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Forage Resources of China

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Forage Resources of China FORAGERESOURCE SO FCHIN A ShingTsung (Peter)H u BegingAgricultura lUniversit y DavidB .Hannawa yan dHarol dW .Youngber g OregonStat eUniversit y Pudoc Wageningen 1992 5 \AM - b }V ^ CIP-data Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag ISBN 90-220-1063-5 NUGI 835 © Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation (Pudoc), Wageningen, Netherlands, 1992 All rights reserved. Nothing from this publication may be reproduced, stored in acomputerize d system or publishedi nan yfor m or inan ymanner , includingelectronic , mechanical,reprographi c or photographic, without prior written permissionfro mth e publisher, Pudoc, P.O. Box4 ,670 0A A Wageningen, Nether­ lands. The individualcontribution s inthi spublicatio n andan yliabilitie sarisin gfro mthe m remainth e responsibility of the authors. Insofar asphotocopie s from this publication are permitted by the Copyright Act 1912, Article I6B and Royal Netherlands Decree of 20Jun e 1974(Staatsbla d 351)a samende d in Royal Netherlands Decree of 23 August 1985 (Staatsblad 47) andb y Copyright Act 1912,Articl e 17,th e legally defined copyright fee for any copies shouldb etransferre d to the Stichting Reprorecht (P.O. Box 882, 1180 AW Amstelveen, Netherlands). For reproduction of parts of thispublicatio n incompilation s sucha santhologie s or readers (Copyright Act 1912, Article 16), permission must be obtained from the publisher. Printed in the Netherlands TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORDAN DACKNOWLEDGEMENT S 1 FOREWORD 1 REFERENCES 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 ABOUTTH E AUTHORS 3 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 5 A BRIEFAGRICULTURA L HISTORY OFCHIN A 5 IMPORTANCE OFCHINA' S GRASSLANDS 6 HISTORICAL FORAGE EXPERIMENTS 8 RECENT GRASSLAND EMPHASIS 8 CURRENTCONDITION S 8 CLASSIFYING CHINESE FORAGE RESOURCES 8 REFERENCES 9 Chapter2 GRAZING LANDS (GRASSLANDS) AND FORAGES OFCHIN A 11 TOPOGRAPHY OFCHIN A 11 GENERALENVIRONMENTA L CONDITIONS 11 DESTRUCTION OFNATURA LVEGETATIO N 12 PRECIPITATION REGIONS 12 TEMPERATURE AND CLIMATIC REGIONS 13 GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS 13 SOILTYPE S 13 CLASSIFICATION OFGRASSLAND S 13 GRASSLAND CLASSIFICATION OUTLINE 15 REFERENCES 16 Chapter 3 Page COOLTEMPERAT ETAL LGRASSLAND S INTH ENORTHEAS T REGION 19 THEGREA TKHINGA N MOUNTAIN DIVISION 20 HISTORICAL AND CURRENT CONDITIONS 21 GRASSLANDS MIXED WITHMOUNTAINOU S MEADOWSAN D WOODLANDS 22 GRASSLANDSMIXE D WITHFARMLAN D ANDTREE SI NTH ECENTRA LPLAI N 27 GRASSLANDSAN D MEADOWSO FSAUN E AND ALKALINEAREA S 35 MEADOW GRASSLANDS OFTH ETHRE E RIVERS PLAIN 38 SUMMARY 40 SPECIES LIST 41 REFERENCES 41 Chapter 4 COOLTEMPERAT ETAL L GRASSLANDS OFINNE R MONGOLIA 45 GENERALENVIRONMENTA L CONDITIONS 46 TALL GRASSLAND MIXED WITH FORESTAN D MEADOWS ONTH E WESTERN FLANK OFTH EGREA TKHINGA NAN DWESTER NYANSHA N ANDYINSHA NRANGE S 47 TALLGRASSLAN D PLATEAU 55 ATRANSITIONA L ZONE BETWEEN THE COOLAN DWAR M TEMPERATE TALL GRASSLANDS 65 SUMMARY 67 SPECIES LIST 68 REFERENCES 69 Chapter 5 WARMTEMPERAT E TALL GRASSLAND REGION OFNORT H CHINA AND THE LOESS PLATEAU 73 GENERALENVIRONMENTA L CONDITIONS 73 GRASSLANDS MIXED WITH SUMMER