Geologic Assessment of the Burger Power Plant and Surrounding Vicinity for Potential Injection of Carbon Dioxide

Home , Bedford Shale, Beekmantown Group, Berea Sandstone, Black River Group, Clinton Group, Conasauga Formation

Lawrence H. Wickstrom, Ernie R. Slucher, Mark T. Baranoski, and Douglas J. Mullett

Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Geological Survey 2045 Morse Road, Building C-1 Columbus, Ohio 43229-6693

Columbus 2008 Open-File Report 2008-1 ABOUT THE MRCSP

This report was produced by the Ohio Division of Geological Survey with funding supplied, in part, through the Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP). The MRCSP is a public/private consortium that is assessing the technical potential, economic viability, and public acceptability of carbon sequestration within its region. The MRCSP region consists of eight contiguous states: Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. A group of leading universities, state geological surveys, non-governmental organizations and private companies makes up the MRCSP, which is led by Bat- telle Memorial Institute. It is one of seven such partnerships across the United States that make up the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Program. The U.S. DOE, through the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), contributes the majority of funds for the MRCSP’s research under agreement no. DE-FC26-05NT42589. The MRCSP also receives funding from all of the member organizations. For more information on the partnership please visit .

DISCLAIMER

The information contained herein has not been technically reviewed for accuracy and conformity with present Ohio Division of Geological Survey standards for published materials. The Ohio Division of Geological Survey does not guarantee this information to be free from errors, omissions, or inaccuracies and disclaims any responsibility or liability for interpretations or decisions based thereon. CONTENTS

Introduction ...... 1 Geographic site location ...... 1 Previous work ...... 1 Potential geologic sequestration reservoir ...... 1 Deep saline formations ...... 1 Oil and gas fi elds ...... 3 Unmineable coal beds ...... 3 Carbonaceous shales ...... 3 Methods...... 3 Surface and near-surface site characterization ...... 9 Lowest underground source of drinking water ...... 9 General geologic site characterization ...... 9 Regional geologic setting ...... 9 Paleozoic stratigraphy and geologic history ...... 13 Discussion of potential saline injection zones ...... 15 Cambrian Conasauga Group (Maryville Formation) ...... 17 Cambrian-Ordovician Knox Group ...... 17 Cambrian Copper Ridge dolomite ...... 17 Cambrian-Ordovician Rose Run sandstone ...... 17 Ordovician Beekmantown dolomite ...... 18 Silurian Cataract Group (“Clinton” sandstone) ...... 18 Silurian Lockport Dolomite ...... 20 Silurian Salina Group ...... 20 Silurian Bass Islands Dolomite ...... 20 Devonian Oriskany Sandstone ...... 26 Devonian Hamilton Group and West Falls Formation ...... 26 Signifi cant oil and gas horizons ...... 26 Lower Silurian “Clinton-Medina”/Tuscarora Sandstone ...... 32 Lower Silurian Lockport Dolomite ...... 32 Lower Devonian Oriskany Sandstone ...... 32 Upper Devonian siltstones and sandstones ...... 37 Lower Devonian Berea Sandstone ...... 37 Upper and Lower Mississippian limestones and sandstones ...... 37 Lower and Middle Pennsylvanian sandstones and coal beds ...... 37 Unmineable coals ...... 37 Carbonaceous shales ...... 42 Confi ning units for potential injection intervals ...... 43 Structural geology near the Burger site...... 43 Seismic refl ection data ...... 44 Artifi cial penetrations ...... 44 Class I and II injection wells ...... 44 Class III injection wells ...... 44 Seismicity ...... 46 Summary ...... 46 Selected references ...... 50

FIGURES

Figure 1.—Location of Burger Power Plant ...... 2 Figure 2.—Map of the Burger site with 20-mile radius area of review ...... 4

Figure 3.—Stratigraphic correlation and CO2 sequestration characterization chart ...... 5 Figure 4.—Map of oil, gas, and solution mining wells ...... 6 Figure 5.—Stratigraphic cross section showing stratigraphic correlations and geophysical log signatures of shallow geologic units ...... 7 Figure 6.—Stratigraphic cross section showing stratigraphic correlations and geophysical log signatures of deep geologic units ...... 8 Figure 7.—Structure contour map on the top of the Berea Sandstone ...... 10 Figure 8.—Structure contour map on the top of the Oriskany Sandstone ...... 11 Figure 9.—Locations of abandoned underground mines ...... 12

i GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

Figure 10.—Locations of major geologic elements during early Cambrian time ...... 13 Figure 11.—Structure contour map on the top of the Precambrian unconformity ...... 14 Figure 12.—Stratigraphic correlation chart showing details of the Cambrian and lower part of the Ordovician ...... 16 Figure 13.—Stratigraphic cross section showing Cambrian and Ordovician sequences ...... 16 Figure 14.—Diagram illustrating the various units found at the Knox unconformity subcrop ...... 18 Figure 15.—Structure contour map on the top of the Rose Run sandstone...... 19 Figure 16.—Structure contour map on the top of the Tuscarora Sandstone...... 21 Figure 17.—Isopach map of the Tuscarora Sandstone and equivalents ...... 22 Figure 18.—Geophysical log response of the “Clinton” sandstones ...... 23 Figure 19.—Geophysical log response of the Lockport interval ...... 24 Figure 20.—Geophysical log response of the Salina interval ...... 25 Figure 21.—Geophysical log response of the Bass Islands Dolomite ...... 27 Figure 22.—Isopach map of the Oriskany Sandstone ...... 28 Figure 23.—Structure contour map on the top of the Oriskany Sandstone ...... 29 Figure 24.—Geophysical log response of the Oriskany Sandstone ...... 30 Figure 25.—Geophysical log response of the Hamilton Group and lower West Falls Formation ....31 Figure 26.—Locations of oil and gas fi elds producing from depths >2,000 ft ...... 33 Figure 27.—Locations of all oil and gas fi elds ...... 34 Figure 28.—Locations of natural gas storage fi elds ...... 35 Figure 29.—Stratigraphic cross-section showing the Lower Silurian “Clinton-Medina” sandstone geophysical well log correlations ...... 36 Figure 30.—Locations of oil and gas fi elds producing from the Devonian Shales and upper Devonian siltstones and sandstones ...... 38 Figure 31.—Locations of oil and gas fi elds producing from the lower Devonian Berea Sandstone ..39 Figure 32.—Locations of oil and gas fi elds producing from the Mississippian limestones and sandstones...... 40 Figure 33.—Locations of oil and gas fi elds producing from the Pennsylvanian sandstones ...... 41 Figure 34.—Schematic cross section of coal-bearing strata ...... 42 Figure 35.—Locations of class II (brine) and class III (solution mining) injection wells ...... 45 Figure 36.—Map of Ohio and surrounding areas showing known earthquake locations ...... 47 Figure 37.—Burger Well summary ...... 49

APPENDICES (SEE EXCEL DOCUMENTS ON CD)

Appendix A. General list of wells within 20 miles of the Burger Power Plant site. Appendix B. Listing of core or core analyses of interest. Appendix C. Oil and gas pools found within 20 miles of the Burger Power Plant site. Appendix D. Listing of deep wells within 20 miles of the Burger Power Plant site. Appendix E. Listing of Salina solution mining (Class III) wells and brine injection (Class II) wells within 20 miles of the Burger Power Plant site.

ii 1

GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND SURROUNDING VICINITY FOR POTENTIAL INJECTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE

INTRODUCTION PREVIOUS WORK

This report, compiled for the Midwest Regional Carbon Seques- No previous detailed deep-subsurface investigations of prospec- tration Partnership (MRCSP), is a preliminary feasibility study of tive geologic reservoir and sealing units viable for carbon storage the geological sequestration potential for a proposed carbon-cap- have been conducted for the Burger Power Plant AOR. Several sub- ture-and-storage demonstration project at the Burger Power Plant surface regional studies of shallow strata (Devonian or shallower) located in Belmont County, Ohio. The MRCSP is one of seven re- using oil and gas well control have been published (Haught, 1955; gional partnerships funded by the U.S. Department of Energy to in- Roen and others, 1978; Cardwell, 1979, Schweitering, 1979; Gray vestigate the potential for carbon capture and storage in the United and others, 1982; Gas Research Institute, 1989). States. This partnership, led by Battelle Memorial Institute, includes Member agencies of the MRCSP team have conducted several research institutes and government agencies from the states of Indi- geologic investigations over the past 25 years that are of note for ana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, the Burger area. The MRCSP Phase I Task Report (Wickstrom and and West Virginia plus several industry partners. In Phase I of the others, 2005) was the source for most stratigraphic data and maps partnership, a regional geologic assessment summarized the subsur- used in this analysis. The phase I report contains an assemblage face geology of the MRCSP region in terms of potential reservoirs of databases and maps depicting the general distribution of the and seals for carbon sequestration (Wickstrom and others, 2005). For geologic reservoirs and seals in the subsurface of the seven-state Phase II, three sites within the MRCSP region, including the Burger MRCSP region. Power Plant site, are under investigation to be used as fi eld tests to The Rome Trough Consortium (Harris and others, 2002) inves- evaluate carbon-sequestration methodologies in geologic reservoirs. tigated the subsurface stratigraphy of sub-Knox Group units within The objective of this report is to summarize the geology and and adjacent to the Rome Trough in eastern Kentucky, southeastern available geologic data of the Burger site and its immediate vicin- Ohio, and northern West Virginia. Included in the fi nal report of the ity, and to provide a preliminary characterization of known geologic consortium is a database listing the identifi ed tops of geologic units, reservoirs and sealing units for use in further assessment work. Fur- deep-core descriptions, regional maps of sub-Knox sandstone reser- ther assessment work would be used for developing the test well de- voirs, and information on known hydrocarbon geochemistry in the sign and implementing various requirements for carbon capture and Rome Trough. storage, as well as acquiring an underground-injection permit and The Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays (Roen and Walker, developing a subsequent monitoring plan. This report was revised 1996), a comprehensive study of known and speculative gas plays to include information collected during the drilling and geophysical in most portions of the Appalachian Basin, facilitated the analyses well logging of the deep stratigraphic test well drilled at the Burger of some geologic horizons in the eastern part of the AOR. Items site, the FEGENCO #1 Well. Further well testing and injection of included in the atlas that may be useful for additional research at

CO2 are planned for this well. At the conclusion of such tests, a ﬁ nal the Burger Power Plant are databases on the average geologic and report on this project will be published by the Ohio Department of engineering characteristics of each play. Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey (DGS). The Eastern Gas Shales Project was a U.S. Department of Energy The principal investigators for this feasibility study were Mark (U.S. DOE)-funded study of the organic-rich Devonian shales in the Baranoski, Ernie Slucher, and Larry Wickstrom of the DGS. This Appalachian Basin (Gray and others, 1982). In addition, this report report was revised by Doug Mullett of the DGS. Additional con- contains numerous maps on other geologic units, such as the Onon- tributions were made by Kristen Carter of the Pennsylvania Geo- daga Limestone and Berea Sandstone, that may have relevance to logical Survey and Lee Avary of the West Virginia Geological and the Burger site investigation. Economic Survey. POTENTIAL GEOLOGIC GEOGRAPHIC SITE LOCATION SEQUESTRATION RESERVOIRS

The Burger Power Plant is located at the southeastern edge of a The U.S. DOE has identifi ed several categories of geologic res- large fl ood plain on the west side of the Ohio River at Dilles Bot- ervoirs for potential CO2 sequestration (U.S. Department of Energy, tom, Belmont County, Ohio, which is located on the Businessburg 1999, 2004, 2005). Of these categories, four are considered to have 7.5-minute U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle (fi g. 1). The potential application at the Burger site: (1) deep saline formations, Burger Power Plant is approximately four miles south of Shadyside, (2) oil-and-gas fi elds, (3) unmineable coal beds, and (4) carbona- Ohio and directly across the Ohio River and southwest of Mounds- ceous shales. ville, West Virginia. In this report, use of the term “site” refers to the area in the immediate vicinity of the Burger Power Plant and DEEP SALINE FORMATIONS the term “Burger Well” refers to the FEGENCO #1 Well (American Petroleum Institute number 3401320586). “AOR” as used in this Saline formations are natural salt-water-bearing intervals of po- report stands for area of review and includes well and other geologic rous and permeable rocks that occur beneath the level of potable data within approximately 20 miles of the site. The Burger Well was ground water. Currently, a number of saline formations are used for drilled 3,994 ft from the north line and 374 ft from the east line of waste-fl uid disposal in Ohio. Thus, a long history of technological Section 35, Mead Township, Belmont County. and regulatory factors exists that could be applied to CO2 injection/

1 2 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

Moundsville Businessburg

Burger Powerplant

PENNSYLVANIA

OHIOGlen Easton Powhatan Point ^

MARYLAND

WEST VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY

Figure 1.—Location of Burger Power Plant. Figure captured from four USGS digital raster graphic (DRG) ﬁ les of the 7.5-minute quadrangles surrounding the site. A separate ﬁ le containing this map, for detailed use and printing, is included on the CD submitted with this report. POTENTIAL GEOLOGIC SEQUESTRATION RESERVOIRS 3

disposal. In order to maintain injected CO2 in its supercritical state production. Additionally, it is believed that carbonaceous shales (i.e., liquid), the injection horizon depth must be at or greater than could adsorb CO2 into the shale matrix, similar to coal adsorption, 2,500 ft. Maintaining CO2 in its liquid phase is desirable because, as permitting long-term CO2 storage even at relatively shallow depths a liquid, it takes up less volume than when it is in the gaseous phase. (Nuttall and others, 2005). Sequestration of CO2 in carbonaceous

One ton of CO2 at surface temperature and pressure (when it is in shales has not been demonstrated and is still in the developmental its gaseous phase) occupies approximately 18,000 cubic feet. The research stage. same amount of CO2 will occupy only 50 cubic feet when injected into a formation at a depth of approximately 2,600 ft. Sequestration METHODS depths of at least 2,500 ft also insure there is an adequate interval of rocks (confi ning layers) above the potential injection zones to act A geologic characterization was conducted for the 20-mile radius as geologic seals. AOR that includes portions of Belmont, Harrison, Jefferson, and Monroe Counties, Ohio, Greene and Washington Counties, Penn- OIL-AND-GAS FIELDS sylvania, and Brooke, Marshall, Ohio, and Wetzel Counties, West Virginia (fi g. 2). Additionally, because of a paucity of data on deep Oil-and-gas fi elds represent known geologic traps (structural or geologic units, some well data were used from as far as 30 miles stratigraphic) that contain hydrocarbons within a confi ned reser- from the site. voir with a known cap or seal. In depleted or abandoned petroleum Data used for the preliminary site assessment were acquired from

ﬁ elds, CO2 can be injected into the reservoir to ﬁ ll the pore volume public records at the West Virginia Geological and Economic Sur- left by the extraction of the oil or natural gas resources (Westrich vey (WVGES), the Pennsylvania Geological Survey (PGS), and the and others, 2002). Ohio Division of Geological Survey (DGS). Available geologic lit-

In active oil ﬁ elds, it has been demonstrated that CO2 can be used erature, basic geologic maps, and data on coal and coal mines, oil for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In this process, some of the oil and gas wells, petroleum storage ﬁ elds, brine solution wells, and that remains in reservoirs after primary production is recovered by core hole records were compiled and analyzed.

using CO2 to (1) repressurize the reservoir and drive the remain- Wells in the text and fi gures are referred to by both lease name ing oil to a recovery well (immiscible fl ooding at shallow depths), and the American Petroleum Institute’s well-identifi cation number or (2) reduce the viscosity (via mixing/chemical interaction) of the (API number). The API number is a national standardized method remaining oil and push it to a recovery well (miscible fl ooding of for assigning unique identifi ers to oil and gas wells. It is expressed as deep reservoirs). Approximately 70 oil fi elds worldwide currently a 10-digit number with the fi rst 2 digits representing the state code, inject CO2 for EOR (U.S. DOE, 2004), thereby demonstrating the the next 3 numbers representing the county code, and (in Ohio) the effectiveness of this value-added sequestration option. Most exist- next 5 numbers representing the permit number within the county. ing CO2-assisted EOR operations are in the western United States, Stratigraphic terminology used in this report is that currently ac- especially the Permian Basin of west Texas. These fi elds mainly cepted by the DGS and can be found in Larsen (1998), Riley and use naturally occurring sources of CO2, but recently, anthropogenic others (1993), and Baranoski (in prep.). A stratigraphic chart for sources have been added to their extensive pipeline network. There strata underlying the Burger AOR, adapted from the MRCSP phase are no known large natural-CO2 sources in the eastern United States. I report (Wickstrom and others, 2005), is shown in fi gure 3.

