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Home , Drymobius, Leptophis, Masticophis, Masticophis schotti, Striped whipsnake, Zamenis

304.1

REPTILIA: : SERPENTES: TAENIATUS

Catalogue of American Amphibians and . sive taxonomic work on M. taeniatus since Ortenburger (1928). Parker and Brown (1980) summarized much of the ecological lit• PARKER,WILLIAMS. 1982. Masticophis taeniatus. erature. Aspects of the biology of M. taeniatus receiving attention include phylogenetic position (Marx and Rabb, 1972; Rahb and (Hallowell) Marx, 1973), vertebral form (Johnson, 1955), costal cartilages Masticophis taeniatus (Hardaway and Williams, 1976), Duvernoy's gland (Taub, 1967), use in Hopi dance (Bogert, 1933), parasites (Woodbury and Parker, 1956), color pattern as anti-predator strategy (Jackson et taeniata Hallowell, 1852:181. Type-locality, "New al., 1976), food habits (Brooking, 1934; Fitch, 1936; La Rivers, , west of the Rio Grande," restricted to Shiprock, San 1944; Douglas, 1966; Pianka, 1970; Klauber, 1972; Tinkle, 1973; Juan County, by Smith and Taylor (1950). Ho• Nussbaum and Diller, 1976), responses to toad venom (Licht and lotype, U.S. Nat. Mus. 2110, male, collected by Dr. W. S. Low, 1968), thermal relations (Hirth and King, 1969), descriptions Woodhouse, date unknown (not examined by author). of dens in (Woodbury and Hansen, 1950; Woodbury, 1951; Leptophis taeniatus: Sitgreaves, 1853:133. Woodbury and Parker, 1956), marking techniques (Woodbury, Masticophis taeniatus: Baird and Girard, 1853:103. 1948; Brown and Parker, 1976), characteristics of populations at taeniatus: Cope, 1860:561. hibernacula in Utah (Heyrend and Call, 1951; Julian, 1951; Hirth, Bascanium taeniatum: Coues, 1875:616. 1966b; Hirth and King, 1968; Parker and Brown, 1973; Parker, Coluber taeniatus: Garman, 1883:46. 1976), movements (Hirth, 1966a; Hirth et al., 1969), reproduction Bascanion taeniatus: Dumeril and Bocourt, 1886:703. (Fitch, 1970; Parker and Brown, 1972; Goldberg and Parker, 1975; Bascanion taeniatum: Stejneger, 1893:210. Pianka and Parker, 1975), mating behavior (Bennion and Parker, taeniatus: Boulenger, 1893:390. 1976), niche dimensions (Brown and Parker, 1982), and life his• tory and demography (Parker and Brown, 1980). • CONTENT. Five are recognized: australis, gir• ardi, ruthveni, schotti, and taeniatus . • ETYMOLOGY.The name taeniatus (Greek) refers to the band • DEFINITION. Masticophis taeniatus is a whipsnake with 15 or ribbon-like striped pattern; australis (Latin) to the geographic distribution at the southern end of the range; girardi to dorsal scale rows on the anterior portion of the body, 8 suprala• Charles Girard; ruthveni to Alexander G. Ruthven; and schotti bials, and a uniformly dark adult and juvenile ground color rang• ing from browns to grays and blacks. One or more pale longitu• to Arthur Schott, collector of the type specimen and member of dinal stripes occur along the sides. the U.S. and Mexican Boundary Survey. • DESCRIPTIONS. Masticophis taeniatus was thoroughly de• I. Masticophis taeniatus taeniatus scribed by Ortenburger (1928). Descriptions of one or more sub• species are in Cope (1900), Brown (1901), Gloyd and Conant (1934), (Hallowell) Ditmars (1939), Smith (1941), Wright and Wright (1957), and Con• ant (1975). See also Garman (1883), Van Denburgh (1922), Schmidt Leptophis taeniata Hallowell, 1852:181. See species account. and Davis (1941), Stebbins (1954, 1966), and Fowlie (1965). Bascanium taeniatum laterale: Yarrow, 1875:543 (part). Zamenis taeniatus taeniatus: Brown, 1901:62. • ILLUSTRATIONS.Black-and-white drawings or photographs of the various subspecies are in Baird (1859), VanDenburgh (1897), Ditmars (1907, 1936), Wright and Wright (1931), and most ref• j"-:"-"-U_"_U_"_• I erences under "Descriptions." Color illustrations of M. t. taen• I . iatus are in Schmidt and Inger (1957), Wauer (1964), Stebbins I. :•l (1966), Shaw and Campbell (1974), and Behler and King (1979). \ -; Color illustrations of M. t. girardi, M. t. ruthveni, and M. t. -.