~GAZINE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY A union of the AmeTican H OTticultuml Society and the AmeTican H 01·ticultural Council 1600 BLADENSBURG ROAD, NORTHEAST. WASHINGTON 2, D. C.

For United Horticulture *** to accumulate, inc?'ease, and disseminate horticultural information

B. Y. MORRISON, Editor Directors JAMES R. HARLOW, Managing Editor T erms Expiring 1963 MARY W . M. HAKES Editorial Committee Maryland GRETCHEN HARSHBARGER JOHN L CREECH, Chairman Iowa FREDERI C HEUTTE W . H. HODGE Virginia FREDERI C P. LEE W. H. HODGE Maryland CONRAD B. LINK ALBERT J. IRVI NG CURTIS MAY New Yo rk

FREDERICK G. MEYER Te'rms Expi1'ing 1964 R. C. A LLEN W ILBUR H . YOUNGMAN Ohio P. H. BRYDON Officers California CARL "V. F ENN1NGER PRESIDENT Pennsylvania HENRY T. SKINNER JOHN E. GRAY District of Columbia Washington, D. C. GRACE P. WILSON Maryland FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT RAY C. ALLEN T erms Expiring 1965 Mansfield, Ohio HAROLD EpSTEIN New York SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT FRED C. GALLE Georgia FRITS W . WENT FRED J. NISBET St. Louis, Missouri North Caro lina J . FRANK LIN STYER ACTING SECRETARY-TREASURER Pennsylvania GRACE P. WILSON DONALD WYMAN Bladensburg, Maryland Massachusetts

The American Horticultuml Magazine is the official publica tion of the American Horticultural Society and is iss ued four times a year during the quarters commencing with January, April, July and October. It is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growing ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. Original papers increasing the historical, varietal, and cultural know ledges of plant materials of economic and aesthetic importance are welcomed and will be publish ed as early as possible. The Chairman of the Editorial Committee should be consulted for manuscript specifications. R eprints will be furnished in accordance with the following schedule of prices, plus post­ age,. and should be ordered a t the time the galley proof is returned by the author: One hundred coples-2 pp $6.60; 4 pp $ 12.l0; 8 pp $25.30; 12 pp $36.30; Covers $12.10.

Entered as second class matter in the post office at Baltimore, Maryland, in accordance with the Act of August 2~ , . 1912 . Additional entry fo r Washington, D.C., was authorized July 15, 1955, in accordance with the pro­ ViSions of Section 132. 122, Postal Manual. A subscription to The American H orticultural Magazine is included as a benefit of membership in the American Horticultural Society, Individual Membership dues being $6.00 a year. A List of Organizations Affiliated With The American Horticultural Society (Cont.) Federal Correctional Institution (Texas) Federated Garden Circles of Fort Lauderdale Federated Garden Clubs of Connecticut Federated Garden Clubs of Maryland (Baltimore) Federated Garden Clubs of Mal'yland, District IV (Baltimore) Federated Gal'den Clubs of Maryland, District V, (Hagerstown) Federated Garden Clubs of Michigan Federated Garden Clubs of Nebraska Florida Nurserymen and Growers Association Florists' Telegraph Delivery Association FloweI' Grower Magazine Fort My.ers Garden Club (Florida) Gabriella Garden Club (Virginia) Garden Center of G1'eater Cincinnati Garden Club of Alexandria (Virginia) Garden Club of America Garden Club of Chevy Chase, Maryland Garden Club of Danville (Virginia) Garden Club of Fairfax (Virginia) Garden Club of Gloucester (Virginia) Garden Club of Indiana Garden Club of Montclair (New Jersey) Garden Club of New J ersey Garden Club of Norfolk (Virginia) Garden Club of Virginia Garden Club of Warren County (Virginia) Garden Guild (Illinois) Garden Study Club (Florida) Germantown Horticultural Society (Pennsylvania) Great Falls Garden Club (Virginia) Green Tree Garden Club (Wisconsin) Golf Course Superintendents Association of America Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Herb Society of America Hillside Garden Club (Virginia) Hines Wholesale Nurseries (California) Holly Society of America Horticultural SOciety of New York Howard Rose Company (California) Hunting Creek Garden Club (Virginia) Illinois State Nurserymen's Association Indiana Association of Nurserymen Indianapolis Landscape Association International Garden Club A List of Organizations Affiliated With The American Horticultural Society (Cont.) International Shade Tree Conference Iowa State Horticultural Society

Jackson & Perkins Company (New York) John T. Tyler Arboretum Junior Vegetable Growers Foundation Kansas Arborists Association Kingwood Center (Ohio) Ladd & Kelsey, Architects (California) Laurel Garden Club (Mississippi) Leesburg Garden Club (Virginia) Little Garden Club of Rye (New York) Long Island Horticultural Society Lord and Burnham (New York) Massachusetts Horticultural Society Men's Garden Club of America Men's Garden Club of Austin (Texas) Men's Garden Club of Fairfield County (Connecticut) Men's Garden Club of Fort Wayne (Indiana) Men's Garden Club of Grosse Pointe (Michigan) Men's Garden Club of Maumee Vall ey (Ohio) Men's Garden Club of New York Metropolitan Detroit Landscape Association Michigan Horticultural Society Millbrook Garden Club (New York) Mink 'n' Muscle Gardeners Minnesota Horticulturist Minnesota State Horticul tural Society Missouri Botanical Garden Missouri State Florists Association Monadnock Garden Club (New Hampshire) Morton Arboretum (Illinios) National Association of Gardeners National Capital Garden Club League National Council of State Garden Clubs National Mail Order Nurserymen Association Neighborhood Garden Club (Virginia) New Canaan Garden Club (Connecticut) New J ersey Association of Nurserymen New J ersey Federation of Shade Tree Commissions New Orleans Horticul tural Study Club New York Botanical Garden New York Hortus Club New York State Flower Growers A List of Organizations Affiliated With The American Horticultural Society

Albemarle Garden Club (Virginia) All-American Rose Selections, Inc. American Association of Nurserymen American Begonia Society American Begonia Society (San Francisco Branch) American Camellia Society American. Daffodil Society American Fern Society American Gloxinia Society American Hemerocallis Society American Hibiscus Society American Iris Society American Rhododendron Society American Rhododendron Society (Middle Atlantic Chapter) American Rock Garden Society American Rose Society American Seed Trade Association American Society for Horticultural Science Arboretum and Botanical Garden (GeOl;gia) M. Barrows and Company, Inc. (New York) Berkshire Garden Center (Massachusetts) Bethesda Community Garden Club (Maryland) Blue Ridge Garden Club (Virginia) Bootstrap Garclen Club (Michigan) Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Resea,rch (New York) Brooklyn Botanic Garden 'ltV . Atlee Bmpee Company (Pennsylvania) California Arboretum Foundation California Foundation for Horticultural Research California Horticul tmal Society Carrollton Garden Club (Maryland) Cleveland Bonsai Club Colorado Forestry and Horticulture Association Cymbiclium Society Dallas Men's Garden Club Davidson County Horticultural Society Garden Club Centre (Tennessee) Desel't Botanical Garden of Arizona Dolly Madison Garden Club (Virginia) Dundee Nursery (Minnesota) Dunlap Nmsery (California) A List of Organizations Affiliated With The American Horticultural Society (Cont.) ?\T orth American Lily Society North J ersey Metropolitan Nurserymen 's Association ?\To rth Shore H orticultural Society of Long Isl and Northeastern Florists Association (M assachusetts) Northwes t Fl orists Association (W ashingtolq) Office of the Secretary of Defense Garden Club (District of Columbia) Ohio Association of Garden Clubs Ohio Florists Association Oregon Association of Nurserymen Pacifi c Bulb Growers Association P alm Society P ennsylvania H orticultural Society P erennial Garden Club (District of Columbia) Pilgrimage Garden Club (Mississippi) l' ittsburgh Garden Center Plainfield Garden Club (New J ersey)

Planting Fields Foundation Arboretum ( ~ ew York) Portland Garden Club Primex Garden Center (Pennsylvania) Princess Anne Garden Club (Virginia) P rovidence Garden Club of Pennsylvania Qu eens Botanical Garden Society (New York) Rancho Sa n ta Ana Botanic Garden (California) R ed Mountain Garden Club (Alabama) Rhode Island H orticultural Society Rive r Oaks Garden Club (T exas) Roanoke Vall ey Garden Club (V irginia) San Francisco Garden Club San ta Barbara Botanic Garden Society of American Flori sts Society for Louisiana Irises Southern California Camellia Society Southern California H orticul tural Insti tute Southern Flori st and N urserymen (Texas) Virginia Beach Garden Club Virginia Nurserymen's Association 'Washington State Nurserymen 's Association ' ,Veston N urseries (Massachuse tts) 'Wheeling Garden Center WilJiamsbUTg Garden Club vVisconsin State Horticultural Society vVoodside-A therton Garden Club (California) vVorcester County H orticultural Society (M assachuse tts) JULY. 1963

FORMERLY THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE VOLUME 42 • NUMBER 3

Contents

Longwood Gardens R . J. SEIBERT ______.______131

The Spuria Iris IVIARY REDFORD 143

ANew Flowering Shade Tree-The 'Bradford' Pear VV. E. 'iI\THITEHO USE, J. L. CREECH, and G. A. SEATO N _____ .______._____ 150

Joseph F. Rock, 1884-1962 ALVIN K. CHOCK ______.______158

New Grapes For Old: California lVloves East ROBERT T. DUNSTAN ______168

A Book or Two ______172

The Gardeners' Pocketbook

Metasequoia gl)lptostl·oboides 'National'. FRANCIS DE Vos ______174

Something About Crinums. vv. O. FREELAND ______. ______178

Tritelia unifiom. B. Y. MORRISON ___ .______.______180

Pileostegia vibttrnoides. P. H. BRYDON 182 A Japanese Crinum. JOHN L. CREECH ______. _. ______182

Possible New Hollies For The South. B. Y. MORRISON ______184 Tri telia's New N arne ______184

JULY COVER ILL USTRATION [LONGWOOD CARDENSl Longwood Gardens New Reception Center The New Reception Center and Parking Lot at Longwood Gardens repre· senting the new approach to handling the public and his transportation. S·shaped central walkway leads visitors through large planters used for 1andscape plantings within the parking area and LO feature ornamental ground coyers. Copyright, © 196) by The American Horticultural Society, Inc. LONGWOOD GARDENS An artificial tree has becom.e an accent in the tropical terrace house. 'The selection of epiphytic plants growing on this tree produces a series of c.olorful bloom.s every day of the year. LONGWOOD GARDENS-A New Approach

R. J. S ElBERT*

Longwood Gardens may be compared number of visitors. The increase in traf­ to a jewel with many facets, each with a fic led, in 1962, to the completion of a special interest, color variation and its new Reception Center and parking lot own aspect-yet, they go together to to accommodate 1,000 cars and 24 buses. produce something of lasting interest The new entrance is located about 3 and beauty for everyone. miles northeast of Kennett Square, Its founder and benefactor, the late Pennsylvania, on U. S. Highway 1, near Pierre S. du Pont, created Longwood as its intersection with Pennsylvania 52 a horticultural showplace. He welcomed north, locally known as "The Anvil." A ·visitors from the community and from modern interchange, overpass and access the world to peacefully enjoy the gar­ ramps lead the visitor directly into the dens and conservatories. Everyday of the new entrance facili ties. * * year, a prime flower show and displays These conveniences are situated in the of seasonal plants are on exhibition. geographical center of the Gardens mak­ Mr. du Pont's basic desire for this horti­ ing all of the facets more readily accessi­ cultural memorial was that it perma­ ble to visi tors. An in teresting aesthetic nently continue for the benefit, enjoy­ treatment of this area utilizes "dish" ment and education of the public. parking. By means of mass earth move­ While Mr. du Pont was on a pleasant ment, depressing the parking area and drive through the countryside, he no­ surrounding the new visitor facilities ticed a magnificent tract of forest about with mounds of earth, it has been possi. to be lumbered. The beauty of the area ble to completely screen the Center and and the thought of allowing this de­ parking from within the Gardens. struction, prompted his purchase of the Access from the parking area to the property in 1906. Conservation was his Gardens is through a covered passage­ first and continuous objective here. way in the Reception Center which is Through his provision and endow­ screened with earth, grass and plantings. ment, Longwood Foundation,· Inc., has The new entrance includes such essen­ operated Longwood Gardens since 1946 tials as Information Center for the Gar­ under its charter as a tax-exempt institu­ dens with appropriate literature, guide tion. The public may visit and enjoy maps, post cards, etc. A 142-seat Audi­ the Gardens free of admission charge, a torium is for special meetings, guided privilege now enjoyed by more than tour indoctrination, showing of films 600,000 individuals per year. and other uses. Our Security Division These are the basic principles under has its headquarters here as does our which a great garden was wrought and staff for the handling of prearranged which have proved so satisfying to those guided tours. One room houses a scale who come from all parts of the world to model of Longwood Gardens with a share. push button operated tape recording to The VIsItor, whether he comes once welcome and familiarize the visitor with every year at a fixed season, or enjoys Longwood. Ample and pleasant rest the Gardens through its weekly progres­ rooms are provided as well. sion of flowering, is stimulated through Snacks and beverages are not available the variations and changes he sees on at Longwood Gardens, since there are each successive visit to the Conserva­ restaurants of varying prices and quali­ tories. ties in the area. Longwood does main­ During the years in which Longwood tain excellent nearby picnic grounds for has attracted national attention, there has been a steady increase in the annual ··Visitor hours to the outdoor gardens are from 8 A.M. until sundown. The conservatories may be visited · Director. Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, Penn· from II A.M. until 5 P.M. Daylight Saving Time is sylvania. observed when in effect. U3]) 132 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

