WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
Establishing the West-Ugric Language Family with Minoan, Hattic and Hungarian by a Decipherment of Linear A
PETER Z. REVESZ Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, NE 68588-0115 USA [email protected], http://cse.unl.edu/~revesz/
Abstract: - This paper develops a feature-based similarity measure to visually compare script symbols from different alphabets and syllabaries and then uses that similarity measure within a novel algorithm to develop a new phonetic grid for Linear A. The phonetic grid is then used to develop an English-Minoan-Uralic dictionary of basic words and grammatical suffixes and prefixes. The dictionary is then used in translating twenty-eight Linear A and one Eteocretan inscription. The proposed algorithm could likely be modified to decipher other unknown languages and could become a widely used tool in computational linguistics.
Key-Words: - computational linguistics, Cretan script family, decipherment, Linear A, similarity measure
1 Introduction with special attention to Pre-Greek words, about In spite of numerous attempts, Linear A (see which he wrote a separate book [4]. He came to the Godart and Olivier [14] for a collection of conclusion that Pre-Greek cannot be Indo- documents), the main Minoan script, remained European. undeciphered for over a century since its discovery Naturally, we considered a study of Pre-Greek in Knossos by Evans [10]. In contrast, Linear B, also essential for our decipherment of Linear A. To one of its descendant scripts, was solved in 1953 our surprise, we could link hundreds of Pre-Greek when Michael Ventris and John Chadwick showed words with the Ugric branch within the Uralic it to be an early form of Greek [39]. language family. Section 3 of this paper presents The breakthrough in deciphering Linear B was the list of words that seem to be cognates in Pre- in matching Linear B symbols with corresponding Greek and Ugric. This implies that the Minoan Cypriot syllabograms and their phonetic values. language is an Ugric language. The substitution of Cypriot phonetic values into The Hattic language [29] is generally considered Linear B yielded ancient city names [5]. Therefore, to be a language isolate. Hence some form of Proto- we also considered the similarities between Linear Hattic seems to be a likely source of Minoan, A and other alphabets besides Linear B and the because it fits well with the known data. In particular, Proto-Hattic may have been the language Cypriot syllabary. In particular, in a previous study th on alphabet evolution we identified the Old spoken by Southern Anatolian farmers in the 7 Hungarian alphabet to be distantly related to Linear millennium BC, and it is different from Indo- A (although closer related to Cretan Hieroglyphs) European and Semitic languages that already have [32]. The spatial and temporal gaps between the been tried and failed to fit the Linear A inscriptions Linear A and Old Hungarian scripts prompted a except for a few words that may be cultural terms search for an intermediary alphabet, which we and borrowings. found in the Carian alphabet [1]. Section 2 Unfortunately, the Hattic language is poorly describes a feature-based similarity measure to understood. The Hittite documents that identify all possible connections between Linear A occasionally include Hattic words and sentences are and other syllabaries and alphabets with known the primary source of the Hattic language [29]. phonetic values. Besides these written documents, the Hattic Instead of looking at the Linear A script, other language may also be partially reconstructed from scholars focused on the Pre-Greek vocabulary of Pre-Hittite words, similarly to the hints about the Greek to identify the Minoan language. R. Beekes Minoan language that can be gathered from an devoted decades of study to Greek etymologies [3] analysis of Pre-Greek words [4]. Section 4 shows
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 306 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
that Hattic is also an Ugric language. Let T: (S, F) à {true, false} be a feature testing Section 5 presents an algorithm that finds the function from the cross product of S and F to the syllabic values of the Linear A symbols. This is a Boolean values true and false. For any pair of major break from the traditional approach of symbol si and feature fj, the value of T(si, fj) = true reading Linear A with Linear B phonetic values. if and only if si contains fj. That method leads to some intriguing but mixed Let W: F à R be a weight function from the results. On one hand, using Linear B phonetic feature set F to the rational numbers R. For th values, Cyrus Gordon [15] found some words of convenience, let wi = W(fi) be the weight of the i Semitic origin, including kuniso, which means feature. Then the weighted similarity function “wheat” in Semitic languages. On the other hand, between two symbols si and sj is the following: using Linear B phonetic values too, Gareth Owens [27, 28] found words of Indo-European origin, such ��� � , � = ! � (1) ! ! !!!, ! !!,!! ! !(!!,!!) ! as Ida-mate, which he interpreted as the name of a mother goddess after whom Mount Ida in Crete was In words we can say that the similarity of two named. Although at first glance such readings are symbols is the sum of the weights of the features exciting results, the fact that only a few words that they both have or both lack. instead of entire sentences can be read in this Naturally, the above abstract idea allows many manner after decades of trying suggests that these cases depending on the chosen set of features and words are at best only borrowings into the Minoan the weights are assigned to them. Below we language. develop a concrete set of examples by extending a Section 6 uses the Linear A phonetic values, feature set suggested in Revesz [34]. which are derived in Section 5, to build an English- Uralic-Minoan dictionary. This dictionary contains 2.2 A New Elementary Feature Set both root words and some common conjugation Below we propose an elementary feature set with elements (both suffixes and prefixes). thirteen features that can be used to describe any Section 7 uses the dictionary of Section 6 to symbol of an alphabet or syllabary. translate twenty-eight Linear A documents from the
GORILA document collection (the acronym is for Feature 1. The symbol contains some curved line. the initials in reference [14]: Godart and Olivier,
Recueil des Inscriptions en Linéaire A). Feature 2. The symbol encloses some region. Section 8 considers an Eteocretan inscription.
The Eteocretan language is thought by several Feature 3. The symbol has a slanted straight line. researchers to be a descendant of Minoan, but translating the inscriptions has been difficult. Feature 4. The symbol contains parallel lines. Section 8 gives a translation of one of the
Eteocretan inscriptions. Feature 5. The symbol contains crossing lines. Section 9 presents some related work and discussions. Feature 6. The symbol’s top is a wedge Finally, Section 10 gives some conclusions and ∧. directions for future work. Feature 7. The symbol’s bottom is a wedge ∨. 2 Comparison of Alphabets and >. Syllabaries Using a Feature-Based Feature 8. The symbol’s right side is a wedge
Similarity Measure Feature 9. The symbol contains a stem, that is, a straight vertical line that runs across the middle. 2.1 Feature-Based Similarity Functions The main idea of a feature-based similarity function Feature 10. The symbol’s bottom has two legs. for symbol pairs can be described abstractly as follows. Feature 11. The symbol’s bottom has three legs. Let S = {s1, …, sn} be any alphabet or syllabary with n symbols, and let F = {f1, …, fm} be any set of Feature 12. The symbol contains a hair, a small m elementary features. In this paper, an elementary line extending from an enclosed space. feature is any feature that is always either present or not present in a symbol. Feature 13. The symbol contains two triangles.
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 307 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
For convenience, let us denote the above thirteen symbol, while the more commonly known forms features by the following symbols, respectively: are written below those symbols. In particular, *
is a version of from the Constantinople Old ( ¢ \ || ✕ ∧ ∨ > | / \ /|\ - Δ2 Hungarian inscription from 1515 (see Hosszú [19], th We will also introduce the convention that we page 193) and * is given by Aethicus, an 8 highlight in red the features that a symbol contains century writer, in a manuscript now held at Oxford and leave black the features that it lacks. Then University (Hosszú [19]). In addition some Old every symbol can be described by a properly Hungarian letters are omitted. colored list of the above thirteen symbols. For example, the symbol � in the Linear A syllabary 2.3 Comparison Between Alphabets If we assume for simplicity that all the thirteen can be described by the list: features have a weight of 1, then we can use the similarity function of Equation (1) to compare the ( ¢ \ || ✕ ∧ ∨ > | / \ /|\ - Δ2 Linear A symbol � with the first letter of the Carian alphabet as follows: Here ¢ is red because the symbol contains an enclosed space, which is a triangle. Two sides ��� �, = 13 of that triangle are slanted straight lines. Hence \ is also red. The top and the right side of the symbol because the two symbols contain the same set of ∧ > end in wedges. Hence and are also red. features. Table 4 shows a matrix that contains the Finally, the symbol has a hair because the triangle results of a pairwise comparison of every Linear A is an enclosed space from which a little line symbol in Table 1 with every Carian alphabet letter protrudes downward. Hence - is also red. It can be [1] in Table 2. verified that the symbol lacks all the other features. Table 4 shows that along the highest similarity For example, it does not have a stem, a straight values occur along the main diagonal. The main vertical line that runs through the middle. (The diagonal suggests a simple one-to-one mapping symbol contains a straight vertical line, but that is between the Carian alphabet letters and the Linear on the left side and not in the middle.) A symbols. Proceeding in the above manner, we can analyze Similarly, Table 5 compares the Linear A a set of Linear A symbols as shown in Table 1. syllabary and the Old Hungarian alphabet letters. Similarly, the Carian alphabet can be analyzed as Table 5 also implies a one-to-one function between shown in Table 2, and the Old Hungarian alphabet the two sets of symbols. as shown in Table 3. In the table the earliest attested forms of some letters are marked with a *
Table 1. A feature analysis of selected Linear A symbols. � *� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ ------Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 308 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
Table 2. A feature analysis of the Carian alphabet letters. *X * Λ < H � � � � � � � � ʘ � � � � � � � � < a b d ɛ, λ g i j k k λ n ŋ p q r ∫ ∫ t t w > β z ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ ------Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2
Table 3. A feature analysis of the Old Hungarian alphabet letters. * * * * t ɟ * * t ø
n λ u, v b s a p g f k r j ∫ z l m ∫ d i, j ŋ ʒ e u ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ ------Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 309 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
Finally, Table 6 compares the letters of the could be related to Carian � /ý/, whose phonetic Carian and the Old Hungarian alphabets. Table 6 value is close to /ø/. Hence it is possible that the also implies a one-to-one correspondence between Carian and the Old Hungarian letters had a the two alphabets. The one-to-one correspondence common origin with a sound value of either /t/ or a between the two alphabets is such that letters with vowel close to /ø/, but the Carian phonetic value similar phonetic values correspond to each other. changed over time for some reason, probably by For example, Carian corresponds to Old some influence from the Greek alphabet. Hungarian where both of them have the phonetic The existence of such one-to-one mappings suggests an evolutionary relationship among the value /a/. Similarly, Carian and Old Hungarian Λ Linear A syllabary, the Carian alphabet, and the have phonetic value /b/ and /p/, respectively. In Old Hungarian alphabet. In particular, Linear A that case the correspondence is not perfect, but both seems to be an ancestor of the Carian and the Old /b/ and /p/ are labial sounds. The other pairs of Hungarian alphabets. In addition, some alphabet corresponding letters are also similar with the that is intermediate between Linear A and Carian exception of the following pair: Carian � /t/ and seems to be the ancestor of Old Hungarian. Old Hungarian /ø/. Although these two letters are phonologically different, the Carian symbol
Table 4. Linear A symbols compared with the Carian alphabet letters.