-\ !,., schotti are in Conant (1975). Baker et al. (1972) illustrated the i J:.j-.-.-. ) ? Q karyotype; Ortenburger (1923, 1928) the hemipenes; Ruthven and I Gaige (1915), Gloyd and Conant (1934), and Lowe (1964) selected ! habitats; and Woodbury (1964) a den site in Utah. '1 '-'-'-'-'-'-j • DISTRIBUTION. Masticophis taeniatus occurs in warm, arid j.-.-.-.-.-.- grassland, woodland, montane, and desert habitats in western North America from southeastern southeastward across parts of Idaho, , Utah, Nevada, eastern , northern Arizona, western New Mexico, and southern , _._._._.-!~.~::-._._.-.- thence southeastward into Mexico to Tamaulipas through the 1 - I Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, ! Hidalgo, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, and Zacate• I l.,...... "."... cas. Range maps for the species are given in Ortenburger (1928), I Stebbins (1954, 1966), Shaw and Campbell (1974), and Morafka I (1977). Additional sources for locality and habitat records are as follows: Arizona--Aitchison and Tomko (1974), Jones, Abbas, and Bergstedt (1981); California-Johnson et al. (1948), Turner and Wauer (1963), Brown (1972); Colorad«r-Smith et al. (1965), Doug• las (1966), Holland (1977); Idahl>-Slater (1941b), Tanner (1941); Nevada--Linsdale (1940), Banta (1965),Bradley and Deacon (1966); New Mexicl>-Little and Keller (1937), Lewis (1950), Dean and Stock (1961), Bogert and Degenhardt (1961), Gehlbach (1956, 1965); Oregon-Gordon (1939), Anderson and Slater (1941); Texas-Raun (1966), Raun and Gehlbach (1972), Lewis (1974), Karges (1978, 1981); Utah-Ruthven (1932), Hayward et al. (1958), Tanner and Banta (1966); Washington-Slater (1941a, 1963), Svihla (1955); Mexicl>-Smith and Taylor (1945), Smith and Smith (1973, 1976), Van Devender and Lowe (1977). 600, MI. r ,...... • FOSSIL RECORD. Pleistocene fossils of M. flagellum or M. o 200 400 600 800 KM. taeniatus are known from Texas (Hill, 1971; Holman, 1966, 1969), and Late Pleistocene-Recent fossils of M. taeniatus from Gyp• sum Cave, Clark County, Nevada (Brattstrom, 1954). MAP. Solid circles mark type-localities; open circles indicate other records. Star marks Late Pleistocene-Recent fossil lo• • PERTINENTLITERATURE. There has been no comprehen- cality. 304.2

Coluber taeniatus taeniatus: Stejneger and Barbour, 1917:80. of the neck. A lateral stripe on scale row 4 is pale green-yellow. Masticophis taeniatus taeniatus: Ortenburger, 1923:2. The venter is pale blue to pale salmon with bluish gray stippling at mid-body. Underside of tail is coral pink. Head plates are not • DEFINITION. A subspecies with a black, dark brown, or edged with white. gray dorsum. A cream or white lateral stripe on each side is bisected by a black line. Additional longitudinal black lines occur COMMENT along the lower sides. The belly is yellowish, grading to white This species is in need of a thorough re-analysis like that anteriorly and coral pink posteriorly. Head plates are edged with done for M. flagellum by Wilson (1970). Areas of intergradation white. between subspecies need to be more precisely defined. LITERATURECITED 2. Masticophis taeniatus australis Smith Aitchison, Stewart W., and Dennis S. Tomko. 