FOREST INNORT H CHINA 76 GRASSLANDS MIXED WITH FORESTAN D SHRUBS ONMOUNTAIN S 76 NATURAL FORAGES ONLOWLAND SAN D SANDLANDS 82 TALLGRASSLAND S OFTH E LOESSPLATEA U 83 SUMMARY 93 SPECIES LIST 94 REFERENCES 94 Chapter 6 Page MOUNTAIN MEADOWS, GRASSLANDS,AN DALPIN EVEGETATIO N IN THE TIBETAN PLATEAU REGION 97 GENERALENVIRONMENTA L CONDITIONS 97 THE GORGE SUBREGION: FORESTS MIXED WITH SCRUB-GRASSLAND-MEADOW 100 THE OUTER TIBETAN PLATEAU SUBREGION: ALPINE MEADOW, GRASSLAND, AND SCRUB VEGETATION 116 THE INNER PLATEAU (CHANG TANG) SUBREGION: ALPINE MEADOW-STEPPE AND DESERT 130 SUMMARY 133 RECOMMENDATIONS 136 SPECIES LIST 136 REFERENCES 137 Chapter7 COOLTEMPERAT E STEPPEAN D DESERTVEGETATIO N INTH ENORTHWES T 141 AREAAN D GEOLOGY 141 CLIMATE 142 SOILS 142 HISTORYAN D BOTANICAL EXPEDITIONS 143 FLORA 145 VEGETATIONAREA S 145 TERMINOLOGY OFSTEPP E 145 STEPPE, SEMI-STEPPE, AND MOUNTAIN VEGETATION IN WESTERN INNER MONGOLIA AND PARTSO FNINGXI A ANDGANS U 146 STEPPE AND SEMI-STEPPE INDZUNGARI A (NORTHERN XINJIANG) AND OTHER PARTSO FXINJIAN G 154 STEPPE, SEMI-STEPPE, AND MOUNTAIN VEGETATION IN KASHGARIA(SOUTHER NTIANSHAN ) 166 THEPAMIRS ,SOUTHWES TO FKASHGA R 169 KARAKORUM, KUNLUN, ANDALTO N (ALTYMTAG) MOUNTAINS 170 WESTERNQUILIA NMOUNTAIN S 172 EASTERNQUILIA N MOUNTAINS 173 REFERENCES 175 Chapter 8 Page THEDESER TVEGETATIO N INTH E NORTHWESTERN REGION 181 TERMINOLOGY 181 CLIMATE 182 VEGETATION 183 ALASHAN AND HEXI CORRIDOR DESERTARE A 185 BEISHAN-MAZONG SHAN DESERTARE A 192 DZUNGARIANDESER TARE A 194 KASHGARIA(TAKLAMAKAN)DESER T 200 QAIDAMDESER TVEGETATIO N 208 THE OASES 210 SUMMARY 212 REFERENCES 214 Chapter 9 SUBTROPICALAN D TROPICALMOUNTAI N AND HILLY GRASSLANDS OF CENTRALAN D SOUTH CHINA 219 GENERALENVIRONMENTA L CONDITIONS 219 SUBTROPICAL GRASSLANDS OFCENTRA L CHINA 224 GRASSLANDS IN THE EASTERN PARTO FCENTRA LCHIN A 236 TROPICAL GRASSLANDS OFSOUT H CHINA 236 SUMMARY 250 SPECIES LIST 250 REFERENCES 251 Chapter 10 OTHER FORAGE CLASSIFICATIONS 255 SALINE-ALKALINE AND MARSHY VEGETATION INTH E SEACOASTAL AREAS 255 SAUNE AND ALKALINE VEGETATION INTH E INLAND AREAS 259 MARSHYAN D SWAMPY VEGETATION 262 CULTIVATED HYDROPHYTIC FORAGE PLANTS 263 REFERENCES 265 Chapter1 1 Page GENERALDISCUSSIO NAN DRECOMMENDATION S 267 CHARACTERISTICSAN DDISTRIBUTIO NO FCHINA' SGRASSLAND S 267 LIVESTOCKCONSIDERATION S 269 RECOMMENDATIONS 279 THEFUTUR E 283 REFERENCES 284 BIBLIOGRAPHY 285 INDEXO FGEOGRAPHI CNAME S 297 INDEXO FSCD2NTOT CPLAN TNAME S 305 FOREWORD FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOREWORD improvement of grasslands in their own countries. It provides a valuable document for forage and range For almost two centuries, botanists from around scientists studying Chinese grasslands, preparing for the world have studied and published about China's survey trips for plant introduction, or other technical rich resource of botanical species. While gardeners reasons. cultivated Chinese ornamentals,vegetables , trees,an d cereals in their own lands, plant specialists collected, The book also provides a basis for a scientific systematized, and introduced Chinese economic trees program ofgrasslan d improvementan derosio ncontro l and plants into many countries. During this time few for China. scientists studied China's equally rich forage species and theirdistribution . The first tod os owa sa n Ameri­ This work will help to promote the growth of can forage scientist, E.N. Hansen (1898), followed by agriculturean danima lhusbandr y throughoutth eworl d F.N.Meye r (1905-1918), C.V. Piper (1911),an d N.G. bymakin gavailabl ethi scomprehensiv eanalysi so fth e McMilliam and J.L.Stephe n(1934 )(cite db y Ryerson, grassland resourceso f China inth eEnglis h language. 