DOCSLIB.ORG

Variation in Essential Oil Composition of Iris Nigricans Dinsm. (Iridaceae) Endemic to Jordan at Different flowering Stages

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Variation in Essential Oil Composition of Iris Nigricans Dinsm. (Iridaceae) Endemic to Jordan at Different flowering Stages Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2012) xxx, xxx–xxx King Saud University Arabian Journal of Chemistry www.ksu.edu.sa www.sciencedirect.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Variation in essential oil composition of Iris nigricans Dinsm. (Iridaceae) endemic to Jordan at different flowering stages Hala I. Al-Jaber * Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, 15008, Amman 11134, Jordan Received 15 July 2011; accepted 7 January 2012 KEYWORDS Abstract Fresh aerial blooming parts of Iris nigricans Dinsm. (Iridaceae) were collected at differ- Iris nigricans; ent flowering stages. The essential oils obtained from the fresh aerial parts and from the rhizomes at Iridaceae; the post flowering stage were investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) Essential oil; analysis. The essential oil at the pre-flowering stage was characterized by a high proportion of oxy- Monoterpenoids; genated monoterpenes (40.93%), while the oils obtained during the full flowering and post flower- a-Pinene; ing stages were dominated by aliphatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives (81.28%, 79.52%, b-Pinene respectively). The oil of I. nigricans rhizomes was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (35.47%) of the pinane skeleton (32.05%), represented by a- and b-pinenes (24.05% and 7.99%, respectively). In addition, rhizome’s aqueous and ethanolic extracts were investigated for their anti- microbial activity and were found to be inactive against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus. ª 2012 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction of its species, many of which are grown in parks and gardens as ornamental plants due to their beautiful flowers (Baytop, Iridaceae, taking its name from the genus Iris, is an interesting 1984). It is a large family of perennial herbaceous plants with plant family from the viewpoint of the diverse floral structures rhizomes or corms comprising nearly 1750 species in 82 genera (Devoto and Medan, 2008). Plants belonging to this family are * Tel.: +962 6 4790333/4790359x108; fax: +962 6 4790350. distributed world-wide in tropical and temperate regions of the E-mail address: [email protected] world, with the highest diversity occurring in South Africa, fol- lowed by South America, Europe and temperate regions of 1878-5352 ª 2012 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Asia (Bahali, 2006). In Jordan, Iridaceae family is represented Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. by four genera including Gladulus, Crocus, Gynandriris and Iris. There are 13 Iris species (Al-Eisawi, 1982) occurring wild Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. in Jordan. Iris nigricans Dinsm. commonly known as ‘‘Black doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.01.003 Iris’’ is endemic to Jordan. Plants of the Iridaceae family have been used in the tradi- Production and hosting by Elsevier tional medicines to treat cold, flu, malaria, toothache, bruises and burns (Lin et al., 2002). The use of several Iris plant Please cite this article in press as: Al-Jaber, H.I. Variation in essential oil composition of Iris nigricans Dinsm. (Iridaceae) endemic to Jordan at different flowering stages. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2012), doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.01.003 2 H.I. Al-Jaber rhizomes in traditional medicine dates back in time, especially coarsely powdered and then hydrodistilled separately using a in European communities. The dry rhizomes of several Iris Clevenger apparatus for 3 h. The extraction was repeated twice species, particularly those of Iris germanica L., were collec- and the obtained oils were pooled separately, dried over anhy- tively used as ingredients of the toothpowders. The drug Rhi- drous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and stored at 4 °C in amber zoma iridis, which is composed of small selected rhizome glass vials until analysis. species, enjoyed popularity due to its emetic, cathartic, diure- For the preparation of the ethanol and aqueous extracts, tic, stimulant, expectorant and errhine properties in addition each 10 g plant material was refluxed with 100 ml solvent to its use in relieving pain as masticatory for teething children (70% ethanol or water, respectively), kept