1974. Amphib• ians and reptiles of Flagstaff, Arizona. Plateau 47(1):18-25. Masticophis taeniatus australis Smith, 1941:390. Type-locality, Anderson, Oscar I., and James R. Slater. 1941. Life zone dis• "Guanajuato," Guanajuato, Mexico. Holotype, U.S. Nat. Mus. tribution of the Oregon reptiles. Occas. Pap. Dept. BioI. Univ. 10240, juvenile female, collected by Alfredo Duges in 1879 Puget Sound (15):109-119. (not examined by author). Bailey, V. 1905. Report on the biological survey collection of • DEFINITION. A subspecies with a brown dorsum and a white and from Texas. N. Amer. Fauna 24:38-51. stripe laterally on scale rows 3 and 4. The venter is white, lacking Baird, Spencer F. 1859. Report on reptiles collected on the dark marks. Head plates are not edged with white. survey. In Reports of explorations and surveys ... for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Vol. 10. Report ... route, from the Sacramento Valley to the 3. Masticophis taeniatus girardi Columbia River ... Lieut. R. S. Williamson ... , part (Stejneger and Barbour) 4(4):9-13. -, and Charles Girard. 1853. Catalogue of North American Masticophis omatus Baird and Girard, 1853:102. Type-locality, reptiles in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, Part between San Antonio and El Paso, Texas; restricted to Fort I. Serpents. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 2(5):xvi + 172. Davis, Jeff Davis County by Smith and Taylor (1950). Holo• Baker, Robert J., Greg A. Mengden, and James J. Bull. 1972. type, U.S. Nat. Mus. 1971, skin, collected by J. D. Graham, Karyotypic studies of thirty-eight species of North American date unknown (not examined by author). snakes. Copeia 1972(2):257-265. Bascanium taeniatum omatum: Cope, 1875:40. Banta, Benjamin H. 1965. An annotated chronological bibli• Coluber omatus: Garman, 1887:8. ography of the herpetology of the state of Nevada. Wasmann Bascanium omatum: Cope, 1891:629. 1. BioI. 23(1-2):1-224. Zamenis omatus: Gunther, 1894:122. Behler, John L., and F. Wayrie King. 1979. The Audubon So• Zamenis taeniatus omatus: Brown, 1903:549. ciety field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Bascanion omatum: Bailey, 1905:28. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 p. Coluber taeniatus girardi: Stejneger and Barbour, 1917:89. Sub• Bennion, Robert S., and William S. Parker. 1976. Field ob• stitute name to make C. t. omatus a junior secondary hom• servations on courtship and aggressive behavior in desert onym of Coluber omatus Shaw, 1802 (see Smith and Taylor, striped whipsnakes, Masticophis t. taeniatus. Herpetologica 1945; Smith et al., 1963). 32(1):30-35. Masticophis taeniatus girardi: Ortenburger, 1923:2. Bogert, Charles M. 1933. Notes on the snake dance of the Hopi Masticophis taeniatus omatus: Schmidt and Smith, 1944:90. Indians. Copeia 1933(4):219-221. -, and William G. Degenhardt. 1961. An addition to the fauna • DEFINITION. A subspecies with a satiny black, dull purplish of the , the Chihuahua ridge-nosed black, or reddish brown dorsum. Pale stripes occur laterally on in New Mexico. Amer. Mus. Novitates (2064):1-15. scale rows 3 to 5, but are interrupted along the length of the body Boulenger, George Albert. 1893. Catalogue of the snakes in the in up to 8 or 9 places. The belly is gray or slate, with dark spots British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 1. London. xiii + 448 on the edges of the ventrals. Underside of the tail is coral red. p. Head plates are edged with white. Bradley, W. Glen, and James E. Deacon. 1966. Amphibian and records for southern Nevada. Southwest. Natur. 