those who enjoy bringing their own in 1914 by Mr. du Pont. The house now lunch. Information on their locations serves as Administrative and Business and conditions of use may be obtained Headquarters for Longwood Gardens. at the Information Center or from a Se­ Peirce's Park is noted for several impor­ curity Officer. tant trees originally planted by the vVe suggest that a guide map will be Peirce Brothers in the early 1800's. It most useful in visiting the Gardens. was at this time that the estate, an orig­ One may be obtained without charge inal Penn grant, became well known in from the Information Center before pro­ the area for its arboretum. Among the ceedinO" through the passageway on your most important earliest tree introduc­ tour of any or all of the Gardens' facets. tions still surviving are gingko, cucum· Walking shoes, and in threatening ber magnolia, white pine, hemlock and weather, appropriate protective gar­ bald cypress. Evergreen Glade, the orig­ ments will greatly add to your relaxed inal name for Longwood, is east of the enjoyment. The Gardens may be seen house. It includes a vista, through long­ only by foot or from a wheel chair for wooded rows of mature trees of mixed those who are unable to walk. species, terminating with the park foun­ The Longwood Conservatories, Foun­ tain. tain Gardens, Open Air Theatre and It is possible from here to visit some Flower Gardens have always been the of the remaining indigenous forest prime interests. A new main walkway northwest of the house and to see the pleasantly extends from the Gardens' orchards. However, most of our visitors passageway to connect with the entrance­ enjoy staying closer to the flower garden ways of each of these main facets. There borders -and continue eastward along the are, however, other facets of the Gardens woodland path to the lake and water with which many visitors are as yet un­ garden. familiar. The Flower Gardens and borders ex­ A tour of Longwood can best be made hibit a continuous sequence of bloom in the form of loop walks. The first from the earliest pansy of spring to the might be designated as the "natural latest chrysanthemum of fall. Within walk." Geographically, it includes the the woodland, east of the Flower Gar­ eastern half of Longwood Gardens. Take dens. is a group of new plantings . this loop first if you arrive early in the which have helped to remove the scars morning prior to the 11 A.M. Conserva­ of the two hurricanes of 1954 and 1955. tory opening hour. Azaleas, rhododendrons, and camellias, A notebook and pencil would be use­ along with allied broad-leaved ever­ ful to jot down the names of plants greens, conifers, ground covers, and a both familiar and new (which have been spotting of bamboo present a pleasant identified and labeled) if one wishes to setting for the original lake and ap­ grow or study them further. proach to the Italian Water Garden. Turn right as you walk past its entry Relatively few visitors to Longwood to see the Open Air Theatre setting and have seen this water garden which was visualize your favorite performance util­ inspired by the Villa Gamberaia located izing the two levels of stages and green­ a short distance out of Florence, Italy. sward backdrop flanked with Kentucky Again, this is a garden of green plants in coffee trees and clipped arborvitae various shades. Fountains of water re­ wings. The stage is unusual in having fresh the spirits of those who rest here a Water curtain which produces effective for a while in quiet meditation. In the screening through the use of back light­ vicinity south of the water garden, is a ing. The performance starts, only after woodland setting of azaleas - mostly the (water) curtain goes down! A color­ "Glenn Dales," dogwood and some of luI fountain display is shown on stage the finest old specimens of rhododen­ after an evening's theatre performance. . The Theatre is a garden setting-one of dron at Longwood . several green gardens at Longwood. But, At the lower end of the original lake, for more color, continue east through one is in full view of the lake edge plant­ the Flower Gardens or, if you wish, first ing of daffodils among weeping willows wander through Peirce's Park viewing and weeping cherries. The lake is the old 1730 Peirce home, later enlarged stocked with Golden Orf which lend it by 2 wings and connecting conservatory an action attraction. JULY 1963, VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 133

LONG\VOOD GARDENS

Conservatories as seen from the Main Fountain Garden.

A short walk on the return road con­ west side and will take one to the ter­ tinues to an old planting of azalea 'Hi­ race garden south of the Open Air nodegiri' located along the lower end of Theatre. the small lake. The setting for some of The completion of this first loop re­ the older introduced bald cypress is turns to the main entrance walkway. along the upper end of the small lake, The second loop walk may proceed where there is an excellent example of either directly to the Conservatories or their "knee" development. may take fuller advantage of its designa­ The Flower Garden Drive draws one tion as the "formal walk" by including to the beds of early spring bulbs or the more formally landscaped or western colorful annuals later through the sea­ half of the Gardens. Special features on son. the way to the Conservatories are worthy Enclosed within clipped arborvitae of more than casual observance to both hedges is a series of three secluded gar­ the garden enthusiast and horticultural dens along the Flower Garden drive. specialist. The center garden leads from the brick VIlest of the Paulownia Drive and shelter to the main flower gardens and north of the hybrid tea rose garden, features a square pool with a single cen­ there are fine examples of topiary in the tral fountain jet. It exhibits plantings yew garden. Specimens of Taxus spp. of a series of colorful bedding plants are maintained in various shapes throughout the season. A brick wall with through frequent and careful trimming flanking stairways and simple dripping which add an interesting setting for the wall fountain lend a feeling of a "hang­ Analemmatic Sundial. ing garden" to the setting. The brick The newest of two Italian temples of stairways lead to the main flower garden love is the focus along a grassy vista west with its circular basin and fountain. An of the rose garden, between the yew and enclosed peony garden adjoins on the main fountain gardens. The finest speci­ east, while the maze garden is on the mens of Cedrus atlantica at Longwood 134 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

LONGWOOD GARDENS The yew and topiary garden (taken with infrared film) shows some.of the clipped specimens which form an interesting setting for the Analemmatic sundial and the main conservatory in the background.

One of the finest periods of display at Longwood Gardens is through the chrys­ anthemum season of November and December. Several hundred varieties are maintained. The exhibits include huge cascade and basket specimens. All blend in a harmony of color. LONGWOOD GARDENS JULY 1963, VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 135

LONGWOOD GARDENS ! A Ge.ographic H.ouse features .ornamental plants from the Asiatic, American, and African tr.opics. Ravenala madagascariensis, the SQ· called "Travelers Palm," terminates this vista al.ong the st.one m.osaic walk. 136 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE .

LONGWOOD GARDENS The desert or succulent house is one of two newer steel, bronze, and glass display rooms at Longwood Gardens. The more ornamental species of cacti and succulents are featured here.

are located along either side of the lower Any day of the year, our visitors may level in front of the Conservatory. Here, step inside to see the main Conservatory also, are the Ghent azaleas and mature in a full glory of bloom. The experi­ specimens of crepe myrtle. ence of coming through the main Con­ It is well to note that the Conserva· sen/atory entrance is one which no pho­ tories may be entered either from the to~raph or description can substitute. main fountain garden level Reception The lawns on each side are a cool re­ Suite, or by the main Conservatory en· freshment in summer and a great relief trance which fronts on the terrace over­ from the drab winter's brown. A real looking the fountain garden. From the welcome of spring to many is realized terrace, may best be seen the setting for when they see snow being shoveled out the famed colored electric fountains. of doors and the grass being mowed in­ The fountain garden is outlined by doors. Seasonal flowering plants, in cubed Norway maple aV(lnues. The mass and in accent, are tastefully ar­ fountain basins are bordered with vari­ ranged in a harmony of colorful dis­ eties of !lex crenata, recently having re­ plays. Many of our visitors are amazed placed what was formerly planted with ~o find these displays constantly chang­ box. The Italian stone sculpture of the mg. fountains along the south side of this There is never a complete change of garden presents an atmosphere of old display at anyone time-but rather a world splendor and beauty rarely seen gradual evolution or transition from in America. The fountains are refresh­ week to week and from season to sea­ ing to walk around on a warm summer's son, yet everyday sees a prime flower day. They operate during most of the show. The seasonal peaks include chry­ visitor hours. A special daytime show­ santhemums from late October to mid­ ing is scheduled on weekends and holi­ December, followed by poinsettias for days in addition to the evening displays Christmas. During January through mentioned elsewhere. March, bulbs, acacias and camellias her- JULY 1963. VOLUME 42, NUl'vIBER 3 137

LONGWOOD GARDENS A clone of Musa paradisiaca from the Philippines is being grown at Longwood Gardens for potential evaluation as a conservatory orna· mental. 138 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE aId the spring flowers through April small home type of greenhouse used to along with azaleas, lilies, rhododendrons propagate herbs and for starting our and cymbidiums. Late spring and sum­ vegetables, has proved most interesting mer displays in the main Conservatories as a demonstration for home owners in­ settle down to the quiet color blending terested in a small greenhouse installa­ of bedding begonias, cannas, caladium, tion. Adjoining, is the garden of All­ tuberous begonias, browallia and other America Rose Selections which features summer items. the newest as well as such older AARS Among the newer special features are selections as are proving best for this included Tropical Waterlily Pools for area. the best tropical hybrids and some out­ If one continues south along the walk standing species of other aquatic plants. between the Vegetable Garden past · the Victoria amazonica, V. cruziana and lead drinking fountain and main foun­ Victm-ia 'Longwood Hybrid', a cross be­ tain pumphouse, the Rock Garden will tween the two species, are featured here soon beckon for a proportionate part of for their con trasting interest. your visiting time. Orchids are emphasized throughout the The Rock Garden spreads out of a year as are ferns, and other plant groups. walled slope along with a rocky stream Ornamentals may be seen in their dif­ that forms part of the recirculating wa­ ferent stages of growth development by ter system for the main fountains. Here, going through such growing houses as within a setting of waterfalls, chimes may be open during your visit. tower and reservoir, is a profusion of The collections of tropical ornamen­ colorful rock and alpine plants from tals have been substantially increased in around the world. * the past few years. Two new connecting A brisk climb up two terraced levels conservatories assist circulation of in­ near the waterfalls will open up vistas creased visitor traffic. They have made it across the reservoir and, in summer, will possible to better display cacti and suc­ help satisfy one's desire for the sound of culents in the desert house and to util­ rushing water. To the west, a newly de­ ize the finer of the world's tropicals in a veloping heilther garden wiII attract terrace garden setting. A number of the many, while to the south and east in a more interesting tropical economic portion of our arboretum, are collec­ plants are included in the banana or tions of fine coniferous specimens of Ce­ economic house, while selected tropicals dntS, Sequoiadendron, A bies, Pinus, representative of the Asiatic, American M etaseq /lO;n., Picea, T,m'ix and other and African tropics adjoin the geo­ {!enera. The spring flowering trees of graphic house. this area help furnish a colorful back­ Where they fit the setting, many vines drop when looking out from the Con­ are used throughout the Conservatories. servatory terrace. Among the fine de­ Tubbed specimens and hanging baskets ciduous trees here are dogwood, crab are two specialties of the Longwood apples, flowering cherries, a cut-leaf Conservatories and augment the range beech, chestnuts and an outstanding col­ of plant materials. lection of oak species. Careful pruning, . To favo~ the growth of plants from spraying and feeding schedules have pro­ different climatic. ~onditi.ons throughout cluced exceptionally fine maturing oak the world, the VIsitor will experience a specimens. wide variation in temperatures and hu­ Many visitors enjoy an over-all view midity as he proceeds from house to of the Conservatories which may best be house. seen from the rectangular fountain basin Continuing the outdoor loop walk, a on top of the main fountain pumphouse. very colorful garden of annuals may be From here, too, one may see the scope of seen along the walkway in front of the the fountains which in normal opera­ Conservatories south of the rose house tion, utilize 12,000 gallons of water per and west of the main Conservatory en­ minute. trance. Close by, the Vegetable Gardens It is only a short distance from here to feature the better varieties of vegetables the hybrid tea rose garden and the main to be grown in the area. Included also are dwarfed fruits, berried fruits herbs · On th e hour and quarter hour, the chimes mark the a collection of cutting flowers, 'dahlia~ time of day. Carillon music of 15-minute concerts take and other newer perennials as well. A place shortly after II A.M., 2 P.M. and 5 P .M. and may be heard from many parts of the Gardens. JULY 1963, VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 139

LO NGWOOD GARDENS A portion of Longwood Gardens rock garden which has been under development for three years, adds immeasurably to the outdoor dis- plays of plants in flower from February through November. entrance back to your parked car. In The Conservatories, to considerable season, this rose garden exhibits, in our extent, form a focal point around which opinion, the finest of the rose varieties many functions of cultural and educa­ for this locality. Some are old, "tried tional nature are held. A series of hor­ and true" such as 'Mrs. P. S. du Pont', ticultural lectures in the very early and others new, such as 'Hawaii'. Some­ spring takes place in the Conservatory times, a newer one gives way to the more Ballroom. Here, too, are held a limited reliables, particularly after a winter such number of meetings and conference ban­ as experienced this year. quets of regional, national and interna­ Paulownia Drive is an important tional horticul tural scope. north·south axis in the Gardens. On its One of the better known features in south end, a large curved cut stone the Conservatory is the famous 10,010 bench has an antique stone urn accent­ pipe organ on which lighter classical ing each side. One of the most striking concerts are played each Sunday after­ sights can be this double row of Paulow­ noon from 3 to 5 P.M. A schedule of nia tomentosa in full bloom, following a more formal evening concerts featuring mild winter's season. The opposite end the Longwood organ is presented each of the drive leads through a rhododen­ year for the music connoisseur. dron walk along the old cut of a road The most popular summer evening long past forbidden to vehicles. This facet of Longwood Gardens is the dis­ leads to a third loop walk now under play of colored fountains for a half hour development. It may be known as the just after dark on Wednesday and Sun­ "forest walk" through the tract of orig­ day evenings. It is at these times that inal southeastern Pennsylvania forest the fountains are displayed to their full­ preserved by Mr. du Pont for you and est capacity. Some go as high as 130 future generations of Longwood visitors. feet, with everchanging colors playing on Among the other facets of Longwood the varied selection of fountains from Gardens, are those which utilize the fa­ the 229-jet, spray and fan nozzles utilized cilities during the evening hours. in this system. "Liquid fireworks" is an 140 T H E AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZIN E

I L LONG WOOD GA RD ENS Experimental greenhouses prov'ide facilities to test, evaluate, and im· prove ornamental plants for display at Longwood Gardens.