Λ � < H � � � � � � � � � � � � � � <> ʘ a b β d ɛ g i j k λ n ŋ p q r ∫ ∫ t t w z � 13 9 6 9 6 8 7 5 10 11 8 8 9 8 7 8 8 7 8 10 6 10 � 9 13 10 11 10 10 6 7 8 11 10 6 7 8 9 10 7 9 10 7 8 8 � 6 10 13 10 11 11 10 10 7 8 9 6 6 9 10 9 8 10 9 8 9 7 � 9 11 10 13 10 10 9 9 10 9 12 8 9 10 11 10 9 11 10 9 10 10 � 7 9 10 9 12 10 9 9 8 9 8 8 9 10 11 10 9 9 8 9 10 10 � 8 10 11 10 9 13 10 8 9 10 9 8 8 9 8 11 8 8 7 8 7 9 � 8 7 10 9 8 10 13 9 8 8 8 10 7 12 9 10 11 9 8 11 8 8 � 7 7 10 9 10 8 9 13 6 7 10 9 7 8 11 6 8 11 10 7 10 8 � 11 7 6 9 8 8 7 7 12 9 8 8 11 8 9 7 7 6 6 9 8 12 � 9 9 8 7 8 10 7 7 6 11 6 6 7 6 7 7 5 5 6 7 6 10 � 8 10 9 12 9 9 8 10 9 8 13 9 8 9 10 9 10 12 11 8 9 9 � 8 6 7 8 7 7 10 8 7 8 9 13 6 11 8 9 12 10 9 12 7 9 � 8 6 7 8 7 9 8 8 9 6 7 5 13 7 8 7 7 6 5 6 7 9 � 8 8 9 10 9 9 12 8 9 8 9 11 8 13 10 11 12 10 9 12 9 9 � 7 9 9 11 12 8 9 11 8 7 10 8 9 10 13 8 9 11 10 9 12 9 � 8 10 9 10 9 11 10 6 9 10 9 9 8 11 8 13 10 8 7 10 7 9 � 7 7 8 9 8 8 11 9 8 7 10 12 7 12 9 10 13 11 10 11 8 8 � 7 9 10 11 10 8 9 11 8 7 12 10 7 10 11 8 11 13 12 9 10 8 � 8 10 9 10 9 7 8 10 7 8 11 10 6 9 10 7 10 12 13 8 9 7 � 8 6 7 8 9 7 10 8 7 8 7 11 8 11 10 9 10 8 7 12 9 11 � 7 7 8 9 10 8 9 9 8 7 8 8 9 10 11 8 9 9 8 9 12 10 � 9 7 6 9 8 8 9 7 8 9 8 10 9 10 9 10 9 7 6 11 8 12
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 310 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
Table 5. Linear A symbols compared with the Old Hungarian alphabet letters.
n a p b t g f ɟ k l r ŋ m j ∫ ∫ s ͡ts ø v z � 12 8 6 9 7 7 5 10 10 7 8 8 9 8 9 10 7 8 9 6 11 � 10 12 10 11 11 7 7 8 10 11 10 6 7 8 11 7 9 10 7 8 8 � 7 9 13 10 12 9 10 5 7 9 9 7 6 10 8 8 10 9 8 9 7 � 10 10 10 13 11 9 9 8 8 11 12 8 9 10 9 9 11 10 9 10 10 � 9 9 11 10 12 10 8 7 8 10 9 7 8 9 10 8 8 7 8 7 8 � 8 6 9 7 9 13 9 6 6 7 8 10 7 12 9 11 9 8 11 8 8 � 6 8 10 9 9 9 13 6 6 9 10 8 7 8 5 9 11 10 7 10 8
9 9 5 8 6 6 6 13 10 8 7 5 10 7 8 6 6 7 6 7 9 � 10 10 8 7 9 7 7 8 12 9 6 6 7 6 9 5 5 6 7 6 10 � 8 10 10 9 9 9 9 8 10 11 8 8 9 10 9 9 9 8 9 10 10 � 9 9 9 12 10 8 10 7 7 10 13 9 8 9 8 10 12 11 8 9 9 � 9 5 7 8 6 10 8 5 7 6 9 13 7 11 8 12 10 9 12 7 9 � 8 8 6 9 7 7 7 11 7 7 8 6 13 8 7 7 7 6 7 8 10 � 9 7 9 10 8 12 8 7 7 8 9 11 8 13 10 12 10 9 12 9 9 � 9 9 9 10 10 10 6 7 9 10 9 9 8 11 12 10 8 7 10 7 9 � 8 6 8 9 7 11 9 6 6 7 10 12 7 12 9 13 11 10 11 8 8 � 8 8 10 11 9 9 11 6 6 9 12 10 7 10 7 11 13 12 9 10 8 � 9 9 9 10 8 8 10 7 7 8 11 9 6 9 8 10 12 13 8 9 7 � 10 6 8 9 7 11 7 6 9 7 8 12 7 12 9 11 9 8 13 10 10 � 7 9 9 10 8 8 10 7 8 10 9 7 8 9 6 8 10 9 8 13 9 � 11 9 7 10 8 8 8 9 10 10 9 8 10 9 8 8 8 7 10 9 13
Fig. 1. A hypothetical evolutionary tree of the Cretan Script family. This evolutionary tree extends the one given in Revesz [32] by adding the Carian alphabet where a missing link was hypothesized to exist.
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 311 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
Table 6. Carian alphabet letters compared with the Old Hungarian alphabet letters.
a p b t g f ɟ k l r n ŋ m j ∫ ∫ s ts ø v z a 12 8 6 9 7 7 5 10 10 7 8 8 9 8 9 10 7 8 9 6 11 Λ b 10 12 10 11 11 7 7 8 10 11 10 6 7 8 11 7 9 10 7 8 8 � β 7 9 13 10 12 9 10 5 7 9 9 7 6 10 8 8 10 9 8 9 7 < d 10 10 10 13 11 9 9 8 8 11 12 8 9 10 9 9 11 10 9 10 10 � g 9 9 11 10 12 10 8 7 9 10 9 7 8 9 10 8 8 7 8 7 8 i 8 6 9 7 9 13 9 6 6 7 8 10 7 12 9 11 9 8 11 8 8 � j 6 8 10 9 9 9 13 6 6 9 10 8 7 8 5 9 11 10 7 10 8 �k 9 7 7 10 8 8 6 11 7 8 9 7 10 9 8 8 8 7 8 7 9 � λ 12 10 8 9 9 7 5 8 12 9 8 8 7 8 11 10 7 8 9 6 11 H ɛ 7 11 11 10 10 8 10 7 9 12 9 7 8 9 8 8 10 9 8 11 9 �n 9 9 9 12 10 8 10 7 7 10 13 9 8 9 8 10 12 11 8 9 9 �ŋ 9 5 7 8 6 10 8 5 7 6 9 13 7 11 8 12 10 9 12 7 9 � p 8 8 6 9 7 7 7 11 8 7 8 6 13 8 7 7 7 6 7 8 10 ʘq 9 7 9 10 8 12 8 7 7 8 9 11 8 13 10 12 10 9 12 9 9 � ∫ 9 9 9 10 10 10 6 7 9 10 9 9 8 11 12 10 8 7 10 7 9 �∫ 8 6 8 9 7 11 9 6 6 7 10 12 7 12 9 13 11 10 11 8 8 � 8 8 10 11 9 9 11 6 6 9 12 10 7 10 7 11 13 12 9 10 8 � t 9 9 9 10 8 8 10 7 7 8 11 9 6 9 8 10 12 13 8 9 7 � t 10 6 8 9 7 11 7 6 8 7 8 12 7 12 9 11 9 8 13 10 10 � w 7 9 9 10 8 8 10 7 7 10 9 7 8 9 6 8 10 9 8 13 9 <> z 11 9 7 10 8 8 8 9 11 10 9 8 10 9 8 8 8 7 10 9 13
2.4 A Revised Evolutionary Tree of the the nodes of this family tree (see Honti [17]). Cretan Script Family Minoan, the language of Linear A, is an The Carian alphabet is a script evolutionary unknown language. Nevertheless, ancient Greek missing link that was conjectured by Revesz [32] to preserves many words from the Minoan language. have existed somewhere in western Anatolia as a Beekes [4] collected in a dictionary all the non- common ancestor of the Cypriot syllabary and the Indo-European vocabulary of ancient Greek. While Old Hungarian alphabet. This situation is illustrated Beekes [4] often identifies the non-Indo-European in Fig. 1. words of ancient Greek as having unknown origin, we have found corresponding cognate words within 3 Minoan is an Ugric Language the Uralic language family for many of them. We give some examples of these cognate pairs in In this section we consider the relationship between Tables 7, 8 and 9, which show some apparent the Minoan language as recorded in Linear A [14, cognate ancient Greek and Uralic, Finno-Ugric and 41] and Cretan Hieroglyphs [26, 42] and the Uralic Ugric word pairs. In Tables 7, 8, and 9 the similar language family. The Uralic language family consonant sounds are highlighted by red, inserted consists of a Finno-Ugric branch and a Samoyedic glide consonants are highlighted by blue, and branch. The Finno-Ugric branch is further divided omitted sounds are indicated by underscores. The into a Finno-Permic and an Ugric branch [18]. The Hungarian words and their cognates in Tables 7 and Ugric branch is composed of the Hungarian, 8 are based on the Hungarian etymological Khanty and Mansi languages [18]. Linguists have dictionary of Zaicz [43]. The Hungarian words and studied the Uralic languages for over two hundred most of their Khanty and Mansi cognates in Table 9 years and identified sets of words that characterize are based on Honti [17].
