D:\Darbi D\VESTNESI ZURNALI

$D:\Darbi D\VESTNESI ZURNALI$ DAUGAVPILS UNIVERSITY ART TEMPUS Volume 1 2013 Journal ART TEMPUS is published and distributed by Institute of Art with the support of Daugavpils University (Daugavpils, Latvia). Journal ART TEMPUS publishes original articles on art science: visual arts, musicology and choreography. Manuscripts should be sent to the Editor in Chief. Journal ART TEMPUS will be published one time a year. International editorioal board: Prof., Dr. «valds Daugulis ñ Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, LATVIA Prof., Dr. Mart Kalm ñ Estonian Academy of Arts, Tallin, ESTONIA Prof., Habil. Dr. Ludmila Kazantseva ñ Astrakhan Conservatory and Volgograd Art and Culture Institute, RUSSIA Dr. Galina Tsmyg ñ The State Scientific Institution ìThe K. Krapiva Institute of Arts, Ethnography and Folklore of National Academy of Sciences of Belarusî, BELARUS Prof., Dr. Rytis Urnie˛ius ñ –auliai University, –auliai, LITHUANIA Editor in Chief: Mg. art., Mg. paed. ZeltÓte Barevska Institute of Art, Daugavpils University, VienÓbas Str. 13 ñ 230, Daugavpils, LV-5401, LATVIA e-mail: [email protected] English Language Editor: Tatjana Kolota Designer: Dita Kiceja-Slavicka Lay-out: Marina StoËka Publisher: INSTITUTE OF ART, DAUGAVPILS UNIVERSITY, VienÓbas Str. 13 ñ 230, Daugavpils, LV-5401, LATVIA ISSN 2255-9396 © Institute of Art, Daugavpils University, 2013 CONTENTS VISUAL ARTS ZeltÓte Barevska. Ornamentics of Latgalian Old-Believersí Traditional Towels (Beginning of the 20th Century) ............................................................... 5 Andra IrbÓte. The Evolution of Design During 20th ñ 21st Centuries ..................... 16 Laimdota Ivanova. Metamorphosis of the Altarpiece over the Last 145 Years .................................................................................................................. 28 Ilm‚rs Dirveiks. The Architecture of BÁr˛u Cemetery Chapel .............................. 36 Inese Klestrova. An Insight into the Latgale Old-Believersí Manuscripts at the Pushkin House .......................................................................................... 42 Inese Zelmane. Reflection of Sacred Art in the Context of Illustrated Mass Media in Soviet Latvia as a Sign of Political Changes of the Period ............ 49 MUSICOLOGY «valds Daugulis. The Influence of Dance Music on the Traditions of Folk Music Making in Latvia in the 2nd Half of the 20th Century ................................. 55 Baiba Jaunslaviete. Novella Genre in the Composerís Approach: The Main Forms of Interaction between Literary and Musical Aspects ................ 64 J˚lija Jon‚ne. Denominational Features of the Beginning of Latvian Professional Sacred Music ................................................................................... 75 Nora L˚se. Latvian Folksong Arrangements for Piano Four Hands ..................... 84 Tatjana Minakova. Significance of Synthesis of Arts in the Process of Musical Interpretation......................................................................................... 92 GaÔina Zavadska. Some Parallels in the Art of AlfrÁds KalniÚ and Vilhelms PurvÓtis ................................................................................................. 103 CHOREOGRAPHY Gunta B‚liÚa. Artistic and Pedagogical Work of Anna Stedelaube in the Ballet of Liep‚ja (1923 ñ 1933) ..................................................................... 110 RegÓna Kaupu˛a. Artistic Proclamation in Classical Ballet ................................... 120 Valda Vidzemniece. The Early Days of Modern Dance in Latvia ......................... 131 Requirements for the research manuscripts to be published in the journal ìART TEMPUSî .................................................................. 144 . ART TEMPUS. 1/2013 ISSN 2255-9396 VISUAL ARTS Ornamentics of Latgalian Old-Believersí Traditional Towels (Beginning of the 20th Century) ZeltÓte Barevska Institute of Art, Daugavpils University VienÓbas Street 13 ñ 230, Daugavpils, LV-5401, Latvia [email protected] Abstract Russian old-believers (staroveri) are a historically developed ethno-denominational group that came to Latgale in the second part of the 17th century. Having been living in the multi-cultural environment of the region for centuries, Russian old-believers have preserved their ancestral traditions not only in their religion, but also in craft and decorative art, including also the making, adornment and use of towels (ruÚiki). The aim of the article is to study the ornamentics of Latgalian Russian old-believersí traditional towels at the beginning of the 20th century. Key words: Latgale, Old-Believers, Ornamentics, Traditional Towel. Introduction Old-believers (in Russian: староверцы, старообрядцы, расколъники, древлеправославные) appeared in the territory of Latvia (at that time Livonia