Tropical water lilies are an important part of the summer displays at the main conservatories. Planted out in early June, their display ex· tends into October. LONCWOOO CAR')ENS JULY 1963, VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 141

expression frequently used to emphasize A plant improvement program is un­ their description. During a portion of der way for bettering future Longwood the fountain displays, the Carillon displays. This program concentrates on chimes appropriate music to further aug­ pioneer plants which, we feel, have much ment the evening's enjoyment. greater potential for the Longwood dis­ The Open Air Theatre comes to real plays than currently exist. life on the nights of a performance. For those who visit during the week­ Each season, a limited number of non­ days and who may wish to know more profit, sponsoring organizations from the about a particular plant growing at area is selected from among the appli­ Longwood, we suggest a visit to our edu­ cants to present benefit performances. cational program headquarters located The net proceeds are donated to worthy at the southwest corner of the Conserva­ charities of each sponsoring organiza­ tories adjoining the desert house. Here, tion. Longwood Foundation donates the besides horticultural information, is the use of these facilities to the sponsoring headquarters for our "short course" pro­ organizations. Some sponsors have be­ gram aimed at instructing, through for· come traditional, while others, change mal classes, those who are interested in each year or so. Performances may learning factual information in many of range from Gilbert & Sullivan through ~he phases of horticulture and garden­ Shakespeare, ballet, choral and band as mg. well as musical comedy to classical Through the University of Delaware, opera. Each Open Air Theatre season Longwood conducts a horticultural at Longwood, traditionally ends with trainee program for selected students the U. S. Marine Band's first concert of majoring in the field of Horticulture. its tour season. This concert is spon­ The applicants chosen come from sored by the Longwood Volunteer Fire throughout the USA for this lO-week Company. The underground dressing course, for which they receive credit rooms for the theatre are air-conditioned and invaluable practical training in and can accommodate a cast of 125. Ex­ their chosen field. cellent modern equipment make this set­ Prearrangement of guided tours is nec­ ting a live, "Son et Lumiere" experi­ essary and encouraged for interested ence, as each performance is followed by groups who wish to learn more about an illuminated display of the stage foun­ Longwood Gardens and its facets from tains throughout their full color range. our trained guides. The guided tours Longwood's research and educational are not available on holidays or week­ facets include financial support for ends. bringing new ornamental plants into the A working horticultural library is United States through occasional grants maintained as a tool for the 200 em­ to the USDA, Agricultural Research ployees in their many responsibilities Service's Plant Introduction Program. from gardening through technical bot­ Many valuable plant introductions into any and the allied specialties. The American Horticulture are resulting herbarium, though confined to Long­ from these trips which, thus far, have wood-grown plants, provides the perma­ gone to Europe, Japan, Brazil, Australia nent plant voucher for our plant rec­ and Nepal. From these collections, ords. Research results in the authenti­ Longwood features unique plants from cated identification of the labeled plants afar. for the education of interested visitors. From other sources as well, plants are Maintenance craftsmen keep the tried and some added to the display col­ Longwood facilities in an excellent state lections in our ever present work of "up­ of repair for the visitors' safety and dis­ grading" and attempting to maintain a cerning taste. balance among the countless, beautiful Trained horticulturists and gardeners and interesting plants from around the produce the finest selection of display world. It is in our Experimental Green­ plants available. Every effort is made to houses and Nursery that the new and grow those plants to perfection. When different plants from many parts of the the plant is viewed either as a specimen world are given trial, evaluation and or as a part of a display, it is our aim selection prior to being added to the dis­ that it be a tribute to those who have play collections. grown and displayed it as well as to the 142 THE Ai\IERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

LONGWOOD GARDENS

The r.ound basin with its central jet fountain .accentsthe Flower Garden walk with the Woodland Garden in the back. (Taken with infrared film)

viewer. Those who visit Longwood re­ VIsItors. These events include scheduled ward themselves by seeing some of the organ concerts, horticultural lectures, finest of God's plant kingdom nurtured Open Air Theatre performances and the by the hand of man. famed illuminated fountain displays which, in season, are shown on both Wednesday and Sunday evenings for one half hour just after dark. On evenings Each January, a schedule of public of scheduled fountain displays, the con­ events for the year is published and servatories are open from 7:30 P.M. made available without charge to those until an hour after the scheduled even L who request it. This schedule lists the Conservatories are not open on eve­ evening functions of interest to our nings of Open Air Theatre performances. The Spuria Iris

MARY REDFORD

The beau tiful, durable spuria iris ful­ follow on the scientific research on virus fills a long list of useful garden roles, pathology, but thus far no answer has but it is unique in a way all its own: it been offered. But even the virus affected grows and blooms vigorously in difficult plants, unless the trouble is very great, climates such as the Deep South and the increase and bloom and may even put by extremely hot desert areas where beard­ their symptoms (light striations in the ed and most other irises bloom tem­ leaves, flecking or transparent spots on peramentally or not at all. In other re­ the flowers, general un thriftiness) if they gions all across America, spurias extend are specially tended and fertilized. Such the iris bloom season, following after the plants should not be divided, but they tall bearded and preceding the Japanese. probably do little further harm since A judicious selection of varieties, from the virus is fairly well localized, and the early old his orchTolettca (white) many gardeners prefer to keep a good, and I. monnieTi (yellow) to late 'Blue blooming clump which is not in close Acres' or its still lat~..r modern descend­ proximity to other spurias even though ant, ,!\Talker Ferguson's 'Banners of it has shown some symptoms. Blue', can extend the spuria season it­ Where spurias are available to the self to six or seven weeks. florist trade, they are highly regarded Spurias are undemanding garden sub­ for the keeping and shipping qualities jects. They take one to two years to es­ of their beautiful tough green foliage tablish, but after that they may be left and their delicate appearing but bruise u,ndisturbed for years without loss in in­ resistant buds. They make handsome crease or bloom. They develop into big tall arrangements, and are unequalled clumps, not noticeably open in the cen­ for corsages, especially in the subtly col­ ters, which are good foils and back­ ored slate gray, electric blue or velvety ground for shorter iris or perennials. In brown spurias. Only the ubiquitous or­ blooming season, the clumps are covered chid can outlast a spuria corsage made with clouds of floral butterflies of white, with fresh flowers and kept refrigerated yellow, blue, tan, bronze or deep brown between wearings. to grey. Fertilizing improves the flowers The color range is less than that of in size and number, but they seem to the tall bearded, and the blooms are bloom quite well when neglected. Rate smaller. Even so, spurias may be had in of in'crease varies, but some of the vigor­ every degree of yellow, in palest tans to ous growers if left undivided for too deep browns, in pale blue to near pur­ many years will have to be attacked with ples, in whites with signals varying from a pick to separate the deeply entangled orange through lemon yellow to incon­ rhizomes. spicuous pale signals so small the over­ The rot, leaf spot, and borers which all effect is of pure white. A red spuria plague tall bearded iris are almost un­ may soon appear, with both Marion known among spurias, although there is Walker and Walker Ferguson, Califor­ some difficulty with soft brown rot and nia's leading spuria hybridizers, produc­ mustard seed fungus (Sclerotium TOlfsii) ing almost maroon spurias within the in areas of great humidity. Even there, last few seasons. The late Eric Nies, good drainage and a fungicide such as writing in 1945, said, "As to pinks Terraclor almost insure healthy plants. and reds, the idea is not hopeless, but The spurias are subject to virus, possibly they are not yet in sight. But as with from insect or aphid borne infection, the browns, no one can tell what un­ but the hybridizers work with virus re­ expected things may happen. The sistant strains and the carefully selected browns were totally unexpected and re­ new varieties and the time-tested old sulted from an effort toward blues." ones can be assumed to be guite virus Genetics and luck being what they are resistant. A virus cure may be due to (wi tness Dave Hall's sensational color [ 1431 144 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE break in pink tall bearded iris a number in California may grow right on up to of years ago) , Eric Nies' dream colors five or six feet. may be imminent. Spurias set seed easily, self-pollenizin?; Only those fortunate enough to own themselves in most instances if allowed some of the newest Walker and Ferguson to do so and thereafter self-seeding hybrids, or able to visit gardens or flower themselves with an abandon which can shows where these may be seen, realize create confusion in a carefully organized how much size these two hybridizers are spuria planting. These unsought seed­ adding to spurias. Walker Ferguson's lings are seldom of any value. Valid 'Wakerobin' ('Color Guard' X 'Wadi spuria crosses should be secured by Zem Zem') was the sensation of the emasculating the tightly rolled bud and Houston Spuria Test Garden when it bagging it in cellophane. Not all hy­ was first grown there as a seedling back bridizers are willing to take this much in 1957, the same year that Marion trouble and feel that they get true Walker's 'Driftwood' (,Grace Perry Nies' crosses in such a large percentage of X Walker seedling) X ('Color Guard' cases that the timesaving justifies the X 'Cherokee Chief') in the same garden risk. Pollen should be gathered early, was described as "just about the largest before insect contamination, and dried and most unusual spuria ever seen somewhat before using. Another advan­ around here. Registered as chocolate tage of bagging is that the bags may be brown, with 'yellow glow radiating from left in place to avert loss of seeds from a central deep yellow stripe on falls: good crosses, should the grower not be this iris seemed much more fiery than on hand when the pods burst open. its color description, with a distinct The seeds should be planted in cans, orange effect where yellow blended with pots or directly in the ground where reddish brown." they can be watched for more than one In 1954 Marion Walker described season, since spurias have a way of ger­ spurias as being "still lamentably close minating over a period of two, three, or to the species," which in general is truer even more, seasons. In mild climates of spurias even now than of their longer tbe seed may be sowed when the pods pedigreed cousins, the tall bearded split and will give a high germination, irises. Yet in January, 1962, Peg Dabagh .but fall is the preferred planting time in reported on the new Walker seedlings in most areas. The little plants will win­ The American Iris Society Bulletin and ter well in cold areas if mulched. Trans­ gave measurements of standards 2" X 4" planting is done when the plants are a and falls 2Yz" X 4", with very short few inches high, with good spacing be­ broad, almost square style arms measur­ tween the transplants. They should ing between %e" and 1" each way. Com· bloom the second year, and the ones to pare these measurements with those of a be saved should be set about 4' apart to good sized tall bearded iris, or grow the allow for expansion and to prevent the huge yellow 'Inflation' (Ferguson), if clumps growing into each other. you can get it, alongside your other Fall is spuria transplanting time, al­ irises and see how its huge blooms dwarf though they may be safely moved in everything around it. spring if they are not out of the ground Along with increase in size, the newer too long and the roots are kept damp. spurias have more ruffling and fluting, But fall, just as the white feeder roots are showing marked tendencies to begin to show, is the ideal time. Spurias branching and consequent better flower demand that their roots not dry out af­ placement, greater variation in form­ ter digging, and great care to keep roots some flattened like the Japanese, some damp in moss is required when ship­ held partially closed by the spathe valve, ping. First and second year growth will some tailored, and all beautiful. Small be slow and bloom will be atypical, but after that increase and bloom are good. spurias are being bred also, the spuria The clumps need little care for several counterpart of the median bearded years and much prefer to be left alone, ~rises. For these there is a definite place with only the usual fertilizing. It is wise JI1 compact gardens where space is ra­ not to move an entire clump at one tioned, and as a change of pace from the time, interrupting the bloom, but to re­ ~all gr~wing. spu~ias which average forty move rhizomes from the edge of the JI1ches JI1 height JI1 most areas but which clump which can be establishing them- JULY 1963, VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 145