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 312 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
Table 7. Ancient Greek and Uralic cognate words. English Hungarian Other Uralic Greek hide (n.) bőr (skin) βυρσα tail far pirKhanty (behind), purdāYurak (turn back) _ουρα weave fon (braid), fonal (yarn) υφαινειν cooked főtt οπτος boil főz επιζειν cook főz πεσσειν blow (wind) fúj pŏγKhanty, powMansi πνειν saw (n.) fúr (drill) > fűrész πριων wave hab kumpKhanty κυµα die (v.) hal kālMansi, kouleFinnish εκλειπειν burial mound hal (die) > halom1 κολωνη snow havu > hó χιων boy here (scrotum) karKhanty (male) κορος sinew _ín tεnMansi τενων kettle láb (leg) > lábos (pot) λεβης piece mar (bite) murtaFinnish (break) µερος go (intrans.) megy < *mene mińMansi, munZyrian, meneFinnish βαινειν egg mony ωον wash (hand) mos (wash) > mosdik (wash self) νιζειν eye szem silmäFinnish οφ-θαλµος sea tó (lake) tuZyrian (rise), tulisZyrian (spring) θαλασσα road út āχtMansi, ηutYurak οδος
Table 8. Ancient Greek and Finno-Ugric cognate words. English Hungarian Other Finno-Ugric Greek brain agy anzêlMari εγ-κεφαλος fang agyar ańśarKhanty, ańśerMansi γναθος ebb (s.) apály šupalZyrian (dry out) παλιρροια father-in-law após opMansi, appiFinnish πενθερος gleam (s.) csillog (v.) šŭlpĭKhanty (v.), śülγMansi (v.) σελας moon csillag (star) σεληνη trumpet csont (bone) > csülök (bone piece) σαλπιγξ gleam ég αυγη freeze (v.) fagy paljiMansi, palellaFinnish πηγνυνα brick fal (wall), cf. pala (rock split) patoFinnish (levy), cf. palaFinnish πλινος city falu palvaFinnish πολις torch fény (light), fejér (white) päjuSami (white) πανος boy fiú püwMansi παις angry haragos χorMansi (quarrel) χαλεπος bite harap kurććiZyrian χαραγµα come jön jöKhanty, jiMansi ιεναι (sacrifice) fat ken (oil v.) куяErzya (fat) κνισα tie köt kätMansi, kytkeFinnish εκδειν tunic köt (tie) > kötény (apron) kätMansi χιτον kick lök (shove), cf. rúg lykkääFinnish (push) λακτιζειν big magas (tall), nagy (big) naźZyrian (proud), mägiEstonian (mountain) µεγας delay (intrans.) múlik (pass time) malMansi (pass time) µελλειν nose orr ρις mountain orr (nose) > orom ορος throw repít ριπτειν loin segg (bottom) säŋMansi οσϕυς many sok šawMansi συχνος dry (adj.) száraz sorKhanty ξηρος put tesz täįMansi (weave) τιθεναι tyrant tőr (dagger) > törvény (law) tirVotyak (ax) τυραννος light (subj.) világ bæggjoSami (light v.) φεγγος
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 313 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
Table 9. Ancient Greek and Ugric cognate words. (The Ugric word list is from Honti [17].) English Hungarian Other Ugric Greek bough ág tawMansi ἀκρέµων loin ágyék ońćīMansi (bottom) οσϕυς make alkot altMansi (join) εργαζεσθαι meadow alom (bed of straw) ilemKhanty (grass in shoe) λειµων across által ultiKhanty, ūlttaMansi δια sea _ár (flood) larKhanty (floodplain) θα-λασσα daughter _ara (daughter-in-law) _årMansi (maternal relative) κορη mound domb, cf. tomp (*bottom > waist) tōmpMansi τυµβος sharp (adj.) él (knife edge) ēlmiKhanty (knife edge), iĺmetMansi (same) τοµος fasten enyv (glue) ejemKhanty (glue), iľemMansi (glue) δειν mulberry eper (strawberry) äperjekMansi µορον fat faggyú (tallow) poltKhanty πιµελη tiresome fárad (tired, v.) powrematMansi (tired, v.) βαρυς loose (v.) fejt päčiKhanty (open), pištMansi απαλλασσειν land fedél (cover) > föld päntelMansi (cover) πεδον axe fokos poγKhanty (needle’s eye) πελεκυς sprinkle folyik (flow) păliMansi (flow out) παλυνειν fabric foszlik (get threadbare)1 poslMansi (tattered cloth) υφασµα up fel pět Khanty (tall) επι cork fúl (prick) pulKhanty (stick underground), pulpMansi ϕελλος grass fű pamKhanty, pomMansi ποα smoulder füst poseŋKhanty, posimMansi τυ-ϕεσθαι decay, ruin fülik ϕθορα, _ολεθρος sting gyakik δακνειν way hág (climb) > hágó (mount. Pass) χonχKhanty (climb), kajZyrian (rise) κελενθος fever hagymáz kańťKhanty (sick) καυµα hair haj χåjMansi κοµη bend (s.) hajol (v.) χojtMansi (v.) κοιλον rouse, excite (v.) hajt χujtMansi κινειν mound hant χomesKhanty, khåmśelMansi χωµα split (v.) hasad kün-kaśmātMansi δι-χοστατειν swan hattyú kŏteŋKhanty, kotaŋMansi κυκνος seven hét tapetKhanty επτα fat (adj.) hízik (fatten) katemKhanty γαστρωδης near (adv.) hozzá (to it) kūťeŋKhanty εγγυθειν young ifjú äjKhanty (young) γονη with íz (joint) > izom (muscle) jäsenFinnish (joint), jötKhanty (joint) συν good jó jimKhanty, jomsMansi ευ- anger kedv (mood) kěntKhanty, käntMansi κοτος be sick of (dat.) keshed käńt Khanty (lose weight), kańśMansi αχθεσθαι out of (prep.) ki kümKhanty, künMansi εκ track kisér (accompany) kŭśKhanty ιχνοσκοπειν barley köles (millet) kolasMansi (millet) κριθη easy (task) könnyű keneKhanty, kinneMansi ακονιτι weeping könyörög (beg) könny (tear s.) kēnγMansi (cry) κλαυµατα whet (v.) köszörül kesiŋ kuMansi (w. stone) ακναν generous laza (loose) laćetMansi (loose) ελευθερος watch les lāśiKhanty, läćMansi ϕυ-λασσειν ride ló (horse) loγKhanty (horse), lowMansi (horse) ελαυνειν sprout maláta βλαστηµα wet (v.) márt (dip) măraKhanty, murMansi (sink) βρεχειν suitable méltó melKhanty εµµετρος deep (adj.) mély mělKhanty, mälMansi βαρυς bride menyül (as a bride) meńKhanty, mińMansi νυµθη tale mese, cf. monda (said) mańťKhanty µυθος movement (go) mét-háló (moving-net) βασις clothes meztelen (without cloth) mäšMansi (dress) ιµατια
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 314 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
English Hungarian Other Ugric Greek smile mosolyog musMansi µειδιαν at (prep., dat.) -nál/nél εν laugh nevet mäveńťMansi µειδιαν toponym ending -nyék -να lead (metal) _ólom _olnaKhanty, wōlemMansi, wulnêMari µολυβδος in addition, adv olt (graft), cf. ad (give) altKhanty (add to), altMansi (add to) ετι whip _ostor waštêrMari (wand) > _aśterMansi µαστιγουν wait óv (protect) ūmetölMansi µενειν crash (s.) rokkan (v.) råγ Khanty (cave in), räγMansi (sink, ebb) αραγµος kick rúg, cf. lök (push) ruŋkKhanty (wade) λακτιζειν squeeze sajtó (press n.), cf. sajtol (squeeze) šojleKhanty (goes down) θλιβειν dark sötét šätepMansi (get dark) σκοτος bake süt šitMansi σιτοποιειν jump (v.) száguld (speed) såγelKhanty, šōmMansi σκιρταν reef szalu (stranded) στελλειν leg szár, cf. lábszár surKhanty, sorMansi σκελος sick szédül (dizzy) săjeKhanty (dizzy) ασθενης wedge szeg (nail) süŋKhanty, säŋkKhanty, (< *sajβe) σϕην dry up szik śäχMansi (salt) ισχναινειν song szó (word) săw ασµα blond sző-ke säŋ-ki ξινθος fur szőr šärMansi (horsetail) εθεiρα diviner, augur táltos toltKhanty τερατοσκοπος contrive tekint (look at, consider) täγenKhanty (remember, keep in mind) τεχνασθαι chamber tér (space) tarimtKhanty (lies on ground) θαλαµος err, lose, mistake téved těpKhanty, tipMansi σϕαλλεσθαι lamp (oil) tidó δολος throat torok turKhanty, torMansi δερη1 torch tűz (fire) tütKhanty, tāwtMansi δας hate utál aγetKhanty (vomit), ajtMansi (vomit), *akte εχθειν woman ük (ancestor w.) ēkeMansi γυνη, cf. Γαια female (s.) üsző (cow) ěsKhanty (female animal) θηλεια rotten záp, cf. _áporodik saimMansi σαπρος shrink zsugorodik śuŋkerMansi συναγειν crack (split) (v.) zug (crack, n.) suŋKhanty σχιζειν
The ancient Greek words are from the ancient connections because Greek missionaries and Greek etymological dictionary of Beekes [3, 4]. merchants frequently visited Hungary, there is no The associations of the ancient Greek and the similar relationship between Greek and Khanty or Uralic cognates are our work. There were some Mansi. Hence we have to suppose that Minoan is a earlier dictionaries of Greek and Hungarian by J. previously overlooked Ugric language. The only Aczél in 1926 and more recently by Varga [37], but logical assumption can be that Minoan separated they completely ignored Finno-Ugric linguistics. from the Ugric branch and came to Crete before the Their dictionaries lack any etymological arrival of proto-Greek speakers sometime around considerations and list words that are not true 1450 BC, when the Linear B supplanted the Linear cognates but medieval or later borrowings. Their A writing according to the archeological record. dictionaries also contain several false cognates. The author’s previous decipherments of the Nevertheless, they deserve some credit for bringing Phaistos Disk [30] and Cretan Hieroglyph the issue of larger than expected similarities inscriptions [31] also suggest that the Minoan between the Greek and the Hungarian vocabularies language was Finno-Ugric. That proposal was to attention. received with some skepticism on a geographic Tables 7, 8 and 9 have some striking ground because it was difficult to imagine how the implications. Clearly, the Ugric word cognates are Minoans could have arrived to Crete from any the most remarkable because the Ugric words are previously proposed Finno-Ugric homeland. This unique to the Ugric branch according to Honti [17]. situation has led us to the consideration of the While there are strong Greek and Hungarian Hattic language of Anatolia, as described below.
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 315 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
from kV where V is a back vowel. With this 4 Hattic is an Ugric Language Proto-Hattic Hattic Usually a language family spreads over a connected assumption, *kana (food) > ḫana (food) area. Hence it looks strange that Minoan culture can also be assumed. Then kanál can be analyzed as existed primarily in Crete, while Khanty and Mansi a compound word: live on the eastern side of the Ural Mountains. Proto-Hattic Hungarian However, the gap between these two areas can be kanál < *kana (food) + nyél (handle). explained if Minoans migrated to Crete from the Hungarian north, probably the eastern or northern costal areas That is, kanál (spoon) can be understood to be a food-handling instrument. of the Black Sea via Anatolia, that is, present day Hungarian Turkey. If there was such a migration through Similarly, kupál (unshell) seems to Turkey, then it also had to occur in very ancient involve hitting the shells of seeds in order to crack times. According to archeologists in those ancient them and thereby open them. That hitting is similar to hitting a nail. Hence in the Hattic language, it is times, the Hattic culture occupied most of northern Hattic Hattic and central Turkey [29]. This naturally raises the added to kur-kupal (nail, peg). Since kur in itself means ‘to stay’ the combination of kur- question whether Hattic is also related to Minoan Hattic and whether it could also be an Ugric language. In kupal seems to describe ‘an object that stays in this section, we consider this issue because if there place after hitting,’ which is a good definition of a is a relation between Minoan and Hattic, then ‘nail’ or a ‘peg.’ Hattic could also help to reconstruct the Minoan Considering grammar, Table 2 lists some language. striking similarities between the Hattic and the Linguists generally consider Hattic to be an Hungarian noun cases as well as some noun-to- language isolate. The only exception that we are adjective transforming suffixes. Note that in the aware of is that recently, Alexey Kassian [29] genitive case example: suggested some of the following language Hattic similarities between Hattic and the Yeniseian wūr-un katte (king of the land) languages, Ket and Kott: where katteHattic means ‘king,’ the possessor—the Hattic Hattic Kott land—seems to get the genitive case ending un , alef (tongue) ~ alup (tongue) Hungarian which is similar to the nak/nek genitive case kapHattic (moon) ~ qīpKet (moon) ending for the possessor, i.e.,
Hungarian While the above word similarities are föld-nek királya (king of the land). interesting, it weakens the case that neither word Hattic occurs in both Yeniseian languages. Yeniseian The expression Arinn-iti is translated as ‘she languages may have borrowed these words from from Arinna.’ In our opinion, this expression the Uralic languages. In fact, we can find more contains the agglutination of two separate suffixes. word parallels between Hattic and the Uralic The first suffix is the locative noun case suffix *it languages. Table 10 lists a few examples, where and the second is a noun-to-adjective forming PFU means Proto-Finno-Ugric. suffix *i. Both of these have Hungarian parallels. The locative noun case suffix in Hungarian is – The list in Table 10 is more than the mere Hungarian verisimilitude of a few pairs of words. Instead, Vtt and can be found in words such as ott (there), hanyattHungarian (over), mindenüttHungarian Table 10 reveals regular sound changes, and Hungarian suggests new natural etymologies of words that (everywhere), előtt (in front of) etc. These words can be used as prefixes, which seems to be previously had an unknown origin. Hattic Among the regular sound changes, we can the case in the expression a ta niwāš , which mention the change from Uralic m to Hattic p. may be best translated as ‘he there sits.’ The –Vtt Another regular sound change is the dropping of suffix is also used with the names of some old Uralic word initial v in Hattic. Both of these regular towns that already existed during the Roman sound changes are attested at least three times. Empire, as for example in: Győr-ött, Pécs-ett, Regarding new etymologies consider for Székesfehérvár-ott and Vác-ott. Interestingly, while example kanálHungarian (spoon), which Zaicz [44] the locative cases of these old town names preserve lists as a word of unknown origin. Proto-Finno- the –Vtt suffix, newer towns tend to have the later Ugric word initial kV regularly changes to superessive noun case –en/on suffix. The common Hungarian hV where V is a back vowel. Similarly, noun-to-adjective forming suffix in Hungarian is -i, we can assume that Hattic word initial ḫV derives which is sometimes still added to the –Vtt suffix.