Having CO2 available for EOR operations may enable the local oil As of June 2006, 6,257 drill holes were on ﬁ le at the WVGES, industry to produce hundreds of millions of barrels of additional PGS, and DGS in the 20-mile radius AOR. The majority of these

oil. Enhanced oil recovery, while sequestering CO2, could provide wells were drilled for oil and gas (including coalbed methane). The further economic incentive to develop a long-term sequestration op- results of analyses using the well records were constrained because eration at a site such as the Burger Power Plant. many of the records pre-dated modern regulations that require relatively more information than the records contain. For example, only UNMINEABLE COAL BEDS 3,056 of the 6,257 wells in the AOR have a total depth (TD) listed as part of the well record (ﬁ g. 4); thus, additional data on deeper geo- Unmineable coal beds offer a unique option for geologic seques- logic units within the AOR may exist in the records of current and tration because, unlike the previously described reservoir types, historic operators of the Appalachian Basin. A listing of all wells

CO2 injected into a coal bed would not only occupy pore space, but within the AOR, as of June 2006, is attached (Appendix A). Other it would also bond, or adsorb, onto the carbon in the coal itself. The subsurface records of the AOR are from coal stratigraphic test holes adsorption rate for CO2 in bituminous coal is approximately twice and wells drilled for brine solution operations. Very little core or that of methane; thus, in theory, the injected CO2 would displace analyses of the AOR are available for rocks below the coal measures methane, allowing for potential enhanced gas recovery (Reznik and (Appendix B). others, 1982; Gale and Freund, 2001; Schroeder and others, 2002) A dip cross-section was constructed across the AOR (fi g. 4) to while at the same time sequestering twice the volume of CO2. Be- illustrate the regional stratigraphy, including the potential injec- cause of the adsorption mechanism, concerns of miscibility that oc- tion zones and confi ning units. For visual clarity, the cross section cur in oil-and-gas reservoirs are not an issue. Thus, the injection of is split into a shallow section and a deep section (fi gs. 5, 6). Data

CO2 and resulting enhanced recovery of coal bed methane could used for the shallow and deep sections were derived from the top of occur at shallower depths than for depleted oil reservoirs and deep the Onondaga Limestone and the Dayton Formation\“Packer Shell,” saline formations. respectively. Time budgeted for this assessment precluded using a large num- CARBONACEOUS SHALES ber of geophysical logs to interpret formation boundaries and properties and map unit depth and thickness. In addition, geophysical

Analogous to sequestration in coal beds, CO2 injection into car- logs were not run or reported when many wells in the region were bonaceous shale reservoirs could be used to enhance existing gas drilled. Therefore, drillers’ reported formation depths (depth below 4 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

US HWY 250

Brooke Y 22 Harrison Jefferson US HW

STATE HWY 7

WASHINGTON

Wheeling Ohio Y40

I70 US HW I70 US HWY 40 I70 Saint Clairsville I 470 I 470

Belmont US HWY 250

^ Moundsville

Marshall GREENE

TATE HWY 7 S

Monroe

Monongalia New Martinsville EXPLANATION

^Burger Coal Power Plant Wetzel Rivers State Roads

Cities 20-mile radius areaMarion of review

505102.5 Miles County boundary Washington Tyler Deep cross section 50510152.5STATE HWY 2 Kilometers ³ Shallow cross section

Figure 2.—Map of the Burger site with the 20-mile radius area of review (AOR) shown. Line of cross section (ﬁ gs. 5, 6). The shallow portion of the cross section contains one control point not used on the deep section. METHODS 5

OHIO WEST VIRGINIA PENNSYLVANIA ERA (SUB- SERIES SYSTEM SYSTEM)

Monongahela Gp Monongahela Gp Monongahela Gp

UPPER Conemaugh Gp Conemaugh Gp Conemaugh Gp

Allegheny Gp Allegheny Fm Allegheny Gp

Pottsville Gp Kanawha

MIDDLE Pottsville Fm Pottsville Gp Gp New (PENNSYLVANIAN) River Fm Poca- LOWER hontas Fm

Mauch Bluefield Chunk Fm Fm CARBONIFEROUS

UPPER Maxville Ls Mauch Chunk Fm Maxville Ls Greenbrier Ls Green- brier Ls L oyalha nna Ls MIDDLE

(MISSISSIPPIAN) Maccrady Logan Fm Fm Burgoon Fm

Cuyahoga Fm Shenango Price Fm Fm Rockwell Coldwater Sh LOWER Fm Cuyahoga Sunbury Sh Sunbury Sh Pocono Fm Gp Riddlesburg Mbr Berea Ss Berea Ss Berea Ss Hampshire Bedford Sh Murryville Bedford Sh Bedford Sh Gp Cussewago Fm Ss Riceville Fm Oswayo Fm Catskill V Ohio Chagrin enango Gp Fm Ohio Sh Sh Greenland Gap Fm Chadakoin Fm Brad Gp Huron ford Gp Sh

UPPER Elk Java Java Fm Antrim Sh Gp Olentangy Sh Java Fm Fm West Falls Fm West Falls Fm Brallier West Falls Fm Brallier Fm Sonyea Fm Fm Sonyea Fm Genesee Fm Harrell Fm Genesee Fm Harrell Fm Tully Ls Local sequestration target Olentangy Tully Ls Mahan- Hamilton Mahan- tango Millboro Gp tango Fm Fm Sh undivided Traverse Gp

Dun- Hamilton Gp dee Delaware Ls Marcellus Fm Marcellus Fm

DEVONIAN Gp Hamilton MIDDLE Ls Detroit Columbus River Ls Sequestration target Gp Onondaga Ls Onon- Need- Onondaga Fm daga more

Ls Chert Sh Bois Blanc Fm Bois Blanc Hunters- Need- Huntersville Fm ville more Chert Sh Oriskany Ridgeley Oriskany Ss Ss LOWER Oriskany Ss Ss Confining unit Helderberg Gp Helderberg Gp Helderberg Ls Bass Clifton Bass Bass Islands Islands Forge Ss Islands Dol Keyser PALEOZOIC Keyser Fm Fm

Tonoloway Tonoloway Organic shale Salina Gp Fm Salina Ls Salina Fm Gp Wills Wills Creek Creek Ludlow-Pridoli Fm Fm Newburg Ss Bloomsburg Lockport Dol Fm Coal-bearing interval Lockport McKenzie Lockport Dol Fm Fm Mifflintown Fm SILURIAN Rochester Clinton Rochester Sh Sh Keefer Ss Keefer Ss Gp Dayton Fm Rose Hill Fm Clinton Gp Rose Hill Clinton Gp Wenlock Cacapon Ss Sh Llandovery- Cabot Head Fm Cataract Gp Brassfield Cabot Brassfield Fm Head Fm Tuscarora Ss Medina Gp Tuscarora Fm Basal confining units Queenston Sh Juniata Fm Juniata Fm Oswego Queenston Fm Fm Bald Eagle Fm Cincinnati gp Reedsville Martins- Reedsville Sh Sh burg Fm Fm Utica Sh Point Pleasant Fm Antes Fm Sedimentary rocks Martinsburg Trenton Ls Lexington Ls Trenton Gp Trenton Gp UPPER Black River Gp Black River Gp Black River Gp burg Gp St. Peter Ss Wells Creek Fm Chambers- Loysburg Fm St. Peter Ss Wells St.Paul Creek Fm Gp Wells Creek Fm Igneous and Belle- metamorphic rocks fonte town Fm Beekman- Fm ORDOVICIAN MIDDLE Axe- mann Pinesburg Fm Stat. Rockdale Nittany Run Fm Fm

Beek- Beekmantown Gp Stonehenge Stone- dol LOWER mantown henge town Gp Ls Larke town Fm Beekman- Fm dol Beekman- Fm unnamed upper Stouffers- Mines Mbr Rose Run Ss Knox Dol Ss mbr town Mbr Upper Sandy Mbr Unconformity Middle Ore Hill Copper Ridge Copper Conoco- Dolomite dol Ridge Dol cheague Gp Mbr Mbr Knox Gp Fm

Lower Sandy Mbr Conoco-

Eau cheague Gp Gatesburg Stacy Mbr Claire Conasauga Fm Warrior Fm Furongian gp Po Mt. tsd Simon am Ss Cona- Elbrook Ss Basal Ss sauga Gp Fm Pleasant Hill Fm ? Elbrook Fm MIDDLE CAMBRIAN

Rome Waynes- Waynesboro Fm boro Fm ? Fm Tomstown Fm Shady/Tomstown Tomstown Dol ? Basal Ss Antietam ? Antietam Fm Harpers LOWER Wever-

Chilhowee ton Catoctin Fm Swift Run Fm

? NEOPRO- TEROZOIC Grenville Grenville Grenville Middle complex complex complex Run Fm

TEROZOIC Granite- MESOPRO- Rhyolite complex Figure 3.—Stratigraphic correlation and CO2 sequestration characterization chart of geologic units in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia TEROZOIC PALEOPRO- (modiﬁ ed from Wickstrom and others, 2005). 6 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

Harrison Jefferson Brooke

WASHINGTON

Ohio

Guernsey

Belmont

Burger Well Noble ^

Marshall GREENE

Monroe EXPLANATION Monongalia ^Burger Coal Power Plant Deep cross section Shallow cross section Closest "Clinton" wells Wetzel Closest Knox wells Closest Precambrian wells

Class III WellsMarion Wells with logs

Washington Well Records with TD Tyler 50512.5 0Miles Well Records without TD

20-mile radius area of review 50510152.5 Kilometers Pleasants ³ CountyHarrison boundary Doddridge

Figure 4.—Map of oil, gas, and solution mining wells located within the Burger AOR. Line of cross section (ﬁ gs. 5, 6). The shallow portion of the cross section contains one control point not used on the deep section. METHODS 7

3406720737 11.7 miles 3401320485 12.0 miles 3401320108 9.2 miles 4705100229 2.3 miles 3401320586 16.0 miles 4705100539 RED HILL DEVELOPMENT KST OIL & GAS CO. IN R.S. RAGADALE III Allied Chem-SPD BURGER PLANT OCCIDENTAL PTLM ZECHMAN SHIPPEY MOBLEY & BOBICK McCORMICK/OCCIDENTAL 1 BURLEY, J COMPLETION RECORD ONLY

Correlation Depth Porosity

GR TVD RHOB

0GAPI 200 2.000G/CC 3.000

NPHI

0.003 V/V -0.001

2900

3000 Berea Ss/ 4500 4500 3100 Upper Devonian shales & siltstones undiv.

3200

3300

3400

Correlation Depth Porosity 3500

Correlation Depth GR TVD PHIN(NPHI)

GR TVD 02500.30CFCF -0.1 4000 0200GAPI CALI(HCAL) RHOB(RHOZ) 4000 GR 616IN 2.0G/C3 3.0 3600

200GAPI 400 PEF(PEFZ)

010 1800

3700

1700

1900

3800

1800

2000

3900

1900

2100

Correlation Depth Porosity 4000

GR TVD RHOB 2000 0200GAPI 23G/C3 3500 GR NEUT 2200 3500 400 NAPI 4000 200GAPI 400 4100 1600 2000 2100

2300

4200 1700 2200

2400

4300 1800 2300

2500

4400 1900 2400

2600

4500 2000 2500

3000 2700 3000 4600 2100 2500 2600

2800

4700 2200 Berea Ss/ 2700 Upper Devonian shales 2900 4800 & siltstones undiv. 2300 2800

3000

4900 2400 2900

3100

5000 2500 3000

2500 3200 2500 5100 2600 3000 3100

3300

5200 2700 3200

3400

5300 2800 3300

3500

5400 2900 3400

3600

5500 3000 3500

2000 3700 2000 5600 3100 3500 3600

3800

5700 3200 3700

3900

5800 3300 3800

4000

5900 3400 3900

4100

6000 3500 4000

1500 4200 1500 6100 3600 4000 4100

4300

6200 3700 4200

4400

6300 3800 4300

4500

6400 3900 4400

4600

6500 4000 4500

1000 4700 1000 6600 4100 4500 4600

4800

6700 4200 4700

4900

6800 4300 4800

5000

6900 4400 4900

5100

7000 4500 5000

500 5200 500 7100 4600 5000 5100

5300

7200 4700 5200

5400

7300 4800 5300

5500

7400 4900 5400

5600

7500 5000 Hamilton Gp Hamilton Gp 5500 0 Datum 5700 Datum 0 7600 5100 Onondaga Ls 5500 5600 Onondaga Ls

5800

7700 5200 5700

Oriskany Ss 5900

7800 5300 Helderburg Fm 5800 Oriskany Ss 6000

7900 5400 5900 Helderburg Fm 6100

8000 5500 Bass Islands Dol 6000 -500 Salina Gp 6200 -500 8100 5600 6000 6100

6300

8200 5700 6200 Bass Islands Dol 6400

8300 5800 6300

6500 Salina Gp 8400 5900 6400

6600

8500 6000 6500

-1000 6700 -1000 8600 6100 TD=6556 6500

6800

8700 6200

6900

8800 6300

7000

8900 6400 Lockport Dol 7100

9000 6500

-1500 7200 -1500 9100 6600 7000

7300

9200 Rochester Fm/ 6700 Clinton Gp 7400 9300 6800

7500

9400 6900 Lockport Dol ÒClintonÓ Ss 7600

9500 7000

-2000 7700 -2000 9600 7100 Queenston Sh 7500

7800

9700 7200

7900 Rose Hill Fm

9800 7300 TD=10625 8000

9900 7400 TD=7410 8100

10000 TD=7887 -2500 8200 -2500 10100 Tuscarora Ss

8300

10200

TD=8384 10300

10400 Queenston Shale TD=16512

Figure 5.—Stratigraphic cross section oriented northwest-southeast across the AOR showing stratigraphic correlations and geophysical log signatures of shallow geologic units (Queenston Shale through the Berea Sandstone). Datum is the top of the Onondaga Limestone. See ﬁ gure 2 for location of line. A separate ﬁ le containing this cross section, for detailed use and printing, is included on the CD submitted with this report. 8 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

3406720737 3401320485 3401320108 3401320586 4705100539 11.7 miles 12.0 miles 11.2 miles 16.0 miles RED HILL DEVELOPMENT KST OIL & GAS CO. IN R.S. RAGADALE III BURGER PLANT OCCIDENTAL PTLM ZECHMAN SHIPPEY MOBLEY & BOBICK McCORMICK/OCCIDENTAL 1 BURLEY, J

NW SE

Correlation Depth Porosity Correlation Depth Porosity GR TVD PHIN(NPHI) GR TVD NPHI No 0 250 0.30CFCF -0.1 0 API 200 0.003V/V 0.000 Correlation Depth Porosity CALI(HCAL) RHOB(RHOZ) GR RHOB See enlarged electric GR TVD RHOB 6 IN 16 2.0G/C3 3.0 200API 400 2.000 gm/cc 3.000 0 GAPI 200 2.000G/CC 3.000 version below logs PEF(PEFZ) NPHI PEF 010 0.000barns/elec 10.000 7900 0.003 V/V -0.001 7500 9900 Rose Hill Fm

5900 8000

7600 10000

6000 8100 Datum base 0 0 7700 10100 Dayton Fm (Packer Shell) ÒClinton/MedinaÓ/

Cabot Head 6100 8200 Tuscarora Ss

7800 10200

Queenston Sh/ 6200 8300 Cincinnatian undiv. TD=7887 10300 TD=7410 6300 TD=8384

10400

6400 Queenston Sh/ Reedsville Sh undiv. 10500

6500 -500 -500 10600

6600

10700

6700

10800

6800

10900

6900

11000

7000 -1000 -1000 11100

7100

11200

7200

11300

7300 Gamma ray Neutron Bulk density (no units) (no units) 11400

7400

6Ó caliper 16Ó 2.0 g/cc 3.0 g/cc 11500

7500 -1500 -1500 Utica Sh 11600 7600 ÒPacker ShellÓ

11700

7700 7200 11800 7800 ÒClintonÓ Ss Trenton Ls 11900

7900

12000

8000 -2000 Black River Gp -2000 12100

8100

12200

8200

12300 SILURIAN

8300

Neutron 12400 Òcross-overÓ 8400

7300 12500

8500 Utica Sh -2500 -2500 Cabot Head Sh 12600

8600

ÒGull RiverÓ 12700

8700

Wells Creek Fm 12800

8800 Trenton Ls

Beekmantown Dol 12900

8900

Queenston Sh 13000

9000 Black River Gp -3000 -3000 13100

9100 ORDOVICIAN 13200 Rose Run Ss 9200 TD = 7410

13300

9300 Copper Ridge Dol 13400 Knox Dol

9400

13500

ÒB-zoneÓ 9500 -3500 -3500 13600

9600

13700

9700

13800 Conasauga Gp 9800 ÒGull RiverÓ

13900

9900 Wells Creek Fm

14000

10000 -4000 -4000 14100

10100

14200

10200

14300

10300

14400

10400

14500 Knox Gp

Precambrian 10500 -4500 -4500 14600

10600

TD=10625 14700

14800

14900

15000

-5000 -5000 15100

15200

15300 Rose Run Ss

15400

15500

-5500 -5500 15600

15700 ÒB-zoneÓ

15800

15900

16000

-6000 -6000 16100

16200

16300

16400

16500 TD=16512

Figure 6.—Stratigraphic cross section oriented northwest-southeast across the AOR showing stratigraphic correlations and geophysical log signatures of deep geologic units (Precambrian through the Rose Hill Formation). Datum is the base of the Dayton Formation (“Packer Shell”). See ﬁ gure 2 for location of line. Inset shows geophysical log from a Belmont County, Ohio well (API number 3401320485) illustrating gamma ray, density, and neutron curves for the lower Silurian “Clinton-Medina” sandstone and “gas effect” at neutron/density “cross over.” A separate ﬁ le containing this cross section, for detailed use and printing, is included on the CD submitted with this report. METHODS 9