MRS. C. M . REDFORD

Spuria Iris 'Sunny Day' Winner of the second Eric Nies Award 1-16 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

seh'es while the mother plant continues cen tral Europe and the Caucasus region to produce as usuaL @f Asia. Spuria foliage goes brown and d?r' ;1 his ochroleuca is one of the very best mant in hot climates, and may be braId­ s'pgcies, and grows like_ a weed in thou­ ed, tied with raffia or a spuria leaf, or saRds of gardens, putting up great trimmed. But in milder, moister cli­ clumps of white and yellow blooms mates, the green, erect spuria foliage is which grace ehurch altars at Easter and a garden asset most of the garden year. have afforded' the hybridizing pioneers Sun and good drainage are important. with sturdy quali ties still reflected in Spurias seem to thrive on a good drying today's newest hybrids. A native of out after bloom season, but in my gar­ western Asia Minor, it seems an unlike­ den in the Yuma Valley where the en­ ly candidate for withstanding Midwest tire area is irrigated weekly almost the and New England winters. But it does, year long, the spurias thrive most. ~at~s­ and while it may often go unrecognized factorily. They are an adaptable IriS In as a spuria and be called "Japanese" or that respect, as in so many others. "D u tch" in those areas, it thrives and The spuria species are found in Afri­ blooms in regions where the newer hy­ ca, Asia and Europe, and collectors have brids succumb to the sub-zero winters. supplied the Continental herbaria with It is one of the most satisfactory species. preserved specimens and living plants. his aurea (I. crocea) is probably na­ Both Dr. L. F. Randolph of Cornell tive to Kashmir, is similar in habit to University and Dr. Lee VV. Lenz, Direc­ the tall I . ochTOleuca, but its flowers are tor of Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Gar­ a sunshine yellow. clen . Claremont, California, have col­ his spuria, distributed through east­ lected the spuria wildlings from the ern Europe and northern Africa, has Near East across Europe into the Iron flowers varying through the blue-purple Curtain countries. Dr. Randolph, for­ shades. mer president of The American Iris So­ his monnieri and its relations may be ciety, has reported in the Bulletins of determined by the Lenz report. It re­ that organization. Dr. Lenz, Director of sembles I. ochTOleuca but is uniform yel­ its Scientific Committee, has been en­ low in the falls. gaged on a spuria research project for his halophila, the salt-loving iris, the past four years, the report on which grows in the Persian salt marshes and in was published in The American Iris Turkestan, Afghanistan, and other parts Society's Bulletin and A liso, the Clare­ of Asia. It is adaptable to gardens; the mont periodical, in early summer, 1963. small, abundant flowers occur in shades The Lenz report has been awaited of pale blue, purple, dull yellow or wi th a great deal of in terest for the white veined with yellow. It is free seed­ chromosome counts on the species and ing and capable of crowding out other cultivars, and reports on some highly in­ iris in a garden bed. teresting hybridizations involving wide his humilis is common in Hungary crosses from which seed was obtained and the Caucasus; it is an inconspicuous and embryo-cultured. It opens many in­ little plant, with purple veined flowers teresting new avenues and clarifies the on a cream ground. ancestries of some of today's standard his sintenisii has white flowers with commercial varieties. The scientific ram­ purple veins and deep purple standards. ifications of ~he Lenz report are many, Iris kerneriana produces rich yellow but the spun a grower is chiefly inter­ flowers on stems 6" to 12" talL It is ested in two things: Whence did they native of Asia Minor. come? 'Whither are they going? Iris songarica resembles the spuria and Not too many of the spuria species are tenuifolia groups. Stems 15" tall bear good garden subjects, but the charming, the flowers with blue falls dotted with £r~gran~, rapidly increasing little I. gra­ purple, standards white with a net of red mzner: IS ornamental enough to deserve purple veins and splotches. mentIOn. If you do not like hunting Several men pioneered wi th the be­ ~nd~r the leaves for violets, you may not ginnings of spuria hybridizing around hk~ It, for the. bl

M RS. C. M. REDFORD

Spuria Iris in Test Garden, Houston, Texas

Shown in the fTont bed a? e 'LaTk Song', 'Wadi Zem Zem', arid 'CanaTY Island'. In the Tear bed aTe 'M.omtngtide', 'Fairy L anteTn', and 'A zure Dawn' .

still listed in catalogues. Among the old­ inated in a cold country and they and er of these are the glowing violet 'A. J. their descendan ts are still the standbys Balfour' introduced by Barr in 1889 and in cold climate gardens. 'Euphrosyne', his 'Lord Wolsely', introduced in 1899, 'Hazy Hills', and 'Fairy Wand' were in­ with deep electric-blue purple standards tt'oduced in 1931; 'Indian Summer' in and white falls strikingly overlaid with 1932; 'Harpeth Hills' and 'Ben Lomond' purple veining.. which looks almost like in 1935; 'Skyline', 'Bathsheba', 'Lumi­ the twin brother of Mrs. Nesmith's ere', and 'Monteagle' in 1936. Mrs. 'Royal Toga', introduced in 19'55; Sir Elizabeth N esmi th of Lowell, lVlassachu­ Michael Foster's 'Monaurea' and 'Mon­ setts was instrumental in getting Mr. spur', introduced in the 1890's; Farr's Washington to introduce his spurias and 'Mrs. Tail', a soft porcelain blue, intro­ has kept New England gardens supplied duced in 1912; Barr's electric b~ue 'Pre­ with them since. She says that Mr. mier,' introduced in 1899; and Foster's Washington was the first man to breed cream-yellow 'SheIford Giant', intro­ spurias extensively in the United States, duced in '.913. beginning about 1924. Unfortunately Three outstanding early spuria hy· he kept no records of his crosses, but bridizers who followed the original pio­ Mrs. Nesmith says he had the following neers are T. A. Washington from the growing in his garden and that they un­ Tennessee mountains, Erie Nies and doubtedly represent the ancestry of his Carl Milliken of Southern California. spuria lines: his halophila, I. monnieTi, The T. A. Washington spurias orig- I. ochTOleuca, I. aurea, 'Mrs. A. vV. Tail' 148 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

and a blue 'Monspur' that was either 'Perky Maid', brown and yellow. ('Monspur') 'A. J. Balfour' or ('Mon­ 'Russet Flame', rich russet blend, fair spur') 'Cambridge Blue'. The parent­ performer. age of 'Monspur' was I. monnieri X I. 'Ruth Nies Cabeen', frilled medium spuria. The possibility that I. graminea blue, small yellow signal. entered into the Washington crosses is 'Saugatuck,' lavender, bronze and yel­ suggested by the lack of success in cross­ low blend. ing the ·Washington spurias with those 'Sunlit Sea', light violet blue, wide of Nies and Milliken, who worked from frilled standards and falls, banded the larger species forms which do not blue around bright yellow on falls. cross readily with I. graminea. 'Two Opals', opalescent lavender buff, Carl Milliken's records were very very ruffled. sketchy, only fourteen crosses being en­ 'Yellow Swallowtail', low growing tered in his breeding books, according creamy white. to Ben Hager, former president of The 'Zephroso', large honey bicolor with rosy Spuria Iris Society. 'Mt. Whitney', the overlay, which increases slowly and first registered Milliken spuria, is not en­ blooms irregularly. t ered on the breeding books. The mag­ 'Kathy Cabeen', greenish yellow stand­ nificent 'White Heron' is thought to be ards, falls deep yellow veined greenish a seedling of 'Mt. Whitney'. 'Wadi Zem yellow, with a chartreuse effect. Zem', another all-time great spuria in 'Fairy Lantern', blend of pale blue heav- clear cream, almost chartreuse yellow, ily overlaid yellow. might have come from any of three 1941 'Katrina Nies', violet and orange. crosses. 'Morgenstraal', blue. Eric Nies hybridized more extensively 'Blackpoint', chocolate brown with huge than either Washington or Millik.en, and cigar-like buds. kept careful records which at his death Marion Walker has carried on from were passed on to Marion Walker of the propitious beginnings of the Nies Ventura, California, along with the Nies spurias and stands out in the present re­ spurias. Mr. Walker selected and intro­ stricted field of spuria hybridizers for his duced Nies spurias for several years af­ determined effort to produce virus-free ter Mr. Nies's death, and has carried on spurias with greater garden value, all­ the hybridizing program himself to be­ climate adaptability, profuse flowering, come the dean of today's spuria hybrid­ improved color and form. His introduc­ izers. The first Nies cross was I. ochro­ tions are valued, since he conscientious­ l~uca X :Monspur', followed 'by strict ly evaluates all seedlings for several sea­ hne breedmg. The Nies and Nies-vValk­ sons before introducing even a fraction er introductions include: of the best. Meanwhile, his seedlings are 'Az ~re Dawn', a .slightly ruffled pale blue on trial in private and public test gar­ with good clImate adaptabili ty and dens across the country, to determine profuse flowering. hardiness in varying climates. His re­ 'Blue Display', medium blue. fusal to make hasty introductions has 'Bronzspur', a warmly colored gold and put a hallmark of excellence on Walker tan. spurias. "\1\7 alker feels that spuria selec­ 'Cherokee Chief', still one of the best tions are still lamentably close to the spe­ dark velvet browns. cies, but he has brought spurias a long 'Color Guard', a heavily substanced blue way and brought almost an entirely new wi th yellow signal. look to this group. Spurias viewed in his 'Dutch Defiance', violet blue with light garden or those entered non-competitive­ gold pa.tch, large and frilled. ly each spring at the exhibits of the 'Fifth Symphony', deep yellow with over Southern California Iris Society, show all brown veining. what this skilled hybridizer has accom­ 'Golden Agate', brown-bronze and yel­ low. plished. Such shows give encouragement to others who aspire to improve the ver­ 'Lark Song', soft creamy white standards satile spuria iris. and styles, rich yellow flaring falls banded in cream. Among the Walker introductions are 'Blue Nightshade', a blue purple; 'Ca­ 'Mi.chigan State', amber gold, bronzed by hght veining. nary Island', canary yellow and cream; 'Pastoral', lavender and gold. 'Driftwood', a great iris of deep velvety brown with excellent garden value; 'El JULY 1963, VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 149

Camino', yellow; 'Gay Lark', deep yel­ blooms freely in all climates; Edward low; 'Momingtide', huge blue-white; Brennan's 'Bronze Butterfly', inexpen­ 'Autumn Glow', tan and brown; 'EI Ca­ sive and still one of the good bronzes; mino', deep orange yellow self from and Foster's creamy 'Shelford Giant'. Nies's 'Grace Perry Nies' X Milliken's Even the 1882 introduction of Borbas, 'Wadi Zem Zem'; 'Violet Veil', stand­ 'Lilacina', is to be found at Ra ncho ards light yellow heavily veined violet. Santa Ana Botanic Garden and presum­ Mrs. Frances Combs' 'Golden Lady' is ably in other gardens in the area. It is a huge ruffled pale yellow self from very narrow in all its parts, but has a 'Wadi Zem Zem' X 'White Heron'. It is charming orchid lavender flower. in great demand. All too many of the early introduc­ Tom Craig gave up spuria hybridizing tions of the century have disappeared, or after being discouraged by a series of bloom anonymously in old gardens. misfortunes; it is hoped that some day Their historic value is something like he will resume hybridizing. His intro­ that of old automobiles, and the nine ductions widely sold include: 'White Spuria Display Gardens across the Crane', an unregistered white, similar to United States would be happy to obtain 'White Heron' and Ferguson's 'Wake­ these floral relics. robin'; 'Big Cloud', white with yellow The Spuria Display Gardens, launched influence: 'Blue Valentine', pale blue by the Spuria Iris Society about three and yellow blend with heart-shaped years ago, are beginning to draw many falls; 'Blue Pinafore', pale blue; 'Sunny­ spring visitors where they are locally side', white and yellow bicolor; and publicized. Spuria blooming season 'Sweet Butter', creamy yellow. varies from area to area, but everywhere Walker Ferguson of Escondido, Cali­ follows the tall bearded iris. Gardeners fornia, is a discriminating breeder whose are urged to visit the following Spuria output of fine spurias includes: 'Banners Display Gardens: of Blue', a very late 'Thrush Song' X Los Angeles State and County Arbor­ 'Blue Acres' cross in strong blue; 'Coun­ etum, Arcadia, California. terpoint', violet standards and light yel­ Raleigh Hills Iris Gardens, Portland, low falls with violet lines, very unusual; Oregon. 'Dark Silk', medium sized flowers in dark Botanical Gardens, Denver, Colorado. purple, small gold signal; 'Good N:l­ Will Rogers Gardens, Oklahoma City ture', lemon yellow self; 'Thrush Song', Park, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. outstanding with blue-purple standards Clemson College Varietal Trial Gar­ and blue-purple falls with small gold dens, Clemson, South Carolina. signal; 'Wakerobin', large white prob­ Presby Memorial Gardens, Montclair, ably destined to become a spuria classic; New Jersey. 'Windfall', white with yellow signal. EI Paso Spuria Display Garden, El Paso Tell Muhlestein of Provo, Utah, a Parks, EI Paso, Texas. longtime tall bearded iris hybridizer, has vVade Palmer Garden, 1218 Los Arboles recently entered the spuria field and his Road, Albuquerque, New Mexico. entries are being very well received and Ketchum Memorial Iris Gardens, Mem­ awarded. They include 'Big Golden', phis, Tennessee. 'Fluted Opals', 'Fluted Buttercup', yel­ Spurias are difficult to locate in nurs­ low bicolor; and "Laced Butterfly', pale eries or catalogs. The best sources of blue-violet. Cold climate gardeners are supply, varietal and cultural informa­ watching the Provo, Utah, spurias with tion, are to be had through the publica­ interest for winter hardiness. tions of the Spuria Iris Society, Mrs. lVlac Other hybridizers have introduced W. Holloway, Secretary-Treasurer, 673 spurias of variable quality, in small or Acacia Avenue, North Sacramento, Cali­ large numbers. Among those time prov­ fornia; dues $l.00; and the American en ones still to be located in catalogues Iris Society, Clifford W . Benson, Secre­ and gardens are H. P. Sass's yellow tary, 2237 Tower Grove Avenue, St. ~unny Day', a fairly good spuria which Louis 10, Missouri, dues $5.00. 150 T H E AMERICAN HORT ICULT UR AL MAGAZINE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Figure 1. Pyrus calleryana 'Bradford' selected from a lot of seed introduced from Nanking, China, in 1919. A New Flowering Shade Tree­ The 'Bradford' Pear