11(1):132-134. 4. Masticophis taeniatus ruthveni Brattstrom, Bayard H. 1954. Amphibians and reptiles from Ortenburger Gypsum Cave, Nevada. Bull. S. California Acad. Sci. 53(1):8-12. Masticophis ruthveni Ortenburger, 1923:2. Type-locality, Brooking, Walter 1. 1934. Some reptiles and amphibians from Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas. Holotype, Univ. Mich• Malheur County, in eastern Oregon. Copeia 1934(1):93-95. igan 57681, male, collected by A. I. Ortenburger, date un• Brown, Arthur E. 1901. A review of the genera and species of known (not examined by author). American snakes north of Mexico. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci. Coluber ruthveni: Stejneger and Barbour, 1923:88. Philadelphia 53:10-110. Masticophis taeniatus ruthveni: Gloyd and Conant, 1934:4. - 1903. Texas reptiles and their faunal relations. Ibid. 55:543-558. • DEFINITION. A subspecies with an olive black, slate olive, Brown, Timothy W. 1972. A new record of the desert striped or grayish olive dorsum. Striping is reduced, with only a faint whipsnake (Masticophis taeniatus taeniatus) from the Prov• pale stripe laterally on scale rows 3 and 4. Belly color changes idence Mountains region of San Bernardino County, Califor• from bright yellow anteriorly to bluish-gray or olive at mid-body, nia. Herpetol. Rev. 4(5):172. pink posteriorly, and bright red on the t!lil. Head plates are not Brown, William S., and William S. Parker. 1976. A ventral edged with white. scale clipping system for permanently marking snakes (Rep• tilia, Serpentes). J. Herpetol. 10(3):247-249. 5. Masticophis taeniatus schotti -, and - 1982. Niche dimensions and resource partitioning Baird and Girard in a Desert snake community. In N. 1. Scott (ed.), Herpetological communities. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Wildl. Res. Report No. 13. Baird and Girard, 1853:160. Type-locality, Conant, Roger. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians Eagle Pass, Maverick County, Texas. Holotype, U.S. Nat. of eastern and central North America. Second edition. Mus. 1972, male, collected by A. Schott, date unknown (not Houghton-Mifflin Co., Boston. xviii + 429 p. examined by author). Cope, E. D. 1860 (1861). Catalogue of the Colubridae in the Bascanium schottii: Cope, 1891:629. museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel• Zamenis schottii: (part) Cope, 1900:811. phia. III. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci. Philadelphia 12:553-566. Coluber schotti: (part) Stejneger and Barbour, 1917:80. 1875. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia; Masticophis taeniatus schotti: Gloyd and Conant, 1934:5. with a systematic list of the higher groups, and an essay on • DEFINITION. A subspecies with glaucous gray, green-blue geographic distribution. Based on the specimens contained gray or olive-wood brown dorsally and reddish-orange on the sides in the U.S. National Mus~um. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. (1):1-104. 304.3

1891. A critical review of the characters and variations of -, R. C. Pendleton, A. C. King, and T. R. Downard. 1969. the snakes of North America. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Dispersal of snakes from a hibernaculum in northwestern 14:589-694. Utah. Ecology 50(2):332-339. 1900. The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of North Amer• Holland, Richard L. 1977. Geographic distribution: Mastico• ica. Rept. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1898:153-1294. phis taeniatus taeniatus. Herpetol. Rev. 8(1):13. Coues, Elliott. 