overnight, filtered, (Rigano et al., 2006; Wollenweber et al., 2003). Traditional solvent evaporated and dissolved in DMSO (1 g extract in European healers recommended the aqueous extracts of the 10 ml DMSO). The DMSO solutions were then used in biolog- I. germanica roots as an enema or topically rubbing the oil ical tests at different concentrations. on arthritic limbs (Adams et al., 2009). In Iran, medicinal plants belonging to the genus Iris are known as ‘‘Irsa’’ and 2.3. GC–MS and GC–FID analysis were known to have diuretic and expectorant properties at low doses and strong purgative and emetic properties at high About 1 ll aliquot of each oil sample, diluted to 5 llinGC doses. Also, ‘‘Irsa’’ was considered to be useful in the treat- grade n-hexane, was subjected to GC/MS analysis. The GC/ ment of pulmonary, liver and uterus diseases as well as in MS analysis was performed using Varian Chrompack the treatment of hemorrhoids (Ayatollahi et al., 2004). CP-3800 GC/MS/MS-200 (Saturn, Netherlands) equipped I. nigricans is an elegant endemic perennial herb, 20–30 cm with DP-5 (5% diphenyl, 95% dimethyl polysiloxane) GC cap- long with underground rhizomes. The leaves are 0.5–1.0 cm illary column (30 m · 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 lm film thicknesses), wide, 10–15 cm long forming a tuft, curved, basal leaves, flat- with helium as a carrier gas (flow rate 0.9 ml/min). The actual tened, canal-like arranged in two opposite rows. The plant has temperature in MS source was 180 °C and the ionization volt- one green flower stalk rising from a rhizome and bearing a sin- age was 70 eV. The column temperature was kept at 60 °C for gle flower. Usually the leaves are much shorter than the stalk 1 min (isothermal), and programmed to 246 °C at a rate of of the flower. The flowers are 12–15 cm in diameter, 3 °C/min, and kept constant at 246 °C for 3 min (isothermal). black-dark lilac, glossy with transparent veins (Al-Eisawi, A hydrocarbon mixture of n-alkanes (C8–C20) was analyzed 1998). Recognized as the flower emblem of Jordan, this plant separately by GC/MS under the same chromatographic condi- is known to grow wild in marginal land spots and mountains tions using the same DP-5 column. of Amman, Madaba and Karak. The flowering period of this For the quantitative analysis (% area), a Hewlett–Packard plant is short, extending from April to May (Al-Eisawi, 1998). HP-8590 gas chromatograph equipped with a split–splitless Phytochemical investigations on this plant were very lim- injector (split ratio 1:50) and an FID detector was used. The ited, most of them dealt with determining the secondary column was an optima-5 (5% diphenyl, 95% dimethyl poly- metabolites of the rhizomes. Two new isoflavones named nig- siloxan) fused silica capillary column (30 m · 0.25 mm, 0.25 ricin and nigricanin were isolated from I. nigricans rhizomes film thickness). The temperature of the oven was increased at (Al-Khalil et al., 1994). In addition, the ethanol extracts of I. a rate of 10 °C/min from 60 to 250 °C and then held constant nigricans rhizomes afforded seven xanthones (Al-Khalil at 250 °C for 5 min. The temperatures of the injector and et al., 1995). A careful literature survey revealed that the essen- detector were maintained at 250 and 300 °C, respectively. tial oil of I. nigricans has not been studied before. Thus, this The relative peak areas of the oil components were measured current investigation was aimed to study the composition of and then used to calculate the concentration of the detected the essential oil of the aerial blooming parts of I. nigricans at compounds. Each sample was analyzed twice. different flowering stages and the composition of the oil of the rhizomes at the post flowering stage. In addition, the anti- 2.4. Identification of the components microbial activities of the ethanol and aqueous extracts ob- tained from the rhizomes were evaluated. The components of the essential oils at different flowering stages were identified using the built in libraries (Nist Co. and Wiley Co., USA) and by comparing their calculated reten- 2. Experimental tion indices relative to (C8–C20) n-alkanes literature values measured with columns of identical polarity (Adams, 2001), 2.1. Plant material or with authentic samples. The compounds, a- and b-pinenes, p-cymene, limonene, linalool (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland) and The aerial blooming parts of I. nigricans at the pre-flowering, sabinene hydrate (Sigma–Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland) were flowering, and post flowering stages and the rhizomes at the post used as reference substances in GC/MS analysis. GC-grade flowering stage were collected from Shafa-badran, Amman, hexane and analytical reagent grade anhydrous Na SO were during the period extending from March to April, 2011. A vou- 2 4 purchased from Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain) and UCB cher specimen (BAU/011/II 3010) has been deposited in the (Bruxelles, Belgium). Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Tech- nology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan. 2.5. Antibacterial activity 2.2. Preparation of the volatile oils and extracts Overnight bacterial cultures of Gram-negative bacteria, Esch- erichia coli (ATCC 8739), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC Each 340 g of fresh blooming aerial parts at different flowering 10031), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 6539) and Gram-positive stages and the rhizomes during the post flowering stage, was bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538P), Bacillus subtilis Please cite this article in press as: Al-Jaber, H.I.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fall 2013 NARGS
    Rock Garden uar terly � Fall 2013 NARGS to ADVERtISE IN thE QuARtERly CoNtACt [email protected] Let me know what yo think A recent issue of a chapter newsletter had an item entitled “News from NARGS”. There were comments on various issues related to the new NARGS website, not all complimentary, and then it turned to the Quarterly online and raised some points about which I would be very pleased to have your views. “The good news is that all the Quarterlies are online and can easily be dowloaded. The older issues are easy to read except for some rather pale type but this may be the result of scanning. There is amazing information in these older issues. The last three years of the Quarterly are also online but you must be a member to read them. These last issues are on Allen Press’s BrightCopy and I find them harder to read than a pdf file. Also the last issue of the Quarterly has 60 extra pages only available online. Personally I find this objectionable as I prefer all my content in a printed bulletin.” This raises two points: Readability of BrightCopy issues versus PDF issues Do you find the BrightCopy issues as good as the PDF issues? Inclusion of extra material in online editions only. Do you object to having extra material in the online edition which can not be included in the printed edition? Please take a moment to email me with your views Malcolm McGregor <[email protected]> CONTRIBUTORS All illustrations are by the authors of articles unless otherwise stated.
    [Show full text]
  • Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Iris Songarica Schrenk Rhizome Ethanolic Extract in Mice
    Arak Medical University Journal (AMUJ) Original Article 2017; 20(125): 9-19 Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Iris songarica Schrenk Rhizome Ethanolic Extract in Mice Abolfazl Ahani1, Mohammadmehdi Hassanzadeh-Taheri2, Mehran Hosseini3, Mohammad Hassanpour-Fard4* 1. General Practitioner, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran. 2. Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran. 3. BSc in Public Health, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran. 4. Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran. Received: 17 Jun 2017, Accepted: 24 Sep 2017 Abstract Background: The rhizome of Iris songarica Scherenk has been prescribed as anodyne in Persian traditional medicine system. However, its effects have never been investigated experimentally. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of alcoholic extract of Iris songarica Scherenk rhizome in mice. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, adult male balb/c mice were used. 40 animals were allocated into five equal groups (control, morphine 5mg/kg, the extracts at doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg.kg) and tested for antinociceptive evaluation via using hot-plate in 30,60 and 120 minutes after the investigations. Also, the other 36 mice were divided into six equal groups (no-inflammation control, inflammation model, dexamethasone 4 mg/kg and the extracts at doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg.kg) and evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in xylene induced inflammation model. All the investigations were done via intraperitoneal injection.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Flora of Miandasht Wildlife Refuge in Northern Khorasan