IN. E. WHITEHOUSE, "" J. L. CREECH,* and G. A. SEATON *""

\J\Tith the changes in landscape plan­ last important pieces of exploration work ning to meet the needs of modern homes of the late Frank N. Meyer was the col­ and the desire of community planning lection of more than 100 pounds of seed groups to express individuality as well of Pynls calleTyana in the mountains in as to avoid some of tl;le problems associ­ and around Ichang, China. At the Glenn ated with certain of our shade trees, new Dale station, large seedling populations guide-lines have been established in the of pear species native to the Orient were selection of varieties to comply with tested for vigor and uniformity of these and other requirements. growth, stock-scion compatability, resist­ Most of us are aware that many splen­ ance to leaf blight (Fabmea maculata did shade trees, native to China, Japan, Atk.) , fire blight (E?-winia amylovom and Europe, maintained in our leading (Burr.) ·Winslow et al) , woolly pear botanical gardens and arboretums have aphid (Eriosoma pyricola Baker & David­ never been selected as street trees. son) , and other troublesome diseases and Eighty-five percent of the trees for street insects. planting are propagated by seed. The A vigorous non-spiny seedling, found limi ted use of varietal selections of tree among the normally spiny Pyrus callel-y­ species introduced into the United States ana seedlings under test, was trans­ may be partly due to imperfect data on planted to a permanent site on the sta­ variation within the species because of tion grounds. This tree, now 44 years limi ted sampling by collectors. old, has an approximate height of 50 While it may never be possible to find feet and its broad ovate form has devel­ or develop the perfect shade tree for oped a spread of 30 feet (Figure 1) . highways, parks, or residential use, va­ During the past decade, it twice experi­ rieties which have resulted from the eval­ enced winds of hurricane violence with uation of woody ornamental introduc­ only minor damage to tree form. Propa­ tions or as by-products of fruit and nut gated on its own seedlings and given evaluation provide ample proof of the good culture, growth of young 'Brad­ soundness of making plant collections ford' trees is vigorous (Figure 2). An throughout the range of species distribu­ occasional young tree has suffered minor tion as a means of developing better damage from winds of lesser magnitude. ornamental selections. For example, the Tree performance under these condi­ 'Braford' ornamental pear, a non-spiny tions is a tribute to the strength of its selection of a Chinese pear species, Pyrus strong scaffold branch-trunk framework calleTyana Decne., is being used in new and the soil-anchorage quality of its ca­ landscape planning in the vicinity of pable deep root system. The roots of Washington, D. C. This ornamental the older tree at Glenn Dale have not pear honors the late F. C. Bradford, for­ surfaced about ground-a characteristic merly horticulturist in charge of the which eliminates some species as candi­ U. S. Plant Introduction Station, Glenn dates for planting near sidewalks and in Dale, Maryland, and was released recent­ plaza areas. ly by the Crops Research Division for Pynls callelyana is widely distributed trial as a shade tree. in China and is not uncommonly found In 1918, the Department's Office of on mountains at an elevation of 3,000 to Foreign Plant Introduction, in coopera­ 4,500 feet. In the eastern United States tion with other agencies, conducted a it is growing well as far north as Boston, search for improved root-stocks for our Massachusetts, and as far south as commercial pear varieties. One of the Brooksville, Florida. Unlike some shade trees, the Callery U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Re­ pear has been singularly free of diseases search Service, Crops Research Division, Beltsville' and Glenn Dale," Maryland. and insects. Because of these qualities, [l5I] 152 T H E AMERICAN HORT ICULTURAL M.\GAZINE

U.S. DE PARTMENT OF AG RI CULTURE

Figure 2. A single tree of 'Bradford' pear trained with a high head typifies the characteristic growth of this shade tree when properly pruned. V.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Figu.re 3. Dwarf growth of drou.ght-resistant Pyru.s calleryana growing on de­ composed pophyritic rock of a severely eroded mOl£ntain top at an elevation of 2 ,000 feet, in China. Figu.re 4. Pyru.s calleryana seedling in China, part of its roots su.b­ merged in water and part anchored in the earth bank.

U.S . DEPART MENT OF AG RI CULTURE 15 1 THE .'\T\IER1C .-\l\' HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AG RI CULTURE

Figure 5. The character of 'Bradfurd' is due to the dense clusters of white flowers and the tiny fruits as shown here. JULY '1963, VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 155 horticulturists became interested in test­ over a short period. The numerous, ing it as a rootstock for commercial pear small, inedible, russet-colored fruits re­ varieties in the early 1930's. In the wild main on the tree until they are eaten by and during trials in the United States wild life or disintegrate. The non-litter­ Callery pear seedlings have prospered ing characteristic of this ornamen tal under most trying conditions. pear tree is a particularly valuable asset. The late Frank N. Meyer first called The small pear fruits lend character to attention to its capacity to thrive under the interesting winter form of the tree. a wide range of soil environment (Fig­ As the 'Bradford' tree at Glenn Dale ures 3 and 4). A decade later the south­ reached maturity, its potential as an ern Oregon substation testing P. calle?"y­ ornamental shade tree became more and ana as a rootstock for 'Bartlett' and other more apparent. In 1954·, J. L Creech in pear varieties found Callery seedlings cooperation with home owners in a 'well adapted to local heavy and light nearby treeless subdivision, arranged for soiL Several vigorous and desirable an evaluation of this variety as a street strains were isolated and propagated. tree. The South Haven, :Michigan, substation The University Park, Maryland test reported variable growth of commercial site was selected because an earlier soil pear varieties grown on P. caller')lana survey had shown it to contain consid­ seedlings. These and other reports' sug­ erable soil variability and above-average gest the desirabili ty of propagating soil moisture content during the grow­ 'Bradford' on its own seedlings until ing season because of numerous under­ more is known about P. calleryana seed­ ground springs. The narrow grass strips ling variability. between curb and sidewalk, typical of most modern subdivisions, were planted Street and Lawn Tree Evaluation to some 180 trees spaced 50 feet apart 'Bradford' is one of the earliest trees (Figure 6). At planting the trees con­ to bloom. Flowering abou t the same sisted of one year variety whips 3 to 5 time as Pnmus subhiTtella Mig. in the feet long budded on 2 year 'Bradford' vicinity of 'Washington, D. c., it ranks seedling roots. Planting was supervised favorably with early spring flowering by an experienced nurseryman. trees. '!\Then in full flower, in late March Transplanting and Training or early April, the medium sized densely headed tree wi th its myriad of spur­ Transplanting and establishment of borne dense flower clusters, consisting of trees was successful largely because the ten to twelve non-fragrant slightly off­ 2-year old 'Bradford' seedling root sys­ white flowers peppered with darker sta­ tems are well developed and planting mens, is guite attractive (Fig-ure 5) . The was done by experienced workers. Dur­ blossoms appear to be a solid block of ing the season after planting tree func­ white different from the loose, filmy as­ tions were largely devoted to root devel­ pect of P. subhirtella and serve as a opInen t. Except for removal of growth wonderful contrast to the yellow and at the base of the trunk and slight head­ purple colors of early blooming bulbs. ing back of any strong lateral branches, During the spring and summer the no pruning was necessary. As much leaf thick glossy-green, broad, ovate leaves of surface as possible was left for manufac· the 'Bradford' pear tree present a pleas­ ture of food needed for vigorous root ing picture, particularly as they stir in and top development during the second the breeze and their wavy edges catch season. Some movement of manufac­ and reflect the sun's rays. In the fall the tured foods from twigs into heavier tree is at its best in areas where early-fall wood and to the roots took place imme­ frosts favor leaf-color change and the diately after leaf falL Before growth leaves take on color hues varying- from started in the spring, stored food moved attractive yellow to bronzy red. Leaves from the roots into areas of active color well in New Jersey, Maryland, growth. Pruning was done just before Iowa, New York, and at Pullman, Wash­ the sap started moving in the spring. ington, but did not take on fall color at Delaying pruning until growth starts re­ Medford, Oregon. The leaves remain sults in loss of food and trees that are on the trees until early winter long after pruned in the late spring may only par­ those of elm, maple, sycamore, and tially heal pruning wounds before cold others have fallen and they finally fall weather. The inherent capacity of this 156 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ACRICULTURE Figure 6. A street lined with 'Bradford' ornamental pear trees shows the dense upright habit and uniformity of growth attained by the rue of vegetatively propagated trees and careful pruning.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ..\ GR ICULTURE Figure 7. The 'Bradford' ornamental pear trees in full bloom in April. Of particular merit is the rather complete distribution of flowers over the entire tree. JULY 1963, VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 157 pear for development of vigorous top good tree wrap and from cat claw in­ growth during the first two growing sea­ jury with a ~-inch mesh hardware cloth sons after planting is shown in the pho­ guard at least 3 feet high. tograph of a tree which received a high­ At the end of the fourth season's nitrogen fertilizer and application of fre­ growth, it is possible to complete the de­ quent water during this period. Devel­ velopment of a second whorl of scaffold opment of sucker growth along the branches spaced a foot above the first trunk continued until the tree reached scaffold framework. All growth arising 6 years of age; suckers were removed along the trunk between the two whorls either by rubbing off during early spring is removed. This type of pruning serves or summer or by pruning off the follow­ two purposes: (1) It thins out the dense ing spring. Training of the trees started growth in this area and (2) it provides after the second season's growth. for removal of lower scaffold branches A modified leader system, readily later as needed for traffic clearance with­ adapted to the vigorous dense growth out destroying tree form. The vigorous habit of the 'Bradford' pear, was used. dense growth habit makes possible intel­ Objectives were pedestrian and vehicular ligent pruning of the top for clearance clearance, attractive tree form at all of overhead utility wires. Training was times, strong tree framework, and mini­ complete at the end of the fifth season's mum maintenance pruning after the growth. At 8 years of age the trees have sixth year. During the spring of 1955, been unpruned for 3 years and are large the majority of the lateral branches were enough to put on an effective display of removed close to the trunk and those spring flowering (Figure 7). Some vari­ left for one more season for manufacture ation in tree size is observed at this stage, of food were headed back. The leader but on the whole the trees in this plant­ was left untouched. This type of prun­ ing are quite uniform in size and form. ing was repeated each year, until it was Characteristics needed in a good street, possible to select the first of the whorl park, or lawn tree are described in vari­ of four wide-angled scaffold framework ous magazines and books. The 'Brad­ branches at a point 7 feet from the ford' ornamental pear has most of these ground; this branch growing parallel to qualifications and should prove to be a the sidewalk. Upon completion of the worthwhile addition to the current shade whorl the other three scaffolds are equal­ tree list. In 1962, the New Jersey Federa­ ly spaced around the trunk approximate­ tion of Shade Tree Commissioners in­ ly 10 inches apart. The unshaded trunk cluded this variety in a list of 81 shade was protected from sunscald injury dur­ tree species and clones recommended for ing the first 6 years through the use of a New Jersey streets. 158 T H E AMERICAN HORT ICULTUR AL MAGAZINE

u.s. DEPARTMENT OF AG RI CULTURE

Joseph F. Rock in Chaulmoogra Plantation in Hawaii Joseph F. Rock, 1884 .. 1962*

ALVIN K. CHOCK * *

Almost sixty years ago a young Aus­ world about him led him to leave home trian left his homeland to see the world as soon as his formal education at the and regain his health. His trip around Vienna Schoten Gymnasium and Vienna the world was to be postponed for a University was completed. decade, for he made a prolonged stop­ He wandered about Eurone and was over in Hawaii. During his lifetime he in Antwerp when he decided to spend made his home in Hawaii and China. the summer in England. However, he This energetic, versatile, and legendary missed the channel steamer and on im­ scientist became recognized throughout pulse bought passage for the United the world first as a botanist, then as States, leaving Antwerp on board the SS plant collector, naturalist, and explorer. Zeeland and arriving in New York on His explorations and his remarkable lin­ September 9, 1905. After a short stay in guistic ability led him to become a geog­ New York, his health forced him to seek rapher, orientalist, philologist, and an­ a warmer and drier climate and he went thropologist. His contributions were to Texas where he attended the Univer­ legion and they enlightened, increased. si ty to gain greater proficiency in Eng­ and diffused mankind's knowledge about lish. This set the linguistic pattern for the flora of the Hawaiian Islands and the rest of his life, for from that time on the natural history of 'Western China all of his writing was done in English. and Eastern Tibet. Forsaking the land of his birth, he be­ Dr. Joseph Francis Charles Rock came a naturalized citizen in May 1913. (Josef Franz Karl Rock) was born to His health did not improve appreciably Franz and Francisca (Hofer) Rock on and he was advised to go to Arizona. January 13, 1884, in Vienna, Austria. However, he had always had a longing His mother died when he was only six to see the tropics, so against the doctor's years old and his older sister and father advice that he had but three months to cared for him. His family felt that his live unless he sought dry desert air, he destiny lay in the Church and directed set off for Hawaii. An interesting fact is his early training toward the priesthood. that Dr. \l\Tilliam Hillebrand, who pre­ His own inclinations, however, did not ceded him as resident botanist, was also point in this direction. Even as a young afflicted with tuberculosis. Like his child he developed a lively curiosi ty predecessor, Rock recovered in Hawaii's about strange lands and their strange salubrious climate and regained his tongues, triggered by a visit to Egypt health. with his father at age 10. In Egypt he His first pOSItlOn upon his arrival in learned to speak Arabic so fluently that Honolulu in 1907 was as one of the at age 16 he taught the language at the three full-time teachers at IVl ills School. University. At home he taught himself The fo llowing year the school became Chinese, studying it by candle light after known as lVl id-Pacific Institute. In Sep­ the household had retired. This conflict tember 1908 Rock resigned for reasons between his father's and sister's plan for of health in order to be out-of-doors, his life and his own interests in the and was placed on official leave of ab­ sence by the school. That same month - Reprinted, with permission, from l\7ews lette r of th e he went on a botany trip with Charles Hawaiiall Botanical Socielry, Vol. 2, No. ] I Jan. 1963 and Taxo)), Vol. 12 , No. 3, April 1963. (Both contain­ N. Forbes, Assistant in Botany at the ing Dr. Rock's bibliography.) B. P. Bishop :Museum, who had arrived ··U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, and University of Hawaii, Honolulu , Hawaii. in June. Rock showed him a tree which The writer is grateful to Mrs. A. Lester (Loy) Marks for her valuable informational and editorial assistance he had seen two mon ths before. In in the preparation of this paper. Thanks for ass istance Forbes' first publication of new Ha­ are also extended to Miss Janet Bell of the University of Hawaii Library and to Dr. Roland W. Force, E. H. waiian plants, he named that tree Bryan. Jr. . and i\'fiss Margaret Titcomb of lhc Bernice P. Bishop j\ £u seum. Eupho1-bia mchii in honor of Rock. [159] 160 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

