DOCSLIB.ORG

Bedrock Geology of Saline Mines Quadrangle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bedrock Geology of Saline Mines Quadrangle Illinois Geologic Quadrangle Map IGQ Saline Mines-BG Bedrock Geology of Saline Mines Quadrangle Gallatin and Hardin Counties, Illinois F. Brett Denny, Joseph A. Devera, and Adam Kittler 2013 Prairie Research Institute ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 615 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820-6964 (217) 244-2414 http://www.isgs.illinois.edu © 2013 University of Illinois Board of Trustees. All rights reserved. For permission information, contact the Illinois State Geological Survey. Introduction Graben. The fault bifurcates to the southwest along Peters Creek into several parallel faults that are difficult to trace. This report accompanies a geologic map of the Saline Mines The northeastern extension appears to merge into a single 7.5-minute Quadrangle. The Saline Mines Quadrangle was fault that can be traced into the alluvial sediment of the Ohio included on previous geologic maps by Weller et al. (1920), River. Kehn (1974) mapped faults that appear to line up with Butts (1925), Weller (1940), Weller et al. (1952), and Baxter the Peters Creek Fault in the Kentucky portion, an adjacent et al. (1963). Reports on the Illinois-Kentucky Fluorspar quadrangle. Exposures of this fault zone are few, but mineral District (IKFD) and mines were completed by Bastin (1931), exploration tests have intersected the fault at Sec. 23, T11S, Heyl and Brock (1961), Heyl et al. (1974), Brecke (1962), R9E (SW¼) and near the center of Sec. 6, T12S, R9E. The and Hutcheson (1973). A map of the coal mines of this fault is mineralized in places, but no commercial develop- quadrangle was completed by Myers and Chenoweth (2009). ment for minerals is known along its length in this quad- Original geologic mapping for this project was completed in rangle. 2011 and 2012. Hogthief Creek Fault Zone Structure and Tectonics This fault zone demarcates the northwest edge of the Rock Creek Graben and is also poorly exposed. Fractured beds The map area lies within the Fluorspar Area Fault Com- were observed at several locations, but exposures of the fault plex, one of the most intricately faulted areas in the North surface were not observed. The Hogthief Creek Fault was American interior (Denny et al. 2008). Although reverse, mapped by Weller et al. (1920) and Baxter et al. (1963) as strike-slip, and oblique-slip faults are important, high-angle a complex series of parallel faults merging into two paral- normal faults prevail. Seismic reflection profiles reveal that lel faults near Rock Creek. A segment of the fault appears faults originate in the Precambrian basement and bifurcate to be connected to the Goose Creek Fault Zone to the north. upward, and the fracture pattern becomes more complicated Although no commercial development for minerals is known toward the surface (Potter et al. 1995). As mapped from along this fault zone, a piece of limestone replaced with fluo- outcrop data, faults are clustered into zones, which may rite was observed in a creek near the center of Sec. 20, T12S, outline horsts and grabens. Some faults in this region are R9E just west of the unnamed prospect pit. We mapped a mineralized with fluorite, and horizontal strata-bound fluo- fault along this area merging into the Goose Creek Fault rite is present near major fault blocks. This quadrangle lies Zone to the north. along the eastern flank of a regional igneous arch called the Tolu (or Kutawa) Arch (fig. 1). Regional dip and some of the Goose Creek Fault Zone faulting is inherently related to this regional igneous activity. The Goose Creek Fault Zone lies northwest of the Rock Creek Graben. The Goose Creek Fault Zone is a series of Maximum displacement in the Saline Mines Quadrangle is parallel normal faults showing as much as 700 feet of verti- along the Rock Creek Graben, where Lower Chesterian units cal offset (Nelson 1995). This fault zone can be seen along are juxtaposed with the Lower Pennsylvanian Caseyville the road cut near the Goose Creek Mine. Vein