    Vol. 5(9), pp. 241-253, September 2013 DOI: 10.5897/JENE12.083 ISSN 2006-9847 ©2013 Academic Journals Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment http://www.academicjournals.org/JENE Full Length Research Paper Study of flora of Miandasht Wildlife Refuge in Northern Khorassan Province, Iran (a) Rahimi A.1* and Atri M.2 1Department of Biology, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran. 2Department of Biology, Bu Ali-Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Accepted 5 August, 2013 A wide area of Iran is covered by arid and semiarid regions. In this survey, flora of an area of the Miandasht Wildlife Refuge, out of the safe part, was studied. This region covers 84435 Ha, situated in the west of Khorassan province in Iran. The climate of the area according to de Martone system is semiarid. The mean annual precipitation is 275 mm and the altitude varies from 931 to 1021 m above sea level. Plants were collected from 2008 to 2011. A total of 256 taxa belonging to 152 genera and 35 families from Angiospermae and Gymnospermae were found. Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Brassicaceae and Fabaceae were the greatest families, respectively. Geraniaceae, Ixioliriaceae, Orobanchaceae, Plantaginaceae, Primulaceae, Resedaceae and Rosaceae, each included one species. Based on Raunkiaer life form classification system, majority of the species (55.86%) were therophytes. Other life forms in descending order were hemicryptophytes (15.62%), chamaephytes (10.16%), phanerophytes (8.6%) and geophytes (9.38%). Chorologicaly, most of the species were Irano-Turanian. Flora of Miandasht Wildlife Refuge include 20 low risk species and 29 (11.6%) endemic of Iran species.
    [Show full text]
  • Xin Et Al., Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. (2015) 12(6):39-70
    Xin et al., Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. (2015) 12(6):39-70 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v12i6.6 BELAMCANDA CHINENSIS (L.) DC: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF AN IMPORTANT TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE Rui-hua Xin*, Ji-fang Zheng, Long Cheng, Wen-jing Peng, Yong-jiang Luo Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Engineering & Technology Research Centre of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, PR China. *E-mail address: [email protected] Abstract Background: Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC (Iridaceae), a widely used traditional Chinese medicine known as She Gan (Chinese: 射干), is a flowering perennial herb native to East Asia. For thousands of years in China, the rhizome of Belamcanda chinensis has been used to treat inflammation, oxyhepatitis, mumps, acute mastitis, and asthma, as well as throat disorders such as cough, tonsillitis and pharyngitis. Belamcanda chinensis is now listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. The present paper reviews the advancements in the investigation of botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Belamcanda chinensis. Materials and Methods: Information on Belamcanda chinensis was collected from scientific journals, books, theses and reports via library and electronic search (PubMed, CNKI, Elsevier, ACS, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science and Science Direct). Results: A number of chemical compounds have been isolated from Belamcanda chinensis, and the major isolated compounds have been identified as isoflavonoids, flavonoids and iridal-type triterpenoids. Among these active compounds, the effects of tectoridin and tectorigenin have been widely investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • At Least 23 Genera Instead of One: the Case of Iris L. Sl
    At Least 23 Genera Instead of One: The Case of Iris L. s.l. (Iridaceae) Evgeny V. Mavrodiev1*, Mario Martı´nez-Azorı´n2,4, Peter Dranishnikov3, Manuel B. Crespo4 1 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America, 2 Institute of Plant Science, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria, 3 Buchholz High School, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America, 4 CIBIO (Institute of Biodiversity), University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain Abstract Background: Iris L. s.l. is one of the most diverse and well-known genera in the Asparagales, with approximately 250–300 circumscribed species and significant economic impact. The taxonomy of the genus has suffered dramatic changes in the last century, particularly in the last decades after the application of molecular techniques. As a result several contrasting systematic arrangements are currently available to taxonomists. Many genera that were split from Iris s.str. in the past, on the basis of morphology (e.g., Hermodactylus, Iridodictyum, Juno, Pardanthopsis, and Xiphion, among others), are now a priori re-included in a very widely