In October 1908 he joined the Divi­ Agriculture and Mechanic Arts to the sion of Forestry, Board of Commissio~­ College of Hawaii, Rock was placed in ers of Agriculture and Forestry,. ~~rn­ charge of the herbarium. tory of Hawaii (now Forestry DlvlSlOn, In June 1913 with a Bishop Museum Department of Land and Natural Re­ Expedition he made a trip to Palmyra sources, State of Hawaii), first as Bo­ Island which produced the Flora of Pal­ tanical Collector, and later as Botanical myra. During the 1913-14 school year Assistant. His assignment as the first he made a trip around the world at his and only Botanist of the Board consisted own expense, but his trip was not a of collecting seeds of rare Hawaiian selfish one. He collected seeds and trees and shrubs for exchange purposes plants for the reforestation of Mauna and of establishing a herbarium. His Kea and Haleakala for the Board of botanical knowledge was largely self­ Agriculture and Forestry; bamboos from taught, but his tremendous capability the Himalayan area for planting in the made the task easy. He applied him­ Panama Canal Zone at the request of self by studying the available botanical the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. De­ literature and quickly became thorough­ partment of Agriculture (which associa­ ly familiar with the native flora by tion was to continue in a Collaborator spending most of his time in the field on status until 1944); and examined Ha­ the different islands pursuing his studies. waiian herbarium specimens in Euro­ His interest in botany was not limited to pean and American institutions for the the woody plants. He made a complete College. While at the Botanisches Mu­ fern collection and at Waikiki Beach seum at Berlin-Dahlem, Rock obtained collected limn (algae), utilizing what permission to take 1,000 sheets of frag­ was perhaps the first glass bottomed boat ments and duplicates from the type col­ in Hawaii which Alexander Hume Ford lections of 'William Hillebrand, M.D., built for him. The herbarium he de­ which were made during his residence in veloped from his own Hawaiian plant the islands in 1851-71. This was fortu­ collections and from exchanges with nate since the museum's herbarium was mainland U. S. and European herbaria. destroyed on March 1, 1943, during Such specialists as O. Beccari, E. B. World 'War II. Portions of the type Copeland, C. de Candolle, A. Heimerl, specimens of Hawaiian plants described F. L. Lewton, U. Martelli, L. Radlkofer, by Dr. Asa Gray were also obtained from and A. Zahlbruckner, collaborated with the Gray Herbarium at Harvard Uni­ him in the identification of Hawaiian versity, and photographs of Hawaiian plants and published many new species specimens were made at the Harvard, from his collections. The forestry and Berlin, Vienna, and Paris museums. He botany exhibit which he prepared for developed the harbarium further by se­ the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in curing Hawaiian plant collections and 1909 won a gold medal. He wrote many specimens from Australia, Ceylon, Cuba, reports in the Board's Biennial Reports Central and South America, Java, Mau­ and The Hawaiian Forester and Agri­ ritius, New Zealand, and the Philippines wlturist. His early scientific publica­ through exchanges with other institu­ tions comprise the entire Botanical Bttl­ tions. He subsequently made several letin series of the Board. other plant introduction trips, all at his On September 1, 1911, he was trans­ own expense: in 1916 to the Philippines, ferred to the College of Hawaii as Bot­ Java, and Singapore; in 1917 to southern anist since the Board of Agriculture & California; and in 1919 to Siam, Malaya, Forestry's funds for botanical purposes and Java. were limited. Arrangements for the After 1914 he was listed in the col­ transfer of the herbarium to the College lege's catalog as the only instructor of on an indefinite loan basis were com­ the Systematic Botany Division's courses: pleted the following summer when the "Botany 10. Systematic Botany for Ad­ College's first permanent building was vanced Students" (first and second se­ constructed. Despite the changeover, he mesters, three credits) and "Botany II. continued his relationship with the Advanced Research Work in Phaeno­ Board in an honorary capacity as Con­ gamic Botany" (credits arranged). In sulting Botanist until 1921. At the four 1919 he was officially appointed Profes­ year old College, which had that year sor of Systematic Botany. One of his changed its name from the College of former students, Edwin H. Bryan, Jr. JULY 1963, VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 161

(now Curator of Collections, and Mana­ profusely illustrated with his photo­ ger, Pacific Scientific Information Cen­ graphs. He made a list of plants located ter, B. P. Bishop Museum), who was in Mrs. Mary E. Foster's estate in Nuu­ then a part-time Assistant in. Entomol­ anu Valley, Honolulu. This was signifi­ ogy at the Museum, recalls that he was can because most of the plants were in­ the only student in Rock's systematic troduced by Hillebrand whose home this botany class in 1919-20. Rock would lec­ once was. The site later became Foster ture informally in Latin or English, and Botanical Garden under the jurisdiction Bryan transcribed these notes. Bryan of the Department of Parks and Recrea­ was secretary, laboratory assistant, and tion, City and County of Honolulu. mounter for several hours each day dur­ Dr. Rock was a member of the Ad­ ing these informal "class" sessions, and visory Committee, Experiment Station assisted in the descriptions and biblio­ of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Associa­ graphic data for Pritcha1"dia> Plantago> tion. Because of the need for water to and other plant groups. Rock's mem­ irrigate the sugar cane fields, he cooper­ ory was phenomenal-there were piles ated with them on water development of books and specimens all over his since the watersheds are contained in the small work room since there were few forest reserves. They in turn published shelves and cabinets, but he knew where his treatise, The Leguminous Plants of everything was in spite of the apparent Hawaii. disorder. Before Rock left Hawaii, he Regarding his affiliation with the and Bryan arranged and cataloged the Bernice P. Bishop Museum during these herbarium. years, both Rock and the Museum sev­ In 1914 Rock was appointed to the eral times contemplated a more per­ Buildings and Grounds Faculty Com­ manent relationship although none was mittee, and placed in charge of the consummated until 1955. There was, plantings for the twenty acres allotted nevertheless, beginning in 1908 a co­ for the campus as a botanical garden. operative relationship between the two. According to the President's Report for In 1908 Forbes and Rock collected in 1915-17, "In order properly to develop several localities on Oahu. In 1913 Dr. these plantings we have prepared a per­ C. Montague Cooke, Jr., and Rock went manent plan for placing the buildings to Palmyra Island to collect shells and and drives so that no valuable plants plants for 16 days. The Museum pub­ need be planted in situations which wi'll lished two of his monographs in the later be needed for other purposes." By Memoirs series. The first, on the Lobe­ 1918 Rock had planted 500 different lioids in 1919, was one in which the species on the campus. These plants Director, Dr. W. T. Brigham had ex­ were from Asia, Indonesia, America, and pressed a keen interest 11 years before. Hawaii. All of the native plants were On the day the monograph was issued, grown from seeds, and many of them Rock told the Museum that it was his were from Rock's type collections of new hope "that every family would event­ species. ually be worked up in a r,imilar style, During his residence in Hawaii, this the whole forming an Illustrated Flora thorough and dynamic plant collector of the Hawaiian Islands." Two years explored all the major islands, staying at later a monograph on Pritchardia was each for weeks and months. He took published with Odoardo Beccari as co­ with him his botanical equipment and a author. As in his earlier works, both of view camera with glass plates. He en­ these illustrated the various taxa. Short­ listed local residents as collecting assist­ ly after Rock left Hawaii he donated ants and as subscribers to publish his to the Museum his photographs and the books. His botanizing resulted in the manuscript of Hillebran.d's Flora of the publication, by patronage, of The In­ Hawaiian Islands (1888) which he had digenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands obtained in Washington, D. C. from in 1913. In the preface he apologizes Hillebrand's son. for his construction of sentences, since In 1920, at the time of the transition English was not his native language, and of the College of Hawaii to University thereby committed what is perhaps the status, a reciprocity agreement between only grammatical error. Another tome the University and the Museum was followed four years later, The Ornamen­ made and, by legislation, the Museum tal Trees of Hawaii. Both volumes were became the Territory'S depository for 162 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mrs. Marston, the lone white person (American Lady) in Ching tung, photographed in her mission compound on the day of Dr. Rock's departure, April 4, 1922. systematic collections. The museum was and eastern Tibet memorialized through to maintain the collections with the Uni­ innumerable books, articles in scientific versity assisting in the actual collecting. journals, and in the National Geo­ In 1922, the herbarium of 28,000 speci­ gmphic Magazine. mens which Rock had amassed for the Rock had always h ad a desire to travel herbaria of the Board of Agriculture and in the Orient and the Office of Foreign Forestry and the University of Hawaii Seed and Plant Introduction, Bureau of was transferred to the Bishop Museum, PIaI'll Industry, U. S. Department of which at that time had only 53,000 Agriculture fil st provided this opportu­ specimens. In 1941 the remainder of the nity for him. In 1920 he was sent to Board's herbarium of 529 specimens, of Indo-China, Siam, Burma, and India which 315 were Rock's, and in 1958 the to find seeds of the chaulmoogra (Hyd­ Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association "I10caTPW hurzii (King) vVarbergj. In Herbarium. of 3,000 specimens (about 1918 Dr. A. L. Dean, President of the 10% having been collected by Rock) College of Hawaii, had prepared con­ were given to the :Museum. Rock him­ stituents of the chaulmoogra oil in large self was to deposit the specimens he col­ quantities for clinical use and estab­ lected after 1953 in the Museum. lished them as the first usable cure for On May 25, 1920, Rock left Hawaii to H ansen's disease. Due to the success of spend the next three decades in active Rock's exploration, a plantation of 2,980 exploration and research in Asia. Dur­ trees of this and related species were ing this period he was to collect thou­ planted in the 'l\Taiahole Forest Reserve sands of botanical, orni thological, and on Oahu in 1921-22. zoological specimens; to introduce thou­ In 1922 Rock took up his residence in sands of Asiatic plants to the United Li-chiang, the heart of the N a-khi States; to map and photograph hereto­ country. His interest in these aborig· fore unknown regions; to translate vol­ inal people and their unique culture led umes of native literature; to do research him to make, a decade later, his life on the peoples, culture, folklore, reli­ work the study of the Na-khi tribe of gion, and geography of western China northwest Yiin-nan Province, China. JULY 1963, VOLUME 42, NUi\lBER 3 163

