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Lithofacies and Paleogeography of the Conasauga Group, (Middle and Late Cambrian) in the Valley and Ridge Province of East Tennessee

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Lithofacies and Paleogeography of the Conasauga Group, (Middle and Late Cambrian) in the Valley and Ridge Province of East Tennessee Lithofacies and paleogeography of the Conasauga Group, (Middle and Late Cambrian) in the Valley and Ridge province of east Tennessee KENNETH O. HASSON Department of Geography/Geology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 C. STEPHEN HAASE Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 ABSTRACT A sub-basin within the regional intrashelf basin has been identi- fied. The axis of this sub-basin is oriented northwest, perpendicular to A comprehensive data base for the Conasauga Group (Middle the regional trend of the shelf and Appalachian structure. Approxi- and Late Cambrian) throughout the Valley and Ridge province in east mately 2,900 ft (883 m) of Conasauga strata accumulated in the sub- Tennessee was compiled from published and unpublished sources. basin, which first appeared during Pumpkin Valley Shale deposition Lithofacies and isopach maps and stratigraphic cross sections were and persisted through Maynardville Limestone deposition. We inter- constructed from this data base on both present-day and palinspastic pret the abrupt thickening at the margin of this basin to result from bases to define regional depositional patterns of the Conasauga basement faulting, which produced a graben that subsided intermit- Group. tently during basin filling. This structure may have economic signifi- Isopach and lithofacies trends recognized on present-day base cance in that there is an apparent correlation between the margin of maps are generally consistent with those previously recognized. Litho- this second-order basin and zinc mineralization in overlying carbon- facies data are consistent with a shelf-intrashelf-basin-carbonate- ates of the Knox Group. ramp model proposed by other investigators for the Nolichucky Shale. Our study suggests that the southern edge of an intrashelf basin rec- INTRODUCTION ognized within the Conasauga Group in southwest Virginia was 20 to 50 km southwest of present-day Knoxville. Strata of the Conasauga Group were deposited marginally to and Palinspastic-base lithofacies and isopach patterns for the Cona- within an intrashelf basin bounded on the east by a high-relief carbonate sauga Group in east Tennessee suggest (1) the existence of a generally shelf and on the west by the craton (Rodgers, 1968; Palmer, 1971; Mar- elliptical intrashelf basin that closes to the southwest and the north- kello and Read, 1982). The depositional environments and lithofacies east; (2) that the eastern margin of the intrashelf basin consists of shaly limestone and dolostone, the dolostone being dominant eastward; (3) that basin sediments are limestone, shale, and shaly limestone (40%-80% limestone); and (4) that the western basin margin sediments are mostly calcareous shale and siltstone (20%-60% limestone) that become terrigenous west of the basin. Figure 1. Location map of study area, illustrat- ing Conasauga Group outcrop belts (Hardeman and others, 1966). References for data points are summarized in Table A. Additional material for this article (tables) may be obtained free of charge by requesting Supplementary Data 8801 from the GSA Documents Secretary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 234-246, 13 figs., February 1988. 234 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/100/2/234/3379924/i0016-7606-100-2-234.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 LITHOFACIES AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF CONASAUGA GROUP, TENNESSEE 235 Figure 2. Palinspastic base map of study area, illustrating pre-Appalachian orogeny positions, major thrust faults, and displacement on faults. Faults are labeled within area of displacement. Palinspastic base taken from Roeder and Witherspoon (1978). Letters refer to towns mentioned in text and are as follows: K = Knoxville, JC = Johnson City, S = Sneedville, C = Cleveland, M = Morristown, R = Rogersville, E = Elizabethton, G = Greenville, B = Blountville. recorded in Conasauga Group strata include (1) shallow water, shale- data is from localities northeast of Knoxville (K)2; southwest of Knoxville, dominated peritidal settings on the cratonward northwestern margin of the there are few data. To facilitate interpretation, data are plotted on a Valley and Ridge, (2) mixed carbonate/shale intrashelf basin, and (3) shelf palinspastic map of east Tennessee (Roeder and Witherspoon, 1978) margin carbonate-dominated shoal and peritidal complex. which removes effects of Alleghanian orogeny foreshortening on facies The purpose of this paper is to summarize, using isopachous and and isopach patterns (Fig. 