circumscribed Iris s.l. (incl. Belamcanda). This resulted in a more heterogeneous genus that is more difficult to define on morphological grounds. Testing congruence between taxonomic treatments and the results of recent molecular studies of Iris has never been performed, mostly due to the lack of proper taxonomic context. Results: We generated several conventional phylogenies for Iris & outgroups using extensive sampling of taxa (187) and characters (10 plastid loci). We demonstrate that the natural history of Iris, written either as conventional molecular phylogenies or, if viewing in the context of the comparative approach, as a nested most parsimonious hierarchy of patterns, appear to be fully congruent with the narrow taxonomical treatment of the genus, restricted to the rhizomatous ‘‘bearded’’ taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Dormancy Breaking Evaluation of Two Subspecies Seashore Iris, Iranian Native, Through in Vitro Culture
    J. Agric. Food. Tech., 2(3)56-60, 2012 ISSN 2090 – 424X Journal of Agriculture and © 2012, TextRoad Publication Food Technology www.textroad.com Seed Dormancy Breaking Evaluation Of Two Subspecies Seashore Iris, Iranian Native, Through In Vitro Culture Golrokh Esmaili Lashkarian1, S. Kalatehjari2, M. Khosroshahli3 1M.S. Student, Department of Horticultural sciences group, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2Department of Horticultural sciences group, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 3Department of Agricultural Biotechnology group, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. ABSTRACT Iris spuria is a herbaceous and perennial plant with long and drawn leaves which is surrounded by purple flowers. Sometimes the thin bearded form of iris is called “seashore iris” which in terms of the distribution, this type has a broad geographic area and has a variety of color and size. Present project has been done as a case study on surveying the effects of various mechanical and chemical treatments alone and in combination on eliminating the seed recession of the two subspecies (Iris spuria L. subsp. Musulaminica (Fomin) Takht and Iris Supria L. subsp. Halophila) in vitro. After washing by distilled water, outer shell of mature seeds of two subspecies removed physically. Then the seeds with and without scratches were treated with different concentrations of ethylene gas and GA3 in the natural environment with natural light of 40-45 micro molecule per square meters in growth module with 25±2 centigrade degree. The project results will indicate that in hormone free environments with seed soaking and scraping treatments and also in ethylene seed treatment without scratches no 1 germination would be seen.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Grazing-Driven Plant Indicators of Rangeland Degradation in Semi Arid Zones of Uzbekistan
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge International Grassland Congress Proceedings XXII International Grassland Congress Identifying Grazing-Driven Plant Indicators of Rangeland Degradation in Semi Arid Zones of Uzbekistan Toshpulot F. Rajabov Samarkand State University, Uzbekistan Bakhtiyor K. Mardonov Samarkand State University, Uzbekistan Mahmud A. Muminov Samarkand State University, Uzbekistan Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/igc Part of the Plant Sciences Commons, and the Soil Science Commons This document is available at https://uknowledge.uky.edu/igc/22/1-13/4 The XXII International Grassland Congress (Revitalising Grasslands to Sustain Our Communities) took place in Sydney, Australia from September 15 through September 19, 2013. Proceedings Editors: David L. Michalk, Geoffrey D. Millar, Warwick B. Badgery, and Kim M. Broadfoot Publisher: New South Wales Department of Primary Industry, Kite St., Orange New South Wales, Australia This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant and Soil Sciences at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Grassland Congress Proceedings by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Monitoring and managing grass and forage biomass resources at the landscape level Identifying grazing-driven plant indicators of rangeland degradation in semi arid zones of Uzbekistan Toshpulot F Rajabov A, Bakhtiyor K Mardonov A and Mahmud A Muminov A A Samarkand State University, Laboratory of Environmental Problems, University Boulevard 15, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Contact email: [email protected] Abstract. The development of practical indicators of vegetation degradation is an important element in predicting and assessing rangeland health due to disturbances such as livestock grazing.
