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9781405162562_6_ind.qxd 04/02/2009 02:41PM Page 270

Index

abecedarium, 44, 55, 157, 238, 251, 255 Anu, 60, 80 Abydos, 56, 85, 104, 111, 177 Apries, 90, 91 Achaemenids, 74, 75, 152, 260 Arabia, 61, 66, 101, 154 acrophonic principle, 179–84, 255, 266 Arabic , 6, 7, 80, 182, 232 Afro-Asiatic , 96, 100 Arabic numerals, 24, 30, 41 agglutinative languages, 77, 81, 92 Arabic . See West Semitic Ahiram, King, 159–62, 181, 185 Akhenaten, 12, 81, 102, 150, 151, 256 Aramaic writing. See West Semitic Akkad, 76, 80, 81, 190, 255 writings Akkadian . See cuneiform Aristotle, 18 writings Assur, 149 Akkadian language, 80, 81 Assurbanipal, 60, 76, 77 Alexander the Great, 76, 82, 98, 228 Assyria, 5, 256 Alexandria, 6, 92 Assyrian cuneiform. See cuneiform allegory, 88, 91, 93, 95 writings , 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 19, 33, 34, 37, Assyrians, 78, 229, 259 39, 44–51, 54–6, 85, 93, 112, 114, Aswan, 85, 96 119, 144, 154, 163–5, 168–72, 177, Atatürk, Kemal, 12 179, 184, 188, 189, 198, 201–5, 211, Augustus, 89, 98 231, 240, 244, 249, 252, 253, 256, auxiliary signs and devices, 45, 46, 53, 258, 259, 266, 267 256 Greek, 14, 17, 34–7, 44–7, 52, 59, 63, Ayia Triada, 132, 133 82, 83, 90, 92, 102, 107, 132, 143, 145, 150, 154, 166–74, 183, 212, Baal, 156 227–32, 235–43, 249–57, 267–9 Babylonian cuneiform. See cuneiform Amarna, 12,COPYRIGHTED 81, 151, 256 MATERIALwritings Amenhotep III, 150, 151 Babylonians, 78, 259 American Indians, 29, 31, 83, 206, 207, 269 Bankes Obelisk, 96, 127 Anat, 156, 157 Barthélemy, Jean-Jacques, 96 , 61, 66, 78, 82, 120, 149, 150, Behistun, 74, 76, 257 248, 258, 259 Behistun Inscriptions, 81, 152, 260 Anatolian Hieroglyphic. See Luvian Bellerophon, 120 Bennett, Emmett L., Jr., 137, 138 9781405162562_6_ind.qxd 04/02/2009 02:41PM Page 271

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Bible, 12, 87, 156, 258 cuneiform writings, 2, 60–3, 66–9, biliterals. See Egyptian writings 72–85, 108, 109, 112, 113, 120, 138, Bloomfield, L., 17, 268 145, 148–55, 164, 169, 176, 177, Bottéro, Jean, 79, 265 194, 202, 215, 226, 228, 232, 235, boustrophedon style, 30, 150, 235, 238, 246, 248, 256–61, 264, 265 256 Akkadian, 4, 76, 77, 80, 151, 152, 153, , 173, 174, 256 226, 256, 262 , 17 Assyrian, 5, 76, 256 bullae, 67–9, 78 Babylonian, 76, 256 Byblos, 159, 160, 185, 186 cuneiform , 149 Elamite, 61, 76, 152, 257, 268 Cabbala, 12 Hittite, 2, 61, 151, 229, 231, 258, 259 calligraphy, 58, 59, 200, 249 Hurrian, 61, 150, 257–9 Carchemish, 150 Late Assyrian, 72 Carthage, 154 Late Babylonian, 81 cartouches, 90, 91, 96–9, 226, 256 Middle Assyrian, 82 Cascajal block, 214 Middle Babylonian, 81 Champollion, Jean François, 85, 91–9, NeoAssyrian, 82 113, 114, 119, 136, 137, 140, 249, NeoBabylonian, 81 257, 267, 268 Old Assyrian, 81 Cheyenne writing, 23 Old Babylonian, 81, 82 China, 4, 33, 39, 52, 108, 188–93, 198, Sumerian, 5, 14, 61–3, 71–83, 148, 201–7, 249, 250, 