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 316 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
Table 10. Hattic and Uralic cognate words. Some munamuna (stones) muŋiMansi (egg, scrotum) frequent sound changes are indicated in red. nuwa (to go) miniMansi (to go) Hattic Uralic pakku (hammer) fokosHungarian (axe) alep (tongue) läppäFinnish (tongue) paru (bright, shining) *feérHungarian (white) alep (word) lupausFinnish (promise, word) pinu (child, son) pieniFinnish (little) anna (woman) nēMansi (woman) pijoMordvinian (grandchild) anti (to stay) jentiMansi (to stay alive) po̰ uMansi (boy, son) apa (five) pōχiMansi (palm) puluku (leaves) pulMansi (berry) araz (earth) raχtMansi (mud) purulli (spring fest.) pūrliliMansi (to feast) arinna (fountain) érHungarian (small creek) pušan (to blow on) piššėmiMansi (to blow) ašaḫ (evil) áskálHungarian (machinate) šḫap (god, deity) *śeppäPFU (clever) aya (to give) annaEstonian (to give) šaḫiš (kind of tree) såχtiŋMansi (tall straight tree) dukaram (scooper) jōχtnėMansi (scooper) šail (master, lord) isandEstonian (lord) Eštan (sun god, day) istenHungarian (god) šaki (heart) šåmMansi (heart) šōtMansi (luck) šep (footwear, shoes) čemčuˈräMansi (shoe) p/m sātiMansi (perform magic) šul (to release) śolėχtiMansi (to run) ḫārkim (wide) khårKhanty (wide) tāuwa (to fear) tärmäˈlMansi (to scare) ḫa- (among, between) χaltMansi (among, between) taḫ (to put, to sit) *tekePFU (to make, to put) ḫaipinamul (virility) khumMansi (man) p/m tawar (to rule) ōtėrMansi (ruler) ḫan (sea) vōŋke̮ Mansi (hole) tewū (to pour) taγi̮ l t i Mansi (to pour) cf. Lake Van in Turkey Taru (storm god) tōrėmMansi (god, sky) ḫana (food) kenyé-rHungarian (bread) tittaḫ (big, great) taľėχMansi (top) t/l Hungarian -r noun form. suffix tetőHungarian (roof) Mansi χant (remaining food) tu (to eat) tijMansi (to eat) Hungarian kanál (spoon) tu- (in, inside) tar-Mansi (across) Mansi näl (handle) tūḫul (four) četeNganasan (four) Hungarian nyél (handle) tetSelkup (four) Mansi ḫanti-psuwa (cook) pånsli (to cook) tur (to defeat, to beat) tirVotyak (battle axe, labrys) Hungarian ḫapalki (iron) kupál (unshell) tőrHungarian (weapon) Mansi ḫil (to pour) kholiti (to pour) uktūri (everlasting) akw-…-tå̄ rėmnėMansi (id.) Mansi ḫu-kuru (to look) kārtiŋ (to stare) un- (you) näuMansi (you) Mansi ḫut (to get free) χot-lińmi (to loosen) ura (well, spring) érHungarian (small creek) Mansi išpel (evil man) vėsmėli (to envy) p/m ureš (smith) kēr Mansi (iron) Mordvinian itā (this way) eťe (this) kṵ̄ rMansi (forge) Mansi jaḫtu (sky) nuŋkėt (above) ūr-kho̰ rMansi (red) ka- (on, to the) kētMansi (in) vörösHungarian (red) kaita (grain) kuśäMansi (grain) uwa (to enter) be-Hungarian (into) karkar (to scrape) khåuriMansi (to scrape) ūk (just as, how) ígyHungarian (so, thus) katakumi (witchcraft) kirt-ēkwäMansi (witch) wēl (house) *palγePFU (village) kazue (cup) kusuˈMansi (cup) wa-paḫ (eagle) vojMansi (to take, to grab) kinawar (copper) kamiMansi (copper money) jūs-vojMansi (eagle) kwī̮ r Mansi (iron) pākw-turujMansi (black eagle) kip (to protect) χūptėlMan. (protective cover) wuna (mortality) vanaEstonian (old) kapHattic (moon) joåŋ-khėpMansi (moon) venerZyrian (old) kušku (moon god) kiškaSelkup (star) vénHungarian (old) kur (to stay) χūľtiMansi (to stay) wūr (land, country) földHungarian (land) Mansi Hu. kur-kupal (peg, nail) kēr-ľiχ (nail) Wuru-šemu (sun god) forró-szemű (hot-eyed) kupálHungarian (unshell) wūti (long) vastagHungarian (wide) kuwa (to catch, grab) χå̄ pėjiMansi (to catch) zar (sheep) zergeHungarian (chamois) el-kapHungarian (to catch) zas-ḫai (dream) uśśi Mansi (ghost) kuwapi (whereto) hovaHungarian (whereto) khujjiMansi (sleep) Lēlwani (weather g.) lėlMansi (soul, breath) zik (to fall) zuhanHungarian (to fall) lélekHungarian (soul)
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 317 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
For example, Pécs-ett-i hírekHungarian means ‘news Table 11 puts in parallel the Hattic dative noun about and from Pécs.’ Given the above parallels, case and the possessive third person singular case. we suggest that Arinn-itiHattic can be better These two cases have a semantic similarity because translated as ‘from inside Arinna.’ the receiver of a gift (dative case) becomes the new We suspect that the –ili suffix also may be also possessor of the gifted object (possessive case). broken up into –il and –i. That is, ḫatti-l may mean Hattic expresses the collective plural by a ‘as a Hatti,’ while ḫatti-l-i may mean ‘like someone wāHattic prefix. The Uralic languages use various who is a Hatti.’ The latter phrase may better suffixes for the noun plural. However, we suggest describe a Hittite who spoke in the Hattic language. that the Hattic prefix may be interpreted by the following Uralic words: puuFinnish (tree), puZyrian Table 11. Hattic-Hungarian noun case parallels. (tree), -päMansi (tree), and faHungarian (tree). It is Noun Case or Hattic Hungarian natural to assume that the concept of ‘tree’ Adj. Former represents the grouping of separate items together. Ablative Even today ‘family tree’ represents a set of from tu/du tól/től individuals who are related together. Note the p/f from land wūr-tu föld-től change from apparent *puProto-Uralic to faHungarian Allative (tree). Hence a p/w change may be also possible Hattic to hez/hoz between the same root word and wā . Hence a to gods istenek-hez possible etymology of the Hattic word for ‘gods’ is among/between ḫa közé the following: among gods ḫa-wāšḫap istenek-közé Hattic Dative wā-šḫap ~ the family of gods, i.e. gods to ja nak/nek Hattic to king katte-ja király-nak wā-zari ~ the human family, i.e. people Poss. 3rd SG ja his/her school iskolá-ja The Hattic verb conjugation is little known, but Essive it was identified that the Hattic past tense marker is as a al/ili ul/ül –n. Although the regular past tense marker in as a lion takkeḫ-al oroszlán-ul Hungarian is –t, the past tense marker –n also in Hattic lang. ḫatti-li hatti-ul seems to occur in a few irregular verbs. For Genitive example, ‘s un nak/nek Hungarian earth’s king wūr-un katte föld-nek királya lő-n (he/she/it became)
Illative into pe/pi ba/be where –n is the irregular third person singular past into house pe-wēl ház-ba tense marker. Contrast that with the following:
Locative Hungarian in/inside *it Vtt ve-tt (he/she/it bought) in Arinna *Arinn-it Arinna-itt there *ta ott which has the regular past tense marker. The he there sits a ta niwāš ő ott ül infinitive forms of these two verbs are ‘lenni’ and Adj. former ‘venni’, respectively. The similarity of these two ~ from *i i infinitive forms makes the conjugational from inside A. Arinn-it-i Arinna-itt-i differences more surprising. Adj. former The Hattic personal pronouns also have Uralic ~like š s parallels. In particular, the Hattic and the Hungarian Hatti-like ḫatt-uš hatt-is third person singular personal pronouns are similar to each other:
Hattic In Table 11, we translated takkeḫ-al (as a Hattic Hungarian Hattic a (he/she) ~ ő (he/she) lion), based on takkeḫ (lion), while [29] translated it as ‘hero.’ We suggest that there is no Due to the above vocabulary and grammatical major semantic difference between these two similarities, we propose that Hattic is also an Ugric translations because someone who fights as bravely language. as a lion can be considered a hero.