Using Li-chiang as a base, Rock ex­ There he observed the Butter Festival plored and collected plants on the near­ and the Mystery Plays of this almost un­ by Snow Range to the 17,000 foot level, kncivn1 tribe. In the spring he made a in the Kingdom of l'vIu-li, and along the reconnaissance of the Amnye Ma-chhen Burma-China border. By 1923 he was Range, hurried because of hostile Go­ far into Yun-nan Province in southwest lock tribesmen, followed by several China, and the National Geographic So­ months exploring the Tebbu country, ciety took over the sponsorship of his ex­ an area rich in wild mountain scenery plorations for more than a year. He and beautiful flora where no Caucasian continued his work in the mountain had ever before set foot. He wintered ranges in the vicinity of the i\lekong and in Cho-ni again. In the spring of 1927 Yangtze Rivers, searching for new plant he left in a southwesterly direction to materiaL During this period he collect­ Kuan-hsien, crossed the plain to Cheng­ ed over 80,000 plant specimens, as well tu, and took the overland route to as seeds of many Asiatic ornamentals as Chungking before proceeding by steam­ yet not introduced into the \I\T estern er to Shanghai, arriving there in May World. He also collected 1,600 skins of 1927. On this botanical and zoological birds which were presented to the U. S. expedi tion, he collected 20,000 herbari­ National Museum. um specimens in addition to the many In 1924 Rock returned to 'Washing­ packets of propagative material, and ton, D. c., visiting the Arnold Arbore­ 1,000 skins of birds, although the latter tum that summer. Professor C. S. Sar­ collection was a secondary task. gent, Director, expressed his interest in In 1927 after a short res t in the sending a botanist to collect seeds of United States the National Geographic woody plants from t'wo little known Society appointed him to direct their mountain ranges (Amnye Ma-chhen and Southwest China Expedition, a three Richthofen) near the Yellow River. As year task. By May 1928 he was in Yung­ a result of this conference, Rock was se­ ning, home of the Hli-khin (Mo-so) lected to do this under the sponsorship tribe, and then in Mu-li, Szechuan of Harvard University. In addition to Province, before exploring and collect­ collecting for the Arnold Arboretum, ing on the 14,000 and 17,000 ft. levels of the :Museum of Comparative Zoology di­ the Konka Risumgongba Range. The rected the collecting of orni thological winter was spent in Nv-1v-k'i::i, Yun-nan, specimens from northwest China and where he explored the eastern slopes of Tibet. Rock returned to Yiin-nan Prov­ the Li-chiang Snow Range. In the ince and secured the help of his former spring he returned to Mu-li to explore Na-khi assistants. In spite of bouts with and map the Minya Konka Range. Dur­ flu and bronchitis, and with his expedi­ ing the late summer and fall he was in tion repeatedly threatened with brigand the valleys and ranges of the great river attacks, the Arboretum received the first trenches of Asia: the Yalung, Mekong, packet of seeds one year after he left San Salwin and Yangtze Rivers. There some Francisco. More v"ere sent later. These of the canyon walls were over two miles were distributed to all principal botani­ above the rivers. He returned to Nv-Iv­ cal and horticultural institutions in the k'i::i for the winter of 1929-30, continuing northern parts of North America and the survey of the eastern slopes of the Europe. Rock explored the Yangtze Li-chiang Snow Range. Along with the River country, along the Kansu-Szechu­ thousands of plant specimens and seeds an border, the Tebbu region in south­ collected, he sent 1,700 birds to the U_ S. western Kansu, and the Koko Nor Lake National Museum. at 10,700 ft. elevation in northeast Tibet. In 1930 Rock returned to the United He searched for plant material in the States for a short visit and was sent back Richthofen Range, only to discover that to China for two years, this time by the it was almost bare of vegetation. Never­ Harvard Museum of Comparative Zool­ theless, he collected as much seed as he ogy. During this period he faced many could. In later years it was discovered difficulties for the country was filled wi th that the conifer seeds which he collected bandits. Again with his Na-khi assist­ proved to be important in the reforesta­ ants, he explored the Mekong and Sal­ tion of areas with a severe climate. He win valleys and the Irrawaddy head­ spent the winter of 1925-26 in the La­ waters, collecting 1,800 skins of birds. masary of Cho-ni on the Kansu Steppes. The University of California Botanical 164 THE Al'vIERICAN HORTICUL TURAL MAGAZINE

u.s. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE J. F. Rock Expedition Caravan camping under Ficus religiosa of the Wat Luang of Muang Hai, Yiin-nan. Garden undertook Rock's research in tinued, on his own, his studies of the 1932-33. Again he colLected thousands N a-khi peoples which he had begun two of seeds and herbarium specimens from years before. For nearly 12 years he . western China, including species of Rho­ studied and translated religious texts of dodendron, Potentilla, Berberis, Mecon­ the N a-khi tribe of northeast Yiin-nan opsis, and Primula, which were distrib­ Province. He had agents scouring China uted by the University to many other for rare classics and texts. In 1935 be­ botanical gardens, including the Royal cause of the conflict between the Chinese Botanic Garden at Edinburgh. Nationalists and Communists he evacu­ Many times during these different ex­ ated his library to Indo-China, returned peditions Rock was thought to be "lost." it to Kunming, and had to repeat this As Honorary Collaborator for the U. S. the following year for the same reasons. National Museum, his research encom­ Many times during this period at the passed ethnology, botany, and zoology. urging of his friends he thought of re­ He was also Collaborator with the Har­ turning to Hawaii because of the politi­ vard-Yenching Institute and Agricultur­ cal unrest in China. During 1938-40 he al Advisor to the Provincial Government held the position of Research Professor of yun-nan. This portion of his life is in Chinese Culture at the University of vividly depicted in a series of ten highly Hawaii. In 1938 the Japanese bombed pictorial articles which he contributed Kunming and for the third time he sent to the National Geogmphic Magazine his library to Indo-China. Except for a (1922-35) . brief period in Europe, he was almost On his way to Europe in 1933. he told continuously in Dalat, South Annam Honolulu newspaper reporters that he from 1938 until 1940, when he directed now considered himself "too old" for ex­ the U. S. National Museum's ornitho­ ploration and living in the wilds, for it logical expedi tion to Annam and Cam­ was a month's journey to the nearest bodia. In 1941, the Japanese bombing of physician. However, after spending the Shanghai destroyed the plates of a four holidays in Vienna, he went back to volume work in the process of printing. China in 1934 via the United States and By this time he had published six arti­ Hawaii. The exploration portion of his cles and two books about the Na-khi life was now behind him and he con- people. JULY 1963, VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 165

U.S . DE PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE J. F. Rock Expedition Another view of the caravan camping at Wat Luang of Muang Hai, Yiin-nan. His research was further interrupted Li-chiang to continue his translations of by World War II. In 1944 he was evac­ the pictographic and syllabic scripts of uated by plane to the United States, be­ the Na-khi tribe. In 1948 he was forced coming Expert Consultant and Geo­ to go to Boston for a brief period be­ graphic Specialist and later, until 1945, cause of illness. In May 1949 a band of Research Analyst for the U. S. Army 4,000 bandits threatened to capture Li­ Map Service in Washington, D. C. As chiang and he was forced to flee to the only authority of that region, he pre­ Kunming and the N a-khi Dto-mba, who pared maps of western China for mili­ was assisting Rock with mis translations, tary use. The Minya Konka Range fled to his home. When the bandits were which he had mapped and explored for defeated a month later, he returned to the National Geographic Society in 1929 Li-chiang by plane and was greeted by was the route which American pilots an army with machine guns leveled at flew between India and Chungking, him. There he found that the day be­ China. fore his arrival, the town had been taken The culmination of twelve years of re­ over by Communists. After they searched search was lost when the ship carrying his possessions for arms, they left. He his manuscripts from Calcutta to the was told by the villagers that Americans United States was sunk by Japanese tor­ were no longer wanted in China. The pedoes in the Arabian Sea. All that was N a-khi Dto-mba did not return for fear left were three photostated volumes of reprisals. Rock remained in Li-chiang which Walter Swingle of the U.S.D.A. for a month. After being proclaimed as had insisted be deposited in the Library one of the public enemies by the Com­ of Congress in 1934. At this time he was munists, he was finally forced to leave offered a Research Associate position at his beloved China forever. the University of Hawaii but chose in­ He went to Rome to confer with Pro­ stead to return to China to continue his fessor Guiseppe Tucci, President of the research. Italian Institute of the Middle and Far As Research Fellow of the Harvard­ East about continuing his work. The Yenching Institute from 1945 to 1950, Institute undertook publication of sev­ he was finally able to return to China at eral of his volumes in their Oriental the end of 1946. He again resided in Series. He spent the next two years be- 166 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE tween England and India, still wit? the time on the island of Maui. In 1955-56 hope of being able to return to Chma. he botanized on Kauai and Hawaii, and During and after his residence in 1956-57 on Hawaii. China, he collected and translated k:y In December 1955 Dr. Rock was ap­ volumes of over 8,000 books of the ong­ pointed Honorary Associate in Botany at inal literature of the N a-khi tribe, wrote the Bernice P. Bishop Museum and later many articles and books about the Na­ published four papers on new species khi, and took the first natural color pho­ discovered, mainly in the Lobeliaceae. tographs of the Tibetan borderland re­ All of the Hawaiian specimens which he gions. He introduced into the Western collected were deposited in the Bishop 'World 493 species of RhododendTOn, :Museum, as well as his Hawaiian collec­ more than had been previously known tion note books, photographs, and glass in America. Plants were distributed by plates which he made 40 years ago. He. his sponsoring institutions and planted in turn, was given a copy of his own out­ in the Golden Gate State Park in San of-print book, The Indigenous Trees ot Francisco, the University of California the Hawaiian Islands, for he had none Botanical Garden, the Puget Sound Area, at this time. the eastern coast of the United States, During these later years he confined Canada, the Arnold Arboretum, Kew most of his botanizing to the "roadside" Gardens, and the Royal Botanic Gardens category, taking advantage of the jeep at Edinburgh. He also introduced blight­ roads built during World War II. He resistant chestnuts from China which found that it was now easy to visit areas were widely distributed by the USDA formerly inaccessible. He discovered that in the hopes of restoring this plant to many of the species with which he was the American forests. During one trip familiar over 35 years ago had vanished he collected 6,000 chestnut plants. He to extinction, remaining only as "dried also brought back many conifer seeds, corpses in the herbaria." Even though he including spruce, fir, hemlock, pine, and had been absen t for a long period from juniper, as well as hundreds of flowering Hawaii, he still knew the plants and plants. His thousands of herbarium where they grew. specimens and birds and scores of mam­ Rock was considered by many to be mals were deposited in the U. S. Na­ the "Father of Hawaiian Botany," where­ tional Museum, Arnold Arboretum, and as his predecessor, Hillebrand, was the the Harvard Museum of Comparative "Grandfather." His plant collections Zoology. Portions of his plant collections were prolific, for he collected everywhere were sent to European herbaria for de­ and extensively in the Hawaiian native terminations and duplicates are to be forests. Duplicate specimens are at Ar­ found there and in other American in­ nold Arboretum, Gray Herbarium. New sti tutions. York Botanical Garden, U. S. National His valuable Oriental library, once at Museum, and other herbaria. He de­ the University of Hawaii, and at differ­ scribed hundreds of new species and va­ ent times in storage or in transit, was rieties in his 56 publications resulting eventually purchased by the University from his Hawaiian residence. He was of Washington for $25,000. Because of considered the specialist of Hawaiian his outstanding contributions to the PritchaTdia, Lobeliaceae, and other na­ knowledge of western China through his tive plant groups. To his Hawaiian in­ numerous publications, he was appointed timates he was known as Pohaku, the permanent Honorary Research Associate Hawaiian word for Rock. at the University of Washington's Far His linguistic ability was outstanding. East & Russian Institute in 1954. German was his native language, but as Increased interest in the establishment a youth he had learned Hungarian from of a botanical garden in Hawaii even­ his grandmother, and Chinese at the age tually returned him to his beloved Ha­ of 15 by self-study. He had taught Arabic waiian Islands. For a time he made his at the age of 16 at the Vienna Univer­ headquarters with his contemporary, Dr. sity. He was fluent in Italian, French. Harold L. Lyon, Director Emeritus of Spanish, Tibetan, Latin, Greek, and the the HSPA Experiment Station. During various languages of the aboriginal peo­ his visit in 1953, he had prints made of ples of West China. He had a reading Hillebrand's types of Hawaiian plants. knowledge and comprehension of Japa­ The following year he spent most of his nese, Hindi, and Sanskrit. When he vis- JULY 1963, VOLUi'dE 42, NUMBER 3 ]67 ited countries such as Iceland, he was sometimes the only specimen of the new­ able to quickly comprehend the lan­ ly described taxon. guage and converse with the people. He Shortly before his death he was in Eu­ spoke English without a Germanic ac­ rope classifying Na-khi manuscripts. His cent. two volume dictionary of the language Dr. Rock was a member of many or­ is now in press, finally completed, in ganizations and received many awards. spite of years of difficulties caused by In 1930 Vienna University in Austria forced evacuations, bandits and commu­ and Baylor University in 'Naco, Texas, nists, war, bombing, inflation, cholera awarded him Doctor of Laws degrees, and other illnesses, and the loss of his and in April 1962 the University of Ha­ manuscripts. This dictionary is the cul­ waii honored him with a Doctor of Sci­ mination of his long years of exhaustive ence degree, hon oTis causa. He was and painstaking research of a culture al­ awarded the Gold Medal by the Royal most entirely vanished from the rapidly Horticultural Society at the 200th an­ changing scene of Asia. niversary celebration at Kew Gardens; He had suffered a heart ailment for the Stanislaus Julien Award of the In­ several years and moved to Hawaii for stitut des Belles Lettl"es by the Academie health reasons once more. He was Francaise, Paris, in 1948; and the Gold stricken with a heart attack shortly after Medal by the American Rhododendron arising on December 5, 1962, at the home Society in 1954. He was honorary life of Mr. and Mrs. A. Lester :iVIarks in up­ member of the National Geographic So­ per Nuuanu Valley, Honolulu. He had ciety (1925), Harvard Travellers Club, made his home with them since 1957. Rhododendron Association (London), His greenhouses there were filled with and the North American Lily Society; native and exotic plants, including Ha­ fellow of the American Geographical So­ waiian Lobelioids which he had grown ciety, Royal Geographical Society (Lon­ from seed. Some of the Hawaiian plants. don), and Royal Asiatic Society of are for future planting on the Bishop Bengal; corresponding member of the Museum grounds. This year he donated Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient, 80 species of plants to the University of Hanoi (1938); member of the Royal Hawaii, adding further to the original Asiatic Society of North China, Botani­ campus tropical botanical garden which cal Society of America, Torrey Botanical he founded 50 years ago. Club, West China Border Research So­ Although for 40 years his interests lay ciety, Washington Biological Society, mainly in western China, he confessed American Primrose Society, California to the writer last year that he would be Horticultural Society, Seattle Rhododen­ delighted if anyone brought him a Ha­ dron Society, and the Alpine Garden waiian Lobelioid. This was indicated by Society. In Hawaii he was honorary the last botanical paper published be­ member of the Hawaiian Botanical So­ fore his death, entitled Hawaiian Lobe­ ciety, Friends of Foster Garden, and Ha­ lioids (B. P. Bishop Museum Occasional waiian Botanical Gardens Foundation, Papers XXIII (5): 64-75, August 17,. Inc., and Honorary Chairman of the 1962). That his heart still lay in Botany University of Hawaii's Campus Beauti­ was confirmed by his presence at the fication and Landscaping Faculty Com­ Hawaiian Botanical Society lecture (co­ mittee (1962-63). One of the Univer­ sponsored with the Friends of Foster sity's campus drives is named Ro~k Garden, Hawaiian Academy of Science, Road. He was listed in Who's Who zn and Hawaiian Botanical Gardens Foun­ A merica for thirty years and in the dation, Inc.), "Plant Collecting in the AmeTican Men of Science. In 1909 Andes," just two days before his death. Forbes was the first to name a new spe­ This expert on plant collecting in Ha­ cies in Rock's honor, and today many waii and China had planned to make a: hundreds of plants and birds bear the botany trip to the island of Hawaii two specific name of Rockii. In 1913 Anton Heimerl established the genus Rockw, weeks later. with one species, R. sandwicensis (Fam­ Pohaku was laid to rest with the plants. ily Nyctaginaceae). This was done to he loved on December 10th, one week distinguish Rock as a collector and be­ after his last public appearance, in cause he collected the first, best, and Nuuanu Valley's Oahu Cemetery. 168 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