2). lithofacies maps and stratigraphic cross sections, regional depositional patterns of the Conasauga Group (Middle and Late Cambrian) in the GENERAL SETTING Valley and Ridge province of east Tennessee. We present a regional pic- ture of the stratigraphy and lithofacies patterns for a major unit of the In east Tennessee, Conasauga Group sediments crop out in northeast- Appalachian Valley and Ridge province. Our synthesis combines data southwest-trending belts (Fig. 1). Northwest of the Pulaski fault, Cona- from adjacent southwest Virginia (Markello and Read, 1981, 1982) and sauga Group exposures are on hanging walls of thrust faults. Between the Tennessee and summarizes the lithostratigraphy of the Conasauga Group Pulaski and Holston Mountain faults, Conasauga strata occur in a series of throughout a major portion of the southeastern Overthrust Belt. With the narrow, anticlinal folds commonly faulted on the northwest (Hardeman current interest in energy resource exploration within this region, such a and others, 1966). summary is useful for geological interpretation of seismic data and for the Conasauga Group rocks were deposited during the major Middle and understanding and identification of regional trends in sedimentation pat- Late Cambrian marine transgression over a subsiding, aggraded, and terns and paleogeography. rimmed shelf. This rimmed carbonate shelf has been documented by Locations of data sources are shown in Figure 1. References to data Rodgers (1968), Palmer (1971), Samman (1975), and Markello and Read points are given in Table A, which is available from the GSA Data (1981,1982). The Shady Dolomite comprises the pre-Conasauga Group Repository.1 Thickness data for the various Conasauga Group units at carbonate shelf rim sequence, which thins westward in east Tennessee and each of the data localities illustrated in Figure 1 are summarized in Table interfingers with the Rome Formation. The Shady Dolomite consists of B, which is also available from the GSA Data Repository.1 The bulk of the supratidal dolostones with abundant intercalated red shale and siltstone 'To obtain Tables A and B free of charge, request Supplementary Data 8801 2Letters and numbers within parentheses refer to cities and data localities, from the GSA Documents Secretary. respectively. Data localities are shown in Figure 1. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/100/2/234/3379924/i0016-7606-100-2-234.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 236 HASSON AND HAASE NW SE 1 2 3 Maynardville Limestone Maynardville Limestone Maynardville Limestone Nolichucky Shale Nolichucky Shale Bradley Creek Mbr. Bradley Creek Mbr. Figure 3. Régional stratigraph- Maryville Limestone ie nomenclature of the Conasauga Group in east Tennessee. Conasauga Shale Rogersville Shale Undivided Honaker Dolomite Craig Mbr Rutledge Limestone Pumpkin Valley Shale 2,900 ft (885 m). Thickness trends change abruptly at the basin margin 1. Northwest of Wallen Valley Fault (Fig. 4); offset of isopach lines on opposite sides of the basin suggests that 2. Between Wallen Valley Fault and Pulaski Fault the Luttrell sub-basin is a fault-bounded graben, perhaps similar to the Rome trough but of smaller scale. The Luttrell sub-basin, prior to Appala- 3. Southeast of Pulaski Fault chian foreshortening, is — 70 mi (112 km) long and 20 mi (32 km) wide. Downward movement in the Luttrell sub-basin did not affect all forma- tions of the Conasauga Group, and subsidence was insufficient at any time (Byrd, 1973). The Rome Formation underlies the Conasauga Group to influence major lithofacies trends. throughout eastern Tennessee. To the west, closer to the craton, the Rome Lithofacies trends parallel present-day structural strike. The Cona- Formation consists of red and green sandstone, mudstone, and shale; oo- sauga Group becomes more calcareous from northwest to southeast, and litic limestone is present locally and glauconitic intervals are common, as the southeastern border of the basin is predominantly dolostone. Data are are halite casts and mudcracks (Samman, 1975; Spigai, 1963). Southeast- insufficient to allow mapping of a limestone-dolostone transition. On a ward, toward the shelf margin, the Rome Formation is principally shale palinspastic base (Fig. 5), lithofacies trends remain generally parallel to and dolomite and lacks sandstone (Rodgers, 1953). structural strike on the northwestern margin of the study area. The iso- Throughout the study area, the Conasauga Group is conformably pachs on the southeast side of the basin, however, are initially east-west overlain by the Knox Group. Northwest of the Pulaski fault, the basal and then swing to a northeast-southwest orientation. On the southeastern Knox formation is the Copper Ridge Dolomite. The base of this formation side of the study area, lithofacies trends (Fig. 5) generally follow isopachs, is defined
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