262, 266, 269 152, 155, 159, 193, 194, 247, 259, Chinese language, 5, 198–204, 260 261 Chinese writing, 3, 5, 12, 14, 15, 22, 23, cylinder seals, 67, 68, 149, 246 37, 39, 48, 53, 63, 79, 81, 95, 138, Cypriote , 47, 132, 134, 139, 169, 187–207, 225, 249, 254, 145–7, 212, 248 258–61, 266–9 Cypro-Minoan writing, 132, 145, 155, pinyin, 189, 198, 260 257 Cleopatra III, 96, 97, 127 Cyprus, 47, 130, 132, 144–6, 184, 229, Cleopatra VII, 86 248 Cnossus, 129, 132, 135–7, 140, 141, 144 Cyrus the Great, 152 Coe, M., 17, 213, 214, 267, 268 Colonna, Francesco, 88 Damascus, 7, 82, 229, 256 Coptic. See Egyptian writings Daniels, P. L., 17, 263 Copts, 92 Darius the Great, 74–6, 152 Cortés, Hernán, 207 de Landa, Diego, 207–12 Cretan writings /demotic. See Egyptian writings , 52, 129, 130, 131, Description de l’Égypt, 93–8 132, 134, 135, 144, 247, 257, 259 descriptive-representational device. See Linear , 129, 132–9, 144, 145, 155, forerunners of writing 257, 259, 265 determinatives. See semantic , 3, 14, 129–47, 155, 194, complements 212, 247, 259, 266, 268 diacritics, 44, 45, 113, 172, 173, 196 , 120, 128–32, 135, 145, 184, 228, Diodorus of Sicily, 86, 103 229, 234, 247, 248, 257, 259 diptych, 120, 153 9781405162562_6_ind.qxd 04/02/2009 02:41PM Page 272

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Djet, King, 104, 111 Evans, Sir Arthur, 128, 129, 132, 137, Djoser, King, 112 140, 211 Dresden codex, 207–14, 259 Du Fu, 202, 203 Finnegans Wake, 54–6 Duc de Luynes, 146 forerunners of writing, 20, 23, 29, 32, 56 Eanna, 60 descriptive-representational device, Egyptian art, 26, 57, 102, 109, 121 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 257, Egyptian language, 86, 90–3, 101, 103, 258 109, 113, 114, 176 identifying-mnemonic device, 29, 32, Late Egyptian, 102, 106 33, 35, 258 Middle (classical) Egyptian, 101–3, primitive art, 20, 21, 23, 32, 258 107, 111 freemasonry, 127 Old Egyptian, 101 Egyptian writings, 85, 86, 101, 102, 109, Gelb, I. J., 2, 4, 17, 20, 21, 23, 29, 32, 44, 112, 113, 154, 164, 202, 227, 228 56, 77, 168, 183, 185, 186, 210, 231, biliterals, 114, 118, 119, 127, 154, 164, 257, 258, 264, 268 178, 256 Gezer calendar, 161 Coptic, 89–95, 99–103, 106, 107, 215, Gilgamesh, 38, 60, 78 249, 257 grammatography. See alphabet, Greek Demotic/demotic, 93–5, 102, 103, . See alphabet 106, 107, 257 Greek language, 9, 30–7, 45, 47, 52, 63, , 95, 103–7, 177, 257, 258 75, 86, 88, 93–8, 101, 121, 130–5, hieroglyphs, 2–4, 9, 12, 14, 15, 23, 137, 139, 141, 143, 146, 147, 158, 27–9, 41, 42, 45, 55–8, 63, 85–114, 166, 170, 173, 176, 183, 189, 200, 119, 121, 124, 125, 127, 129, 155, 227–43, 249–54, 257, 259 163, 164, 168, 171, 176–87, 194, Guido d’Arezzo, 32, 33 202–5, 211, 212, 215, 226–8, 235, Gutenberg, Johannes, 87 242, 247–50, 253–62, 265–9 triliterals, 114, 118, 127, 154, 164, 262 Hammurabi, 81 uniliterals, 114, 119, 127, 154, 164, Hangeul writing, 201, 249 177, 179, 184, 185, 262 Hathor, 179, 180 Egyptians, 82, 85, 89, 