fluorite miner- Formation, producing more than 1,000 feet of vertical offset. alization is present along portions of the Goose Creek Fault The fault segments here are extremely complex, and, in Zone. Several drill holes verify the location of the faults near many cases, rock units that occupy narrow fault slices cannot the Green and Hoeb Mines (Sec. 16 and 17, T11S, R9E). be identified with confidence. The authors have conducted This fault can be projected to the northeast under the flood- field work in these complexly faulted areas and have utilized plain of the Ohio River. Kehn (1974) mapped a fault on the mineral exploration borings to assist with structural interpre- Kentucky side of the Ohio River that may project into this tations. Nevertheless, these fault zones are probably more fault zone. Tracing this fault zone to the northeast is difficult. complex than we depict on this geologic map. Stratigraphy Rock Creek Graben The Rock Creek Graben bisects the Saline Mines Quad- The bedrock exposed in this area ranges from Mississip- rangle from the southwest corner of the quadrangle trending pian to Pennsylvanian. The nomenclature for these units has in a northeasterly direction. The graben is approximately 2 changed through time, which complicates the stratigraphy. miles wide and can be traced to the Saline River, where the The current stratigraphic nomenclature can be viewed on the structure is projected under the floodplain of the Ohio River. graphic column, and the previous stratigraphic nomenclature The Hogthief Creek Fault Zone and Goose Creek Fault is well documented by Baxter et al. (1963). Baxter et al. Zone bound the northwest edge of the graben, and the Peters (1963) also suggested that several hundred feet of Pennsyl- Creek Fault Zone bounds the southeast side. vanian McLeansboro Group sediments may be present in the downdropped Rock Creek Graben under the floodplain of Peters Creek Fault Zone the Ohio River. More data are needed in this area to decipher This fault zone extends across the Saline Mines Quad- its Pennsylvanian stratigraphy. rangle and demarcates the southeast edge of the Rock Creek 1 Harrisburg Tertiary and Cretaceous Cretaceous Mvu TKu undivided and Tertiary ) ) ) &t ) Unconformity ) ) ) ) Igneous diatremes &c &cv ) Permian (igneous) Mc Igneous dike showing trend &cv Unconformity ) &t &c Carbondale Formation &c &t Tradewater Formation Pennsylvanian ) &cv &t Caseyville Formation ) Unconformity Mc Chesterian undifferentiated &t ) &t Mvu Upper Valmeyeran Mississippian Mvl ) Mc Lower Valmeyeran &cv &c Du Devonian undifferentiated Devonian ) Mc & cv Fluorite subdistrict ) Mvu &t x Mc &cv Fluorite mine x x is and x Harr IL-KY Fluorite District e Goose Creek r &t i Du p &cv Mvl k c Fault m o E x -R n Anticline &cv -i Mc e x av C Graben x Mc k Creek Graben · Mc &cv Roc Mc ) ) ) High-angle reverse fault e Cave- t at xx r t x rs in-Rock &cv a te x w In Pc e x t x S x x e r T x olu la Arch ic s o x R &t Rosiclare Mvu Mc xx S s &cv I Y g &cv in O K r C & p N cv S I U x x n e L T x x re d L o n I N d e o tt Mc E x m i om r Marion K x C C s x l ia x il v x e H x & L s cv r e x y D l x x il Salem H re k o ic o L M y la &t &cv C &cv x x Mexico TKu x Tabb x x Fredonia x x Mvl x Tabb Mvu x xxMvl Mvu TKu Mc Princeton Eddyville Mvl Mvu TKu Mvl Mc 0 5 Calvert City Miles Mvl TKu Figure 1 Geologic map of the Illinois-Kentucky Fluorite District. Edited from Denny et al. (2008). 2 Bethel Ss Ore Horizon Bethel Ss Downeys Bluff Ls Enlargement 0 30 below Feet Base of Bethel Sandstone Purple Replace ment Flu Argillaceous orspa r Partings Decalcifie d Beds Pu rple Rep lacem ent Flu or sp ar Downeys Bluff Ls Downeys Bluff Ls Not to scale Figure 2 V-shaped structure, S.E. Oxford Mine, “Bethel Level” ore horizon. Adapted from Brecke (1962). Black areas and bands show acid spar (95% CaF2) accumulations. Mineral Resources galena. Some deposits contained small amounts of silver in the galena and recoverable cadmium and germanium in The IKFD (fig. 1) was formerly the leading source of fluorite the sphalerite (Trace and Amos 1984). Galena was found in in the United States and also produced