sea level) were used to create two structure contour maps on the top LOWEST UNDERGROUND SOURCE of the Berea and Oriskany Sandstones (fi gs. 7, 8). It should be noted OF DRINKING WATER that maps created solely from reported tops (and not maps created from geophysical log data) are less accurate because methods used The lowest potential underground source of drinking water to ascertain the information reported varied within and among drill- (USDW), as defi ned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ing operations. (<10,000 ppm TDS) near the Burger site in southeastern Belmont As previously mentioned, few wells in the AOR penetrate deeper County is the Pennsylvanian-age Lower Freeport sandstone of the than the Onondaga Limestone. Therefore, maps for deeper horizons Allegheny Group (Vogel, 1982). Based upon Vogel’s map, the el- were cut from larger regional maps in the MRCSP phase I geologic evation of the Upper and Lower Freeport sandstones range from 300 report (Wickstrom and others, 2005). Depths or thicknesses on the ft above sea level on the northern side of the AOR to an estimated computer-generated maps in this report most likely vary from ac- 500 ft below sea level on the southern edge. The USDW is approx- tual depths and thicknesses, as the maps are best-fi t approximations imately 75 ft below sea level (approximately 750 ft deep) in the based on grids that are insuffi cient for site-specifi c accuracy. Thus, Burger Well. The surface casing in the Burger Well is set at a depth the contour maps presented in this report, especially the regional of 902 ft to protect freshwater aquifers. While limited domestic sup- maps, are used only to show general depth and thickness trends. plies of potable water are obtained from these thin Pennsylvanian sandstone beds, larger industrial and municipal water supplies are SURFACE AND NEAR-SURFACE SITE mainly taken from thick, permeable sand and gravel deposits in val- CHARACTERIZATION ley fi ll material that is hydraulically connected and adjacent to the Ohio River (Walker, 1991). The Burger site is located in the Little Switzerland Plateau of the Allegheny Plateaus physiographic province (Brockman, 1998). This GENERAL GEOLOGIC SITE province is classifi ed as a highly dissected plateau with high relief CHARACTERIZATION and is characterized by topographic relief of as much as 450 to 750 ft, especially along the Ohio River. The elevation at the Burger Well REGIONAL GEOLOGIC SETTING is 676 ft above sea level. Within a mile of the site to the northwest, the ridge top elevation is 1,240 ft; thus, relief adjacent to the site is The Precambrian basement complex is the foundation for overly- approximately 600 ft. Also, the site occurs in the Ohio coalfi eld, an ing Paleozoic Era (and younger) rocks of eastern North America. In area of extensive coal and clay mining since the early 1800s (Sluch- general terms, the Precambrian complex of the region includes all er and others, 2006). rocks more than 542 million years old, and Paleozoic rocks include The site occurs relatively far south of the southern limit of the rocks less than 542 million years old. A thorough understanding known glacial advance within Ohio (Pavey and others, 1999). Typi- of the geologic structure, character, and history of the underlying cally, at the base of local hill slopes, there are valleys and tribu- Precambrian complex is necessary in order to understand the geo- taries fi lled with many tens of feet of unconsolidated deposits. A logic framework of the Paleozoic strata. Therefore, a very general water well at the site penetrated 85 ft of unconsolidated rock debris description of the Precambrian complex is provided based on our before encountering bedrock. These sand and gravel deposits were interpretation of the limited data available on it. formerly mined south of the community of Dilles Bottom (fi g. 1); The Precambrian basement complex of the region consists of por- however, the depth of the remaining gravel pits is unknown. Gen- tions of the Grenville Province, East Continent Rift System, and the erally, in areas of signifi cant topographic relief, and in those areas Eastern Granite-Rhyolite Province (fi g. 10). On magnetic anomaly unaffected by mining, bedrock occurs at the surface or is covered maps, Grenville Province metamorphic and igneous rocks of high with a thin veneer (<10 ft) of colluvium. However, extensive areas magnetic susceptibility east of the Grenville Front show pronounced of unreclaimed and reclaimed strip-mines occur in many areas of positive anomalies against less magnetic rocks of the Eastern Gran- the AOR. In areas reclaimed to the original topographic confi gura- ite-Rhyolite Province west of the Grenville Front (Bass, 1960; Lu- tion, extensive deposits—many tens to possibly one hundred feet cius and von Frese, 1988). Uranium-lead age dates have not been thick—of amalgamated shale, limestone, sandstone, and other types determined for the Eastern Granite-Rhyolite Province or Grenville of rock may exist between the present-day land surface and the rock Province in Ohio. However, regional geochronological investiga- surface (which denotes the lowest stratigraphic limit by surface tions in other states of the region indicate the Eastern Granite-Rhyo- mining methods). lite Province is approximately 1.3 to 1.4 GA (Van Schmus and oth- The hills immediately north of the site are underlain by numer- ers, 1996), and the Grenville Province is approximately 1.0 to 1.2 ous underground coal-mines. Mining targeted the Pittsburgh coal, GA (Culshaw and Dostal, 2002). which is 5 to 7 ft thick and approximately 200 ft below the surface The Grenville Province (Grenville Domains) is an extension of in the area immediately north of the site. Most mining stopped once the Grenville metamorphic and igneous terrain exposed in south- the area of coal extraction reached the margin of the Ohio River ern Canada; it consists of regionally metamorphosed igneous and fl oodplain. No records exist of any signifi cant coal mining opera- sedimentary rocks formed during the Grenville Orogeny. The Gren- tions extending beneath the fl oodplain, and thus, beneath the site ville Province underlies eastern Ohio and adjacent Pennsylvania (fi g. 9). Detailed annual and abandonment maps for the individual and West Virginia, and forms the underpinning structure beneath a underground mines shown on fi gure 9 are available from the respec- Paleozoic sedimentary cover. The Grenville Province is known to tive state geological surveys. contain numerous fault blocks where it has overridden the East Con- 10 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

BEAVER CARROLL HANCOCK ALLEGHENY

TUSCARAWAS

! ! ! JEFFERSON ! ! ! ! !! -60 ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 !!! !! ! !!! !! ! 300 ! ! - ! ! ! -600! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!! HARRISON !!! ! !!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! 0 ! ! -50 !! ! ! ! BROOKE !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !!!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! WASHINGTON ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 ! ! !! !! ! ! -40 ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! !!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! PENNSYLVANIA !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! -800 OHIO ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! OHIO ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 900 ! !! ! ! ! ! - ! GUERNSEY ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!! !! ! !! ! -600 ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 ! ! ! ! 0 ! ! !! BELMONT ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! -1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! -700 ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! 0 ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! -110 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ^ ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! GREENE ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! MARSHALL ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! NOBLE ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! !! !!! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!!! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! -1500 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!! ! MONROE! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !!! !!! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 00 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! MONONGALIA ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! !!!! ! -14 ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!! !!! !! ! ! !!!!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! 0 !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! 00 ! ! ! !! ! ! 6 !! ! ! ! ! ! ! -13 ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! -1 ! ! !! ! ! ! ! -1200 ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! -1500 ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Explanation ! ! ! ! WETZEL ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Burger Coal Power Plant ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ^ ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! WEST ! WellsMARION VIRGINIA 500 ft. Index contour WASHINGTON TYLER 100 ft Contour -250

PLEASANTS -1700

HARRISON TAYLOR DODDRIDGE 1005 102030Miles WOOD RITCHIE ³ 1005 10203040 Kilometers BARBOUR

Figure 7.—Structure contour map on the top of the Berea Sandstone within the Burger AOR. Map computer contoured from formation tops taken from driller’s records. GENERAL GEOLOGIC SITE CHARACTERIZATION 11

! ! ! ! ! ! HANCOCK ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ALLEGHENY ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! TUSCARAWAS! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! JEFFERSON ! ! ! HARRISON ! ! ! ! -3000 ! ! BROOKE ! ! ! ! ! ! ! -5200 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 400 ! ! ! ! ! -3 ! ! ! WASHINGTON

-3200 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! OHIO 00 ! ! ! ! -60 ! ! ! ! GUERNSEY! ! ! ! 0 0 0 ! ! -5 PENNSYLVANIA ! BELMONT OHIO ! ! ! ! ! ! -6400

! 600 3 - 800 -3 ! !! !!! ! ! ^

! 4000 - ! GREENE ! MARSHALL ! ! ! 0 20 ! -6 ! !

! NOBLE ! -4600 ! !! !! ! ! !!! ! 6800 ! - !!!! MONROE !!

! ! 0 ! ! 440 - ! 00 ! MONONGALIA 42 -

! !

0 ! ! 0

! -54 ! -6 ! WETZEL 600

! 00 0 !

-58

480 00 ! - ! ! 6 -5 WEST ! ! MARION

! VIRGINIA ! ! ! WASHINGTON! ! ! TYLER ! !! ! !!! ! !

Explanation PLEASANTS ^ Burger Coal Power Plant ! Wells TAY LO R 200 ft Contour HARRISON DODDRIDGE 1000 ft Index contour WOOD -2900 1005 RITCHIE 102030Miles

BARBOUR ³ 1005 10203040 Kilometers -7000 WIRT LEWIS

Figure 8.—Structure contour map on the top of the Oriskany Sandstone within the Burger AOR. Map computer contoured from formation tops taken from driller’s records. 12 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

Harrison Jefferson Brooke

US HWY 22 EHWY7

US HWY 250 STAT

WASHINGTON Ohio

US HWY 40 US HWY 40 I70 I 470 I 470

Belmont US HWY 250

Marshall GREENE

STATE HW

Monroe

Monongalia

EXPLANATION

^Burger Coal Power Plant Wetzel Rivers

State Roads

20-mile radius area of review STATE HWY 2 Marion 505102.5 Miles County boundary Washington Tyler OH Underground Mines 50510152.5 Kilometers ³ WV Underground Mines

Figure 9.—Map showing the locations of abandoned underground mines within the Burger AOR. GENERAL GEOLOGIC SITE CHARACTERIZATION 13

Mid Continent Rift SystemEGR Explanation of generalized lithologies

Igneous

Igneous and siliciclastics EGR

Igneous and metamorphic

Siliciclastics and carbonates Paleo-shoreline EGR Laurentian CratonGrenville Domains Hypothetical river system

Paleo-shoreline East Continent Normal fault Rift Basin Trough LCM Laurentian Continental Margin Rome LCM EGR Eastern Granite Rhyolite Province

Figure 10.—Map showing the locations of major geologic elements (paleogeography) during early Cambrian time (from Baranoski, in prep.).

tinent Rift System in central and western Ohio; however, few deep- PALEOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY seated faults are known within the Precambrian in eastern Ohio (fi g. AND GEOLOGIC HISTORY 11). Some Precambrian faulting is noted on the COCORP seismic profi le in northern Belmont County, but how far these faults might Regional and localized areas of recurrent crustal movement of the extend southward is unknown. Precambrian basement and later regional uplifts, subsidence, and Two regional structural features developed on the eastern Lau- compressional forces affected the distribution, character and thick- rentian craton, which was the deeply eroded Grenville Province: the ness of Paleozoic rock units (Beardsley and Cable, 1983; Riley and Rome Trough (McGuire and Howell, 1963) and the Appalachian others, 1993). Thus, knowledge of deep-rooted faulting is important Basin (fi g. 10). The Rome Trough, which was fi rst described by when developing deep injection operations. Thickness of Paleozoic Woodward (1961) as a “Cambrian coastal declivity,” is considered Appalachian Basin rock units ranges from approximately 3,000 ft in an Early to Middle Cambrian-age failed interior rift (Harris, 1978). central Ohio to approximately 14,000 ft in southeastern Ohio, and The Rome Trough is a regional northeast-trending structure extend- may reach as much as 45,000 ft in parts of central Pennsylvania. ing from southwestern Pennsylvania, where it is termed the Olin Ba- The Paleozoic stratigraphic column of rocks present within the AOR sin (Wagner, 1976), to northern Tennessee; it is very prominent on range in age from Middle Cambrian to Late Pennsylvanian (fi g. 3) magnetic intensity maps (King and Zietz, 1978). Sparse deep-well and represent a variety of sedimentary lithologies (carbonates, evap- data and seismic refl ection data correlate to this magnetic trend and orites, shale, sandstone, siltstone, k-bentonite, chert, coal, etc). indicate the Rome Trough is an asymmetric failed-rift zone with the Analyzing the stratigraphy of the Lower and Middle Cambrian deepest portion on the northwest side (Ryder and others, 1998; Gao in the tri-state area (Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia) is par- and others, 2000). It is thought that the western boundary faults of ticularly problematic because of sparse deep-well data and a lack of the trough are located approximately 8 miles southeast of the Burger continuous cores from the region. Another diffi culty in analyzing the site (fi g. 11). However, there is a possibility that smaller normal stratigraphy has been a lack of Cambrian paleontological studies to faults (down to the southeast) parallel to and associated with this adequately assign age placements of lithostratigraphic correlations system will be found closer to the site, stepping-down to the major (Babcock, 1994). However, a recent investigation of all available border faults. continuous core and geophysical logs from deep wells in Ohio and The Appalachian Basin did not begin to take on its present con- adjacent areas has resulted in an updated Cambrian nomenclature fi guration until after Middle Cambrian time following the major and stratigraphy (Baranoski, in prep.). The Cambrian stratigraphy movement of the Rome Trough. The Rome Trough is thought to and nomenclature used in this report is from this ongoing project at have controlled, in part, the formation and orientation of the north- the DGS and has not been formally published. This recent investiga- ern Appalachian Basin. The subsidence of the Appalachian Basin tion shows that the Mount Simon Sandstone pinches out in central culminated with the Alleghenian Orogeny and development of the Ohio, the Rome Formation is not present in southeastern Ohio, and Appalachian structural front. the Conasauga Formation (Janssens, 1973) has been redefi ned to the 14 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

FOREST GEAUGA FOREST CUYAHOGA ERIE-3000 VENANGO LORAIN TRUMBULL MERCER CLARION HURON -4000 PORTAGE JEFFERSON MEDINA SUMMIT

MAHONING LAWRENCE BUTLER

ASHLAND ARMSTRONG WAYN E STARK COLUMBIANA BEAVER RICHLAND INDIANA PENNSYLVANIA

HOLMES -9000 CARROLL HANCOCK OHIO ALLEGHENY TUSCARAWAS JEFFERSON -5000 KNOX 000 -8 WESTMORELAND

COSHOCTON -10000 HARRISON BROOKE

-16000 WASHINGTON

2000 1 OHIO LICKING - GUERNSEY BELMONT BURGER POWER PLANT FAYETTE MUSKINGUM SOMERSET

6000 00 000 2 0 - 4 GREENE 1 -11 - MARSHALL NOBLE PERRY MONROE 0 0

-150 MONONGALIA MORGAN WETZEL

-6000 00 GARRETT 0 -240 -13000 HOCKING -17 MARION 0 PRESTON WASHINGTON TYLER 00 000 25 - 0 -22 0 MINERAL PLEASANTS 230 000 - TAYLOR 00 ATHENS -21 HARRISON DODDRIDGE-190

000 VINTON WOOD 8 -1 Explanation RITCHIE WEST 0000 BARBOUR GRANT -2 TUCKER MEIGS VIRGINIA faults_pcmb selection WIRT Faults LEWIS -7000 other CO2 sources GILMER UPSHUR Burger Power Plant CALHOUN GALLIA JACKSON RANDOLPHIndex Contours MASON Contours ROANE BRAXTON PENDLETON 2010 0 20 40 Miles High : -2000

LAWRENCE PUTNAM WEBSTER CLAY Low : -49000 CABELL 20010KANAWHA 204060 Kilometers NICHOLAS POCAHONTAS

Figure 11.—Structure contour map on the top of the Precambrian unconformity within the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia region. Also shown is the location of major (>100,000 tons per year) point sources of CO2. (Map elements taken from Wickstrom and others, 2005.) GENERAL GEOLOGIC SITE CHARACTERIZATION 15