92, 98, 103, 108, Hatti, 149, 258 109, 113, 118, 120, 124, 127, 150, Hattic language, 149 153, 164, 185, 215, 225, 229, 253, Hattusa, 149–51, 258, 260 257, 258 Hebrew writing. See West Semitic Elam, 61, 152 writings Elamite cuneiform. See cuneiform Herodotus, 75, 103, 230, 252 writings Hesiod, 231, 241, 250 Elamite language, 152 Hesire, 123, 124 Elamites, 78, 259 hieratic. See Egyptian writings Ethiopia, 100, 154, 173 hieroglyphs. See Egyptian writings Ethiopic writing. See West Semitic . See Japanese writing writings . See cuneiform Etruscan language, 92 writings Etruscans, 265 Hittite language, 78, 150 9781405162562_6_ind.qxd 04/02/2009 02:41PM Page 273

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Hittites, 149, 150, 229, 231, 258–60 Karosthi script, 173, 174, 258 Homer, 120, 137, 141, 203, 230, 231, Kircher, Athanasius, 89–91, 96 237, 241–3, 250–3, 267, 269 Knorosov, Yuri, 211, 212, 216, 217, Iliad, 120, 239, 241, 243 268 homophony, 48, 79, 81, 199 Kober, Alice, 139, 141, 267 honorific transposition, 126 Horapollo, 86–90, 127 Lascaux, 21–3 Humboldt, Alexander von, 200, 207 Latin, 5, 7, 38, 49, 81, 89, 90, 121, 139, Hurrian cuneiform. See cuneiform 172, 183, 200, 204, 232, 247, 251, writings 261 Hurrian language, 151, 152, 158 lector-priest, 124 Hurrians, 78, 150, 229, 262 letters, 33, 44–6, 51, 165, 166, 169, 183, Hypnerotomachia Polifili, 88–90 184, 208, 212, 230, 237, 256 Lewis, Meriwether, 49 Idalion tablet, 146, 147 lexigraphy, 3–6, 9, 13–16, 19, 23, 28, 29, identifying-mnemonic device. See 36–41, 43, 45, 51–4, 58, 60, 63–6, forerunners of writing 69, 70, 77, 82–4, 108, 112, 125, , 3, 137, 258, 264 131, 153, 164, 168, 176, 181, 187, Iliad. See Homer 190–3, 201, 202, 205–7, 211, 214, Inanna, 60–7, 70, 77 215, 224, 245–50, 253, 259, 264 Indo-European languages, 61, 75, 78, . See Cretan writings 149, 150, 174, 229, 231, 232, 248, Linear B. See Cretan writings 258–60 writing, 153, 259 Indus Valley, 17, 153 , 39–45, 48–54, 63, 65, 71, International Phonetic Alphabet, 9, 47, 75, 78, 80, 83, 86, 88, 104, 109, 111, 158, 166, 168, 253 113, 118, 119, 123, 127, 129, 135, iPod, 24–7 141, 144, 148, 150, 152, 178, 194–7, Iran, 61, 66, 68, 73, 74, 78, 109, 152 201, 202, 216–19, 222–4, 246, 249, Iraq, 6, 38, 60, 64, 66, 82, 228, 261 259–61 Isis, 85, 90, 96 logography, 40, 43, 46, 47, 51, 63, 71, Islam, 92, 261 77, 81, 108, 138, 187, 188, 190, 191, 194, 196, 203, 220, 246, 249, 253, Japanese writing, 14, 23, 37, 81, 201, 256, 259 212, 249, 254 logosyllabaries, 52, 71, 76–8, 92, hiragana, 37, 201 108–12, 122, 125, 131, 138, 145, , 37, 81, 201 148, 150, 153, 154, 164, 168, 176, Jerusalem, 154, 161 177, 187–90, 193, 194, 201, 202, Jesus, 12 216, 226, 227, 231, 246–8, 251, Jews, 154, 258 254, 259, 265 Joyce, James, 54–6, 268 Long Count, 210, 221, 222, 225 Luvian hieroglyphs, 2, 150, 248, 250, ka, 56, 92, 125, 174 256, 258, 259 Kadmos, 82 Luvian language, 78, 150, 155, 248, 250, Kalhu, 82 256–9 Kanesh, 82, 149, 150, 260 Lycian language, 150 kanji. See Japanese writing Lydia, 150, 259 9781405162562_6_ind.qxd 04/02/2009 02:41PM Page 274