1875. Synopsis of the reptiles and batrachians Holman, J. Alan. 1966. The Pleistocene herpetofauna of Mil• of Arizona; with critical and field notes, and an extensive ler's Cave, Texas. Texas J. Sci. 18(4):372-377. synonymy, p. 585-633. In Report upon geographical and geo• - 1969. The Pleistocene amphibians and reptiles of Texas. logical explorations and surveys west of the one hundredth Publ. Mus. Michigan St. Univ. BioI. Ser. 4(5):161-192. meridian ... Vol. 5, Zoology. Govt. Printing Office, Wash• Jackson, James F., William Ingram III, and Howard W. Camp• ington, D.C. bell. 1976. The dorsal pigmentation pattern of snakes as Dean, Nowlan K., and A. Dean Stock. 1961. Amphibians and an antipredator strategy: a multivariate approach. Amer. reptiles of the Navajo Reservoir Basin. Univ. Utah Anthrop. Natur. 110(976):1029-1053. Pap. No. 55, Upper Colo. Ser. No. 5:123-127. Johnson, David H., Monroe D. Bryant, and Alden H. Miller. Ditmars, Raymond L. 1907. The reptile book. Doubleday, Page 1948. Vertebrate of the Providence Mountains area and Co., New York. ii + 472 p. of California. Univ. California Publ. Zool. 48(5):221-376. 1936. The reptiles of North America. Doubleday, Doran, Johnson, Ralph Gordon. 1955. The adaptive and phylogenetic and Co., Garden City, New York. xvi + 476 p. significance of vertebral form in snakes. Evolution 9:367-388. 1939. A field book of North American snakes. Doubleday, Jones, Kenneth B., Dan R. Abbas, and Terry Bergstedt. 1981. Doran, and Co., Garden City, New York. xii + 305 p. Herpetological records from central and northeastern Ari• Douglas, Charles L. 1966. Amphibians and reptiles of Mesa zona. Herpetol. Rev. 12(1):16. Verde National Park, Colorado. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Julian, Gordon. 1951. Sex ratios of the winter population. Her• Natur. Hist. 15(5):711-744. petologica 7(1):21-24. Dumeril, Andre Marie Constant, and M.-F. Bocourt. 1886. In Karges, John P. 1978. Texas amphibians and reptiles: some A. Dumeril, M.-F. Bocourt, and F. Mocquard, Etudes sur new distributional records, part 1. Herpetol. Rev. les reptiles. In Recherches zoologiques pour servir a I'his• 9(4):143-145. toire de la fauna de l'Amerique Centrale et du Mexique. - 1981. Texas amphibians and reptiles: some new distribu• Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans l' Amerique Cen• tional records, part III. Ibid. 12(2):68-69. trale, recherches zool., part 3, sect. 1. Imprimerie Nat., Paris. Klauber, Laurence M. 1972. . Their habits, life xiv + 1012 p. (1870-1909). histories, and influence on mankind. 2nd ed. Univ. California Fitch, Henry S. 1936. Amphibians and reptiles of the Rogue Press, Berkeley, 2 vols. xxx + 1533 p. River Basin, Oregon. Amer. Midland Natur. 17(3):634-652. La Rivers, Ira. 1944. Observations on the nesting mortality of - 1970. Reproductive cycles in lizards and snakes. Univ. Kan• the Brewer blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus. Amer. Mid• sas Mus. Natur. Hist. Misc. Publ. (52):1-247. land Natur. 32(2):417-437. Fowlie, Jack A. 1965. The snakes of Arizona. Azul Quinta Lewis, Michael Ray. 1974. Recent county records and range Press, Fallbrook, California. Iv + 164 p. extensions from southcentral Texas. Herpetol. Rev. 5(1):21. Garman, Samuel W. 1883 (1884). The reptiles and batrachians Lewis, Thomas H. 1950. The herpetofauna of the Tularosa of North America, Part 1, Ophidia. Mem. Mus. Compo Zool. Basin and Organ Mountains of New Mexico with notes on 8(3):xxxi + 185 p. some ecological features of the Chihuahuan Desert. Herpe• - 1887. Reptiles and batrachians from Texas and Mexico. tologica 6(1):1-10. Bull. Essex Inst. 19:1-20. Licht, Lawrence E., and B. Low. 1968. Cardiac response of Gehlbach, Frederick R. 1956. Annotated records of south• snakes after ingestion of toad parotoid venom. Copeia western amphibians and reptiles. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 1968(3):547-551. 59(3):364-372. Linsdale, Jean M. 1940. Amphibians and reptiles in Nevada. - 1965. Herpetology of the Zulli Mountains region, north• Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 73(8):197-257. western New Mexico. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Little, Elbert L., Jr., and John G. Keller. 1937. Amphibians 116(3505):243-332. and reptiles of the Jornada Experimental Range, New Mex• Gloyd, Howard K., and Roger Conant. 1934. The taxonomic ico. Copeia 1937(4):216-222. status, range, and natural history of Schott's racer. Occas. Lowe, Charles H., Jr. 1964. Arizona landscapes and habitats, Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan (287):1-17. pp. 1-136. In C. H. Lowe (00.), The vertebrates of Arizona. Goldberg, Stephen R., and William S. Parker. 1975. Seasonal Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson. vii + 259 p. testicular histology of the colubrid snakes, Masticophis taen• Marx, Hymen, and George B. Rabb. 1972. Phyletic analysis of iatus and Pituophis melanoleucus. Herpetologica fifty characters of advanced snakes. Fieldiana Zool. 31(3):317-322. 63:viii + 321. Gordon, Kenneth. 1939. The Amphibia and Reptilia of Oregon. Morafka, David J. 1977. A biogeographical analysis of the Chi• Oregon State Monogr. Stud. Zool. (1):1-82. huahuan Desert through its herpetofauna. Biogeographica Giinther, Albert C. L. G. 1885-1902 (1894). Reptilia and Ba• 9:viii + 313 p. trachia, p. xx + 326. In F. D. Godman and O. Salvin, Bio• Nussbaum, Ronald A., and L. V. Diller. 1976. The life history logia Centrali-Americana. Dulau and Co., London. of the side-blotched , Uta stansburiana Baird and Gir• Hallowell, Edward. 1852. Descriptions of new species of rep• ard, in north-central Oregon. Northwest Sci. 50(4):243-260. tiles inhabiting North America. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci. Ortenburger, Arthur I. 1923. A note on the genera Coluber and Philadelphia 6:177-182. Masticophis, and a description of a new species of Masti• Hardaway, Thomas E., and Kenneth L. Williams. 1976. Costal cophis. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan (139):1-14. cartilages in snakes and their phylogenetic significance. Her• - 1928. The whip snakes and racers: genera Masticophis and petologica 32(4):378-387. Coluber. Mem. Univ. Michigan Mus. l:viii + 247 p. Hayward, C. Lynn, Elden Beck, and Wilmer W. Tanner. 1958. Parker, William S. 1976. Population estimates, age structure, Zoology of the Upper Colorado River Basin. I. The biotic and denning habits of whipsnakes, Masticophis t. taeniatus, communities. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. 1(3):1-74. in a northern Utah Atriplex-Sarcobatus community. Herpe• Heyrend, F. L., and A. Call. 1951. Growth and age in western tologica 32(1):53-57. striped racer and Great Basin rattlesnake. Herpetologica -, and William S. Brown. 1972. Telemetric study of move• 7(1):28-40. ments and oviposition of two female Masticophis t. taeniatus. Hill, William H. 1971. Pleistocene snakes from a cave in Ken• Copeia 1972(4):892-895. dall County, Texas. Texas J. Sci. 22(2-3):209-216. -, and - 1973. Species composition and population changes Hirth, Harold F. 1966a. The ability of two species of snakes to in two complexes of snake hibernacula in northern Utah. return to a hibernaculum after displacement. Southwest. Herpetologica 28(4):319-326. Natur. 