Conasauga Group (Ryder, 1992; Ryder and others, 1996). The Cona- the Wells Creek provides a good seal unit above the Knox uncon- sauga Group includes the Maryville Formation (including the “lower formity as evidenced by numerous oil and gas pools found within unit”), Nolichucky Shale, and Maynardville Limestone (fi g. 12). Knox erosional remnants throughout the region. Shallow-marine The earliest record of sedimentation within the region is found sedimentation continued through the Middle and Upper Ordovi- within the Rome Trough sequence of rocks in West Virginia and cian with deposition of the Black River Group, Trenton Limestone, Kentucky. Deposition of this sequence began with the lowermost and the Cincinnatian group of shales and limestones. The clastic Paleozoic basal sandstone (arkose) in the Late Precambrian-Early sediments of the Cincinnati group were associated with the Taconic Cambrian time. Rifting of the eastern Laurentian continent result- Orogeny of eastern North America; its compressional forces caused ed in the opening of the Iapetus Ocean (Harris, 1978; Scotese and a deepening of the seas covering the region. McKerrow, 1991). Subsidence of the Rome Trough continued with Marine sedimentation in the region temporarily ceased during deposition of the Shady Dolomite and Rome Formation during the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian time as another major regression Lower Cambrian and continued through Middle Cambrian with began and a regional unconformity developed on top of the Cin- deposition of the Conasauga Group. The pre-Knox section of the cinnati group. By the end of the Ordovician, the western margin Rome Trough is older and greatly thickened when compared to the of the Appalachian Basin was delineated by the Indiana-Ohio Plat- same intervals of the stable cratonic sequence (fi g. 13). As much as form and the Cincinnati and Findlay Arches. As Silurian time pro- 10,000 ft of pre-Knox sediments accumulated in the Rome Trough gressed, repeated fl uctuations in sea level fl ooded and retreated from (Ryder, 1992; Ryder and others, 1996). the coastal lowlands on the western fl ank of the Appalachian Ba- From the latest Precambrian through most of Middle Cambrian sin. Silurian-age Tuscarora Sandstone and other clastic equivalents time, eastern Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania remained an (“Clinton” and Medina sandstones) were deposited in near-shore to emergent area as a stable cratonic platform (fi g. 10). During this marginal marine deposition above this unconformity surface at the time, the erosion of the exposed Grenville basement complex in onset of another marine transgression. A mixture of clastics and car- Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania and West Virginia supplied bonates followed with deposition of the Rose Hill Formation and clastic sediment to the Rome Trough while carbonates dominated its equivalents and the overlying Lockport Dolomite, Salina Group, east of the trough. Scattered seismic refl ection data made available Bass Islands Dolomite and Helderburg Formation. Another period for viewing in Ohio indicates local areas where Cambrian sediments of regression is marked by an unconformity within Lower Devonian older than the Maryville Formation “lower unit” may be present in strata and is followed by a period of transgression and subsequent structurally low areas. Near the end of the Middle Cambrian, seas deposition of the Oriskany Sandstone, overlying Onondaga Lime- had completely transgressed the exposed Precambrian basement stone, and shales of the Hamilton Group (marking the onset of the complex in Ohio, resulting in near-shore to marginal marine deposi- Acadian Orogeny). tion of Mount Simon Sandstone in western Ohio while marginal ma- During the Late Devonian Acadian Orogeny, tropical seas again rine and marine deposition of the Maryville Formation (Conasauga inundated the region with deposition of the West Falls and Java Group) occurred in eastern Ohio. The Mount Simon Sandstone, Formations, and the Ohio Shale in a partially restricted marine ba- which is a 200 to 300 ft thick, highly permeable, porous quartz sand- sin. The overlying Bedford Shale and Berea Sandstone represent stone in western Ohio, pinches out and/or is in facies transition with the progradation of gray shales and sandstones over this restricted the lowermost part of the Maryville Formation, mainly comprised basin. An Early Mississippian marine transgression resulted in the of dolomite, in the eastern portion of Ohio. It is unknown if there is deposition of the Sunbury Shale. Renewed mountain building in signifi cant sandstone within this lower interval in the tri-state area. eastern North America with the Alleghenian Orogeny during the Deposition of the Conasauga Group continued into the Upper Cam- Early Mississippian resulted in delta progradation and the deposi- brian with a minor marine regression represented by Nolichucky tion of the Cuyahoga and Logan Formations, followed by a minor Shale clastics and carbonates, followed by a transgression with de- marine transgression with deposition of the Greenbrier Limestone position of the Maynardville Limestone. and equivalents. Continued mountain building to the east resulted Open-marine conditions continued with deposition of the Knox in extensive fl uvial clastic deposition, including coals with minor Dolomite. As used in this report, the Knox Dolomite is subdivided limestone accumulations throughout the Pennsylvanian. in ascending order into the Copper Ridge dolomite, the Rose Run sandstone, and the Beekmantown dolomite (fi gs. 3, 12). Minor re- DISCUSSION OF POTENTIAL gressions took place with input of clastics in the “B-zone,” and to a SALINE INJECTION ZONES greater degree, the Rose Run sandstone. A major regression took place during the Middle Ordovician with Stratigraphic analysis of geologic units deeper than 2,500 ft at the the onset of the regional Knox unconformity. An extensive erosional Burger site indicates up to ten deep-saline formations have some surface developed on the emergent Knox carbonate platform (Riley level of potential as injection zones (fi g. 3). In ascending order, and others, 1993). Paleotopography reached a maximum of approxi- these include the “lower unit” of the Maryville Formation of the mately 150 ft on the karstic terrain of the Knox Dolomite (Janssens, Conasauga Group, Copper Ridge Dolomite (both vugular porosity 1973). Tropical seas returned to the Ohio region and inundated the zones and the “B” zone sand within this unit), Rose Run sandstone, subsiding Knox platform in the Middle Ordovician. The St. Peter Beekmantown dolomite, “Clinton” sandstone, Lockport Dolomite, sandstone and Wells Creek Formation represent the next major ma- porous carbonate zones within the Salina Group, Bass Islands Dolo- rine transgression; these units were deposited on the regional Knox mite, Oriskany Sandstone, and black shales of the Hamilton Group unconformity surface. The St. Peter is a very fi ne grained, well-sort- and West Falls Formation. ed quartz arenite that forms the basal part (where the unit is present) Unfortunately, although many oil and gas wells have been drilled of the Wells Creek Formation. The St. Peter increases in thickness in the AOR, very few wells have been drilled deeper than the On- from the stable craton into the Rome Trough (Humphreys and Wat- ondaga Limestone (shallower than the Oriskany). Thus, little to no son, 1996). The Wells Creek Formation is a dolomitic shale that near-fi eld data are available for most of the potential saline aquifers locally contains beds of limestone and sandy dolomite. In general, at the site. Further, aside from standard geophysical logs, relatively 16 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

JANSSENS (1973) NOMENCLATURE NOMENCLATURE USED FOR THIS REPORT Southeastern OH, Central Ohio Eastern Ohio northwestern WV Northwestern WV System shelf area Rome Trough Wells Creek Fm Wells Creek Fm Wells Creek Fm Wells Creek Fm

ÒSt. Peter SsÓ ÒSt. Peter SsÓ St. Peter Ss St. Peter Ss Mid.

Knox unconformity Beekmantown dol Beekmantown dol Beekmantown Dol Beekmantown Dol Ordovician

Rose Run ss Rose Run ss Rose Run Ss Rose Run Ss Lower Òupper unitÓ Òupper unitÓ ÒB-zoneÓ ÒB-zoneÓ ÒB-zoneÓ ÒB-zoneÓ Copper Ridge dol Copper Ridge dol Copper Copper Òlower unitÓ Òlower unitÓ Knox Group Ridge Dol Ridge Dol Kerbel Fm Maynardville Ls Maynardville Ls Upper

Conasauga Fm Conasauga Fm Nolichucky Sh Nolichucky Sh ? Rome Fm

Rome Fm Maryville Fm Maryville Fm

Rome sandstone facies

Maryville Fm Òlower unitÓ Maryville Fm

Òlower unitÓ Cambrian Mt. Simon Ss Mt. Simon Ss Mt. Simon Ss Middle as se Conasauga Group b al arko Rogersville Sh Grenville Province rocks Rutledge Ls

Pumpkin Valley Sh

Rome Fm Shady Dol

basal sandstone Lower

Grenville Province rocks Pre- cambrian

Figure 12.—Stratigraphic correlation chart for the AOR showing details of the Cambrian and lower part of the Ordovician (modiﬁ ed from Janssens, 1973; Ryder, 1992; and Harris and Baranoski, 1996).

NW SE

FINDLAY WAVERLY CAMBRIDGE OHIO-WEST VIRGINIA ROME ALLEGHENY ARCH ARCH ARCH HINGE ZONE TROUGH STRUCTURAL FRONT Utica Harlem field Wells Creek Antes Beekmantown Group (upper part) Shale (projected) Formation Shale XÕ OH WV Roane County fields AU ED X

-B -B -B -B -B -B DATUM 3 -B ORDOVICIAN Lima-Indiana Morrow County Rose Run field fields sandstone fields South Birmingham 5-9 and Collins fields -B -B (projected) -B ? CAMBRIAN EXPLANATION Drill hole: AU - Amerada 1 Ullman ED - Exxon 1 Deem Rome Formation and Gas show/reported initial Conasauga Group 3 flow in MMCFGPD sandstone shale, shale, black gray

Oil/gas accumulation 2000 ft PRECAMBRIAN -B -B 1000 m -B Unconformity 20 mi shale, limestone with dolomite with 0 Normal fault red black shale black shale 20 km

Figure 13.—Stratigraphic cross section from Sandusky County, Ohio to Pendleton County, West Virginia showing Cambrian and Ordovician sequences (modi- ﬁ ed from Ryder and others, 1998). DISCUSSION OF POTENTIAL SALINE INJECTION ZONES 17

little quantitative data are available for most of these units. Data formity surface at a depth of approximately 11,600 ft. Throughout such as drill-stem tests, step-rate tests, core and core analyses (po- the Appalachian region, this unconformity surface is distinguished rosity, permeability, capillary pressure, injectivity testing, etc.) and by a collection of large-scale karst features. Paleotopographic hills advanced logging suites are generally not gathered on Appalachian have been recognized, together with sinkholes, caves, intrastratal Basin wells. This lack of data fi rmly underscores the need to acquire breccias, solution-enlarged joints, and vugs (Mussman and Read, seismic information and to drill a test well at this location. Informa- 1986; Mussman and others, 1988). tion from the Burger Well has been incorporated into this report to better evaluate potential injection horizons and confi ning units that CAMBRIAN COPPER RIDGE DOLOMITE were penetrated at the site. The Copper Ridge dolomite is the basal unit of the Knox Group. CAMBRIAN CONASAUGA GROUP Dolostones of the Copper Ridge range from dense to vuggy. Ero- (MARYVILLE FORMATION) sional remnants on the Copper Ridge are the primary reservoir of the large Morrow Consolidated oil–and-gas fi eld of central Ohio. In No wells penetrate the Maryville Formation in the Belmont addition to porosity development at the unconformity, vuggy dolos- County vicinity. Recent work at the DGS illustrates that the Mt. Si- tones may occur at zones deeper within the unit. Vugular porosity mon Sandstone, which is a thick, continuous unit over the entire Il- zones have been observed throughout an interval of at least 400 ft linois and Michigan Basins, pinches out in central Ohio (Baranoski, in this unit (Shrake and others, 1990). These thick zones of vugular in prep.; fi g. 12). Much of this equivalent interval is occupied by porosity have been encountered in a number of deep wells within dolomite in southeastern Ohio. Wells in northeastern and southern the Copper Ridge dolomite, including the American Electric Power Ohio (e.g., Ashtabula County, Meigs County) contain little or no Mountaineer deep test well. Vuggy dolostones of the Copper Ridge sandstone within this basal interval, while some wells in central have been used as the injection zone in the DuPont WAD Fee well eastern Ohio (e.g., Guernsey County) appear to have appreciable in Louisville, Kentucky for the disposal of industrial waste fl uids. amounts of porous sandstone. The nearest well to the Burger site The interval of vuggy dolostone is sealed above by dense dolostones that has been drilled through this interval is the Zechman-Thomas of the Copper Ridge. However, it should be cautioned that these Unit well in Harrison County, Ohio (API number 3406720737), ap- porosity zones are not encountered uniformly throughout the Cop- proximately 30 miles distant. According to the geophysical logs for per Ridge. Thus, the potential for injection within this zone at the this well, approximately 36 ft of sand was encountered in this lower Burger site must remain speculative. interval. Therefore, while it is possible that some porous sand may The Copper Ridge dolomite also contains a siltstone-sandstone be found at this basal Paleozoic position, it remains fairly specula- unit within the dolomite sequence, typically found 70 to 100 ft tive at the Burger site. Projections from distant wells place the depth above the base of the Knox and informally referred to as the “B” to the Maryville at approximately 13,600 ft at the Burger site. At zone. This interval can be as thick as 50 ft and is composed of glau- such a depth it is possible that any porosity that may have been pres- conitic siltstone, microcrystalline dolomite, and very fi ne-grained ent has been occluded due to pressure solution effects. sand with good intergranular porosity (Janssens, 1973). Due to a The Maryville Formation mainly consists of dolomite to feld- lack of wells drilled through the Copper Ridge in the Burger vicin- spathic quartz dolomite. The upper portion is light to medium ity, we cannot be certain that this unit is sandy and porous in the gray, cryptocrystalline to fi ne and medium crystalline, laminated AOR. Drilling through the potential reservoir and seal units within to irregular, massive bedded, slightly arenaceous dolomite. Locally the Copper Ridge (and preferably coring them) would be required to common are glauconite, anhydrite-fi lled vugs, rip-up clasts, stylo- further evaluate their sequestration potential at this location. Depth lites, shaley discontinuity surfaces, scour surfaces, and bioturbation. to the top of the Copper Ridge at the Burger site is approximately Depositional environments range from shallow subtidal to shallow 12,300 ft. marine and continental slope. The “lower unit” of the Maryville is feldspathic quartz dolomite to feldspathic quartz sandstone. The CAMBRIAN-ORDOVICIAN ROSE RUN SANDSTONE “lower unit” is light pink to white and light brown, fi ne and medium grained, poorly to well sorted, rounded to subrounded, laminated to The Rose Run sandstone occurs within a thick sequence of pre- irregular, massive bedded, feldspathic dolomitic quartz arenite. Lo- dominantly shallow-water carbonates that comprise the Knox Do- cally common are trough cross-bedding, fi ning upwards sequences, lomite. This sequence has been interpreted to consist of the vertical anhydrite replacement clasts, shaley discontinuity surfaces, scour stacking of various peritidal facies resulting from cyclical sea- surfaces, bioturbation, vertical burrows, trace fossils, and intrafor- level changes on a broad carbonate shelf (Read, 1989; Osleger and mational breccia. Depositional environments range from near-shore Read, 1991; Riley and others, 1993). The Rose Run sands represent and shallow subtidal to shallow marine environments (Harris and low-stand deposits, related to both third-order sea-level falls and others, 2004; Baranoski, in prep.). short-term sea-level cycles (Read, 1989). Thin-section petrography indicates that the Rose Run sandstone has a continental block prov- CAMBRIAN-ORDOVICIAN KNOX GROUP enance with a source in the craton interior to the north and northwest of the project area (Riley and others, 1993). Thus, siliciclastic (sand) In eastern Ohio, the Knox Dolomite is subdivided into the Copper deposition in the Rose Run decreases to the south and southeast Ridge dolomite, Rose Run sandstone, and Beekmantown dolomite away from the subcrop (fi g. 15). in ascending order (fi gs. 3, 12). The Knox unconformity records a From a regional study of cores and outcrops in Ohio and Pennsyl- signifi cant erosional event at the top of the Cambrian-Lower Ordo- vania (Riley and others, 1993), monocrystalline quartz and potas- vician carbonate supersequence (Sloss, 1963; Colton, 1970). Thus, sium feldspar are the dominant framework constituents in the Rose the location determines which one of the three units of the Knox are Run. Polycrystalline quartz and chert generally comprise less than at or near the unconformity surface (fi g. 14). Within the vicinity of one percent of the sandstone and appear in the more feldspathic the Burger site, the Beekmantown dolomite is found at the uncon- samples. Minor amounts (less than one percent) of muscovite and 18 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

COLUMBIANA COUNTY KNOX TWP HARRISON OTTAWA HURON COUNTY HOLMES COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY TOWNSEND TWP CLARK TWP GREEN TWP

NW SE Trenton Limestone

Black River Limestone

Kerb el Fo rm atio C Gle oo nwo n pe od Fo r R Rose Run Beekmantownsandstone Dolomitermatio Vertical Rom idg n e (T scale (ft) e Form re mp 0 ation Conasaugae Formationa lea u) D olo mite

250

Datum - top of Trenton

Figure 14.—Diagram illustrating the various units found at the Knox unconformity subcrop traversing from north-central to southeast Ohio.

accessory minerals—zircon, tourmaline, garnet, and pyrite—occur quartz. Thin green to black shale beds interbedded with dolomite locally. Allochems are locally abundant in the Rose Run and include also occur locally. Pervasive dolomitization has been fabric destruc- dolostone clasts, glauconite, peloid and dolomitized ooids. Four ma- tive and destroyed much of the original texture and sedimentary jor cementing agents occurring in the Rose Run include 1) dolomite; structures. The dominant sedimentary structure is burrow mottling; 2) clays; 3) quartz overgrowths; and 4) feldspar overgrowths (Ri- soft sediment deformation and nodular bedding are also observed ley and others, 1993). Dolomite is the dominant cementing agent, locally. Vertical stacking of meter-scale shallowing-upward facies as observed in cores throughout Ohio and Pennsylvania. Five pore that are capped with subaerially exposed surfaces are present in sev- textures were observed in the Rose Run, including 1) intergranular eral cores. These subaerially exposed surfaces are associated with pores; 2) oversized pores; 3) moldic pores; 4) intraconstituent pores; scoured erosional surfaces, dessication features, paleokarst collapse and 5) fractures (Riley and others, 1993). Intergranular porosity is features, algal stromatolites, open and mineral-fi lled vugs, and trace the most abundant porosity type in the Rose Run and appears to be amounts of anhydrite (Riley and others, in prep.). mostly secondary based on corroded grain boundaries. Oversized Typically, the Beekmantown has low porosity (less than 2 per- pores are caused primarily by dissolution of dolomite and feldspar. cent) and permeability (less than 0.1 md) and can thus serve as an Moldic pores occur in the more feldspathic samples and have the effective extra barrier to vertical migration. Locally, however, good highest porosities and permeabilities. Intraconstituent pores occur reservoir-quality rock with higher porosity (10–20 percent) and most commonly in feldspar grains and appear to be more common permeability (up to 240 md) are present that contain pinpoint and toward the lower portion of the Rose Run. Fracture porosity is the vuggy porosity. These zones of higher porosity are thought to be least common porosity type observed in cores, but it may be locally associated with subaerial exposure surfaces. Good correlation ex- signifi cant in areas adjacent to major fault systems. ists between cores and wireline logs in identifying these porosity Regional structure on the top of the Rose Run sandstone exhibits zones, which have informally been named the “A, B, and C” po- a dip to the east and southeast with strike trending northeast-south- rosity zones. Porosity types observed in core include intergranular, west (fi g. 15). Due to a lack of wells drilled through this unit in vuggy, and fracture (Riley and others, in prep.). the Burger vicinity, we cannot be certain of this unit being sandy At the Burger site, the Beekmantown is estimated to be at a depth and porous in the AOR. Drilling through the potential reservoir (and of approximately 11,600 ft. preferably coring) would be required to further evaluate the sequestration potential at this location. The depth to the top of the Rose SILURIAN CATARACT GROUP Run at the proposed site is approximately 12,200 ft. (“CLINTON” SANDSTONE)

ORDOVICIAN BEEKMANTOWN DOLOMITE The “Clinton”/Tuscarora sandstone occurs as a sequence of interbedded sandstones, siltstones, and shales. The name “Clinton” The Beekmantown dolomite consists of light to medium brown, is an Ohio drillers’ term for sands found within the Cabot Head and ﬁ ne to medium crystalline, locally stylolitic dolomite. Accessory Brassﬁ eld Formations. The rocks are equivalent with the Medina minerals include locally occurring glauconite, chert, pyrite, and Group and Tuscarora Sandstone interval in Pennsylvania and West DISCUSSION OF POTENTIAL SALINE INJECTION ZONES 19