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 318 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
5 The Phonetic Values of Linear A 1 Algorithm FindSyllabicValue(s, T) Section 2, Fig. 1 and the chronology of the 2 s /the input Linear A symbol/ archeological data imply that the Linear A syllabary 3 T /the input threshold for similarity/ is an ancestor of the Linear B syllabary, the Carian 4 alphabet, and the Old Hungarian alphabet. The 5 /Find a matching alphabet letter from Carian, Linear B syllabary is known to contain (almost 6 Old Hungarian and Cretan Hieroglyph./ exclusively) CV type syllables, where C is some 7 a = FindClosest(s, Carian) consonant and V is some vowel. However, some 8 if sim(a, s) < T then Linear B symbols represent single vowels. 9 a = FindClosest(s, OldHungarian) Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the Linear 10 if sim(a, si) < T then A syllabary also contains mostly CV type syllables 11 a = FindClosest(s, CretanHieroglyph) and some vowels. 12 end if Then the main puzzle is how a syllabary with 13 end if CV type syllables could evolve into an alphabet. 14 One straightforward-looking assumption is that 15 if sim(a, si) >= T then most CV syllables have their vowel dropped over 16 if Vowel(Sound(a)) then time. That would mean several syllables of the 17 return(a) form CV1, CV2, …, CVn with n different vowels 18 else /Sound(a) is a consonant/ would evolve into the same consonant C. 19 while w = GetNextUralic(s) != NULL do That means that if a Linear A syllable si 20 if w[1]=a and Vowel(Sound(w[2])) then corresponds to a Carian alphabet letter aj, with 21 return(w[1-2]) /CV type syllable/ phonetic value C, then si likely has a phonetic value 22 end if CV for some V. Alternatively, if aj represents some 23 if Vowel(Sound(w[1])) and w[2]=a then vowel V, then si represents the same (or similar) 24 return(w[1-2]) /VC type syllable/ vowel V. 25 end if In the above we did not define the term 26 end while ‘corresponds to.’ By that we mean that the pair si 27 end if and aj, have a high similarity score, which can be 28 end if found shaded along the diagonal of Table 4 or 5. 29 For example, we saw that: 30 /Now try Cypriot and Linear B/
31 a = FindClosest(s, Cypriot) ��� �, = 13 32 if sim(a, s) >= T then 33 return(Sound(a)) Here the Linear A symbol � corresponds to the 34 else Carian alphabet letter as reflected in Table 4. 35 a = FindClosest(s, LinearB) 36 if sim(a, s) >= T then Since has phonetic value /a/, by the above we 37 while g = GetNextGreek(s) != NULL do can assume that � also has the phonetic value /a/. 38 if g[1] == Sound(a) then /acrophone/ As another example, the following pair also 39 u = GreekToUralic(g) appears along the diagonal of Table 4: 40 return(u[1-2]) 41 end if ��� �, < = 13 42 end while 43 else /not an acrophone/ while along the diagonal of Table 5 the following 44 return(Sound(a)) pair appears: 45 end if 46 end if ��� �, = 13 47 48 if Ligature(s) != NULL then Here the first pair implies that the Linear A 49 return(Ligature(s)) symbol � has phonetic value /dV/ because the 50 end if 51 Carian letter < has phonetic value /d/. In contrast, 52 return(“no syllable found”) � the second pair implies that has phonetic value /tV/ because the Old Hungarian letter has Fig. 2. An algorithm to find Linear A syllabic values. phonetic value /t/.
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 319 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
The above may be due to the Minoan language sibilant fricatives /s/, /∫/ and /z/ in our syllabic grid. not distinguishing between voiced and unvoiced While these may have been distinguished in the stop sounds, be they alveolar /d/ or /t/, bilabial /b/ Minoan language, they change frequently among or /p/, or velar /g/ or /k/. Hence we will also not themselves. Hence until we obtain a detailed distinguish these sound pairs in the syllabic grid knowledge of the Minoan language, these sounds that we develop below. The grouping of the above can be treated as a group. pairs is supported by the fact that the Mansi Finally, we also group together the /l/ and /r/ language does not use the /b/ and the /d/ consonants sounds, which were also not distinguished in the (see Kulonen [20], p. 5, and the online Mansi Linear B script. dictionary [22]). Ugric languages contain a number of palatalized To the velar group /g/ and /k/, we also add the consonant sounds. These are in a separate column velar /x/, which is present in Mansi. To the bilabial headed with the /j/ sound. Palatalized sounds group /b/ and /p/, we also add /f/, /v/ and /w/. include /λ/ as in the Hungarian word ‘lyuk’ /λuk/ Usually, the /f/ sound in Hungarian words of proto- meaning ‘hole.’ Ugric origin is derived from words with an original We distinguish only the following four vowels /p/ sound. The Minoan cognates of these words also in our grid: /a/, /e/, /i/ and /u/. In particular, the likely had a /p/ sound instead of the /f/ sound. vowel /o/ is assumed to be absent from the Minoan In addition, we do not distinguish among the language, as it is absent in Etruscan, which is
Table 12. The proposed Linear A phonetic grid. The number preceding each Linear A letter is the GORILA [14] classification number for symbols common in Linear A and Linear B (1-180) or just for Linear A (above 300). Legend: ~ similarity between symbols, Car. = Carian, Cr. H. = Cretan Hieroglyph, Cyp. =Cypriot, Old. Hung. =Old Hungarian. a e i j (palatalized) u (o) 712 � ~ Car. a 55 � ~ Car H ɛ 13 � ~ O. Hung. i, j 17 � j ~ O. Hung. i, j 26 � ~ Car. � u 29 � ~ Car. � w j 344 � ai/aj 24 �, A363 � ~ Car. � j 6 � ~ O. Hung. i, j 314 � ~ Car. � j (a and i/j ligature?) jēkerMansi (root) jégHungarian (ice) jóHungarian (river) k 44 � ~ Cyp. ga 57 � ~ O. Hung. k 67 � ~ Lin B ki 28 � ~ CH. ^k Hungarian g 60 � ~ O. Hung. k kätMansi (tie) kürt (horn) komMansi (man) Hungarian Hungarian x hattyú (swan) köt (tie, knit) kumSelkup (human) χotenMansi (swan) m 73 � ~ Lin B mi 23 � ~ Lin B mu n 37 �, 45 � 27 � ~ Car. � n 30 � ~ Lin B ni 41 � ŋ ~ Car. � n 80 � ~ Lin B ma ~ Lin B ma nyél Hungarian (handle) 34 �, 310 � ~ O.Hu. n kēr-ńäsMansi (trident) nyúlHungarian (hare) µέγας Greek (big) inYurak, íjHungarian (bow) 81 � ŋ ~ O. Hung. n numoloMord. (hare) nagyHungarian (big) ínyHungarian (gum, palate) madárHungarian (bird) p 10 � ~ Car. � β 8 � ~ Lin B a 40 � ~ Lin B � wi 344 � pj ~ O. Hu p 69 �, 648 � Hungarian Greek f fa (tree) αξινη (axe) piheHungarian (feather) ~ Cyp. � pu w 54 � ~ Car. � w fejsze Hungarian (axe) v vászonHungarian (fabric) päćtMansi (axe) r 38 � ~ O. Hung. l 39 � ~ Lin B pi 50 � ~ Cyp. li 77 � ~ Car. i 59 � ~ Car. � r Hungarian Greek Uralic l láb (leg) πέτοµαι (fly) lintuFinnish (goose) ~ O. Hung λ *ruŋke (chew) állHungarian (stand) légyHungarian (fly) 53 � ~ Lin B ri 78 � ~ O. Hung j lyukHungarian (hole) s 56 � ~ O. Hung z 4 � ~ Cyp., Lin. B � se 47 � zi ~ Lin. B � swi 58 � ~ Lin. B su ∫ szalagHungar. (ribbon) sövényHungarian (bush) csillagHungarian (star) sodorHungarian (roll) z 7 � ~ O. Hung. s 122 � ~ CH. z z esik/esőHungarian (fall/rain) szúrHung. (prick) 301� ~ Car. � ∫ serényHungarian (busy) t 31� ~ O. Hung. t 16 � ~ CH. b d 37 � ~ Lin B ti 3 � ~ O. Hung. ɟ 1 � ~ Cyp. ta d tawMansi (bough) tőHungarian (tree trunk) gyökérHungarian (root) teeEstonian (road) tyviFinnish (tree trunk) *utuHungarian (road)
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 320 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
related to Proto-Hungarian (see Alinei [2]). function returns the concatenation of two Presumably, the /o/ and /u/ vowels separated at a symbols a1 and a2 from the Carian, Old later time. We also do not distinguish between long Hungarian and Cretan Hieroglyph alphabets and short vowels. that may be composed to yield a symbol that Our algorithm to find the syllabic value of a is similar to s. If no such pair of symbols is Linear A symbol is shown in Fig. 2. The algorithm found, then the function returns NULL. �����������������(�, �) takes as inputs some Linear A symbol s and a similarity threshold value In Lines 8-13, we find the Carian letter a, which T, which we set to 12. Our algorithm uses the has the largest similarity score to s. If the similarity following auxiliary functions: score is less than the threshold T, then we search • ��� �, � – Given two symbols, this for the most similar letter in the Old Hungarian and function returns a value between 0 and 13 then the Cretan Hieroglyphs alphabet. The according to the degree of similarity preference order of these three alphabets follows between the symbols s and a. This function from Fig. 1, which implies a script evolutionary is the same as in Section 2. tree where the Carian alphabet is the closest to • ����������� �, � – Given the symbol s Linear A, the Old Hungarian the second closest, and an alphabet or syllabary A, this function and the Cretan Hieroglyphs is the third closest. If returns � ∈ � such that ��� �, � is the we find some a, whose similarity to s greater than maximum. If there are two or more symbols or equal to the threshold T, then there are two cases: that have the same maximal similarity value, then the one that is earlier in the standard 1. If the best match is with a vowel, then the ordering of the symbols in A is returned. phonetic value of the Linear A symbol is • �����(�) – Given a symbol a, this function assumed to be the same vowel (Lines 16-17). returns the phonetic value of a. • �����(�) – Given a phonetic value p, this 2. If the best match is with a consonant C, then we function returns true if p is a vowel. assume that occurs in either a CV or a VC type Otherwise, it returns false. syllable. We identify the meaning of the Linear A symbol. For example, some symbols can be • ������������� � – Given a symbol s, every call of this function with the same s as identified to be a symbol for a bird. Then we input searches further in the Uralic, Finno- search for a Uralic word for the meaning of the Ugric and Ugric vocabulary lists of Zaicz symbol. If the Uralic word begins with the [44] and returns the next word w, which is same consonant C and continues with a vowel, appropriate to describe the meaning of the or it starts with a vowel and continues with the symbol s. Since this function requires same consonant C, then the algorithm returns sophisticated artificial intelligence to the first two sounds of the Uralic word as the recognize the meaning of symbols, we syllabic value of s (Lines 18-28). allowed here human judgment to tell whether a word is appropriate or not. If the In case the above does not yield a CV or a VC vocabulary search has reached the last word, type syllable, then the algorithm searches the that is, no word is found appropriate, then Cypriot and the Linear B syllabary for an above the function returns NULL as a special threshold similar symbol a. If the search is value. successful for Cypriot, then the algorithm returns phonetic value of the Cypriot syllable (Line 33). • ������������ � – This is like the previous function except now the ancient For the Linear B, the algorithm tests whether the meaning of a is a Greek word g that starts the same Greek vocabulary of Beekes [3] is considered. way as the Linear B syllable’s phonetic value. If there is a match, then the symbol was possible to �������������(�) – Given a Greek word • read in Greek acrophonically in Linear B times. g, this function translates it to a Uralic word Therefore, it was also likely read acrophonically in u. We assume that the encoding of these Minoan in Linear A times. Hence the algorithm words is in the International Phonetic translates the Greek word g into a Uralic word u Alphabet (IPA) form. Therefore, u[i] refers and returns its first two sounds u[1-2] as the to the ith sound and not necessarily to the ith syllabic value of s (Line 40). If there is no match, letter of the word u. then the symbol was likely already so abstract at • ��������(�) – Given the symbol s, this the transition time from Linear A to Linear B that it