    [Show full text]
  • Distributed Species of Family Liliaceae and Iridaceae in Tarkapchigai Botanical-Geographical Region (Uzbekistan)
    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426 Distributed Species of Family Liliaceae and Iridaceae in Tarkapchigai Botanical-Geographical Region (Uzbekistan) Azizbek S. Abduraimov1, Sultankul A. Daniyarov2 Gulistan State University, Gulistan, Uzbekistan Abstract: The research was carried in 2018-2019 years in Tarkapchigai botanical-geographical region. The article explores the representatives of the Liliaceae and Iridacea families, which are scattered in the in Tarkapchigai botanical-geographical region. It is known that Central Asia is the center of origin of geophytes (monocotyledon). During the study, from the Liliaceae family in this area Tulipa L. (6 species), Gagea Salisb. (12 species), Fritillaria L. (1 species) and from the Iridaceae family Crocus L. (1 species), Iris L. (7 species), Gladiolus L. (1 species) of were recorded. Keywords: Flora, Liliaceae, Iridaceae, monocotyledon, Tarkapchigai botanical-geographical region 1. Introduction differences between different areas in the profile of the altitude zone and the nature of the vegetation cover. At present, when studying flora, it is important to study them Tarkapchigai region includes the West Gissar ridge, located by dividing them into certain botanical regions. To date, South of Guzar and Dekhkanabad, on the left side Kichik there are several not quite consistent schemes of division of Uradari and in the basin of the river Tarkapchigai Central Asia into phytochorions, which demonstrate (mountains Ellikbash, Sakirtau and etc.). The South-Eastern different approaches to the problem of zoning. All of them border of the district runs along the left watershed ridge of are insufficiently detailed for the territory of Uzbekistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Forage Resources of China
    FORAGERESOURCE SO FCHIN A ShingTsung (Peter)H u BegingAgricultura lUniversit y DavidB .Hannawa yan dHarol dW .Youngber g OregonStat eUniversit y Pudoc Wageningen 1992 5 \AM - b }V ^ CIP-data Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag ISBN 90-220-1063-5 NUGI 835 © Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation (Pudoc), Wageningen, Netherlands, 1992 All rights reserved. Nothing from this publication may be reproduced, stored in acomputerize d system or publishedi nan yfor m or inan ymanner , includingelectronic , mechanical,reprographi c or photographic, without prior written permissionfro mth e publisher, Pudoc, P.O. Box4 ,670 0A A Wageningen, Nether­ lands. The individualcontribution s inthi spublicatio n andan yliabilitie sarisin gfro mthe m remainth e responsibility of the authors. Insofar asphotocopie s from this publication are permitted by the Copyright Act 1912, Article I6B and Royal Netherlands Decree of 20Jun e 1974(Staatsbla d 351)a samende d in Royal Netherlands Decree of 23 August 1985 (Staatsblad 47) andb y Copyright Act 1912,Articl e 17,th e legally defined copyright fee for any copies shouldb etransferre d to the Stichting Reprorecht (P.O. Box 882, 1180 AW Amstelveen, Netherlands). For reproduction of parts of thispublicatio n incompilation s sucha santhologie s or readers (Copyright Act 1912, Article 16), permission must be obtained from the publisher. Printed in the Netherlands TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORDAN DACKNOWLEDGEMENT S 1 FOREWORD 1 REFERENCES 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 ABOUTTH E AUTHORS 3 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 5 A BRIEFAGRICULTURA
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on the Medicinal Importance of Iris Species
    © 2018 JETIR November 2018, Volume 5, Issue 11 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) A review on the medicinal Importance of Iris species Ghulam Mustafa Rather*1, Ranjana singh2, Irfan Rashid Thokar3 and Arif Hussain Bhat4 1,3,4Research Scholars Department of Botany, Government M.V.M. Bhopal. 2 Professor Department of Botany Government M.V.M. Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. Abstract: Medicinal plants have been used in different systems of medicine from centuries. Among the most important medicinal plants Iris species have also been included in this category which belongs to family Iridaceae. It has wide range of medicinal and pharmacological uses. Rhizomes of some Iris species are rich sources of bioactive molecules, such as flavonoids, xanthones, stilbenes, simple phenolics, iridal type triterpenoids, quinines and irones. Isoflavonoids are the major constituents of all Iris species and about 50 different isoflavonoids in the form of diglucosides, triglucosides are reported in Iris. Consumption of isoflavonoids is reported to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer and also have diverse biological activities like antimicrobial, estrogenic and insecticidal. Further research work is needed to explore the wide range of applications of Iris species, so that maximum utilization can be done for human welfare. The aim of this review is to analyze already published work on ethnomedicinal and ethnoveterinary uses of genus Iris. Keywords: Iris species, Secondary metabolites, Medicinal uses. INTRODUCTION The allopathic medicines are the modern ones developed on the back of science in medicine. It is an artificial creation. The contents of all allopathic medicines mostly are chemicals synthesized in a lab.