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Madrid codex, 208, 212, 213 orthography, 47–50, 112, 234, 244, 260 magic, 23, 58, 104, 122, 226 Osiris, 56, 91, 126, 127, 177 Mallery, Garrick, 24, 29, 31, 269 Mamelukes, 92 Palaic language, 150, 260 Mao Zedong, 12, 15, 58, 200 Palamedes, 82, 232 matres lectionis (“mothers of reading”), Palestine, 66, 120, 162, 184, 185, 228, 171, 173, 232, 259 256, 258, 260 Maya Indians, 207, 210, 211, 215, 267, papyrus, 6, 28, 69, 104–6, 109, 110, 112, 269 120–4, 129, 130, 136, 153–5, 159, Mayan language, 212, 213, 215, 217, 224 245, 248, 251, 252 Mayan writing, 17, 79, 208–11, 214–16, Papyrus Lansing, 15 219, 220, 225, 226, 267–9 Parpola, A., 17, 194, 269 Mesha stele, 161, 162 Parry, Milman, 41 Mesoamerican writing, 4, 39, 52, 63, Persepolis, 74 108, 188, 206–16, 224–6, 267 Persia, 5, 74–6, 174, 256 Mesopotamia, 4, 33, 38–40, 52, 53, 60, petroglyphs, 20, 21, 260 65–70, 73–5, 108, 120, 129, 136, Phaestus disk, 131 152, 185, 187, 190, 193, 202, 207, Philae, 85, 96 245–7, 250, 255–7, 262–5 Phoenicia, 162, 230 Mesopotamian cuneiform. See Phoenicians, 85, 145, 172, 230, 232, 238, cuneiform 241 Minoans, 135, 140, 141, 144, 145, 211, Phoenician writing. See West Semitic 248, 259 writings Mitanni. See Hurrians phonemes, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 189, Moab, 161, 162, 259 212, 231, 232 Moabite writing. See West Semitic phonetic complements, 42, 44, 49, 71, writings 99, 111–13, 126, 127, 165, 196, 218, morphemes, 40, 92, 198, 200, 255 223, 260 Morse , 5, 16 phonetic principle, 11, 36, 39, 40, 52, 53, , 132, 136, 145, 184, 266 76, 77, 82, 185, 187, 246, 251 Mycenaean Greeks, 14, 155 phoneticization, 14, 38, 71, 77, 83, 260 phonograms, 39, 41, 42, 43, 112, 113, Nabu, 82 119, 136, 138, 260 Napoleon, 92, 121 phonography, 40, 43–51, 81, 201, 260 Narmer palette, 26–9, 112, 265 , 3, 19, 35, 39, 82, 83, 179, Neoplatonism, 86, 87 181, 184, 193, 255, 260, 264 Nesites, 258, 260; see also Hittites Plato, 3, 85, 86, 258 Nineveh, 5, 6, 60, 76, 77, 82, 256 Plotinus, 86 polyphony, 48, 79, 81, 260 Oaxaca, 215 primitive art. See forerunners of writing Odysseus, 55, 82, 232 Proskouriakoff, Tatiana, 211 , 61, 74–6, 152, protocuneiform, 60–77, 83, 108, 109, 260 152, 246, 257, 261, 264, 265 Olmecs, 214, 215 protoElamite, 152, 153, 259, 261 Orchomenus, 136 Ptah, 92, 96 Orontes, 155, 228–31 Ptolemy II, 98 9781405162562_6_ind.qxd 04/02/2009 02:41PM Page 275