significant quanti- abundant amounts at Lead Hill and portions of the Cave-in- ties of lead, zinc, and other commodities. The term fluorspar Rock subdistrict. The amount of silver in the lead was esti- is commonly used as a synonym for fluorite. Economic mated to be 5 to 8 ounces per ton (Bastin 1931). The amount mineralization in the IKFD is predominantly composed of fluorite and lesser amounts of sphalerite, barite, and galena. Other minerals identified in this district include pyrite, chal- copyrite, quartz, celestite, cerussite, greenockite, malachite, Bethel Ss smithsonite, witherite, strontianite, benstonite, and alstonite (Goldstein 1997). Ore bodies are of three types: (1) bedded Bedded Fluorite replacement deposits that formed by selective replacement of limestone strata, (2) vein deposits along faults and frac- Downeys Bluff Ls tures, and (3) residual deposits derived from veins or beds. 10 eet) The best indication of bedded replacement is remnant tical (f r textures of limestone observed within fluorite crystals. 0 Ve 40 20 0 These include fossils, stylolitic sutures, primary bedding, Horizontal (feet) and other sedimentary structures. Mine-run ore commonly contained 30 to 40% fluorite, as much as 2 to 3% zinc, and Figure 3 Stratiform or bedding replacement.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
    MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky.
    [Show full text]
  • Barite (Barium)
    Barite (Barium) Chapter D of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States—Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply Professional Paper 1802–D U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Periodic Table of Elements 1A 8A 1 2 hydrogen helium 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon 6.94 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 sodium magnesium aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 11B 12B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.79 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 cesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon 132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210)(222) 87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
    [Show full text]
  • Selective Flotation of Witherite from Calcite Using Potassium Chromate As a Depressant
    Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process., 55(2), 2019, 565-574 Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing ISSN 1643-1049 http://www.journalssystem.com/ppmp © Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Received May 31, 2018; reviewed; accepted September 2, 2018 Selective flotation of witherite from calcite using potassium chromate as a depressant Yangshuai Qiu 1, Lingyan Zhang 1,2, Xuan Jiao 1, Junfang Guan 1,2, Ye Li 1,2, Yupeng Qian 1,2 1 School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China 2 Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing & Environment, Wuhan 430070, China Corresponding author: [email protected] (Lingyan Zhang) Abstract: Witherite has been widely used as an industrial and environmental source of barium, with calcite being the primary associated carbonate mineral. However, few studies have been conducted to effectively concentrate witherite from barium ores. In this work, with the treatment of potassium chromate (K2CrO4) and sodium oleate (NaOL), witherite was selectively separated from calcite through selective flotation at different pH conditions. In addition, contact angle, Zeta potential, adsorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were performed to characterize the separation mechanisms. The results demonstrated that NaOL had a strong collecting ability for both witherite and calcite; nevertheless, witherite could be effectively selected from calcite with the highest recovery at pH 9 in the presence of K2CrO4. From the XPS measurements, NaOL and K2CrO4 were found to be primarily attached to the surfaces of witherite and calcite through chemisorption. The presence of K2CrO4 on the surface of calcite adversely influenced the NaOL adsorption, which could make the flotation separation efficient and successful.