1967an dCunningham , 1984).I n 1944,Dr .Johnso no f Oregon State College (now Oregon State University) REFERENCES madea genera lsurve yo frangelan d inth eare abetwee n Cunningham, LS. 1984.Fran k N.Meyer : Plant Hunter Sichuanan dTibe t(name dXikon gProvinc edurin gtha t in Asia. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa. 317 time). In 1980 and 1983, D.R. Dewey (Utah State pp. University)twic etravele dt oChin at ostud yan dcollec t forage species. Ryerson, K.A. 1967. The history of plant exploration andintroductio n inth eUnite d StatesDepartmen to f Most of the currently cultivated forage species Agriculture, p. 1-19. Proc. Int. Symp. on Plant In­ found in theworl d alsoar e found among China's rich troduction. Tegucigola, Honduras, Escuela Agri- naturalgrasslands .Fo rexample ,man ystrain san deco - cola Panamericana. types of alfalfa have been grown in China for two thousand years.I n the early 1950's, Soviet forage sci­ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS entistscollecte d strainso falfalf a inXinjian gan dNort h China for use in improving USSR alfalfa cultivars. The development of aboo k of this size and com­ plexity isa nenormou s tasktha t requiresth e assistance For the past two decades, Chinese botanists and ofman y scientistsan dassistants .W eacknowledg e the forage and range scientists have conducted extensive assistance supplied by the following individuals and surveysan dresearc ho nforag egrasslan dspecies .Thei r organizations: works are published in Chinese and are not available abroad. Oregon State University Thesenio rauthor ,S.T . (Peter)Hu ,ha sstudie dan d Dr. Thomas E. Bedell, Dept. of Rangeland Resources, taught forage and grassland science in China for many for manuscript review. years. His experience, research, and knowledge of the Dr.Rober t E.Frenkel , Dept.o f Geosciences, for assis­ Chineseliteratur eha sbee nsupplemente d byhi srecen t tancewit h maps and manuscript review. studiesi nth eU.S .Now ,workin gtogethe rwit hDr .D.B . Hannawayan dDr .H.W .Youngber go fth eDepartmen t Dr. Dillard H.Gates ,Professo r Emeritus,Dept .o f An­ of Cropan d SoilScience , Oregon State University, he imal Science, for photographs and manuscript re­ has drawn extensively from his personal notes and view. surveys made in Inner Mongolia and other areas of Dr.Jame s Oldfield, Dept. of Animal Science, for pho­ China in preparing this book. tographsan d manuscript review. This book is a comprehensive, current work on Mrs. Jean Chudzik, former secretary, Dept. of Crop China'sgrasslan dan dforag eresources .I tstresse splan t Science,fo r typing of manydraft s and revisions. ecologyan dclassifie s Chinesegrassland saccordin g to forage species and practical utilization and provides a Mrs. Cheryl Drier, former secretary, Dept. of Crop basis for grassland improvement. It will be of help to Science, for typing many revisions. specialists in studies
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