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 321 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
was not read acrophonically but simply memorized that occur in texts. The problem is that words rarely as a symbol that needs to be read in a certain way. occur in their root forms. Instead they are Hence in that case the algorithm returns the syllabic conjugated by the rules of the Minoan grammar. value of Linear B (Line 44). The rules of this grammar can be perceived only by If s can be recognized as the ligature of two looking at a large number of words. When several symbols a1 and a2 from the Carian, Old Hungarian words have the same beginning but different or Cretan Hieroglyph alphabets, then the algorithm endings in the Linear A scripts, then we can suspect returns the concatenation of these two symbols that the same root word is conjugated in different (Line 49). Finally, when none of the above cases ways. By a careful observation of these conjugated apply, then we return an error message. forms, it can be observed that the grammar of the We note that taking the first syllable using the Minoan language is similar to Ugric grammar, acrophonic principle is a method that could be similarly to what we observed in Section 4 misleading when there are several words with regarding the Hattic language. different beginning syllables to describe the In Table 13, we took the words that we found in meaning of a symbol [9]. However, we use the twenty-eight Linear A documents. The Linear A acrophonic principle only in a limited sense words using the standard Linear A characters [14] because we search only for words that begin with a are listed in the second column of Table 13. Their particular consonant C and further limit the transliterated form using the syllabic grid of Table vocabulary search to (Proto)-Uralic, Finno-Ugric 12 appears in the third column of Table 13. The and Ugric words. With these restrictions, the transliterated forms are compared with the probability of getting a valid conclusion is much dictionaries for Uralic, Finno-Ugric and Ugric as higher than in a typical application of the listed in Zaicz [44]. We always search for the acrophonic principle. closest matches, where the consonants belong to the Table 12 shows the Linear A phonetic grid that we same group (the groups that we also used in Table obtained by following the above procedure. In the 12) and the vowels are also similar, with possible next section we will use this phonetic grid to changes among the back vowels as a group and decipher some Linear A texts. In Table 12 the among the front vowels as another group. The phonetic values that are obtained by the use of Line words that we found most phonetically similar to 44 are highlighted in blue, while the phonetic the Linear A transliteration are listed in the fourth values obtained using the other cases are column of Table 13. highlighted in red. Since 80 � seems to be a Next we translate the words in the fourth column picture of a hare, its value may have been /nu/ to English and list these translations in the first originally. Perhaps 45 � is a something tall and an column. If there are several synonyms, then we ancestor of 37 �. Hence they are grouped together. choose one unique English word as the meaning of As an example of the use of the algorithm, the Linear A word. We present Table 13 sorted by suppose that we input the Linear A symbol �. This the first column in alphabetical order to make the symbol also occurs with minor variations in Linear dictionary easily searchable. B with the phonetic value of /a/. Since apparently One interesting aspect of Linear A is that there this symbol shows an axe, which in Greek is αξινη seem to be some possible spelling variations of the that also starts with /a/, the symbol was read same word. That may be because the different acrophonetically in Linear B. Therefore, it was scribes used slightly different spelling rules or the likely read also acrophonetically in Linear A. Since different spellings may reflect different Minoan Minoan is related to the Ugric languages, and the regional dialects. For example, consider the word word for axe is päćt in Mansi and fejsze in for ‘light,’ which could be written by both � � and Hungarian, which are cognates, the Minoan word � �. These two words are transliterated according for axe also likely began with /pe/. (The Proto- to Table 12 as fe-nu and fe-ne, respectively. Both of Ugric word initial /p/ regularly changes to /f/ in these transliterations are close to the Hungarian Hungarian.) Hence the algorithm returns /pe/ as the word fény, which means ‘light.’ It is possible that syllabic value of �, which is placed in the row for in this case the ending vowel varied by dialects or /p/ and the column for /e/ in Table 12. the ending vowel was omitted by convention and hence it did not matter whether the last syllable is 6 A Dictionary for Linear A an nu or an ne. The dictionary in Table 13 is used Linear A inscriptions usually divide words by a in the translation of some Linear A inscriptions in single dot. Hence it is very easy to identify words Section 7.
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 322 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
Table 13. A Minoan etymological dictionary with Uralic, Finno-Ugric and Ugric cognate words. Meaning Word Transliteration Uralic, Finno-Ugric and Ugric Cognates ACC � -mu -møMansi (accusative suffix, singular case) ADV. suffix � -nu -an/enHungarian (ADVERB suffix) -ly � � -nu-pu air � LOGOGRAM all � fe pussenMansi (all) boutSami (all) all stars � � � � fe-es-ki-se cf. all+stars *fa+kaskus > *fakskus > faskus ancestor � LOGOGRAM ancestor � ∫e esi-isäFinnish (ancestor), isäFinnish (father) (father) � se äsʹMansi (mother’s father) ősHungarian (ancestor) ancestor2 � � ku-ke cf. old and � es ésHungarian (and) osMansi (and) big, great � � � ŋ-u-se naʒZyrian (proud) � � na-es nagyHung. (big, great) blow � � pu-j fújHungarian (blow) powMansi (blow) pŏγKhanty (blow) cave � � � lu-ji-ku *loβkkePFU (cave) � � � lu-ji-xa lyuk, lukHung. (cave, hole) � � lu-ku chief queen � �� � � fe-ta-ta-xa-i cf. head, queen *fő+kattahhi > *főkttahhi > főttahhi chief star � � � fe-es-ki cf. head, star *fő+kasku > *főksku > fősku cloud � � � � � pa-ji-λ-ji-ŋ päleŋKhanty (cloud) � � � � pa-ji-u-λ pejel’ Mordvinian (cloud) � � � fe-lu-na fellegHungarian (cloud) come � � je-na jönHungarian (come) � j(i) jöKhanty (come) ji-/jäj-Mansi (come) jõudmaEstonian (reach, come, arrive at) create � � � ku-ji-lu kuoriutaFinnish (hatch
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 323 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
fly (down) � � se-ku sēγėmiMansi (
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 324 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
mother � na anyaHungarian (mother) � � na-e mountain � � � cf. high Moon “star queen” cf. star + queen > KaskuHattic (Moon goddess) “star head” cf. star + head > Moon NOUN plural � -ke -k/ak/ekHungarian (NOUN plural) � -xa NOUN former � -se -sHungarian (NOUN forming suffix) NOUNas � � j(i)-ne jernėMansi (NOUN suffix equiv. to “as”) gyanántHungarian (equivalent to “as”) now � in ińMansi (now) cf. Zaicz [44] under ‘ez’ inKhanty (now) nytFinnish (now) nüüdEstonian (now) maHungarian (today) oil � LOGOGRAM old � � ji-xa eukkoFinnish (old woman) jükāMansi (woman) �� ku-ANCESTOR ükHungarian (ancestor) kukaHattic (ancestor) olive � LOGOGRAM out � ku kümKhanty (out, outside) � � ku-ji künMansi (out, outside) kiHungarian (out, outside) Phaistos � � � fe-es-tu Phaistos POSS. plural � ji -i/jiHungarian (possessive case plural suffix) PREP. on � -in -en/on/önHungarian (“on” suffix) � -ŋ PRN � -mi -mHungarian (1st SG, acc/dat/poss. pronoun suffix) queen � �� � � ke-ta-ta-xa-i katteHattic (king) + *iβkkePFU (old woman) kattahhaHattic (queen)
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 325 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
ασπαλαξGreek (mole) Pre-Greek (Beekes [4]) spirits � � � ∫e-wa-ke cf. spirit + NOUN plural (with *f/p > w root change) spring � � � cf. well + head star � � � ke-es-ki kiškaSelkup (star) χusKhanty (star) kōńśMansi (star) húgyHungarian (star) kuškuHattic (moon god) star � � za-la csillagHungarian (star) Sun cf. synonym: god, also head + god > Sun (god) ištiMansi (warm, burn
7 A Decipherment of Linear A Texts We list below some documents from the The majority of the extant Linear A documents GORILA collection [14]. For each document we contain only one or two symbols. The interesting give its original appearance and its standard Linear documents are those that have a larger number of A form. Occasionally the standard form is symbols and words and contain not just an itemized debatable for some symbols that are partially erased list of objects for accounting but entire sentences or written ambiguously. We indicate these that reveal the grammar of the Minoan language. ambiguities in red. Each word of the translation can be found in the dictionary of Table 12.
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 326 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
Fig. 3 gives the translation of four jewelry Minoan religion) to shine and gleam happiness on inscriptions. These inscriptions tend to be longer the wearer of the gold ring. This message on a ring than most other inscriptions. The first inscription could be fitting as a gift for Minoan lovers. (KN Zf 13) appears on a gold ring. In this case, we The next three items in Fig. 3 are three hairpins wrote both the closest Hungarian and other Finno- that also contain invocations to some goddess for Ugric words (last two words) and the English good fortune and happiness. The gold pin (CR Zf 1) meaning in separate lines. This inscription seems to also starts with the word ‘shine’ but with a slightly be an invocation to the Sun Goddess (see Marinatos different spelling from that on the gold ring. These [23] about the importance of the Sun Goddess in variations were already discussed in Section 6.
KN Zf 13 (from GORILA 4 p. 153) [gold ring] incorrect interpretations: � � ?
� �-� � � � � �-� � � � � � �-� � �� fe---ne---je----ŋ es ∫e----le----ga---ɟ---ke lu ri-ku se---ri-mu fe ke-ti fé---ny---je----n és csi---llo---g----jé--k le ri-kolt sze-re-lem bout xö-tal [Sun] shine-IMP3rd SG and [stars] gleam-IMP3rd PL down happy love-ACC every day.
CR Zf 1 (from GORILA 4 p. 147) [gold pin]
� �-� � � � �-� � � � �-� � � � � � fény [j]ün le ne ke m kaku te-kint---s---e----n fe--lle---n shine-IMP3rd SG down toward-PRN1st SG ancest. look –IMP cloud
PL Zf 1 (from GORILA 4 p. 161) [silver pin] (read right-to-left)
… � �� � �� �� �� � � � �-� � �-�-� � you-DUAL toward down queen VERBpast-flow PREPon-NOUNpl-water On waters flowed [the] queen down to you …
KN Zf 31 (from GORILA 4 p. 155) [silver pin]
… … … … � …… � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ��� � � � cloud come-IMP3rd SG Dan go-IMP3rd SG Tamuz old heat shine-IMP3rd SG sunlight <[Let the] cloud come, [the] Dan [river] flow, old Tamuz bring heat, shine sunlight
… � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � -� � … wind-NOUNPL great sun (god) see VERB3rd SG down fly king- NOUNas [bring] winds. [The] great Estanu (sun god) sees [you], flies down as a king … >
Fig. 3. Translation of four jewelry inscriptions.
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 327 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
KO Za 1 (from GORILA 4 p. 20)
� �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � ��-� � � � � All cave spirits: wind, ANC. river, spring, cloud rise IMP big!
IO Za 2 (from GORILA 5 p. 19)
… � �� � � � � �� � ����…��� �� � � � � � � � � � � �� All cave spirits: Moon … rise IMP big! Cave spirit mother …
TL Za 1 (from GORILA 4 p. 59)
... … � � � � � � � � � � ��� � � � � � � � … � � � �… All cave spirits: Sun, queen cloud IMP big!