    [Show full text]
  • Infrare D Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Minerals
    Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s G. C. Jones Department of Mineralogy The Natural History Museum London, UK and B. Jackson Department of Geology Royal Museum of Scotland Edinburgh, UK A collaborative project of The Natural History Museum and National Museums of Scotland E3 SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Firs t editio n 1 993 © 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993 Typese t at the Natura l Histor y Museu m ISBN 978-94-010-4940-5 ISBN 978-94-011-2120-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-2120-0 Apar t fro m any fair dealin g for the purpose s of researc h or privat e study , or criticis m or review , as permitte d unde r the UK Copyrigh t Design s and Patent s Act , 1988, thi s publicatio n may not be reproduced , stored , or transmitted , in any for m or by any means , withou t the prio r permissio n in writin g of the publishers , or in the case of reprographi c reproductio n onl y in accordanc e wit h the term s of the licence s issue d by the Copyrigh t Licensin g Agenc y in the UK, or in accordanc e wit h the term s of licence s issue d by the appropriat e Reproductio n Right s Organizatio n outsid e the UK. Enquirie s concernin g reproductio n outsid e the term s state d here shoul d be sent to the publisher s at the Londo n addres s printe d on thi s page.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation of Coated and Specialty Papers
    RELACT HISTORY, TECHNOLOGY, AND TREATMENT OF SPECIALTY PAPERS FOUND IN ARCHIVES, LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS: TRACING AND PIGMENT-COATED PAPERS By Dianne van der Reyden (Revised from the following publications: Pigment-coated papers I & II: history and technology / van der Reyden, Dianne; Mosier, Erika; Baker, Mary , In: Triennial meeting (10th), Washington, DC, 22-27 August 1993: preprints / Paris: ICOM , 1993, and Effects of aging and solvent treatments on some properties of contemporary tracing papers / van der Reyden, Dianne; Hofmann, Christa; Baker, Mary, In: Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 1993) ABSTRACT Museums, libraries, and archives contain large collections of pigment-coated and tracing papers. These papers are produced by specially formulated compositions and manufacturing procedures that make them particularly vulnerable to damage as well as reactive to solvents used in conservation treatments. In order to evaluate the effects of solvents on such papers, several research projects were designed to consider the variables of paper composition, properties, and aging, as well as type of solvent and technique of solvent application. This paper summarizes findings for materials characterization, degradative effects of aging, and some effects of solvents used for stain reduction, and humidification and flattening, of pigment-coated and modern tracing papers. Pigment-coated papers have been used, virtually since the beginning of papermaking history, for their special properties of gloss and brightness. These properties, however, may render coated papers more susceptible to certain types of damage (surface marring, embedded grime, and stains) and more reactive to certain conservation treatments. Several research projects have been undertaken to characterize paper coating compositions (by SEM/EDS and FTIR) and appearance properties (by SEM imaging of surface structure and quantitative measurements of color and gloss) in order to evaluate changes that might occur following application of solvents used in conservation treatments.
    [Show full text]
  • Thirty-Fourth List of New Mineral Names
    MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, DECEMBER 1986, VOL. 50, PP. 741-61 Thirty-fourth list of new mineral names E. E. FEJER Department of Mineralogy, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD THE present list contains 181 entries. Of these 148 are Alacranite. V. I. Popova, V. A. Popov, A. Clark, valid species, most of which have been approved by the V. O. Polyakov, and S. E. Borisovskii, 1986. Zap. IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, 115, 360. First found at Alacran, Pampa Larga, 17 are misspellings or erroneous transliterations, 9 are Chile by A. H. Clark in 1970 (rejected by IMA names published without IMA approval, 4 are variety because of insufficient data), then in 1980 at the names, 2 are spelling corrections, and one is a name applied to gem material. As in previous lists, contractions caldera of Uzon volcano, Kamchatka, USSR, as are used for the names of frequently cited journals and yellowish orange equant crystals up to 0.5 ram, other publications are abbreviated in italic. sometimes flattened on {100} with {100}, {111}, {ill}, and {110} faces, adamantine to greasy Abhurite. J. J. Matzko, H. T. Evans Jr., M. E. Mrose, lustre, poor {100} cleavage, brittle, H 1 Mono- and P. Aruscavage, 1985. C.M. 23, 233. At a clinic, P2/c, a 9.89(2), b 9.73(2), c 9.13(1) A, depth c.35 m, in an arm of the Red Sea, known as fl 101.84(5) ~ Z = 2; Dobs. 3.43(5), D~alr 3.43; Sharm Abhur, c.30 km north of Jiddah, Saudi reflectances and microhardness given.