MEDINA PORTAGE CLARION SUMMIT MAHONING LAWRENCE

500 BUTLER -6 ARMSTRONG WAYN E STARK COLUMBIANA

0 BEAVER 00 8 - 50 50 -82 -57

8500 CARROLL - -4750 HOLMES -6000 HANCOCK

-5000 ALLEGHENY 0 0 -9500 TUSCARAWAS -10000 -105 -5250 0 75

JEFFERSON -11000 -11 WESTMORELAND -9000

OHIO -7250

COSHOCTON HARRISON -9750 0250 -1 BROOKE PENNSYLVANIA -10750

50 WASHINGTON

-92

250

50 -6

-67 OHIO

GUERNSEY -11500 -14250 000 5 BELMONT -1

BURGER POWER PLANT -12750 -14000 00

-5500 FAYETTE -75 7000 - -15250 MUSKINGUM -13750

MARSHALL GREENE 000 0 -16

-1475 NOBLE 00

-155

14500 MONROE -

-15750 MONONGALIA 50 MORGAN -12250 -87 WETZEL

-120 MARION Explanation PRESTON TYLER 500

WASHINGTON -13

250 CO2 Sources 0 5 -13 WEST 7 -7 other CO2 sources PLEASANTS VIRGINIA TAYLOR Burger Power Plant HARRISON DODDRIDGE Subcrop ATHENS WOOD faults RITCHIE 000 1000 ft IndexTUCKER contour -13 BARBOUR 250 ft contours 0 50 MEIGS -12 Mean sea elevation (feet) 20WIRT10 0 20 40 Miles LEWIS -500 GILMER UPSHUR 250 MASON JACKSON 1 RANDOLPH -1 CALHOUN 20010 204060 Kilometers -18000 ROANE BRAXTON

Figure 15.—Structure contour map on the top of the Rose Run Sandstone, with area of subcrop delineated. (Map elements taken from Wickstrom and others, 2005.) 20 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

Virginia. Lithologically, the individual reservoir beds consist of a trate areas in the Appalachian Basin with known bioclastic depos- white to gray to red, medium- to very fi ne-grained, monocrystalline, its, some of which extend into Meigs County, Ohio and Mason and quartzose sandstone (McCormac and others, 1996). The “Packer Jackson Counties, West Virginia. The Burger Power Plant may be Shell” is a drillers’ term applied to the Dayton Formation, a carbon- along the depositional strike of this trend, as suggested by Smosna ate unit directly overlying the Clinton sand and shale assemblage. and others (1989). Several class II (brine) injection wells in Ohio Because of the variability in the sand packages within the Clin- have found this interval to be very porous and permeable, with in- ton interval, the Packer Shell, which marks the top of the Cataract jection rates as high as 260 gallons per minute. However, the poros- Group and is roughly equivalent to the Tuscarora Sandstone to the ity and permeability of the unit is highly variable from well to well. east, is often used as a surface to map for structure when examining The depth to the Lockport at the Burger Well is 7,450 ft with a the Clinton (fi g. 16). The top of the Packer Shell is located 8,086 ft total interval thickness of 286 ft. Scattered, thin porous zones are deep (7,396 ft below sea level) at the Burger Well. present based on the geophysical well logs and several minor gas Some deep drilling (greater than 7,000 ft) of the Clinton has taken shows (fi g. 19). According to the well site geologist, a 350-unit gas place in other parts of Ohio; however, the closest Clinton well to show at a depth of 7,476 ft corresponds to a 2-ft thick silty zone that the Burger site is 11 miles to the west-northwest. While some deep crossplots at 8 percent porosity. A 190-unit gas show was detected Clinton wells have found suffi cient porosity and permeability to at a depth of 7,565 ft; however, the geophysical well log response is consider the interval a reservoir, others have found the interval to be not characteristic of a porous reservoir. very tight at this depth. In some areas of eastern Ohio, the total Clinton interval may reach SILURIAN SALINA GROUP 200 ft thick with the thickness of the Clinton and equivalents increasing eastward (fi g. 17), but the effective porosity within the interval The Salina Group consists of interbedded dolomite, anhydrite, will vary widely from a few feet to more than 100 feet. The mea- shale, and salt. These layers are laterally extensive and are subdivid- sured log porosities in the net sand intervals may range from 5 to 14 ed into seven stratigraphic intervals (units A–G). This strata is best percent. The nearest reservoir data for the Clinton-Medina/Tuscarora known for thick salt beds, which are mined mechanically under- sandstone is approximately 36 miles to the west-southwest in Noble ground and by solution wells in many locations within the Michigan County, Ohio, where core analyses (from API number 3412121890) and Appalachian Basins. In Ohio, the thickest accumulations of salt indicate a porosity range of 2.5 to 4.7 percent and a permeability occur in units B, D, E, and F. Although present-day salt formation is range of less than 0.1 millidarcy (md) to 423 md over a 65-ft interval. limited to shallow, restricted marine environments, most investiga- Calculated geophysical log porosity from a Belmont County well tors agree that Salina salt beds formed in relatively deep, restricted (API number 3401320485) was reported as 6.7 percent over a 48- marine basins with density-layering conditions caused by salinity ft reservoir of Clinton-Medina sandstone. Clinton permeabilities are variations (Clifford, 1973). widely variable; average ranges in most fi elds are from less than 0.1 The Burger Well penetrated the Salina Group from a depth of 6,369 md to 40 md (McCormac and others, 1996). However, in the Perrys- to 7,450 ft. A total of 185 ft of salt was encountered in units D, E, ville Consolidated Field (Ashland County, Ohio), there are recorded and F. The thickest salt accumulation is correlated to the F4 bed and average permeabilities of over 100 md, and isolated permeabilities is represented on the geophysical well log as a 91-ft washout zone. in this sequence can have permeabilities in excess of 200 md (Mc- A sidewall core of dolomite was collected at a depth of 6,500 ft and Cormac and others, 1996). Due to these lithologic variations within a sidewall core of anhydrite was collected at a depth of 6,450 ft. Gas the Medina Group, detailed characterization of this unit for injection shows of 440 and 445 units were detected in the lower section of unit potential needs to be performed at each prospective site. F at depths of 6,805 and 6,905 ft, respectively (fi g. 20). These gas The Burger Well geophysical log response of the Clinton is shows are associated with thinly bedded dolomites, which are very shown in fi gure 18. The total thickness of the Clinton interval is 200 fi nely crystalline and occasionally vuggy. Based on geophysical well ft. A massive siltstone and sandstone section is present in the Burger log responses and mudlog information, the most promising injection Well. This well-developed section is characterized by 45 net-ft of target within the Salina is the 6,900 to 6,936-ft interval. sandstone or siltstone with porosities greater than 5 percent, as mea- sured by the density-porosity curve, over a 84-ft gross interval. The SILURIAN BASS ISLANDS DOLOMITE maximum porosity is 7.5 percent and roughly 10 net-ft of sandstone with porosities greater than 6 percent are scattered throughout the The Bass Islands Dolomite occurs in Michigan, Ohio, and north- sandstone interval. Small gas shows, up to 155 units, were detected western Pennsylvania as a series of laminated dolostones. It is a lo- across the Clinton sandstone interval. cal oil-and-gas reservoir in Erie County, Pennsylvania and in western New York where it occurs as a narrow, 84-mile-long structurally SILURIAN LOCKPORT DOLOMITE controlled trend (Van Tyne, 1996). Within many wells of eastern Ohio, this interval appears to consist of a carbonate breccia zone, The Lockport consists mostly of Middle Silurian marine dolo- perhaps associated with the Wallbridge Unconfomity (Wheeler, mites, although areas where the unit is composed primarily of lime- 1963) found at the base of the Oriskany Sandstone position. Where stone are known to exist. In central and eastern Ohio, portions of the observed as a breccia, this zone has very high porosity and perme- Lockport are often referred to informally as the “Newburg,” which ability. Several brine-injection wells utilize this zone in Ohio, with represents any signifi cant porosity zone, probably associated with reported injection rates as high as 37 gallons per minute. This in- patch reef development within the Lockport interval (Floto, 1955; terval has had very little detailed study in the subsurface of eastern

Janssens, 1977). Although highly speculative, it is possible that Ohio but may have high potential as a CO2 injection zone. carbonate patch reefs, barrier bars and/or shoals may exist within The depth to the Bass Islands in the Burger Well is 6,295 ft with the Lockport in the Burger area. If such porosity systems are found an interval thickness of 73 ft. Based on sidewall cores, borehole within the Lockport, this interval could prove to be signiﬁ cant as a cuttings, and geophysical well logs, the dominant lithology of this potential CO2 injection reservoir. Smosna and others (1989) illus- interval is limestone. A sidewall core was collected at a depth of DISCUSSION OF POTENTIAL SALINE INJECTION ZONES 21

MEDINA PORTAGE CLARION SUMMIT MAHONING LAWRENCE

-2500

-3500 BUTLER ARMSTRONG WAYN E STARK COLUMBIANA

BEAVER

CARROLL HOLMES 4000 - HANCOCK ALLEGHENY TUSCARAWAS JEFFERSON WESTMORELAND OHIO HARRISON COSHOCTON BROOKE PENNSYLVANIA

-7000 WASHINGTON

0 -3000 0 00 -75 5 OHIO -6 GUERNSEY BELMONT BURGER POWER PLANT FAYETTE MUSKINGUM MARSHALL GREENE

NOBLE 000 MONROE -9

MONONGALIA MORGAN WETZEL

MARION TYLER PRESTON WASHINGTON 00 Explanation -6000 -85 WEST 0 CO2 Sources PLEASANTS TAYLOR -550 VIRGINIA other CO2 sources HARRISON DODDRIDGE Burger-8000 Power Plant ATHENS WOOD Faults -5500 RITCHIE -6000 -5000 BARBOURIndex contourTUCKER Contour -4500 0

MEIGS Mean Sea elevation (feet)-5 20WIRT10 0 20 40 Miles LEWIS 0 GILMER UPSHUR MASON JACKSON CALHOUN RANDOLPH 2010 0 20 40 60 Kilometers -10000 ROANE BRAXTON

Figure 16.—Structure contour map on the top of the Tuscarora Sandstone and equivalents within the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia region. Also shown is the location of major (>100,000 tons per year) point sources of CO2. (Map elements taken from Wickstrom and others, 2005.) 22 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

Burger Well #

Tuscarora Sandstone and equivalents Isopach Map

# Burger Well Thickness, Feet 0-40 40 - 80 80 - 120 120 - 160 160 - 200 200 - 240

Miles 02.5 5 10 15 20 ¹ Figure 17.—Isopach (thickness) map of the Tuscarora Sandstone and equivalents within the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia region. Also shown is the location of major (>100,000 tons per year) point sources of CO2. DISCUSSION OF POTENTIAL SALINE INJECTION ZONES 23 UNITS

SHOW

GAS

MAX

ÒPacker ShaleÓ (Dayton Fm.)

ÒClintonÓ (Cataract Gp.)

120

130

110 150 155 5% porosity

Figure 18.—Geophysical log response of the “Clinton” sandstones and gas shows from the Burger Well (API number 3401320586). 24 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY UNITS

SHOW

GAS

MAX

350

Lockport

190

Figure 19.—Geophysical log response of the Lockport interval exhibiting gas shows from the Burger Well (API number 3401320586). DISCUSSION OF POTENTIAL SALINE INJECTION ZONES 25 UNITS

SHOW

GAS

MAX

130

340

440

10.2 lbs/gal Salina drilling fluid

445

Figure 20.—Geophysical log response of the Salina interval exhibiting gas shows from the Burger Well (API number 3401320586). 26 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

6,350 ft. Some anhydrite is present and the lower section contains DEVONIAN HAMILTON GROUP chert. A minor 76-unit gas show was detected at a depth of 6,300 ft, AND WEST FALLS FORMATION apparently from a low porosity limestone at a limestone-anhydrite bed boundary (fi g. 21). The Hamilton Group and West Falls Formation consist of dark to very dark grayish-brown, calcareous, organic-rich shale with traces DEVONIAN ORISKANY SANDSTONE of pyrite. These shales were deposited at the onset of the Acadian Orogeny in a partially restricted marine basin. The sediment source The Oriskany Sandstone represents a major change during Early was the prograding Catskill Delta to the east; these units pinch out Devonian deposition in the Appalachian Basin. The predominant westward due to non-deposition upon a positive Cincinnati Arch carbonate sedimentation that originated in the Middle Silurian (Roen and Walker, 1996). The basal unit of the Hamilton Group is ceased or slowed to be replaced temporarily by predominant clas- the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale, a transgressive black shale tic deposition. The Early Devonian ended with a worldwide re- tongue. The Marcellus Shale is very fi ssile and is characterized by gression that resulted in erosion throughout much of North Amer- high natural radioactivity and low density. Core analysis of the Mar- ica (the Wallbridge discontinuity in Wheeler, 1963). Thus, the cellus shale in Monongalia County, West Virginia, indicated high Oriskany Sandstone is an unconformity sandstone overlying the gas permeabilties (5 to 50 md) and gas storage capacity up to 26 Mcf Helderberg Formation and underlying the Onondaga Limestone. (Randolph and Soeder, 1986). Disconformably overlying the Ham- Lithologically, this unit consists of well-sorted, white to light gray ilton Group in the vicinity of the Burger site is the Rhinestreet Shale and gray-brown, quartzose sandstone (Opritza, 1996). Erosion fol- Member of the West Falls Formation. The Rhinestreet Member is lowing Oriskany deposition near the basin margins might have another transgressive black shale tongue with similar characteristics been more extensive than pre-Oriskany erosion. There are large to the Marcellus Shale. Gas production occurs from both the Mar- areas of the basin where the Oriskany is thin or absent; for ex- cellus and Rhinestreet Shales. ample, the “Oriskany no-sand area” in much of eastern Ohio, but Drilling through the Hamilton Group is often problematic. Lost sand thickness steadily increases to the southeast (fi gs. 22, 23). circulation due to the incompetent, fl uid-sensitive shales of this in- The Oriskany Sandstone typically is a pure, white, medium- to terval is commonly reported. Also, the Hamilton is underpressured coarse-grained, monocrystalline quartz sandstone containing well- in this region, adding to drilling diffi culties. These same characteris- sorted, well-rounded, and tightly cemented grains (Fettke, 1931; tics also make the Hamilton a possible injection reservoir. Gaddess, 1931; Finn, 1949; Basan and others, 1980; Diecchio, The depth to the Hamilton Group at the Burger Well is 5,583 ft 1985; Foreman and Anderhalt, 1986; Harper and Patchen, 1996). (fi g. 25). Numerous gas shows as high as 1,200 units were encoun- Quartz and calcite comprise the most common cementing materi- tered while drilling through the 34-ft thick Marcellus Shale. Gas als in the formation. In many areas of the basin, the formation shows as high as 180 units were observed from the 20-ft thick Rhin- contains such an abundance of calcite, both as framework grains estreet Shale Member of the West Falls Formation. The gas shows and cement, that the rock is classifi ed as an arenaceous limestone. were short-lived and background gas concentrations returned once The Oriskany Sandstone typically is a tight rock unit, except in the individual black shale tongues were penetrated. One sidewall certain areas affected by fracturing (areas of folding and faulting) core was collected from the Hamilton Group at a depth of 5,616 ft. or dissolution of cement (generally near pinchout areas). Porosi- ties and permeabilities vary widely across the basin, depending SIGNIFICANT OIL AND GAS HORIZONS on mineralogy, diagenesis, and amount of fracturing (Harper and Patchen, 1996). Intergranular porosity consists of both reduced Carbon dioxide-assisted enhanced oil recovery is a common pro- primary porosity and secondary porosity due to dissolution of car- cedure for obtaining additional oil from reservoirs in the Permian bonate cements and some grains. While the arenaceous limestones Basin of West Texas and a growing number of other western U.S. have porosities of less than fi ve percent, zones within the arenites areas. These projects utilize large, naturally occurring CO2 reser- can have porosities greater than 20 percent where secondary po- voirs as the main feedstock to the extensive pipelines that have been rosity has been favorable (Basan and others, 1980). Permeabilities deployed for distribution of the CO2 (over 1 billion cubic feet of CO2 in the Oriskany Sandstone range from less than 0.1 to almost 30 per day). Because of CO2’s unique properties, it has proven to be md (Harper and Patchen, 1996). The Oriskany Sandstone has been one of the most effi cient mediums known for sweeping remaining used for the injection of industrial wastes in several wells in the oil from a reservoir. There are no known natural CO2 sources in the basin and for injection of natural gas for gas storage purposes in Appalachian Basin of comparable size to those used in the Perm- numerous depleted gas fi elds. One injection project, a waste dis- ian Basin. Thus, even though the Appalachian Basin was the birth- posal well in Pennsylvania, had an injection rate of approximately place of the oil-and-gas industry and the early forms of secondary 20 gallons per minute at an intake pressure of 1,400 psi during the recovery, it has not been able to utilize this very effi cient medium to initial investigation stage (Pennsylvania Geological Survey, writ- maximize the recovery of hydrocarbons from its reservoirs. As an- ten comm.). The Oriskany in this well ranged from 5,250 to 5,426 thropogenic sources of CO2 are captured and geologic sequestration ft. Average porosity and permeability were 5.2 percent and 2.2 md, initiated, however, CO2-assisted EOR may become an established respectively (Wickstrom and others, 2005). practice in the region. The depth to the Oriskany Sandstone at the Burger Well is 5,921 Carbon dioxide-assisted EOR projects can be designed as either ft with a total interval thickness of 33 ft (fi g. 24). Based on well miscible (the CO2 is kept at proper pressure to keep the gas in a near- cuttings, the sandstone coarsens upward. The density-porosity log liquid form) or immiscible. To maintain the CO2 at its supercritical response shows a gradual increase in porosity from 3 to 7 percent state (near liquid) requires the reservoir to be at a depth of approxi- throughout the interval. Four sidewall cores were collected from this mately 2,500 ft or greater. Miscible fl ooding projects are more ef- interval at depths of 5,926; 5,935; 5,945; and 5,955 ft. A minor 15- fi cient at sweeping residual oil from reservoirs and can sequester unit gas show was detected at a depth of 5,928 ft. much larger volumes of CO2 than immiscible projects. Immiscible SIGNIFICANT OIL AND GAS HORIZONS 27 UNITS POINTS

CORE SHOW

GAS

SIDEWALL MAX

Helder- berg

Bass Islands

Top of Salina

Figure 21.—Geophysical log response of the Bass Islands Dolomite from the Burger Well (API number 3401320586). Note the locations of sidewall cores and a minor gas show. 28 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

#Burger Well

Oriskany Sandstone Isopach Map

# Burger Well Thickness, Feet 0-30 30 - 60 60 - 90 90 - 120

Miles 02.5 5 10 15 20 ¹ Figure 22.—Isopach (thickness) map of the Oriskany Sandstone within the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia region. Also shown is the location of major (>100,000 tons per year) point sources of CO2. SIGNIFICANT OIL AND GAS HORIZONS 29

MEDINA PORTAGE CLARION SUMMIT MAHONING LAWRENCE

0 BUTLER -200 ARMSTRONG WAYN E STARK COLUMBIANA

BEAVER

CARROLL HOLMES HANCOCK ALLEGHENY TUSCARAWAS JEFFERSON WESTMORELAND OHIO HARRISON COSHOCTON BROOKE PENNSYLVANIA

-3000 0

WASHINGTON -700 0 0

-50

0 0 OHIO -250 50 4 - GUERNSEY BELMONT BURGER POWER PLANT -6500 -5500 FAYETTE MUSKINGUM MARSHALL GREENE -4000

NOBLE MONROE

MONONGALIA MORGAN WETZEL

MARION TYLER PRESTON WASHINGTON Explanation WEST CO2 Sources PLEASANTS VIRGINIA TAYLOR other CO2 sources HARRISON DODDRIDGE Burger Power Plant ATHENS -6000 WOOD Index contours RITCHIE BARBOURContours TUCKER Faults

MEIGS -3500 Mean Sea Elevation (feet) 20WIRT10 0 20 40 Miles LEWIS 968 -500 1000 - GILMER UPSHUR 0 MASON JACKSON CALHOUN RANDOLPH 20010 204060 Kilometers -7393 ROANE BRAXTON -1500

Figure 23.—Structure contour map on the top of the Oriskany Sandstone within the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia region. Also shown is the location of major (>100,000 tons per year) point sources of CO2. (Map elements taken from Wickstrom and others, 2005.) 30 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY UNITS POINTS

CORE SHOW

GAS

SIDEWALL MAX

Base of Onondaga Ls.

