic Institutions 140 4.6 Public Institutions (Imperial Estates, Treasury Lands and Municipal Lands) 141 Appendix 2: Tables to Chapter 4 144 5 Occupational Structure 164 6 Family Structure 178 7 Communal Organization 183 Appendix 3: Tables to Chapter 7 188 8 Cultural and Religious Life 194 9 Jewish Farmers 199 10 The Construction of Railways and the Decline of the Propination System 206 11 Genealogical Perspectives 212 12 Conclusions 217 13 Appendix 4: Maps 220 Abbreviations 230 Bibliography 231 List of Figures 246 List of Tables 247 Index 248 Acknowledgements The expression “movable inn” (v peredvizhnoi karchme, whatever it exactly means) as attested in one of the sources used for this study, seems to me a good metaphor for the living conditions of rural Jews in the Russian Empire. Rural Jews were officially labelled by the Russian authorities as “unsettled burghers” (neosedlyye meshchane). They were constantly on the move from town to village and from village to town. A Sword of Damocles hung ominously over their necks because of the almost constant threat of evection from rural areas. Not for nothing is the most valuable source for the rural Jewish population of Minsk Guberniya to be found in shape of the eviction lists composed in 1808. East European rural Jews carried in their hearts this metaphoric “movable inn” everywhere they went. Their descendants, who were interested in the rural roots of their ancestors, found to their astonishment that research on Russian rural Jews is practically non-existent. This situation triggered this research project through the initiative and financial backing of the International Institute for Jewish Genealogy in Jerusalem. The present study is a result of three years of research. The preliminary results of this work were presented for the 16th World Congress of Jewish Studies held in Jerusalem in 2013 in a lecture entitled “Village Jews in 19th Century Minsk Guberniya”, and its text was published in the International Review of Jewish Genealogy Avoteynu in the same year.1 The International Institute for Jewish Genealogy in Jerusalem has been closely associated with this study and I would like to express my appreciation of it and of its officers. Firstly, I must thank Dr Neville Lamdan, the Institute’s Chairman, who proposed the subject of my research. He published a seminal article on the topic in 2011.2 Next, I must thank the Institute itself and its director Ami Elyasaf, which in seeing an opportunity to move the field of Jewish genealogy to regional and local levels, extended its sponsorship to my project. I must also thank two Board members of the Institute, Mr. Harvey Krueger of New York and Dr Penny Rubinoff of Toronto, who generously supported the endeavour. Finally, I must thank Prof. Shaul Stampfer of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem who, as a member of the Institute’s Academic Committee, took constant interest in my work and was available for consultation at all times. I thank them all. I wish to thank also my husband Dr Alexander Uchitel, who travelled to Minsk in cold February 2013 on my behalf to copy the eviction lists of 1808 and some other archival materials, as well as our Belarusian colleague Nataliya Polak, who assisted 1 Kalik, Judith, “Researching the Rural Jewish Population of Minsk Guberniya, 1795-1914”, Avotaynu 29, 2013, pp. 47-49. 2 Lamdan, Neville, “Village Jews in Imperial Russia’s Nineteenth-Century Minsk Governate, Viewed through a Genealogical Lens”, National Genealogical Society Quarterly 99, 2011, pp. 133-44. VIII Acknowledgements him in technical aspects of his stay in Minsk. I am grateful to the director of the National Historical Archives of Belarus, Prof. Dmitry Yatsevich, for permission to work in the archive, and to all workers of the Reading Room for their assistance. During my research journey to St. Petersburg in October 2014, where I copied lists of voters to the State Duma in 1907, I was assisted by devoted workers of the reading room of the Russian National Library. Likewise, I wish to thank workers of the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People in Jerusalem, where I found lists of rural Jews in the estates of Prince Ludwig von Wittgenstein from 1848 and 1852. I wish to thank Prof. Sergei Sergachev of the Belarusian National Technical University for his kind permission to use his drawings of Belarusian inns as illustrations. Last, but not least, I would like to thank my beloved children Leah, Esther, Ephraim, Raya, and Miriam for their indulgence of a writing mother. Judith Kalik Jerusalem, 18 Kislev 5776 Introduction Although Jews are typically viewed as urban dwellers, there existed a considerable rural Jewish population from the very beginning of their settlement in Eastern Europe until the end of the 19th century. The presence of a large Jewish population in villages, as distinct from their residence in cities and small towns (“shtetls”), was, in fact, one of the most distinctive features of east European Jewry from the 12th century to the Second World War. The first Jews, who arrived on Polish soil in the late 12th – early 13th centuries, were, surprisingly, farmers living in at least three Silesian villages: Mały Tyniec,3 Sokolniki4 (both near Wrocław), and Bytom5 near Katowice. The first two villages are said to have “belonged to the Jews”, whatever that exactly means, while the Jewish inhabitants of Bytom actually tilled castle lands.6 The very existence of Jewish farmers is recorded in the early Middle Ages, but mostly in south-eastern France rather than in Germany.7 Since the very notion of “village” had not yet stabilized in the 12th century, it is possible that the Jewish “owners” of Silesian villages were simply the first settlers of several farmsteads, a situation not unique to Silesia, as shown in the following example. Podiva, a Jewish founder of a village Slivnice in Moravia in 11th century is also mentioned in Cosmas’s “Bohemian Chronicle”.8 It is possible also that at least in Sokolniki the owners of the village were falconers, since the name of this village is translated into Latin as ‘falconarii’ (falconers) in several documents. Rural Jews gradually disappeared after the Mongol invasion, when a new wave of Jewish settlers came to Poland from Germany, and these farmers are mentioned for the last time in 1301 in a village of Grzegorzów near Strzelin in Lower Silesia.9 3 Codex diplomaticus nec non epistolaris Silesiae, vol. 1, Annos 971-1204 comprehendens, ed. Karoł Maleczyński, Wrocław, 1956, No. 68, p. 158. 4 Ibid. No. 103, p. 249; No. 107, pp. 275-277; Codex diplomaticus nec non epistolaris Silesiae, vol. 2, Annos 1205-1220 comprehendens, ed. Karoł Maleczyński, Wrocław, 1959, No. 130, p. 35; No. 193, p. 185. 5 Codex diplomaticus nec non epistolaris Silesiae, vol. 3, Annos 1221-1227 comprehendens, ed. Karoł Maleczyński, Wrocław, 1964, No. 337, p. 164. 6 See Walerjański, Dariusz, „Żydzi rolnicy – nieznany epizod z dziejów Żydów śląskich w średniowieczu”, Żydzi na wsi polskiej, Sesja naukowa Szreniawa, 26-27 czerwca 2006, ed. W. Mielew- czyk and U. Siekacz, Szreniawa, 2006, pp. 12-16. 7 Toch, Michael, „Ikarim Yehudim BiYmei HaBeinaim? Khaklaut UVa’alut Yehudit ‚al Karka’ot Be- Eiropa BaMeot HaShminit HaShteim-’Esre”, Zion 75, 2010, pp. 291-311; Toch, Michael, The Economic History of European Jews. Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages, Leiden, 2013, p. 83. 8 Cosmae pragensis chronica boemorum, ed. Bertold Bretholz (Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, new series vol. 2), Berlin, 1923, 2.21 (in English: Cosmas of Prague, The Chronicle of the Czechs, transl. Lisa Wolverton, Washington DC, 2009).
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