    [Show full text]
  • Daqingshanite-(Ce) (Sr, Ca, Ba)3(Ce, La)(PO4)(CO3)3−X(OH, F)X C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
    Daqingshanite-(Ce) (Sr, Ca, Ba)3(Ce, La)(PO4)(CO3)3−x(OH, F)x c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 3m (probable). As subhedral to rounded platy crystals, may be crudely rhombohedral, to 3 mm, in aggregates. Twinning: Complex polysynthetic twinning observed in some material. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on {1011}. Fracture: Conchoidal. Hardness = n.d. VHN = 335 (20 g load). D(meas.) = 3.81 D(calc.) = 3.71 Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: Pale yellow to nearly white; colorless in thin section. Streak: White. Luster: Vitreous to greasy. Optical Class: Uniaxial (–). ω = 1.708 = 1.609 Cell Data: Space Group: R3m, R3m, or R32. a = 10.058–10.073 c = 9.225–9.234 Z = 3 X-ray Powder Pattern: Bayan Obo deposit, China. 3.16 (10), 2.52 (7), 3.95 (6), 2.040 (6), 1.941 (6), 2.110 (5), 1.895 (4) Chemistry: (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) P2O5 11.73 10.50 Fe2O3 0.21 K2O 0.03 CO2 16.19 n.d. MnO 0.02 F 0.80 0.29 ThO2 0.04 < 0.22 MgO 0.72 < 0.12 Cl 0.10 + Al2O3 0.18 < 0.12 CaO 6.17 0.94 H2O 0.68 n.d. La2O3 7.88 10.22 SrO 26.10 41.82 −O=F2 0.34 Ce2O3 10.16 12.24 BaO 15.98 4.57 Total [99.376] RE2O3 2.696 < 3.36 Na2O 0.13 < 0.16 (1) Bayan Obo deposit, China; CO2 and H2O by gas chromatography, original total given as 99.20%; RE2O3 =Pr6O11 0.70%, Nd2O3 1.59%, Sm2O3 0.106%, Eu2O3 0.02%, Gd2O3 0.12%, Tb4O7 0.05%, Dy2O3 0.03%, Ho2O3 0.03%, Er2O3 0.01%, Tm2O3 0.01%, Yb2O3 0.02%, Lu2O3 0.01%; corresponds to (Sr1.52Ca0.67Ba0.63Mg0.11Na0.03)Σ=2.96(Ce0.37La0.29RE0.10Al0.02 3+ Fe0.02)Σ=0.80(PO4)1.00(CO3)2.23[(OH)0.46F0.26]Σ=0.72.