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Ptolemy V, 93, 94, 95, 96 Sturulson, Snorri, 54 , 132, 136–41 Sumer, 11, 36, 64, 81, 190, 228, 269 Sumerian cuneiform. See cuneiform Quran, 7, 12, 32, 58, 103 writings Sumerian language, 71, 77, 81, 92 rabbis, 12, 154, 251 Sumerograms, 80, 261 Ramses the Great, 99, 159 Susa, 61, 66, 109, 152, 257, 259, 261 Rawlinson, Henry, 74–6 syllabaries, 44, 76, 131, 138, 140, 144, rebus, 38–44, 71, 72, 77, 80, 83, 113, 145, 146, 153, 168, 173, 177, 186, 119, 181, 194–9, 246, 247, 261 201, 227, 228, 241, 247, 254, 256, Rome, 15, 90–2, 120, 230 257, 259, 260, 263 Rosetta Stone, 93–8, 102, 107, 114, , 44, 45, 51, 52, 71, 77, 79, 208 109, 114, 152, 163, 164, 216, 217, 219, 224, 246, 248, 261 Saite Dynasty, 102 syllabography, 44–7, 51, 231, 256, 261 Sargon of Akkad, 80, 81, 202, 255 symbolization, 3, 13, 29, 31, 38, 65, 86, Saussure, F., 18 137, 231, 245–7, 261 Schmandt-Besserat, Denise, 16, 66, 68, synharmony, 212, 213 69, 83, 264, 265, 269 Syria, 66, 78, 120, 130, 150, 154–6, Scorpion, King, 110 229–31, 258 scribes, 5, 6, 14, 15, 24, 46, 56, 62, 64, 67, 71, 75, 81, 84, 103–6, 109, Tacitus, 85 121–7, 136, 143, 153, 159, 162, 191, technopaignia, 55, 56 193, 202–4, 210, 241, 251, 256, 260, Thebes 266 Egyptian, 177 semantic complements (determinatives), Greek, 132, 136, 230 43, 45, 65, 77–80, 86, 98, 109, 113, Third Dynasty of Ur, 81 119, 121, 127, 129, 148, 150, 153, Thompson, J. Eric, 210–12, 217, 269 164, 178, 194, 202, 226, 257, 261 Thoth, 82, 108, 176, 184, 262 , 5, 16 Tiglath Pileser III, 5, 6 semasiography, 4, 32–42, 51, 60, 63, 76, Tiryns, 132, 136 77, 83, 112, 137, 144, 181, 187, 188, tokens, 16, 66–9, 78, 83, 245, 246 190, 194–8, 244, 246, 253, 261 Tokyo, 37 sematograms, 34, 37, 41, 42, 45, 51, 65, triliterals. See Egyptian writings 77, 83, 194, 195, 196, 258, 259, 261 Trojan War, 145 Semitic languages, 61, 100 Troy, 150 Septuagint, 158, 166 Turkish language, 12, 77, 92, 200 Sequoia, 52 Tushratta, King, 151 serekh, 28, 104 Shang Dynasty, 39, 190, 191, 192 Ugarit, 132, 145, 151, 155, 156, 158, 165, Shaw, George Bernard, 49, 50 171, 228, 229, 241, 248, 269 , 5 Ugaritic cuneiform alphabet, 2, 76, 155, Smith, George, 77 157–9, 163, 170, 177, 228 Solomon, 160 uniliterals. See Egyptian writings spelling rules, 47, 48, 142, 146, 250, 261 Ur, 73, 81 Standard List of Professions, 84 Urartians, 78, 151, 259, 262 9781405162562_6_ind.qxd 04/02/2009 02:41PM Page 276

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Uruk, 38, 60, 61, 64–7, 71, 84, 108, 152, Ethiopic, 7, 172, 173, 174, 182 261, 264, 265 Hebrew, 7, 45, 59, 80, 82, 100, 154, Utnapishtim, 77 156, 157, 158, 164, 170, 171, 185, 212, 241, 248, 255, 256, 258 Ventris, Michael, 130, 134–43, 211, 266, Moabite, 7, 59, 259 267 Phoenician, 7, 34, 44, 45, 59, 63, 159, Vivaldi, 33 160, 171, 172, 173, 183, 230, 231, 232, 260 Wade-Giles, 189, 198, 202 Syriac, 7, 261 Webster, Noah, 49 winter count, 29, 31, 32, 35 West Semitic dialects, 154 writing, definition of, 13 West Semitic writings, 7–9, 37, 45, 59, 63, 64, 75, 120, 145, 148, 149, Xerxes, 74 153–78, 181–6, 201, 227, 228, 232–43, 247–51, 255–63, 266, 267 Young, Thomas, 95 Arabic, 7, 12, 59, 95, 101, 103, 164, Yucatan, 207, 208, 211, 215 170, 173, 175, 212, 254, 255 Aramaic, 5, 6, 7, 45, 59, 75, 82, 120, 164, Zapotec Indians, 215 170, 173, 174, 256, 258, 260, 261 Zapotec writing, 215