11(1):49-53. -, and - 1980. Comparative ecology of two colubrid snakes, - 1966b. Weight changes and mortality of three species of Masticophis t. taeniatus and Pituophis melanoleucus deser• snakes during hibernation. Herpetologica 22(1):8-12. ticola, in northern Utah. Milwaukee Public Mus. Publ. BioI. -, and Arthur C. King. 1968. Biomass densities of snakes in Geol. 7:1-104. the cold desert of Utah. Herpetologica 24(4):333-335. Pianka, Eric R. 1970. Comparative autecology of the lizard -, and - 1969. Body temperatures of snakes in different sea• Cnemidophorus tigris in different parts of its geographic range. sons. J. Herpetol. 3(1-2):101-102. Ecology 51(4):702-720. 304.4

-, and William S. Parker. 1975. Age-specific reproductive amphibians and reptiles. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, tactics. Amer. Natur. 109:453-464. Massachusetts. iv + 5-125 p. Rabb, George B., and Hymen Marx. 1973. Major ecological -, and - 1923. A check list of North American amphibians and geographic patterns in the evolution of colubroid snakes. and reptiles. Second edition. Harvard Univ. Press, Cam• Evolution 27(1):69-83. bridge, Massachusetts. x + 171 p. Raun, Gerald G. 1966. The distribution of whipsnakes (Mas• Svihla, Arthur. 1955. Status of the striped racer Masticophis ticophis taeniatus) in Texas. Texas 1. Sci. 18(2):226-227. taeniatus taeniatus in Washington. Copeia 1955(1):65. -, and Frederick R. Gehlbach. 1972. Amphibians and reptiles Tanner, Wilmer W. 1941. The reptiles and amphibians of Ida• in Texas. Taxonomic synopsis, bibliography, and county dis• ho. No. 1. Great Basin Natur. 2(2):87-98. tribution maps. Bull. Dallas Mus. Natur. Hist. (2):ii + 61. -, and Benjamin H. Banta. 1966. A systematic review of the Ruthven, Alexander G. 1932. Notes on the amphibians and Great Basin reptiles in the collections of Brigham Young Uni• reptiles of Utah. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan versity and the University of Utah. Great Basin Natur. (243):1-4. 26(3-4):87-135. -, and Helen T. Gaige. 1915. The reptiles and amphibians Taub, Aaron M. 1967. Comparative histological studies of Du• collected in northeastern Nevada by the Walker-Newcomb vernoy's gland of colubrid snakes. Bull. Amer. Mus. Natur. expedition of the University of Michigan. Occas. Pap. Mus. Hist. 138(1):1-50. Zool. Univ. Michigan (8):1-33. Tinkle, Donald W. 1973. A population analysis of the sage• Schmidt, Karl P., and D. Dwight Davis. 1941. Field book of brush lizard, Sceloporus graciosus in southern Utah. Copeia snakes of the United States and Canada. G. P. Putnam's 1973(2):284-296. Sons, New York. 365 p. Turner, Frederick B., and Roland H. Wauer. 1963. A survey -, and Robert F. Inger. 1957. Living reptiles of the world. of the herpetofauna of the Death Valley area. Great Basin Doubleday and Co., New York. 287 p. Natur. 23(3-4):119-128. -, and T. F. Smith. 1944. Amphibians and reptiles of the Big Van Denburgh, John. 1897. The reptiles of the Pacific Coast Bend region of Texas. Field Mus. Natur. Hist. Zool. Ser. and Great Basin. Occas. Pap. California Acad. Sci. 5:1-236. 29(5):75-96. - 1922. The reptiles of western North America. Vol. 11• Shaw, Charles E., and Sheldon Campbell. 1974. Snakes of the Snakes and turtles. Ibid. (10):613-1028. American west. Alfred E. Knopf, New York. xii + 332 p. Van Devender, Thomas R., and Charles H. Lowe, Jr. 1977. Sitgreaves, Lorenzo. 1853. Report of an expedition down the Amphibians and reptiles of Yepomera, Chihuahua, Mexico. Zulli and Colorado Rivers. 32nd Congress, 2d Sess., Senate J. Herpetol. 