Oriskany

Helder- berg

Figure 24.—Geophysical log response of the Oriskany Sandstone from the Burger Well (API number 3401320586). Note the locations of sidewall cores and a minor gas show. SIGNIFICANT OIL AND GAS HORIZONS 31 UNITS POINTS

CORE SHOW

GAS

SIDEWALL MAX West Falls Fm. 80 120 100 180

Hamilton Gp.

250

400

600

1200

Onondaga Ls.

Figure 25.—Geophysical log response of the Hamilton Group and lower West Falls Formation from the Burger Well (API number 3401320586). Note the locations of sidewall cores and multiple strong gas shows. 32 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY projects are technically feasible for recovering additional oil, but the Ohio. The density logs in fi gure 29 illustrate an increase in density ultimate fate of injected CO2 is less certain and would be of lower (lower porosity) at the eastern end of the cross section. The poros- volume than in miscible projects; therefore, immiscible EOR is not ity and permeability of Clinton-Medina sandstone reservoirs gener- under consideration by the MRCSP for sequestration projects. ally decreases with increasing depth (McCormac and others, 1996). For many decades, extensive mining of shallow coal resources Typically, Clinton-Medina reservoirs are hydraulically fractured to and the ownership of oil and gas lease rights have prevented most enhance available hydrocarbon production. The Burger Power Plant oil and gas exploration on a large swath of land along the Ohio River site falls within Ryder and Zagorski’s (2003) “basin-centered” trend, near the Burger site. Much of the shallow oil and gas drilling in the which is considered tight reservoir rock reliant on natural fractures area pre-dates the large underground mining operations of the area. and hydrofracing for economic gas production. It might be neces- Therefore, as can be seen in fi gure 26, there is a large area near the sary to hydrofrac the unit to open suffi cient permeability for injec- Burger site with relatively few oil-and-gas fi elds deeper than 2,500 tion operations; however, it is unclear if artifi cial fracturing will be ft, as compared to surrounding regions. Miscible EOR operations allowable in CO2 injection wells in the region, as permit require- using CO2 from the Burger plant will require transporting CO2 out ments are currently under study by the U.S. EPA. of the area with few oil-and-gas fi elds. The sub-sections below describe, by stratigraphic unit, the oil LOWER SILURIAN LOCKPORT DOLOMITE fi elds with signifi cant miscible EOR potential that are in close proximity to the Burger site. Approximately 67 known oil-and-gas fi elds Hydrocarbon production from the Lockport Dolomite does not occur within the AOR and many of these produce hydrocarbons occur within the AOR; the nearest producing area is approximately from multiple geologic horizons (fi g. 27; Appendix C). Producing 100 miles west of the Burger Power Plant site. Noger and others depths range from 800 to 7,300 ft, although most production has (1996) describe a typical producing Lockport patch reef, imaged been shallow. with seismic refl ection data. This under-explored deeper formation Three natural gas storage fi elds are also found within the AOR of the Appalachian Basin warrants examination with seismic refl ec- (fi g. 28). The Majorsville-Heard gas fi eld of Marshall County, West tion data. The porosity of Lockport reservoirs generally ranges from Virginia and Greene County, Pennsylvania was activated in 1943 for 4 to 13 percent (Noger and others, 1996). gas storage in the Mississippian “Big Injun” sandstone (at a depth of 1,640 ft) and the Devonian siltstones and sandstones (at a depth of LOWER DEVONIAN ORISKANY SANDSTONE 2,700 ft) (American Gas Association, 1988; Carter, 2006). The Vic- tory “A” and “B” gas fi elds of Marshall County, West Virginia are The fi rst commercial Oriskany production in the Appalachian used as storage fi elds in the Mississippian Mauch Chunk Formation Basin occurred in early 1900. Estimated cumulative production for (at a depth of 2,040 ft) and Mississippian Big Injun sandstone (at a the Oriskany in the Appalachian Basin is 82 billion cubic feet of depth of 2,300 ft), respectively. Gas storage fi elds, with pertinent gas (Bcf) (Opritza, 1996). The nearest Oriskany production is ap- reservoir data, may serve as proxies for modeling reservoir condi- proximately 17 miles east of the Burger site in the Rich Hill pool tions for CO2 injection, as they inject and withdraw known volumes of Greene County, Pennsylvania (fi g. 27). This well pool was dis- of gas at known rates. covered in 2001 and produces at a depth of 7,350 ft. A total of 34 Detailed descriptions of many potential oil and gas plays in the wells have penetrated the Oriskany within the AOR. The nearest AOR are present in Roen and Walker (1996). Oil and gas plays reservoir data found for Oriskany Sandstone is in Noble County, deeper than the Lower Silurian are not discussed herein, mainly approximately 44 miles to the southwest of the Burger Power Plant because the closest known production from these deep units is lo- site. Core analyses (from API number 3412121561 well) indicate a cated 50 miles or more from the Burger Power Plant. As discussed porosity range of 1.0 to 6.1 percent and permeability range of less earlier, no wells have been drilled to these deep plays near the site; than 0.1 md to 5.3 md over a 17-ft interval. thus, no direct data is available and the plays are poorly understood Opritza (1996) shows stratigraphic correlations using geophysical at this location. However, there is potential for deep hydrocarbon well logs of the Oriskany Sandstone in southeastern Ohio. Thick- production to be discovered in the area from the Trenton Limestone, ness of the Onondaga and Oriskany maintains relatively consistent, Black River Limestone, St. Peter Sandstone, Knox Group and/or the while the Helderberg and Bass Islands increase in thickness to the Conasauga Group. The following oil and gas plays are discussed southeast. Hermann (1974) describes the Oriskany from a well in for the AOR: Belmont County (API number 3401320129) as a white to clear, fi ne- to medium-grained, fossiliferous, silica cemented sandstone, and LOWER SILURIAN “CLINTON-MEDINA”/ limestone. The relatively tight cementation reported by Hermann TUSCARORA SANDSTONE (1974) warrants examination of well samples within the AOR to better characterize the Oriskany as a potential injection reservoir. Since the 1970s, the oil-and-gas horizon containing “Clinton-Me- Geophysical log density ranges from 2.60 to 2.70 g/cc for wells dina” sandstone has been the most drilled horizon in Ohio. Ohio has within the AOR over a 10 to 100-ft interval thickness. A density po- 186 Clinton-Medina sandstone fi elds with approximately 60,000 rosity electric log from a well 8 miles northwest of the Burger Power wells that have produced over 5 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of gas (Mc- Plant site (API number 3401320553) indicates an Oriskany zone 12 Cormac and others, 1996), yet no Clinton/Tuscarora pools or fi elds ft thick with an uncorrected 6 to 8 percent porosity. are present within the 20-mile radius AOR. Hydrocarbon production The Oriskany Sandstone in the Burger Well is a coarsening up- (initial production reported at 100 mcfg, 1 bo, and 2 bw) from the wards interval with a net sandstone thickness of 33 ft and an uncor- Clinton/Tuscarora sandstone was reported from one well located 19 rected porosity up to 7 percent (fi g. 24). The Oriskany reservoir is miles northeast of the Burger site (API number 3401320485). Pro- thicker with better-developed quartz sandstone in the eastern AOR duction history for this well is unknown. in southwestern Pennsylvania and adjacent West Virginia. The Oris- Figure 29 shows the stratigraphic correlations using geophysi- kany Sandstone is a key horizon for injection analysis within the cal well logs of the Clinton-Medina sandstones across southeastern Burger Well. SIGNIFICANT OIL AND GAS HORIZONS 33

MEDINA PORTAGE CLARION SUMMIT MAHONING LAWRENCEê ê BUTLER ê ARMSTRONG WAYN E STARK êê COLUMBIANA ê BEAVERê ê ê CARROLL HOLMES ê ê HANCOCKê ALLEGHENY TUSCARAWAS êê JEFFERSON ê ê ê ê ê WESTMORELAND OHIO HARRISON COSHOCTON BROOKE PENNSYLVANIA ê ê ê ê WA SH I NG TO N

OHIO GUERNSEY BELMONT BURGER POWER PLANT (653 ft above mean sea-level) FAYETTE MUSKINGUM ð MARSHALL GREENEê ê ê NOBLE MONROE ê MONONGALIA MORGAN ê WETZELê MARIONê ê ê ê TYLER PRESTON WASHINGTON WEST ê ê ê PLEASANTSê VIRGINIA TAYLOR êHARRISON DODDRIDGE ATHENS ê WOOD Explanation RITCHIE CO2BARBOUR Sources TUCKER ê other CO2 sources MEIGS ð Burger Power Plant 20WIRT10 0 20 40 Miles LEWIS Prod Type êê GILMER ê UPSHUR Gas MASON JACKSON CALHOUN RANDOLPH ³ 2010 0 20 40 60 Kilometers Oil ROANE BRAXTON

Figure 26.—Map showing the locations of oil and gas ﬁ elds producing from depths greater than 2,500 feet within the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia region. 34 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

Brooke Harrison Jefferson

US HWY 250

HWY 7

TATE S Ohio WASHINGTON

I70 US HWY 40 US HW Y40

I470 I 470 0

Belmont US HWY 25

Marshall GREENE

HWY 7

STATE

Monroe Monongalia

EXPLANATION

Oil/Gas fields Wetzel GAS STATE HWY 2 OIL ^Burger Coal PowerMarion Plant Rivers Washington 505102.5Tyler Miles State Roads 20-mile radius area of review 50510152.5 Kilometers ³ County boundary Pleasants Doddridge Harrison

Figure 27.—Map showing the locations of all oil and gas ﬁ elds within the Burger site AOR. SIGNIFICANT OIL AND GAS HORIZONS 35

Brooke US HWY 22 Harrison Jefferson

US HWY 250 STATE HWY 7

US HWY 40

WASHINGTON Ohio

US H WY 40 I70 I 470 I470

Belmont US HWY 250

Mulitple Fms - ^ Miss - Penn

Marshall GREENE

Big Injun Formation

STATE HWY 7

Monroe

Mauch ChunkFormation Monongalia

EXPLANATION Wetzel STATE HWY 2 ^Burger Coal Power Plant Rivers Marion State Roads

Washington505102.5Tyler Miles 20-mile radius area of review Gas storage fields 50510152.5 Kilometers ³ County boundary Pleasants Harrison

Figure 28.—Map showing the locations of natural gas storage fi elds within the Burger AOR. 36 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY ed fi elds of southeastern Ohio (modi fi across Sugar Grove and Sharon Figure 29.—Stratigraphic cross section showing the Lower Silurian “Clinton-Medina” sandstone geophysical well log correlations from McCormac and others, 1996). SIGNIFICANT OIL AND GAS HORIZONS 37

UPPER DEVONIAN SILTSTONES AND SANDSTONES from driller terminology in Pennsylvania and West Virginia; Max- ville Limestone of Ohio) are prolifi c producers of natural gas further Hydrocarbon production from Appalachian Basin Upper Devo- to the east in West Virginia. Approximately 6,000 wells have hy- nian siltstones and sandstones, including signifi cant volumes of oil, drocarbon production from 183 fi elds in West Virginia and 54 wells began in 1859 with cumulative production estimated at approxi- from three fi elds in Ohio (Smosna, 1969). mately 20 Tcf (Boswell, 1996) (fi g. 30). Fields productive from both Although little production from the “Big Injun” sandstone is Devonian siltstone and sandstone reservoirs are known within the found within the AOR, widespread and prolifi c hydrocarbon pro- AOR (fi g. 30) by such drillers’ names as “Fifth Sand,” “Thirty-Foot,” duction occurs from the Big Injun in central West Virginia and east- “Gordon,” and “Gantz” (these units are found in the Chagrin Shale ern Ohio, east and north of the AOR. Cumulative production for interval shown in fi g. 3). The dominant productive area is more than fi elds in West Virginia is estimated to be 4 Tcf (Vargo and others, 10 miles southeast of the Burger Power Plant in West Virginia. 1996). These reservoirs are mentioned in this report only to partially The depleted Majorsville-Heard gas fi eld of Marshall County, explain the large number of shallow penetrations in the area. Depth West Virginia and Greene County, Pennsylvania was activated in to the Lower and Upper Mississippian sandstones and limestones 1943 as a natural gas storage fi eld in the Pennsylvanian Salt sand, near the Burger site is too shallow for miscible CO2 injection. Mississippian “Big Injun” sandstone and the Devonian siltstones and sandstones (American Gas Association, 1988). The deeper LOWER AND MIDDLE PENNSYLVANIAN Devonian reservoirs at this site are at an average depth of 2,570 ft SANDSTONES AND COAL BEDS (American Gas Association, 1988). The Upper Devonian siltstone and sandstones are a complex Production from the Allegheny Group was fi rst discovered in depositional assemblage, which are distal facies equivalents to the 1860 (Hohn, 1996). Since then, isolated wells have produced gas in carbonaceous black and gray Ohio Shale deposited to the west. The scattered fi elds in the AOR . Much of this production was encoun- extent, thickness, porosity and permeability of these siltstones vary tered while drilling for deeper targets and was commingled. Using laterally and are poorly defi ned in the vicinity of the Burger Power an average cumulative of 200 Mcf, the cumulative production for Plant site. Several Chagrin siltstone units were encountered in the the Allegheny Group in the Appalachian Basin is estimated at 181 Burger Well at depths ranging from 2,250 to 2,850 ft. Twelve feet Bcf (Hohn, 1996). of net siltstone with a neutron porosity greater than 6 percent was Pottsville Group sandstones have produced hydrocarbons since present in the lowermost siltstone unit (2,804–2,834 ft). A total of the late 1800s in the Appalachian Basin. Of 1,136 Pottsville wells on 12 sidewall cores were collected from the Devonian shales; two of record in Ohio, 250 have a cumulative production of 20 Bcf, averag- these cores were from the Chagrin Formation. ing 8 MMcf per well (Hohn, 1996). Figure 33 shows the current and historical production areas from both the Pennsylvanian Allegheny LOWER DEVONIAN BEREA SANDSTONE and Pottsville Groups in the AOR. These reservoirs are mentioned in this report only to explain the large number of shallow penetra- In the Appalachian Basin, 151 productive fi elds have been dis- tions in the area. covered in the Berea Sandstone and its equivalents with an estimated cumulative production of 1.9 Tcf (Tomastik, 1997). The Berea UNMINEABLE COALS Sandstone produces from 17 pools within the AOR (fi g. 31). The nearest reservoir data for the Berea are from a site approximately The tri-state area has had a long and proud history of coal mining, 30 miles to the north-northwest of the Burger site and indicate a starting in about 1800. Coal production peaked in Ohio in 1970 with porosity range of 10.1 to 15.4 percent and permeability range of less 50.57 million tons produced. In 2004, the state’s coal industry pro- than 0.1 md to 2.7 md over a 6-ft interval (core analyses from API duced 23.46 million tons and ranked fourteenth in the nation for pro- number 341212156). Thickness, porosity, and permeability of Berea duction. Coal-bearing rocks are found in 40 eastern Ohio counties. reservoirs can vary from well to well due to channeling during de- Belmont County ranks fi rst in the state in all-time coal-producing position. Correlation of the Berea Sandstone using geophysical logs counties. It is estimated that three to perhaps as many as fi ve individ- alone can be diffi cult in this portion of the Appalachian Basin due to ual coal beds may be present beneath the Burger site that may have interfi ngering of the Berea with low-energy shale deposits. Hence, suffi cient thickness (greater than 12 inches) and depth (greater than confusion with younger and older sandstone/siltstone beds may 500 ft) for consideration as testing targets for enhanced recovery of

arise due to a lack of a well-developed Sunbury Shale, which is methane by CO2 injection. Three of these coals, the No. 6, No. 5, and used as a marker above the Berea. No. 4, were encountered in the Burger Well. The No. 6 coal occurs at Depth to the Berea in the Burger Well is 1,822 ft with a thickness a depth of 810 ft below the surface and ranges from 24 to 42 inches of 28 ft and 3 ft of net sandstone. Within the AOR, Berea sandstone thick. The No. 5 and No. 4 coals occur at 50 and 90 ft, respectively, thickness ranges from less than 10 ft to 20 ft, and porosity deter- below the No. 6 coal and range from 12 to 36 inches thick. Additional mined from geophysical logs range from 5 to 12 percent. The Berea coals occur at depths of 924; 963; and 1,012 ft with thicknesses in the is not deep enough for miscible CO2 injection at this location. It is 12 to 48 inch range. Rapid facies changes over a lateral distance of possible that some Berea oil reservoirs may be candidates for im- only a few hundred feet are typical of rocks in the Pennsylvanian in miscible CO2 fl oods. this portion of Ohio (fi g. 34), especially below the No. 4 coal. Hence, predicting or even anticipating exact lithologic content in this part of UPPER AND LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN the geologic section, especially for coal beds only a few feet thick LIMESTONES AND SANDSTONES (and for a single pilot-project well) is uncertain given the next nearest control point is a core hole located six miles away. Limited historical production and gas storage from the Lower Ohio is lacking reliable gas-content analyses on most of the coal and Upper Mississippian limestones and sandstones is present in beds in the state; however, using conservatively low gas-content the AOR (fi g. 32). The Greenbrier/Newman limestones (“Big Lime” values, the DGS estimates the state’s producible CBM reserves at 38 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