or Livland) in the second part of the 17th century, quickly and successfully taking roots in its society and culture; becoming one of the most integrated religious and ethnical groups in Latvia. Both in Russian and other languages (for example, English and German) the word ìold- believersî is etymologically close to the words ìoldî and ìbeliefî that precisely characterize the nature of this religious movement and its connection to the events in the history of Russian Orthodox Church at the second half of the 17th century when after the initiative of the Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich (1629 ñ 1676, time of reign: 1645 ñ 1676) in March of 1653 the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Nikon (1605 ñ 1681, the Patriarch since 1652) undertook the reform aimed to introduce corrections to the texts of Church books, and to modify some of the public worship rituals following the Byzantine model. Part of the pastoral parish did not support it, in the result of which the Russian Orthodox Church split into two parts: the Orthodoxy accepted by the Patriarch Nikonís followers 5 Barevska ZeltÓte and the old-believers whose adherents denied the reform and preserved the old Church traditions. When the reform was acknowledged and legitimated by the Council of Moscow Russian Orthodox Church (1666 ñ 1667), old-believers were publicly declared secessionists (in the Russian language: расколъники), and there began brutal repressions and persecutions (Podmazovs 2010b). Old-believers searched for rescue in the remote parts of Russia, far and near abroad (in Poland, Germany, Turkey, Sweden, even in the far situated America). Big groups of refugees came also to the Baltic, where citizensí ìtolerance to inoverts was very Western and not comparable with ìtotalitarianî Russiaî (Borgs 2001: 33). Old-believers arrival to the territory of Latgale There are only few historical sources preserved about the arrival of old-believers in the territory of Latvia. One of the researches where this fact has been documented is, a collection of manuscripts, historically known as ìKurzeme ñ Lithuanian Chronographî or the ìDegut Chronicleî (firsts researcher of the document G. Markelovs thinks that the most eligible title in the Russian language is ìДегуцкий летописецî). It was compiled in the 40ís of the 19th century by Vasily Zolotov (1786 ñ after 1856) ñ old-believer who lived in the 40ís ñ 50ís of the century in the village of Degut, Koven province (now the village of DjaguË, Zarasai district, Lithuania). He described the history of old-believers from 1652 to 1850, by summarizing the information contained in ancient manuscripts, published sources and memoirs (Podmazovs 2001; Podmazovs 2010a; Podmazovs 2010b). It is mentioned in the Chronicle that the first organized territory of the old-believersí settlements in Latvian appeared immediately after the ongoing reforms of Patriarch Nikon, already in 1659 in ìKurzeme ñ Zemgale Duchy, on the right side of Daugava river, from Druja till Jekabpils: LiginiÌi village near Daugavpils, Baltruku village near Il˚kste, VoitiÌi (now Daugavpils district, Skrudaliene rural municipality ñ Z. B.) and Volodina villages (now Daugavpils district, Laucesa rural municipality ñ Z. B.) near Daugavpils. In the 17th century from Kurzeme ñ Zemgale Duchy old-believersí communities gradually spread in Latgale and Lithuaniaî (–evkina 2010: 10). Unfortunately, the number of first old-believer settlers is not mentioned in the Chronicle. The attitude toward them was favourable for the old believers as they were allowed to enter and reside the territory of Latvia, to indulge their specific lifestyle and ancient faith. This attitude can be explained by the fact that after devastating wars and the epidemic of plague, population had catastrophically diminished and there lacked simple work force at landlordsí farms (Zeile 2006). With the arrival and settlement of old-believers, churches were quickly built. In the summer of 1660 near Dinaburg (Daugavpils), in LiginiÌi village was built the first old-believersí church in the Baltic. The church remained till 1837 when under the decree of Russian Emperor Nikolai I (1796 ñ 1855; time of reign 1825 ñ 1855) it was closed. Its further future is unknown. Supposedly, it was burnt or robbed and destroyed to get building materials. 6 Ornamentics of Latgalian Old-Believersí Traditional Towels (Beginning of the 20th Century) Nowadays, this historic site is included in the territory of Daugavpils city and documented on the intersection of BaznÓcas and LiginiÌu streets. In 2003, in the place of the ancient site, Memorial Cross (height ñ 2.5 m, made of polished black Karelian granite) was solemnly set up and on July 21st of the same year consecrated (Podmazovs 2009; Podmazovs 2001; www.d-fakti.lv/lv/news/article/20623).

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