PK Za 12 (from GORILA 4 p. 38)
… … … … … … … � �� � � � � � ��… � …��…�… � � � � �-�-� ����…�…��� All cave spirits, all stars [and the] shiny queen [Moon]…cloud-NOUN plural-PREP on run … high! on clouds
SY Za 2 (from GORILA 5 p. 65) using the ordering of lines (a, d, b) proposed by John Younger
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � All cave spirits willing----ly [receive] olive trees cloud (perfume) oil. (ADV suffix or VERB suffix 2nd, PL.)
SY Za 1 (from GORILA 5 p. 63) SY Za 3 (from GORILA 5 p. 67)
… … … � �� � � � � � � � � �� � �… � � � All cave spirits All cave spirits big!
IO Za 3 (from GORILA 5 p. 21) IO Za 7 (from GORILA 5 p. 29)
… … � � � � � � � � �� � � � � �� … All cave spirits All cave spirits
Fig. 4. Translation of nine Linear A libation formula documents starting with “All cave spirits.”
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 328 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
PK Za 11 (from GORILA 4 p. 34)
… � � � � �-� � � � � � … � � � � � � � � � � � � � All cave spirit-INSTR. chief star ancestor gleam down love fa ko fa j chief queen With all cave spirits päike(se)pai(ste)Estonian (sunlight)
… … � � � �-�-� � �-� ��… � � … � � �� � cloud-POSS plural-PREP on rise IMP big out high! on her clouds
PR Za 1 (from GORILA 4 p. 48) PK Za 10 (from GORILA 4 p. 31)
*incorrect ?
… … ... … … � � � � … � …� � � �…� � � � � … � � �-� � � � … Cave ancestor ? chief queen. rise IMP
IO Za 6 (from GORILA 5 p. 26)
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Cave spirit mother [who] create [hatch] out fire, water, air [and] earth, queen.
PK Za 8 (from GORILA 4 p. 26) *incorrect ?
… … … … …� � � � � � � � � � � � �-� � �…� � � � � …� �… … star [and] Moon ancestor gleam. Blow-V. 3rd SG queen cloud … old ancestor Blows
PK Za 15 (from GORILA 4 p. 41) PK Za 14 (from GORILA 4 p. 40)
… … … … � � � � � � � � � �� � � � Moon ancestor gleam blows queen
PK Za 4 (from GORILA 4 p. 23) IO Zb 10 (from GORILA 5 p. 34)
… � � � � � � � � � chief queen chief queen
Fig. 5. Translation of nine more Linear A libation formula documents containing the word “queen.”
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 329 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
AP Za 2 (from GORILA 4 p. 5)
… … … … … � � � �--� �…� � � ���…� � � � � � � �� … � cloud rise IMP out high!
PS Za 2 (from GORILA 4 p. 21) with b, c, a order of fragments VRY Za 1 (from GORILA 4 p. 61) (read right-to-left)
… … … … � � � �-� … � � � � � � � � � … � � � � �-� �… Cave ancestor mother queen rise big IMP rise
IO Za 9 (from GORILA 5 p. 21) KN Za 10 (from GORILA 4 p. 9) (1st part read right-to-left)
… … … …� � � � � � … … � �-�� ����-� � � � … � �� � � queen cloud down comes queen INF. … comes down to rule as queen
KN Zc 6 (from GORILA 4 p. 120) [painted cup] *our guess *our guess
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �-� � � � � � � Now Thera, Phaistos, Kitana toward go -IMP3rd SG this louse.
Fig. 6. Translation of some more Linear A inscriptions. The last is from a painted cup.
Another interesting set of inscriptions is called painted symbols are somewhat different from the libation documents. Libation documents are found standard forms or significantly eroded. Hence in the in sacred places, such as in peak sanctuaries and case of two symbols, we indicate our interpretation caves. Fig. 4 groups together a set of libation by a red *. This inscription seems to be an ostracon documents that all start with the phrase “all cave with the command “This louse go to Thera, spirits.” These documents, which are from several Phaistos, Kitana now.” For greater emphasis the different places, show that there was some prayer scribe also drew a logogram of a louse at the end of formula that was widely used by the Minoans. It the sentence. This message may have been a kind appears that the Minoans thought of their mother of curse by someone at Knossos, the center of goddess and their ancestors as spirits that dwelled power in northern Crete, towards the adversary in the caves of large mountains. towns of Thera (on the island of Santorini), Fig. 5 continues with the translation of more Phaistos (southern Crete), and Kitana (eastern libation documents that contain some interesting Crete). variations from those of Fig. 4. In particular, the The Linear A documents translated above range first inscription of Fig. 5 (PK Za 11) shows the from jewelry inscriptions, through religious variation “with all cave spirits.” Here the suffix � inscriptions, and to curses. These documents show is used to denote the instrumental case, which is an interesting and complex picture of Minoan life translated as “with.” that can be gained only by the ability to read their Fig. 6 shows some more variations of the writings. The validity of our translation method is libation formula. The last inscription (KN Zc 6) is a proven by the fact that it works for all these cup from Knossos with painted symbols inside. The different inscriptions.
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 330 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
Eteocretan EPIOI inscription *some scholars assume this is a Θ
… Ε Π ΙΘΙ Ζ Η Θ Α Ν Θ Η Ε Ν Ε Τ Η Π Α Ρ Σ ΙΦΑΙ … � � � επιθι Zηθάνθη ανάταση παρα σιφMinoan /n a z/ (he’s gone) (revival) (beside) (spirit) Epithi is gone [and] will rise beside [the] gods. … big!
Fig. 7. Translation of the EPIOI Eteocretan inscription from Psychro, Crete.
8 Eteocretan a Descendant of Minoan 9 Related Works and Discussion The Eteocretan inscriptions [40] are thought to be In the study of ancient scripts, Crete plays a major late forms of the Minoan language. These role as the location of origin of Cretan Hieroglyphs inscriptions are written using Greek letters except [7, 25, 26, 43], Linear A [14, 42] and Linear B [5, for a few letters of the EPIOI inscription, which is 10]. Arthur Evans already proposed the spread of shown in Fig. 7. The last three letters of the EPIOI these Cretan scripts to Cyprus because of their inscription recall can be rewritten into standard resemblance to the later Cypro-Minoan and Cypriot Linear A as the word � � �, which in the syllabaries [10]. dictionary of Table 12 is equivalent to the word Recently, Revesz [32] noted further resemblance “big.” Curiously, this word occurs as the last word between the Cretan scripts and the Greek, Old on several Linear A libation documents. For Hungarian (native ‘Rovásírás’) [12, 19, 38], example, the word “big” occurs also as the last Phoenician, South Arabic and Tifinagh alphabets. word in the documents (KO Za 1) and (SY Za 3), By using phylogenetic algorithms, Revesz [32] which are shown in Fig. 4. gave a hypothetical evolutionary tree for all the The other words seem to be Greek. We take the above-mentioned scripts, collectively named the first word to be a proper name, EPIOI or EPIΘI. Cretan Script Family. Revesz [32] also illustrated The second word actually seems to be a short Greek the hypothetical spread of these scripts on a map of phrase meaning “he’s gone.” The third word may the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea areas. be a variation of Greek ανάταση, meaning revival. The evolutionary tree suggests that the Cypriot The fourth word may be a shortened form of Greek syllabary and the Old Hungarian alphabet have a παρα, meaning beside/around. The fifth word σιφ common immediate ancestor, which was putatively seems connected to the Minoan word for spirit, located in western Anatolia. From western which seems cognate to Hattic ashaf (spirit) and Anatolia, the writing spread to the northern Black Proto-Finno-Ugric *seppa (clever). Therefore, the Sea area, where Hungarians are first mentioned in entire inscription reads: written history, and to Cyprus in the Eastern Mediterranean. The Carian alphabet (see Adiego Epithi is gone and will rise beside the gods…big! [1]) is now shown to be a member of the Cretan Script Family and the likely missing link between The above inscription indicates a survival of the Cypriot and the Old Hungarian scripts, as some variant of the libation formula used in shown in Fig. 2. Minoan times. Maybe the libation formula was Earlier alternative hypotheses regarding the memorized, and the last word of it was enough for origin of Old Hungarian include the Old Turkic people to recall the entire libation formula. The first (Orkhon) origin hypothesis by Sebestyén [35] and part expresses the belief that the departed Epithi the Phoenician origin hypothesis elaborated in will be resurrected and then will live near the gods. Hosszú [19]. More precisely, Hosszú [19] presents He will rise “big,” which may mean “high” or an encyclopedic study about Old Hungarian and its “great” in the Minoan libation formula, which urges Steppean and Carpathian-Basin relatives, which all spirits to rise to eternal life. collectively can be referred to as the Rovas group. The remarkable EPIOI inscription suggests that Chapter 4 of Hosszú [19] gives a genealogy or the people of Crete are descendants of the Minoans derivation of all Old Hungarian and related Rovas as well as Greeks. The Eteocretan language and symbols from twenty Phoenician letters, four Old script were primarily Greek but with several words Turkic (Orkhon) ideograms and the Greek letter Φ. and script symbols preserved from Minoan times. In contrast to Hosszú [19] and Sebestyén [35],
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 331 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
our previous study (Revesz [32]) placed Old Early Hungarians were either included among those Hungarian and Phoenician in two separate branches groups of people, or they acquired the writing when of the Cretan Script Family. Hence any similarity they arrived to the northern Black Sea region. of these two alphabets is only due to their common The spread of writing in itself does not imply origin. Forrai [12] and Varga [38] also questioned any language relationships. However, our earlier the assumption that Old Hungarian is derived from translations of some Cretan Hieroglyph inscriptions Phoenician or Old Turkic, but they did not specify a as Finno-Ugric texts, already suggested that Linear Cretan origin of Old Hungarian. A also records a Finno-Ugric language. That means Western Anatolia was strongly influenced by the that the adaptation of Linear A to Hungarian may Minoan culture. In the early and middle Bronze have preserved more faithfully the phonetic values Age, Miletus was a Minoan colony. In the late than the adaptation of Linear A to Linear B did. Bronze Age, Miletus became a Carian city. By the If the recognizability of the symbols as 8th century BC, Miletus came under Greek representations of concrete objects or actions is influence and itself established many colonies in lost, then they could be adopted without any the Black Sea region (Gabrielson et al. [13], significant phonetic change. However, when the Tsetskhladze [36]). The above historical outline symbols are still recognizable, then they are more suggests the following chain of events: likely to be adopted with a phonetic change that is Minoan writing spread first to western Anatolia, suitable to the adopting language. For example, as where it influenced the development of the Carian we saw in Section 5, the Linear A symbol � was alphabet [1], which spread with Milesians and other adopted in Linear B with the phonetic value of /a/ Carians to various groups of people who lived on because the word for axe is αξινη in Greek. In the northern shores of the Black Sea at that time. contrast, according to Table 12, the Linear A
Fig. 8. The Uralic language family tree (blue) is extended by splitting the Ugric branch into a West-Ugric and an Ob- Ugric sub-branch. The West-Ugric branch contains Minoan, Hattic and Hungarian. The large Indo-European language family (red) includes the Greek language (purple), which also has a Minoan ancestry. The language families are not illustrated in full and many branches are omitted.