Brooke Harrison Jefferson

US HWY 250

STATE HWY 7 Ohio WASHINGTON

0 I70 US HWY 40 US HWY 4 I470 I470

Belmont US HWY 250

Marshall GREENE

STATE HWY 7

Monroe Monongalia

EXPLANATION

^Burger Coal Power Plant HWY 2 Wetzel Devonian fields ATE ST GAS

OIL Marion Rivers

Washington State Roads 505102.5Tyler Miles 20-mile radius area of review 50510152.5 Kilometers ³ County boundary Pleasants Doddridge Harrison Figure 30.—Map showing the locations of oil and gas ﬁ elds producing from the Devonian Shales and upper Devonian siltstones and sandstones within the Burger site AOR. UNMINEABLE COALS 39

Brooke Harrison Jefferson

US HW

Y250

EHWY7

STAT Ohio Y40 WASHINGTON

I70 US HW US HWY 40 I 470 I470

Belmont US HWY 250

Marshall GREENE

TE HWY 7 A ST

Monroe Monongalia

EXPLANATION 2 Burger Coal Power Plant Wetzel ^ Berea Fields STATE HWY GAS

OIL Marion

Rivers Washington 505102.5Tyler Miles State Roads 20-mile radius area of review 50510152.5 Kilometers ³ County boundary Pleasants Doddridge Harrison

Figure 31.—Map showing the locations of oil and gas ﬁ elds producing from the lower Devonian Berea Sandstone within the Burger site AOR. 40 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

Brooke Harrison Jefferson

US H W Y250

STATE HWY 7 Ohio WASHINGTON SHWY40 0 I70 U US HWY 4 I470 I470

Belmont

WY 250 US H

Marshall GREENE

ATE HWY 7 ST

Monroe Monongalia

EXPLANATION 2 Burger Coal Power Plant Wetzel ^ MISS Fields STATE HWY GAS

OIL Marion

Rivers Washington 505102.5Tyler Miles State Roads 20-mile radius area of review 50510152.5 Kilometers ³ County boundary Pleasants Doddridge Harrison

Figure 32.—Map showing the locations of oil and gas ﬁ elds producing from the Mississippian limestones and sandstones within the Burger site AOR. UNMINEABLE COALS 41

Brooke Harrison Jefferson

US H W Y250

STATE HWY 7 Ohio WASHINGTON SHWY40 0 I70 U US HWY 4 I470 I470

Belmont

WY 250 US H

Marshall GREENE

ATE HWY 7 ST

Monroe Monongalia

EXPLANATION

^Burger Coal Power Plant 2 PENN Fields Wetzel CBM STATE HWY GAS

OIL Marion

Rivers Washington 505102.5Tyler Miles State Roads 20-mile radius area of review 50510152.5 Kilometers ³ County boundary Pleasants Doddridge Harrison

Figure 33.—Map showing the locations of oil and gas ﬁ elds producing from the Pennsylvanian sandstones within the Burger site AOR. 42 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

Brush Brush Creek Creek

Conemaugh No. 7 No. 7 No. 6a No. 6a 100-120Õ

No. 6 25-70Õ No. 6 50Õ No. 5 No. 5 15- 100-120Õ

No. 4 No. 4 Pottsville and Allegheny and Pottsville

Pennsyl- vanian ? Missis- sippian

? ?

Figure 34.—Schematic cross section of coal-bearing strata near the Burger site illustrating the discontinuous nature of the units and lithologies. Numbered units refer to the numbered coals of Ohio. Right-hand column numbers give approximate distance between key coal beds. Surface elevation at the site is approximately 670 ft. The main coal mined near the site is the No. 8 (Pittsburgh), which is found at an approximate elevation of 480 ft above sea level. The base of the Conemaugh Group (shown in illustration) is approximately 520 ft below the No. 8 coal.

2–5 trillion cubic feet of methane. Although there is very limited the facility. Analogous to sequestration in coal beds, CO2 injection coalbed methane production in Ohio (all from mine vents), rising into unconventional carbonaceous shale reservoirs could be used to natural gas prices have led to growing interest in this energy re- enhance existing gas production. As an added benefi t, it is believed source nationally and within the state, and CO2-enhanced recovery the carbonaceous shales would adsorb the CO2 into the shale matrix, of methane may provide an economic incentive for sequestration permitting long-term CO2 storage even at relatively shallow depths of CO2 sources in coalfi elds. Coalbed methane drilling and produc- (Nuttall and others, 2005). tion has seen a sharp increase in both neighboring Pennsylvania and Hydrocarbon production from Appalachian Basin Upper Devo- West Virginia since the mid-1990s (fi g. 33). nian Shales began in 1821 with cumulative production estimated at approximately 3 Tcf (Milici, 1996). Limited Devonian shale pro- CARBONACEOUS SHALES duction is present within the AOR (fi g. 30). Most Devonian shale wells in the area have been completed using open-hole techniques The Burger AOR also contains widespread, thick deposits of (without casing and perforations through the pay zones) making it carbonaceous shales. These shales are often multifunctional, act- very diffi cult to know which intervals are the most productive. Also, ing as seals for underlying reservoirs, source rocks for oil-and-gas many of the wells did not have geophysical logs run, thus separating reservoirs, and unconventional gas reservoirs themselves. Both productive black from gray shale and siltstone units in this portion the Ordovician shale and the Devonian shale intervals below the of the Appalachian Basin very diffi cult. However, most of the pro- site contain thick sequences of organic shale; however, only the duction in this portion of the Basin is from the shallower portions of Devonian Shale interval is within the range of economic drilling the Devonian Shale sequence, largely from the gray shales and silt- depths for this site, which is less than 9,000 ft. The suitability of the stones. The Devonian black shales within the AOR are very lightly Devonian shales for CO2 injection and sequestration has not been drilled, primarily due to the greater drilling depth. Prospective pro- demonstrated but should be considered for additional research at ducing black shale units include the Rhinestreet Shale Member of CARBONACEOUS SHALES 43

the West Falls Formation; Middlesex Shale Member of the Sonyea STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY NEAR Formation; Geneseo Shale Member of the Genesee Formation; and THE BURGER SITE the Marcellus Shale Member of the Hamilton Group. Six sidewall cores were collected from the darker organic-rich interval of the De- Depth to the Precambrian basement at the Burger site is estimated vonian Shale, one core from the lower Hamilton Group, and fi ve to be approximately 14,000 ft; the estimate is based on very sparse cores from the West Falls and Java Formations. deep well control and from projecting expected thicknesses of units Depth to top of the Devonian Shale at the Burger Power Plant is from the base of the deepest wells near the site. The nearest prospec- 1,850 ft. Total thickness of Devonian Shale at the Burger Power Plant tive basement fault to the Burger site is likely to be deep faulting site is 4,858 ft. Depth to the base of the shale interval (top of Ononda- associated with the Rome Trough to the south and east. This faulting ga Limestone) interval is 5,708 ft. Multiple gas shows were encoun- is likely to be normal faults down to the southeast with displacement tered from organic-rich, low density intervals within the Hamilton increasing on individual faults farther to the southeast towards the Group (fi g. 25). Based on the mudlog description, the estimated total main border fault of the Trough (fi g. 11). Little data are available on black shale thickness at the Burger Well is 540 ft. A total of twelve the deep structure of the area. Therefore, the acquisition and analy- sidewall cores were collected through the Devonian shales. sis of seismic refl ection profi les across the immediate area are of vital importance to identify local faulting. CONFINING UNITS FOR POTENTIAL Structure contour and isopach maps of various coal beds and INJECTION INTERVALS stratigraphic profi les of specifi c intervals of the Monongahela group in Belmont County by Berryhill (1963) imply a northwest-trending Cap rocks are abundant for all prospective injection reservoirs structural element may exist in the subsurface of the Burger site. in the Burger AOR and should, in the absence of well-developed This shallow structure might be indicative of deeper structural ele- fracture and fault systems, provide adequate sealing to prevent ver- ments below the area: tical migration of injected CO2 (fi g. 3). The assumption that tight, Ferm and Wisenfl uh (1989) developed a depositional model for impermeable rocks are present in the AOR is based on core analy- Pennsylvanian coal deposits in the Appalachian Basin that had a deep ses and data distant from the Burger Power Plant site; projecting structural component as one of the controlling mechanisms for litho- core analyses for cap rocks over long distances is more reliable than logic spatial patterns; moreover, numerous summaries on the structural delineating prospective reservoirs. Well-developed cap rocks can infl uence in various coal-forming basins are found in Lyons and Rice be generally verifi ed using geophysical well logs, which show low (1986). In the AOR, several indirect lines of evidence suggest that the versus high porosity. The reader is referred to Wickstrom and others Burger site may occur in an area with a previously unrecognized deep (2005) for a discussion of deeper seal units (below the Lower Silu- structural element. Data supporting this conclusion include: rian Cataract Group/Tuscarora Sandstone) and regional overview. Cap rocks above the Lower Silurian “Clinton-Medina”/Tuscarora 1. A northeast-southwest-trending, easterly dipping monocline sandstone include approximately 1,800 ft of tight shale and carbon- occurs approximately 2 miles northwest of the site. The mono- ates of the Clinton Group, Lockport Dolomite and Salina Group cline is parallel to and approximately 10 miles south-southeast carbonates and evaporites (minus cavern development from nearby of a normal fault (downthrown south) mapped in the Pittsburgh solution mining). Drillers often refer to the thick carbonates above coal. Berryhill (1963) discusses another faulted area in the the Clinton-Medina/Tuscarora sandstone as the “Big Lime.” The Pittsburgh coal, a northeast-trending graben where the coal is Bass Islands Dolomite and Helderberg Limestone interval is a cap displaced and thickens within the boundaries of the structure. rock of 411 ft of carbonates beneath the Oriskany Sandstone pos- This feature is located approximately 20 miles northwest of sible injection reservoir. The Onondaga Limestone, a potential cap the Burger site (see abandoned mine map BT-178 on fi le at the rock above the Oriskany, consists of 415 ft of tight to vuggy car- DGS). Moreover, Berryhill (1963) notes many mine operators bonates below the Hamilton Group interval. Potential cap rock for in Belmont County report local faulting in the Pittsburgh coal. the Hamilton and overlying Upper Devonian black shale intervals is 2. The Burger site occurs where the south-southeasterly fl owing variable. Depending on the thickness and extent of Upper Devonian Ohio River makes an abrupt 130-degree deviation to the north- siltstones and sandstones, the cap rock for the Devonian shales will west. The river then follows this northwesterly trend for about range between 1,000 and 2,000 ft of shale and tight siltstone. Cap 2 miles and makes a second abrupt change in course direction rocks for Devonian siltstones and sandstones is also highly variable 165 degrees to the southeast. This second river diversion oc- and dependent upon relatively unknown extent and thickness of silt- curs where the Ohio River intersects the northeast-trending stone and sandstone beds themselves and an overlying, increasingly monocline (item 1 above), a structural feature that may be upward, complex assemblage of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian the controlling element for the second diversion of the river shale, carbonates, coal, and sandstone. The approximate thickness course. The 2-mile, northwest-trending section of the Ohio of these highly variable lithologies is 1,800 ft. Net effective thick- River that occurs between these prominent river bends is paral- ness, excluding the uppermost ground water reservoir zone is in lel to several structural irregularities indicated on the structure excess of 1,000 ft. Elimination of shallow speculative and possible contour maps of the Pittsburgh coal that, when aligned, trend injection reservoirs effectively either adds reservoirs as buffer zones northwest-southeast. Interestingly, this trend, when projected or potential cap rock to the lowermost prospective injection reser- northwestward, crosses in close proximity to the graben dis- voir. Using the Clinton-Medina as an example, as much as 8,200 ft cussed above (item 1) and aligns with the spillway of Piedmont of potential cap rock and buffer zones exists. Lake, a place where surface displacement of the bedrock was A total of 25 sidewall cores were collected from both caprock and reported in the engineering profi les created for construction of reservoir units in the Burger Well. These cores will be analyzed for the reservoir. permeability and will be petrographically described to characterize 3. Cross and Schemel (1956) mapped a series of northeast-south- the prospective cap rocks and buffer zones at the Burger Well site. west-trending synclines and anticlines (Proctor and Louden- 44 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

ville synclines and Martinsville anticline) on the shallow Penn- the AOR. As a result, deep artifi cial well penetrations within several sylvanian strata several miles south of the Burger site. These miles of the site are rare. An inventory was made of all deep wells features parallel the monocline and faulting noted in item 1. in the study region and near the study site. As of June 2006, only 4. A dome structure with about 50 ft of relief exists on the Pitts- 59 wells have been drilled into the Devonian Onondaga or deeper burgh coal approximately 7 miles northwest of the site. The within 20 miles of the site from a total of 6,257 wells drilled that dome occurs mostly in the western portion of Mead Town- were reported in public records from Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West ship. Virginia. There are three deep wells drilled deeper than Ordovician 5. Changes in the thickness of the Waynesburg coal align with the Trenton Limestone within 30 miles, one of which was drilled into northwesterly linear trend noted above (item 3). the Precambrian basement in Harrison County, Ohio (Appendix A). 6. Lithologic changes occur in the vicinity of the northwest-south- The closest deep well to the study site is the Occidental No.1 Burley east linear trend discussed above. In some areas of Belmont well, 16 miles southeast of the site in eastern Marshall County, West County, the percentage of sandstone in the section increases Virginia. The Burley well was drilled to a depth of 16,512 ft into southwestward of this lineament, whereas limestone and other the Cambrian Knox Group. The nearest moderately deep wells are fi ne-grained lithologic units are prevalent northeast of the lin- within approximately 2.5 miles west of the site, where 13 wells were eament. This suggests subsurface faulting has occurred along drilled to approximately 6,600 ft for Silurian Salina halite solution this trend and infl uenced the distribution of sediments during mining (West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection). the Upper Carboniferous. The lack of deep well data at the Burger Power Plant site illustrates 7. Economic deposits of the Fishpot coal were found only to the the importance of drilling the test well in order to proceed with rea- south of the linear trend discussed in item 2. sonable modeling of potential injection reservoirs. Appendix D is a 8. Locally, the interval between the Pittsburgh and Fishpot coal general list of known deep well tests by formation within 30 miles expands and is dominated by sandstone south of the linear pre- of Burger Power Plant. The review of artifi cial penetrations reported viously discussed. to state agencies for the AOR suggests a minimum of 1,402 wells drilled deeper than 2,500 ft into the Devonian shale. The structural grain of the area is typically displayed via an or- thogonal joint set with dominant directions being northeast-south- CLASS I AND II INJECTION WELLS west and northwest-southeast. The structural irregularities noted above may show that shallow deposition and structure is controlled There are no Class I (hazardous and industrial waste) injection by deep-seated faulting, perhaps the step-down faults associated wells within the Burger vicinity. The nearest Class I injection facil- with the Rome Trough mentioned earlier, which would be expected ity is located in Scioto County, Ohio approximately 140 miles from to be oriented northeast-southwest. Conversely, these irregularities the proposed site. may simply be showing response to local compressional stress as- The locations of nearby Class II (brine) injection wells are shown sociated with a later orogenic event, such as the Alleghenian. in fi gure 35. Two Class II injection wells are found within the AOR. The well in Monroe County, Ohio (API number 3411121559) in- SEISMIC REFLECTION DATA jects brine into the Mississippian “Big Injun” sandstone (Appen- dix E). The well in Wetzel County, West Virginia (API number The nearest public domain seismic refl ection data for the Burger 4710301415) was drilled to a total depth of 2,360 ft. Although its site is the Ohio Consortium for Continental Refl ection Profi ling record does not report the injection zone, the Devonian Gordon (COCORP) line, an east-west profi le acquired in 1989. The CO- Sandstone is the formation at TD. CORP acquisition parameters were designed to look at very deep geologic features within the earth’s crust, 10 to 30 miles deep. Thus, CLASS III INJECTION WELLS the upper few seconds of data, which contain the refl ection records from the Paleozoic and shallow Precambrian, are coarse for normal Class III injection wells are those used for the injection and with- structural and stratigraphic interpretations. drawal of fl uids within the salt solution mining industry. Typically Currently, no industry-acquired seismic refl ection data are avail- in this region, water is injected via wells into the halite beds of the able for acquisition or are known to exist in the vicinity of the Burg- Salina Group where it acts to suspend the salt in solution, which er Power Plant (John Forman, personal comm. 3/21/06). The CO- is then withdrawn via the same well or another well. Once at the CORP line crosses Belmont County approximately 15 miles north surface, the water is evaporated from solution to produce the con- of the site. This seismic data was originally acquired as part of a tained salt. Although the Salina Group does not produce hydrocar- larger study on the deep crust of the eastern mid-continent of North bons within the AOR, halite beds of this interval have been solution America (Pratt and others, 1989). Later, the original dataset was re- mined in Marshall County, West Virginia within 2.5 miles west of processed using standard industry techniques commonly applied to the Burger Power Plant site (fi gs. 4 and 35). Thirteen wells have seismic data for hydrocarbon prospect evaluations. This reprocess- been drilled to about 6,500 ft to remove an uppermost halite bed ing resulted in the enhancement of many of the shallow refl ectors of the Salina. Very few data, other than some well locations, are in the Paleozoic section, which may be useful in the analysis of the available on these wells at the West Virginia Geological Survey Burger site. However, the distance between the COCORP line and (Appendix E). Reportedly, the West Virginia Department of Envi- the site may limit the effectiveness of this data for use in modeling ronmental Protection has some additional data on these operations, the subsurface geology of the AOR. but it is not in searchable format, nor is there an inventory of the information. It is suggested that an effort be made to assemble all ARTIFICIAL PENETRATIONS pertinent available data on these operations prior to permitting injection operations at Burger. As mentioned above, extensive mining of shallow coal resources Apparently the area was fi rst drilled for Salina salt production in has prevented most modern oil and gas exploration within much of the early 1950s. A directionally drilled well into the Salina was also ARTIFICIAL PENETRATIONS 45