    [Show full text]
  • NOTICE New Mineratr Names Has Been Prepared by Michael
    NOTICE New Mineratr Names has been prepared by Michael Fleischer for many years with extraordinary coverage and critical evaluation, and remains one of the most important sections ol The Americon Mineral,ogist. Dr. Fleischer con- tinues to find the task enjoyable but increasingly burdensome. This is a call for volunteers to assist him in combing and reviewing the literature for clescrip- tions of new minerals and new mineral data Mineralogists interested, please contact Dr. M. Fleischer, U, S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C., and specify the language(s) and journals you can ancl are willing to cover. Es- pecially helpful would be the services of three good mineralogists to cover Minerologicol Magazine, Bulletin Soci.6t6 Franqaise Minlralogie, and Neues Jahrbuch J* Minerologie etc., Monatshefte NEW MINERAL NAMES Farringtonite E. R' DurnnsNa aNo s. K. Rov. A new phosphate mineral from the springwater pallasite: Geocltim.et Cosmocltim.Acta,24, 198 205 (1961). The mineral was found in the springn'ater pallasite, from near Springwater, Sas- katchewan. rt occurs as colorless to wax-white to yellon' material peripheral to olivine nodules. The meteorite also contains metallic iron (kamacite) ancl troilite. Spectrographic analyses were made on two 25 mg. samples; the first rn'ascleaned magnetically, the second by gravity separation in a centrifuge as we1l. These gave: pror 37.6+0.6,49.7 + 1.0;MgO 49.2+O.2,4t.6I1.3; SiO, 11.1+0.2,2.9 +0.1; Fe 5.4+0.1,3.7 ,,quite +0.2ok. The final content of metallic iron in the samples was negligible,,; the Fe reported must be present as FeO or FezO: or both.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluid Inclusions in Fibrous and Octahedrally-Grown Diamonds
    FLUID INCLUSIONS IN FIBROUS AND OCTAHEDRALLY-GROWN DIAMONDS by Evan Mathew Smith A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (Geological Sciences) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) March 2014 © Evan Mathew Smith, 2014 Abstract My thesis puts forth new models for diamond formation that explain the difference between octahedral and fibrous diamond growth, as well as the difference between octahedral diamond growth in the lithospheric and the sublithospheric mantle. Diamond growth in the mantle involves reactions between carbon-bearing fluid and the host rocks it infiltrates. This fluid is sometimes included in diamond. Fluids in dendritically-grown, fibrous diamonds from Wawa, Superior craton, were analysed in a novel way, using transmission X-ray diffraction. The technique allows bulk analysis of daughter minerals within fluid inclusions. The mineralogy, major and trace elements, Sr isotopes, volatiles, and nitrogen characteristics of the hydrous saline–high-Mg carbonatitic fluid in these Archean diamonds strongly resemble those of Phanerozoic fibrous diamonds. This implies that some mantle processes, including the formation of fibrous diamonds, can be extended unvaryingly back to 2.7 Ga. Fluid equilibrated with octahedrally-grown diamonds from the Siberian, Kaapvaal, and Congo cratons is trapped in healed fractures in the diamonds. They contain anhydrous CO2–N2 fluid inclusions with 40±4 mol% N2 and inclusions of former silicate melt that had an original N2 content of ~0.1 wt%, as shown by Raman, electron microprobe, and microthermometry analyses. The liberation of N2 from the convecting mantle is proposed to be controlled by increasing oxygen fugacity that destabilizes host phases.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Abbreviations
    List of Abbreviations Ab albite Cbz chabazite Fa fayalite Acm acmite Cc chalcocite Fac ferroactinolite Act actinolite Ccl chrysocolla Fcp ferrocarpholite Adr andradite Ccn cancrinite Fed ferroedenite Agt aegirine-augite Ccp chalcopyrite Flt fluorite Ak akermanite Cel celadonite Fo forsterite Alm almandine Cen clinoenstatite Fpa ferropargasite Aln allanite Cfs clinoferrosilite Fs ferrosilite ( ortho) Als aluminosilicate Chl chlorite Fst fassite Am amphibole Chn chondrodite Fts ferrotscher- An anorthite Chr chromite makite And andalusite Chu clinohumite Gbs gibbsite Anh anhydrite Cld chloritoid Ged gedrite Ank ankerite Cls celestite Gh gehlenite Anl analcite Cp carpholite Gln glaucophane Ann annite Cpx Ca