    [Show full text]
  • Present State of Pasture Types of the Central Kyzylkum
    American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2016, 7, 677-683 Published Online March 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajps http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2016.74060 Present State of Pasture Types of the Central Kyzylkum Adilov Bekhzod1, Rakhimova Tashkhonim1, Rakhimova Nodira1, Alimova Rano2, Sagdiev Mirqosim2, Vakhidov Yusuf3 1Institute of Gene Pool of Plants and Animals AS RUz, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 2Tashkent State Agrarian University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 3Unitary Enterprise Geoinform Cadastre of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Received 21 January 2016; accepted 27 March 2016; published 30 March 2016 Copyright © 2016 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract The modern state of desert pastures of the Central Kyzylkum has been studied. The pasture terri- tories of the Central Kyzylkum are distributed on sandy soils (14%), salt marshes (6%), gravelly- loamy gray-brown soils (75%) and riparian nature-territorial complexes (5%). The main (75%) areas of pasture are occupied by the gravelly-loamy gray-brown soils which are dominated by species of sagebrushes. There are formed of 8 pasture types depending on the properties of natu- ral complexes. The main type of pasture is sagebrushes (Mixto artemisieta), which occupy 60% of the pasture area, and then follow Peganeta harmala, Mixto calligoneta, Halocnemeta strobilacei, Tamariceta varia, Haloxyleta aphylli, Convolvuleta hamadae and Mixshrubs pasture types. The share of fodder plants is high (an average of 83%) in the flora of the study area. According to sea- sonal grazing, pastures of the Central Kyzylkum can be divided 5 groups: year-round, spring, spring-summer, autumn-winter and unsuitable pastures for grazing.
    [Show full text]
  • Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Ukrainian Iris Species: a Fresh Look on Their Antioxidant Content and Biological Activities
    molecules Article Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Ukrainian Iris Species: A Fresh Look on Their Antioxidant Content and Biological Activities 1, 2,3,4, 5 1 Olha Mykhailenko y , Michal Korinek y , Liudas Ivanauskas , Ivan Bezruk , Artem Myhal 1, Vilma Petrikaite˙ 6,7,8 , Mohamed El-Shazly 9,10, Guan-Hua Lin 11, Chia-Yi Lin 11, Chia-Hung Yen 12 , Bing-Hung Chen 2,13,14, Victoriya Georgiyants 1,* and Tsong-Long Hwang 3,4,15,16,* 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, 4-Valentinivska st., 61168 Kharkiv, Ukraine; [email protected] (O.M.); [email protected] (I.B.); [email protected] (A.M.) 2 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (B.-H.C.) 3 Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan 4 Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan 5 Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviˇciausg. 9, LT 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; [email protected] 6 Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu˛pr.˙ 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; [email protected] 7 Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus g. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania 8 Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio˙ al.
    [Show full text]