11(1):41-50. Exec. Doc. 59. Washington, Robert Armstrong. 198 p. Wauer, Roland H. 1964. Reptiles and amphibians of Zion Na• Slater, James R. 1941a. Western striped racer in Washington. tional Park. Zion Natur. Hist. Assoc., 54 p. Occas. Pap. Dept. BioI. Univ. Puget Sound (12):74. Wilson, Larry David. 1970. The coachwhip snake, Masticophis - 1941b. The distribution of amphibians and reptiles in Idaho. flagellum (Shaw): and distribution. Tulane Stud. Ibid. (14):78-109. Zoo!. Bot. 16(2):31-99. - 1963. Distribution of Washington reptiles. Ibid. (24):212-233. Woodbury, Angus M. 1948. Marking reptiles with an electric Smith, Hobart M. 1941. Notes on Mexican snakes of the tattooing outfit. Copeia 1948(2):127-128. Masticophis. J. Washington Acad. Sci. 31(9):388-398. 1951. Symposium: A snake den in Tooele County, Utah. -, T. Paul Maslin, and Robert L. Brown. 1965. Summary of Introduction: A ten year study. Herpetologica 7(1):1-15. the distribution of the herpetofauna of Colorado. Univ. Col• 1964. Disease dissemination among biotic communities of orado Stud. Ser. BioI. (15):1-52. the Great Salt Lake Desert. Bull. Univ. Utah 55(22):1-282. -, and Rozella B. Smith. 1973. Synopsis of the herpetofauna -, and Richard M. Hansen. 1950. A snake den in Tintic Moun• of Mexico. Vol. II. Analysis of the literature exclusive of the tains, Utah. Herpetologica 6(2):66-70. Mexican axolotl. E. Lundberg, Augusta, West Virginia. -, and Dale D. Parker. 1956. A snake den in Cedar Mountains xxxiii + 367 p. and notes on snakes and parasitic mites. Herpetologica -, and - 1976. Synopsis of the herpetofauna of Mexico. Vol. 12(4):261-268. III. Source analysis and index for Mexican reptiles. John Wright, Albert H., and Anna A. Wright. 1957. Handbook of Johnson, North Bennington, Vermont. 991 p. snakes of the United States and Canada. Comstock Publ. -, and Edward H. Taylor. 1945. An annotated checklist and Assoc., Ithaca, New York. 2 vols. xxviii + 1105 p. key to the snakes of Mexico. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. Wright, Anna A., and Albert H. Wright. 1931. Some Stejneger (187):iv + 239. species photographed from life. Copeia 1931(3):84-85. -, and - 1950. Type localities of Mexican reptiles and am• Yarrow, Harry C. 1875. Report upon the collection of batra• phibians. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 33(8):313-380. chians and reptiles made in portions of Nevada, Utah, Cal• -, Kenneth L. Williams, and Edward O. Moll. 1963. Herpe• ifornia, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, during the years tological explorations on the IDo Conchos, Chihuahua, Mex• 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, p. 509-584. In Report upon geo• ico. Herpetologica 19(3):205-215. graphical and geological surveys of the one hundredth me• Stebbins, Robert C. 1954. Amphibians and reptiles of western ridian, in charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler ... Govt. North America. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. xxii + 536 Printing Office, Washington, D.C. vol. 5, Zoology. p. - 1966. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. WILLIAMS. PARKER,MISSISSIPPIUNIVERSITYFORWOMEN,CO- Houghton-Mifflin Co., Boston. xiv + 279 p. LUMBUS,MISSISSIPPI 39701. Stejneger, Leonhard. 1893. Annotated list of reptiles and ba• Primary editor for this account, Larry David Wilson. trachians collected by the Death Valley expedition in 1891, with descriptions of new species. N. Amer. Fauna (7):159-228. Published 16 September 1982 and Copyright 1982 by the -, and Thomas Barbour. 1917. A checklist of North American SOCIETYFORTHE STUDYOF AMPHIBIANSANDREPTILES.