clinopyroxene Glt glauconite Ant anatase Crd cordierite Gn galena Ap apatite ern carnegieite Gp gypsum Apo apophyllite Crn corundum Gr graphite Apy arsenopyrite Crs cristroballite Grs grossular Arf arfvedsonite Cs coesite Grt garnet Arg aragonite Cst cassiterite Gru grunerite Atg antigorite Ctl chrysotile Gt goethite Ath anthophyllite Cum cummingtonite Hbl hornblende Aug augite Cv covellite He hercynite Ax axinite Czo clinozoisite Hd hedenbergite Bhm boehmite Dg diginite Hem hematite Bn bornite Di diopside Hl halite Brc brucite Dia diamond Hs hastingsite Brk brookite Dol dolomite Hu humite Brl beryl Drv dravite Hul heulandite Brt barite Dsp diaspore Hyn haiiyne Bst bustamite Eck eckermannite Ill illite Bt biotite Ed edenite Ilm ilmenite Cal calcite Elb elbaite Jd jadeite Cam Ca clinoamphi- En enstatite ( ortho) Jh johannsenite bole Ep epidote
    [Show full text]
  • Barite–Celestine Geochemistry and Environments of Formation Jeffrey S
    Barite–Celestine Geochemistry and Environments of Formation Jeffrey S. Hanor Department of Geology and Geophysics Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 INTRODUCTION Minerals in the barite (BaSO4)–celestine (SrSO4) solid solution series, (Ba,Sr)SO4, occur in a remarkably diverse range of sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous geological environments which span geological time from the Early Archean (~3.5 Ga) to the present. The purpose of this chapter is to review: (1) the controls on the chemical and isotopic composition of barite and celestine and (2) the geological environments in which these minerals form. Some health risks are associated with barite, and these are discussed near the end of this chapter. Although complete solid solution exists between BaSO4 and SrSO4 most representa- tives of the series are either distinctly Ba-rich or Sr-rich. Hence, it is convenient to use the term barite to refer to not only the stochiometric BaSO4 endmember but also to those (Ba,Sr)SO4 solid solutions dominated by Ba. Similarly, the term celestine will refer here not only to the stoichiometric SrSO4 endmember but to solid solutions dominated by Sr. Such usage is in accord with standard mineral nomenclature. The Committee on Mineral Names and Nomenclature of the International Mineralogical Association recognizes “celestine” as the official name for SrSO4. However, the name “celestite” is still commonly used in the literature. Geological significance of barite and celestine Most of the barite which exists in the Earth’s crust has formed through the mixing of fluids, one containing Ba leached from silicate minerals, and the other an oxidized shallow fluid, such as seawater, which contains sulfate.
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabetical List
    LIST L - MINERALS - ALPHABETICAL LIST Specific mineral Group name Specific mineral Group name acanthite sulfides asbolite oxides accessory minerals astrophyllite chain silicates actinolite clinoamphibole atacamite chlorides adamite arsenates augite clinopyroxene adularia alkali feldspar austinite arsenates aegirine clinopyroxene autunite phosphates aegirine-augite clinopyroxene awaruite alloys aenigmatite aenigmatite group axinite group sorosilicates aeschynite niobates azurite carbonates agate silica minerals babingtonite rhodonite group aikinite sulfides baddeleyite oxides akaganeite oxides barbosalite phosphates akermanite melilite group barite sulfates alabandite sulfides barium feldspar feldspar group alabaster barium silicates silicates albite plagioclase barylite sorosilicates alexandrite oxides bassanite sulfates allanite epidote group bastnaesite carbonates and fluorides alloclasite sulfides bavenite chain silicates allophane clay minerals bayerite oxides almandine garnet group beidellite clay minerals alpha quartz silica minerals beraunite phosphates alstonite carbonates berndtite sulfides altaite tellurides berryite sulfosalts alum sulfates berthierine serpentine group aluminum hydroxides oxides bertrandite sorosilicates aluminum oxides oxides beryl ring silicates alumohydrocalcite carbonates betafite niobates and tantalates alunite sulfates betekhtinite sulfides amazonite alkali feldspar beudantite arsenates and sulfates amber organic minerals bideauxite chlorides and fluorides amblygonite phosphates biotite mica group amethyst
    [Show full text]