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 332 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
symbol �, which seems more abstract and unclear as values for the Linear A symbols, except the to what it represented originally, was adopted in traditional vowel columns are split up into several Linear B as /ri/ without a change to the Linear A columns with related vowels. Harris’ translations of phonetic value. Linear A into Finnish rely on a large amount of The above relationship between Linear A and additions to the text. For example, Harris’ Linear B explains why the approach to read Linear translation of the Linear A document (IO Za 2) A using the Linear B sound values does not work in starts with the Linear A transliteration: general, although there are some cases when it seems to work. In particular, Cyrus Gordon [15] a ra ko ta jä ha … and others identified some Linear A words that may be connected to Semitic languages, mainly the and extends it using the red letters into Finnish as: names of commercial products. Those cases where the Linear B sound values seem to work are akka rauhan: koitar jäi hauan … composed of letters that are generally more abstract in form and hence better preserve the Linear A In addition, Sam Connolly [8] offers a Latin, Gia phonetic values. Kvashilava [21] offers a Proto-Georgian, Gareth The Uralic language family tree needs to be Owens [28] a Proto-Indo-European, and Fred C. revised, as shown in Fig. 8. While the traditional Woudhuizen [41] a Semitic translation of some classification of languages follows a strict tree Linear A inscriptions. paradigm, languages can have several ancestors. As The above examples exhibit a range of creative we saw in Section 3, Greek borrowed many words thinking and exploration about the decipherment of from Minoan. Therefore, Greek can be considered Linear A. Nevertheless, the examples also show to be a descendant of both Proto-Indo-European that attempting to translate Linear A using Linear B and Proto-Uralic and contains many ancient words values leads to confusing and contradictory results. from both language families. The algorithmic identification of the syllabic values There were many other attempts to solve Linear of Linear A is a major contribution of this paper. A. Among these attempts we mention a few of the The algorithm relies on a mathematical similarity more interesting proposals. Giulio M. Facchetti measure and is less likely to be misled as easily as [11] claims a link between Minoan and Etruscan. human eyes can be. In the future, our algorithmic Mario Alinei [2] also presents some connections approach could be adapted to the solution of other between Etruscan and Hungarian. Since we placed yet unsolved scripts. both Minoan and Hungarian into the West-Ugric language branch of the Uralic language family (see 10 Conclusions and Future Work Fig. 8), the works of Alinei and Facchetti both Today ever fewer languages remain isolates as suggest that Etruscan may be a West-Ugric researchers with ever more sophisticated tools are language. The connection between Minoan and able to find connections among languages that Etruscan needs to be further explored. previously seemed unrelated. These new findings, Hubert La Marle [24] argues that the Minoan these new connections, will hopefully increase language is Sanskrit based on a phonetic reading of among peoples a sense of connectivity and a greater Linear A, which is similar to that of Linear B with appreciation of each other’s cultures. only a few changes. According to La Marle, one Another deeper goal of our research was to help accounting tablet adds up 12 nomads, 12 houses, 6 uncover historical knowledge. Now that the cave lodgers, 24 boats, 5 barrels, and 3 “these ones” Minoans can speak for themselves, historians may and 4 pieces of wood into a total of 66. It is not better understand their culture, from its beginning clear why one would add up these items. through its flourishing to its demise. Perhaps such Graham Campbell-Dunn [6] argues that the an understanding may hold a historical lesson for Linear A symbols show some resemblance to an all of us. African sign system, and claims that some Linear A inscriptions can be read as a Niger-Congo Acknowledgements: The author would like to language. Like many other authors, Campbell- thank the anonymous referees for helpful comments Dunn relies on his own eyes for establishing in improving the organization of this paper. He also similarities between pairs of symbols instead of a would like to thank his family for their support mathematical similarity measure, making his even when this work seemed only a quixotic effort. claimed resemblances also questionable. The author also thanks the J. William Fulbright Stuart Harris [16] also uses the Linear B sound Program for supporting him on two Fulbright
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 333 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
Scholarships. First, on a visit to the University of [16] S. Harris, Linear A Decipherment: Translation Athens, Greece, in 2008, and second, to Budapest, of Minoan Inscriptions in Linear A, Hungary, in spring 2017 to the Aquincum Institute CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, of Technology, an affiliate of the Budapest 2016. University of Technology and Economics. An [17] L. Honti, Az Ugor Alapnyelv Kérdéséhez, (To earlier version of this paper was presented in July the Question of the Proto-Ugric Language), 2017 at the 21st International Conference KEL Print, Budapest, Hungary, 1997. on Circuits, Systems and Communications in [18] L. Honti, Characteristic features of Ugric Iraklion, Crete, Greece [34]. An extended version languages (observations on the question of of the conference paper was first submitted to the Ugric unity), Acta Linguistica Academiae journal on August 1, 2017. Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 29, No. 1/2, 1979, pp. 1-26. References: [19] G. Hosszú, Heritage of Scribes: The Relation [1] I.J. Adiego, The Carian Language, Koninklijke of Rovas Scripts to Eurasian Writing Systems, Brill NV, Leiden, Netherlands, 2007. Rovas Foundation Hungary, 2013. [2] M. Alinei, Etrusco: Una Forma Arcaica di [20] U.M. Kulonen, Itämansin kielioppi ja tekstejä. Ungherese, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2003. (Eastern Mansi Grammar), Apuneuvoja [3] R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of suomalais-ugrilaisten kielten opintoja varten Greek, Brill NV, Leiden, Netherlands, 2009. XV. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society, 2007. [4] R. S. P. Beekes, Pre-Greek Phonology, [21] G. Kvashilava, On Reading Pictorial Signs of Morphology, Lexicon, Brill NV, Leiden, the Phaistos Disk and Related Scripts, Ivane Netherlands, 2014. Javakhishvili Institute of History and [5] J. Chadwick, The Decipherment of Linear B, Ethnology, Tbilisi, 2010. Cambridge University Press, 1958. [22] Mansi Dictionary of Munkácsi and Kálmán, [6] G. Campbell-Dunn, Who were the Minoans?: downloaded June 22, 2017. Available: An African Answer, AuthorHouse: http://www.babel.gwi.uni- Bloomington, IN, 2006. muenchen.de/munka/index.php [7] F. Chapouthier, Inscription Hiéroglyphique [23] N. Marinatos, Minoan Kingship and the Solar Gravée sur un Bloc de Calcaire, Bulletin de Goddess: A Near Eastern Koine, University of Correspondance Hellénique Vol. 62, 1938, pp. Illinois Press, 2010. 104-109. [24] H. La Marle, Reading Linear A: Script, [8] S. Connolly, Breaking the Code: The Latin Morphology, and Glossary of the Minoan Behind Linear, Amazon Digital Services, 2017. Language, Geuthner, 2010. [9] Y. Duhoux, How not to decipher the Phaistos [25] J.-P. Olivier, Cretan Writing in the Second Disc, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. Millennium B.C., World Archaeology, Vol. 17, 104, No. 3, 2000, pp. 597–600. No. 3, 1986, pp. 377–389. [10] A. J. Evans, Scripta Minoa: The Written [26] J.-P. Olivier, L. Godart and J.-C. Poursat, Documents of Minoa Crete with Special Corpus Hieroglyphicarum Inscriptionum Reference to the Archives of Knossos, Volume Cretae (Études Crétoises 31), De Boccard, II, Classic Books, 1909. 1996. [11] G. M. Facchetti, and M. Negri, Creta Minoica: [27] G. A. Owens, The Structure of the Minoan Sulle Tracce delle più Antiche Scritture Language, Journal of Indo-European Studies. d'Europa, L.S. Olschki, Firenze, 2003. Vol. 27, No. 1–2, 1999, pp. 15–56. [12] S. Forrai, The Old Hungarian Writing from [28] G. A. Owens, The Minoan language, Ancient Times to the Present, (in Hungarian), downloaded July 17, 2017. Available: Antológia Kiadó, 1994. https://www.teicrete.gr/daidalika/pages/page.php?pa [13] V. Gabrielson, J. Lund, & T. Madsen (Eds.), ge=minoan_language The Black Sea in Antiquity: Regional and [29] Paleolexicon, The Hattians and the Hattic Interregional Economic Exchanges, Oxbow language, downloaded June 20, 2017. Books, 2007. Available: http://www.palaeolexicon.com/Hattic [14] L. Godart and J.-P. Olivier, Recueil des [30] P.Z. Revesz, A Computer-Aided Translation of inscriptions en Linéaire A (Études Crétoises the Phaistos Disk, International Journal of 21), De Boccard, 1976. Computers, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2016, pp. 94-100. [15] C. H. Gordon, Evidence for the Minoan Available:http://www.naun.org/main/NAUN/comp Language, Ventnor Publ., Ventnor, NJ, 1966. uters/2016/a282001-455.pdf
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 334 Volume 14, 2017 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Peter Z. Revesz
[31] P.Z. Revesz, A Computer-Aided Translation of the Cretan Hieroglyph Script, International Journal of Signal Processing, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2016, pp. 127-133. Available: iaras.org/iaras/filedownloads/ijsp/2016/003- 0017.pdf [32] P.Z. Revesz, Bioinformatics Evolutionary Tree Algorithms Reveal the History of the Cretan Script Family, International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2016, pp. 67-76. Available: http://www.naun.org/main/UPress/ami/2016/a1 82013-133.pdf [33] P. Z. Revesz, A Translation of the Arkalochori Axe and the Malia Altar Stone, WSEAS Trans. on Information Science and Applications, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2017, pp. 124-133. Available: http://www.wseas.org/multimedia/journals/info rmation/2017/a285909-084.pdf [34] P. Z. Revesz, The Cretan Script Family includes the Carian alphabet, In: Proc. 21st Int. Conf. on Circuits, Sys. Comm. and Computers, N. Mastorakis, et al. (Eds.), MATEC Web of Conferences, Vol. 125, No. 05019, Oct. 2017. [35] G. Sebestyén, Rovás és Rovásírás, Magyar Néprajzi Társaság, 1909. [36] G. Tsetskhladze, (Ed.), The Greek Colonization of the Black Sea Area, Franz Steiner, 1998. [37] C. Varga, Ógörög: Régies Csángó Nyelv, (Ancient Greek: Old Csango Language), Fríg Kiadó, 2006. [38] G. Varga, Bronzkori Magyar Irásbeliség, Irástörténeti Kutató Intézet, 1993. [39] M. Ventris, J. Chadwick, Evidence for Greek dialect in the Mycenaean archives, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 73, 1953, pp. 84-103. [40] Wikipedia, “Eteocretan language,” downloaded July 27, 2017. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eteocretan_langu age#cite_note-15 [41] F.C. Woudhuizen, The Earliest Cretan Scripts, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, 2006. [42] J. G. Younger, Linear A texts and inscriptions in phonetic transcription, downloaded July 25, 2017. Available: http://www.people.ku.edu/~jyounger/LinearA/ [43] P. Yule, Early Cretan Seals: A Study of Chronology, Marburger Studien zur Vor und Frühgeschichte, 1981. [44] G. Zaicz, chief editor, Etimológiai Szótár: Magyar Szavak és Toldalékok Eredete, (Etymological Dictionary: Origin of Hungarian Words and Affixes), Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006.
E-ISSN: 2224-3402 335 Volume 14, 2017