US HWY 250

Brooke S HWY 22 Harrison Jefferson U WY 7

STATE H

WY40 US H WASHINGTON Ohio

I70 US HWY 40 I70 I 470 I470

Belmont US HWY 250

^ Salina

Marshall GREENE

EHWY7

STAT Salina

Monroe

Big Injun Gordon Monongalia

EXPLANATION

^Burger Coal Power Plant

Wetzel Rivers State Roads

20-mile radiusMarion area of review

505102.5 Miles County boundary Washington Tyler Salina Wells 50510152.5TE HWY 2 Kilometers ³ CLASS2 STA

Figure 35.—Map showing the locations of class II (brine) and class III (solution mining) injection wells within the Burger AOR. 46 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY reported in Moundsville, West Virginia (French, 1963). This well ses, and coal information were compiled and analyzed for the area has not been located through the current data search. The thickness within 20 miles of the Burger Power Plant in Belmont County, Ohio. of solution-mined Salina halite beds is not known nor is a cumula- A total of 6,257 records on producing oil and gas wells, dry holes, tive volume of produced halite presently available. Thus, adequate stratigraphic core tests, and brine-solution wells are contained in modeling of the extent and orientation of cavern development is not public archives of the tri-state AOR. Core tests and analyses of pro- possible. It is likely that seismic refl ection data will not be able to spective injection reservoirs and cap rocks were non-existent or not adequately image the solution-created void because the halite beds known to be available for public use. are typically not thick enough to image individually. However, in Other than shallow stratigraphic core hole tests, only one well absence of further data, the combined removal of thicker lower ha- is known to contain a deeper interval (Ohio Shale) that has been lite beds and accompanying collapse of roof material has the poten- cored and only one short description of the Oriskany Sandstone is tial to be imaged on seismic refl ection profi les. Other Salina solution known; both are from wells drilled in Belmont County, Ohio. In mining operations are located along the Ohio River approximately the AOR, only 59 wells have been drilled into or deeper than the 12 miles southwest of the Burger Power Plant in Natrium, Marshall Devonian-age Onondaga Limestone. Of these wells, only four wells County, West Virginia. were drilled deeper than the Silurian-age “Clinton-Medina” inter- Solution mining operations create large cavernous voids, as well val and just one well penetrated the Cambrian-age Knox Dolomite as rubble and breccia zones due to roof collapse. Such features within the AOR. However, in a 30-mile radius around the well site, would have extraordinary porosity and permeability that would additional deep stratigraphic data exist that can be used to project make them potential CO2 storage caverns. However, more site data data about these deeper units into the site area. Many of the deeper is necessary to determine the safety and potential volume of such a wells have geophysical logs available in public records. The near- consideration. est well penetrating Precambrian rocks occurs 30 miles northwest of the Burger Power Plant. Conventional industry-acquired seismic SEISMICITY data is not known within the AOR. Additional data is also lacking on formation pressure, brine/formation fl uid samples, and mineral- The DGS operates a statewide array of seismic monitors, with all ogy in the AOR. data reported to and collected at our central facility, the Horace R. Maps of oil and gas plays in the AOR are provided to assist in

Collins Laboratory near Delaware, Ohio. The DGS also cooperates understanding their potential impact on CO2 sequestration. Ap- closely with the USGS National Earthquake Information Center in proximately 67 oil-and-gas pools/fi elds are within the AOR (fi g. Colorado, and operates one of the USGS strong-motion sensors at 27; Appendix C)). Many of these areas produce hydrocarbons from its Delaware facility. Lastly, in the event of a strong event within the multiple horizons at depths that range from 800 to 7,300 ft below state, the DGS cooperates with the USGS and the Lamont-Doherty the surface. However, many of these fi eld/pool data are not cor- Observatory to quickly place portable sensors around the area of rected/correlated for stratigraphic consistency. Developing geologic the event to closely monitor any aftershocks. Close-spaced monitor- analogues using existing oil, gas, and storage reservoir and solution ing of aftershocks allows very precise placement of the epicenter mining data within the AOR could be useful to evaluate prospective and better solutions for the geometry of the fault plane involved. saline reservoirs at the Burger Power Plant site. Usefulness of these Figure 36 is a map showing all recorded earthquake locations and data is dependent on time available to create stratigraphically con- their relative magnitudes in and surrounding Ohio (Hansen, 2002). sistent data sets. It is not likely that geologic conditions similar to the Updates to this map and detailed information on most previous seis- well-developed reservoirs in current and abandoned storage fi elds in mic events can be found on the OhioSeis website: . The limited geophysical well log data for the few deep prospective The Burger site lies within the eastern Ohio aseismic zone, an saline reservoirs suggest thin and tight reservoirs beneath the Devo- area that has not generated an earthquake in historic times. The near- nian black shales at the Burger Power Plant site. Analysis of these est signifi cant earthquakes were the January 31, 1986, Lake County reservoirs indicates seismic transparency. No actual core data for earthquake (5.0 mbLg) at a distance of approximately 124 miles these prospective reservoirs or cap rocks exists or is available within from the site and the September 25, 1998, Pymatuning earthquake the AOR for wells drilled prior to the Burger Well. (5.2 mbLg) at a distance of approximately 112 miles from the site. Nevertheless, formations with prospective hydrocarbon res-

The NCEER catalog also lists a West Virginia earthquake from 1824 ervoirs may be targeted for non-commercial CO2 injection. In the at a distance of approximately 21 miles from the site. This earth- AOR, the following plays are discussed: the Lower Silurian “Clin- quake was assigned a magnitude of 4.1 based upon the felt area ton”/Tuscarora sandstone and Lockport Dolomite; Upper Silurian and a Modifi ed Mercalli Intensity of IV. Such early earthquakes are Salina Group and Bass Islands Dolomite; Lower Devonian Oris- notoriously inaccurate as to location and magnitude due to a lack of kany Sandstone; Devonian Black Shales, siltstones, and sandstones; accurate technology and sparse documentation in newspapers. This Upper Devonian/Lower Mississippian Berea Sandstone; Upper and region of West Virginia has not experienced any seismic activity Lower Mississippian sandstones and carbonates; and the Lower since the unique 1824 event. and Middle Pennsylvanian sandstones (fi g. 3). Oil and gas plays The Burger site lies in the less-than-6-percent g zone of the USGS deeper than the Lower Silurian Clinton/Tuscarora sandstone are not Peak Acceleration (% g) map, with a 2 percent probability of ex- discussed, as these plays are considered “ultra-deep” and deemed ceedance in 50 years (2002). The above data suggest that the site has economically impractical for the proposed test well. Production a very low probability of signifi cant seismic risk. from these deep plays (Ordovician Trenton/Black River/St. Peter/ Beekmantown and Cambrian Rose Run/Conasauga) is located 50 to SUMMARY 100 miles or more from the Burger Power Plant site; however, potential does exist for hydrocarbon discoveries in these zones within Prior to drilling the Burger Well, available literature, petroleum the AOR. Future economics may also warrant examination of these well and storage fi eld data, well and core descriptions and analy- deep zones for potential CO2 injection. SUMMARY 47

85¡ 84¡ 83¡ 82¡ 81¡ 2006 (2) 1999, Ontario 1998 1998 2000, 2005 2006 (4) 2003 1995 1980 2001 42¡ 1988, 1992, 2004 1998 1987 (12), 42¡ 1876 1990 (3) 1947 a 1992 1992 (3) 1989 (3), ad 2002 1983, 1990, 1976 Lake Erie n 2003 (2), Ca tates 2003 2004 S LAKE 2005 (2) Michigan 2006 (4) 2002 nited 2006 2001 2007 U 1858 1995, 1987, 1993 2007 2000 2000 WILLIAMS FULTON 1948 1999 2001 (3) LUCAS 1984 1991 1991, 1926 (2) 1836, 1906 2003 1993 2001 (3) OTTAWA 1998 1953 WOOD 1943 1986 1929 1951 1986 ASHTABULA 1992 1850 TRUMBULL HENRY 1955 DEFIANCE SANDUSKY 1898 1993 ERIE LORAIN 1888 GEAUGA CUYAHOGA 1936 1975 1883 1991 1988 1974 2007 PAULDING 1992 HURON MEDINA 1955 1936 PORTAGE 1936 1899 PUTNAM HANCOCK 1961 1998 MAHONING 1990 1885 2000 SENECA ASHLAND

41¡ 2001 SUMMIT 1998 41¡ VAN WERT WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND WAYNE 1888 1940 (3) 1940 1886 ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA 1937 2004, 2006 (2) 1995 2005 1937 (4) 1884 HARDIN 1927 1927 CARROLL

1986 MARION Pennsylvania 1977 1892 AUGLAIZE HOLMES 1937 1988 1930 MORROW 1983

Indiana 1968 TUSCARAWAS KNOX 1937 1930 (2), 1956 UNION JEFFERSON 1990 1944 1931, 1939, 1994 COSHOCTON HARRISON MERCER DELAWARE 1939 DARKE 1931 1939 LOGAN 1884, 1889, 1939 1925, 1931 SHELBY1896 LICKING CHAMPAIGN 1873 GUERNSEY 1876, 1882, 1930 1930 BELMONT 1929, 1931, 1875 MUSKINGUM 1928 1843 1933, 1956 MADISON FRANKLIN 40¡ CLARK 40¡ MIAMI NOBLE PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY MONTGOMERY 1980 MONROE 1950 PICKAWAY 1870 MORGAN 1925 1824 1873 1848 1953 FAYETTE 1967 1952 1834 GREENE HOCKING WASHINGTON BUTLER WARREN CLINTON ROSS ATHENS 1886 West Virginia VINTON HIGHLAND 1899 1894 HAMILTON 1854 1936 CLERMONT 0 10 20 miles 1881 MEIGS 1936 (2) PIKE 1925 1804 JACKSON 1926 0 10 20 30 kilometers 1864 1995 1937 1859 1994 2002 1974 39¡ BROWN ADAMS GALLIA 39¡ SCIOTO EXPLANATION 1909 Kentucky 1975 1877 1901 Instrumental Noninstrumental magnitude magnitude 1957 1995 2.0 - 2.9 2.0 - 2.9 1839 1989 LAWRENCE 3.0 - 3.9 3.0 - 3.9 1933 1979 1895 4.0 - 4.9 4.0 - 4.9 1974 1817 1983 1883 N 5.0 - 5.4 5.0 - 5.4 Earthquake catalog available at: http://www.ohiodnr.com/OhioSeis/

84¡ 83¡ 82¡ 81¡

Figure 36.—Map of Ohio and surrounding areas showing known earthquake locations and relative magnitude (from Hansen, 2002). Earthquake Epicenters in Ohio and Adjacent Areas can be accessed through the Ohio Seismic Network’s website: . 48 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

A minimum depth of approximately 2,500 ft is necessary for in- and identifi es both confi ning units and potential sequestration tar- jected CO2 to remain in a supercritical state. At the Burger Power get zones in the Burger Well. The black shales of the Hamilton Plant, this will eliminate several Upper Devonian siltstone and Group appear favorable as potential reservoir rock based on their sandstone beds, the Berea Sandstone, and overlying porous Mis- drilling characteristics; the thickness of the low-density, organic- sissippian and Pennsylvanian limestone and sandstone reservoirs. rich intervals; and strong gas shows encountered during drilling. However, injection into unmineable coal beds, and perhaps organic The Clinton sandstone and Oriskany Sandstone are also potential shales, do not require this depth constraint since CO2 is adsorbed in sequestration reservoirs because developed sandstones with po- organic-rich zones rather than being stored in pore spaces. rosity were encountered in both intervals. Good gas shows in the Proximity to existing and abandoned Silurian Salina Group halite Salina Group and Lockport Formation indicate effective porosity solution mining activities may also limit the injection options at the in porous dolomite zones. Bass Islands Dolomite is a lower poten- Burger site. Solution-mining activities in the Silurian Salina Group tial sequestration target at this location due to the lack of porosity are located within 2.5 miles updip of the site. Presently, the extent development and only a minor gas show. Upper Devonian through and thickness of Salina halite removal, potential roof collapse, and Pennsylvanian shale, siltstones, and sandstones also show lower cumulative salt production is unknown. It is likely that pilot CO2 potential due to minimal gas shows and shallow depths. Approxi- injection testing of the Salina and nearby zones, such as the Bass Is- mately 10 net feet of deep unmineable coal beds beneath the site lands or Oriskany Sandstone, will be proposed for the Burger Well. could be considered possible injection zones; however, the lateral Burger Well pilot test information and all data from both publicly extent of these coals are unknown and the discontinuous nature of available regulatory agencies and private industrial operators con- overlying confi ning units may limit the effectiveness of a shallow cerning solution-mining operations should be thoroughly analyzed seal. Potential buffer zones, which in part are represented by pos- and modeled before the Burger Well proceeds with a larger injec- sible reservoirs that would not be used for injection, could com- tion program. Should the pilot injection tests show that the Salina or bine with cap rock units to reduce the potential of vertical fl uid nearby units are favorable for CO2 sequestration, extensive investi- migration. Cap rock units in the Burger Well generally appear very gations and modeling should be required to ensure integrity of the favorable (low porosity and well developed thickness), which is prospective operations prior to permitting. relatively predictable from well log analyses tied to core and test- Figure 37 summarizes the rock section penetrated in the Burger ing data from great distances, giving good credence to the lateral Well. This diagram indicates the depths of stratigraphic intervals continuity of these units. SUMMARY 49

Depth Borehole Formation Horizontal scale Casing description (ft.) diameter (in.) exaggerated 0 Conductor pipe driven to 83 ft.

17.5 Lower Freeport

13.375 in. casing set at 930 ft. 1,000

Maxville Black Hand 12.5

Cuyahoga Berea 9.625 in. casing set at 1,939 ft. 2,000 Bedford Sh Local sequestration target

Sequestration target

3,000

Confining unit

Ohio Shale 8.75 4,000 Shallow nonconfining unit

Organic shale

5,000

Java West Falls Coal-bearing interval Hamilton 7 in. casing set at 5,757 ft. Onondaga Oriskany Significant gas shows 6,000 (>50 units) Helderberg

Bass Islands Sidewall core point

Salina 7,000 6.125

Lockport

Rochester 8,000 ÒPacker ShellÓ ÒClintonÓ Queenston Open hole to TD of 8,384 ft.

Figure 37.—Burger Well summary diagram showing potential injection zones, conﬁ ning units, sidewall core locations, and signiﬁ cant gas shows. 50 GEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BURGER POWER PLANT AND VICINITY

SELECTED REFERENCES Fettke, C.R., 1931, Physical characteristics of the Oriskany Sandstone and subsurface studies in the Tioga gas fi eld, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania American Gas Association, 1988, Survey of underground gas storage facili- Geological Survey, 4th ser., Progress Report 102-B, p. 1–9. ties in the United States and Canada: American Gas Association report, Finn, F.H., 1949, Geology and occurrence of natural gas in Oriskany Sand- p. 43. stone in Pennsylvania and New York: American Association of Petroleum Babcock, L.E., 1994, Biostratigraphic signifi cance and paleogeographic im- Geologists Bulletin, v. 33, p. 303–335. plications of Cambrian fossils from a deep core, Warren County, Ohio: Floto, B.A., 1955, The possible presence of buried Niagaran reefs in Ohio Journal of Paleontology, v. 68, p. 24–30. and their relationship to the Newburg oil and gas zone: Ohio Division of Baranoski, M.T., 2002, Structure contour map on the Precambrian uncon- Geological Survey Report of Investigation 24, 18 p. formity surface in Ohio and related basement features: Ohio Division of Foreman, J.L., and Anderhalt, Robert, 1986, Petrology and diagenesis of Geological Survey Map PG-23, 18 p., scale 1:500,000. carbonate phases in the Lower Devonian Ridgeley Sandstone (Oriskany Baranoski, M.T., in prep., Subsurface correlation and lithostratigraphy of Group), southwestern Pennsylvania: Compass, v. 64, no. 1, p. 39–47. the Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone, Eau Claire Formation, and Cona- French, G.B., 1963, Offset brine wells by directional drilling, in Bersticker, sauga Group in Ohio: Ohio Division of Geological Survey. 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