A seedling of 'Blackrose' X 'Dunstan 56'. The pollen parent orig­ inated from a cross of 'Chaouch', a pure vinifera, and 'Seyve-Villard 12-375\ a Franco-American hybrid. New Grapes For Old: California Moves East

ROBERT T. DUNSTAN*

Nature, the poets say, abhors monot­ and more of failure, he cherishes still his ony and moves by silent magic in her dream of seeing a Tokay or Dattier microcosm, unhurried, to evolve the dif­ come to fruit; and season in and season ferent and the new, and thus is beauty out, with envy in his heart, he orders a ever fresh enhanced upon our earth. few more vines from California. The gardener, attuned to beauty as he This he does for the simple reason is, falls easy prey to the fascination of that V. vinifera) commonly and errone­ the new or the exotic, the appeal of ously called "California" grapes, can in­ either one being well-nigh irresistible. deed be grown in the East, though only And thereby hangs a tale, a chapter in at a price. Not the price of a king's ran­ our viticulture as colorful as it is old som quite, but that of endless coddling; and filled with dismal failure. so much, in fact, that all early attempts For generations lovers of the vine in to establish commercial vineyards here the eastern United States have dreamed ended in abysmal failure. Nor will it of gathering from their trellises such ta­ grow just an ywhere, even for the doting ble grapes as those whose loveliness the amateur, because the species as a whole ancient poet Virgil sang, or other sorts is sensitive to cold. It can endure the the like of which bold Joshua and Caleb winter in the milder parts of the Middle brought to lure the tribes of Israel from Atlantic States, it survives a little farther their wanderings in the wilderness, the to the North with some protection, and Old World grapes, Vi tis vinifera in the suffers least throughout the Upper books of Botany. Malaga from Mother South. Yet cold is not its highest hurdle. Spain, dainty seedless Black Nlonukka In our hot and humid summers the vini­ and regal Muscat from the arid East, fera, if left alone, is soon laid low by pure ambrosia fit to grace a sultan's enemies of leaf and cane, by fungus dis­ feast-these are names to call forth vi­ eases and insect pests, the latter seeming sions of delight straight out of Eden's to find it tastier than their native fare. bounty. If these are foiled by deadly spray and V. vinifera is a magnificent species, dust, still other foes are there, all but vast and ancient. From the dry and unseen beneath the soil to bring it swift­ sunny land of its origin somewhere near ly down: phylloxera, the louse, to foul the Caspian Sea it has now found its way its roots, and nematodes and rots galore. to all the temperate regions of the world. But these latter threats, though fatal if So immensely numerous and diverse are ignored, are easily circumvented with its forms-some thousands of varieties grafting knife and congenial root-stock are known-that certain taxonomists di­ at home in local soil. From this strata­ vide it in to five distinct species. As gem of grafting other gains as well ac­ would be natural within such great di­ crue. Hardiness to cold may be increased versity of type, there is wide variation in and maturity of fruit be hastened. (Cur­ response to environment; yet broadly rent tests may prove the culture of cer­ speaking, the vinifera is most at home tain classic wine varieties on proper where winters are moist and mild and stocks to be profitable even in New harvest time sun-drenched and dry. York.) Now the amateur gardener is a patient If we speak thus far mainly of ama­ and persistent soul, not easily dismayed. teur grape growers, it is that early in the And so, impelled by an ardent yearning, story of our grapes there were few pro­ and all undaunted by two hundred years fessionals. It was they, the dreamers and the doers, the prophets and the lovers of *Grecnsboro College, Greensboro, North Carolina. the vine - Rogers, Campbell, Wylie,

[169] 170 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL :MAGAZINE

A. second generation backcross hybrid of bunch grape X muscadine, in its third season from seed. JULY 1963, VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 171

and lastly Munson, genius and scholar "direct pTOducers" and as a pool of new that he was, towering high above them genetic material. For these are the prog­ all-whose patient labors and whose eny, through generations refined, of mat­ skill brought forth the new and worthy ings of the classic French vinifera with vines for our vineyards of a later day. our native best, collected aBd sent by Dr. All sought out the choicest of our na­ Munson. (It was these wild species­ tive species and these they mated to the V. aestivalis, riparia, lincecumii, and Old World's best to bring each new gen­ more-whose robust roots as grafting­ eration closer to the "dream." stocks resistant to phylloxera had saved Nor were the new creations of these the Old World's vineyards from the amateurs the total of their gifts; assidu­ scourge.) ous men and filled with splendid zeal, Now a cardinal virtue of some of they inspired others. Thus around the these new aristocrats, nouvelle noblesse beginning of this century, with Dr. de la vigne, will not be lost upon the Munson's special aid and urging, our astute breeder. Somewhere in their vast public institutions took up the task, and complexity, in the subtle mingling of several State and Federal Stations have their genes, Nature allowed a fairer bal­ brought it forward to our time. ance in the "crossing over"; and thus it From these stations have been released is that here and there among these vines scores of handsome fruits to swell the there are individuals which to a high early list, and each has doubtless proved degree combine the exuberant vigor and its greater worth. Some, indeed-the resplendent health of their wildling Munson best, as well as those of later mothers with the fabled fruit of their date-in eye-appeal and pleasure in the pollen sires. eating are fair approximations of the W"hat then of our early prophets' elat­ "dream." Let doubters taste the nectar ing dream? May Nature yet be cozened of a lilac 'Ellen Scott' or spicy 'Seneca', or wheedled into h aste to let this thing amber, crisp, and cool! Yet even these, of beauty be, this perfect marriage of the despi te the solid virtues of their frui t, vine our breeders long have sought to have one "Achilles' heel": low resistance make? to disease. The day seems nearer than once it The breeder's boon is here his bane, did, [or now the fruits, quite literally, for the genes transmitting vinifera's ele­ after years of breeding are hanging in gance of fruit have seemed too closely the testing plots, the promise of fulfill­ linked with those imparting high sus­ ment close at hand (Figures I and 2). ceptibility to the mildews and the rots. These are the fruits of lines uniting Poor amateur, he still must pet and Munson daughters with the sons of pamper most those hybrid vines whose Seyve-Villard and Seibel, Geneva Station fruits resemble most in excellence the beauties with a proud Landot, and their paragon itself! offspring to a Turkish maiden, say, or But let him not despair! In recent such a swain as Fresno Station's new­ years our breeders of the grape have re­ born star 'Blackrose'. These are fruits, ceived a treasure "above the price of moreover, which in berry size and form, rubies," interest, as it were, upon a debt in texture of the flesh and skin, in suc­ of gratitude, or "bread upon the wa­ culence and savor are fair rivals to no ters," of Dr. Munson's casting, come lesser lights than true 'Blackrose' or a back home: the best of France's breed­ "lady finger" 'Olivette'. ing work of generations. Illustrious Among these vines our long-gone names they bear, these F~-anco-American dreamers' spirits walk, we hope, content; hybrids, the names of the men whose for what they see and taste, if spirits can, labors made them: Seibel and Seyve­ is dream transmuted into living leaf and Villard, Couderc and Vidal, Galibert, fruit, the near-ideal, upon a single vine, Ravaz, Landot-seekers all of the same yet not one vine alone. And seeing what bright dream. these spirits see the Thomases no longer Among the hundreds chosen from the doubt. millions of seedlings bred are vines of Faith, it is said, removes mountains. amazing health and beauty and enor­ Faith and the laws Fra Gregor Mendel mous economic worth. Having revital­ once traced out, working long together, ized France's viticulture, they come now are moving, as it were, California to the to add their strength to ours, both as East. A Book or Two

Wild Plants for Survival in South Outdoor Lighting for Your Home Florida Stanley Schuler. D. Van Nostrand. New Julia F. Morton. Hurricane House, 3744 York. 1962. 192 pages, 183 black and white Stewart Avenue, Coconut Grove, Miami, illustrations. $5.95 (Library) Florida. 1962. 76 pages. Illustrated. (Library) If you can afford extensive outdoor lighting South Florida (that part of the peninsula ly­ (and it is apparent that many people can) a ing south of a line drawn between Sarasota and book like this is a handy reference. The aim is Palm Beach) is a unique area since it is a meet­ to show how to make the best use of lights ing ground of tropical and temperate plant spe­ around the home and how to select, place, and cies. Many of the former are not found else­ direct lights to achieve one's desires. Night where in the United States, hence the value of lighting is not new; it has been skillfully em· this slim volume as a popular source of infor­ played by the Japanese for centuries and the mation on over 125 native edible (and poison­ objective is not necessarily to merely flood a ous) plants. These are grouped according to garden with light but to create glamor, en­ primary habitat (seashore, inland waterways and chantment, and pictorial associations in gardens swamps, woods and fields) and then listed al­ not observed in daylight. With us it is a sur­ phabetically by scientific name. Family and prisingly new idea, scarcely pre-dating 'World common names are also given plus distribution, '!\Tar II, except for Christmas tree lighting. a concise description of each species, and a para­ In short, the author feels light contributes to graph of uses. Some 89 excellent black and the comfort, safety, and appearance of the white photographs illustrate the more photo­ home and is enjoyable. If you want to partici­ genic species. Visitors to South Florida will be pate in increased enjoyment of the plants happy to hear that if lost " in the bush" they around your home, you might consider night can find plants for all purposes hom fruits to lighting and this book will help you get the nuts, potherbs to beverages, plus seasonings, most for your effort. masticatories and even tooth brush and soap J. L. C. substitutes. The only critical comment one might make is very minor-namely that the format of this volume is not conducive to fit­ ting it in a hip pocket; certainly a handy pocket size would have made it a required companion Roses. Pleasures and Treasures for a South Florida wilderness outing. W. H. HODGE Peter Coates. G. P. Putnam's Sons. New York. 1962. 106 pages, 117 plates in color and b/w. $3. 95 (Library) This is not a text on roses in the ordinary Atlas of the British Flora sense but rather a remarkable collection of short discussions on the rose as it figures in history, Edited by F. H. Perring and S. M. Walters. medicine, literature, and art. Chapters are also Published for the Botanical Society of the devoted to origin of the rose, rose gardens of British Isles by Thomas Nelson and Sons, early times, and some notes on varieties and Ltd. 1962. $22.50 (Library) cultivation. This Atlas contains distribution maps of near­ It certainly is a book to be enjoyed by rosario ly all the flowering plants and ferns native or ans and the horticulturally inclined who have a naturalized in the British Isles, including Ire­ fascination for history. This is beautifully done land. There are over 400 pages of maps, four -one finds the origin of such phrases as sub maps to a page, showing the distribution of rosa, the significance of the rose in medieval about 1,700 species. The data were collected times, and heraldry up to the founding of Queen voluntarily by British botanists, both amateur Alexandra's Rose Day (1912) . One finds also, and professional, who sent in lists from everv the rose in cookery-a recipe for candied rose corner of the British Isles between 1954 and petals-literature, even to include the part 1960. This work is a model of cooperation be­ played in Carroll's "Alice" books and Oscar tween the professional and amateur botanist to Wilde. create a work useful to both. Horticulturists Origin is in relation to the basic roses of the who grow some kinds of European plants will Far East·Western Europe, the moss and tea find this work not unuseful. roses, and related species fundamental to rose F.G. M. development.

(Boo.ks av.ailable for .loan to the Membership are designated: (Library). Those not so designated are In private collectIOns and are not available for loan. Books available Jor sale to the Member· shiP are desIgnated with the special reduced price and are subject to the usual change of price WIthout notice. Orders must be sent through the American Horticultural Society accompanied by the proper payment. Please allow two to three weeks for delivery. Those not designated for sale. to t~e M~mbership at reduced prices can be purchased. through the Society, however, at the "etazi prices gIVen. 111 these instances the full profit is "eceived by the Society to be used for increased services and benefits of the Membrship.) [172] JULY 1963, VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 173

The photography is excellent throughout ane! l'he Savory Wild Mushroom, A Pacific the color reproduction is brilliant. Manufacture of the book is Italian. The endpapers are repro­ Northwest Guide ductions of rose ornamented wallpaper from Queen Victoria's bedroom in Kensington Palace. Margaret McKenny. University of 'Washing­ ton Press, Seattle. 1962. 133 pages, paper­ J. L. C. back, illustrated 48 color, 33 black-and-white. $3.95. (Library) vVritten by an intrepid field naturalist whose real forte is birds and nature photography, Miss McKenny is only sli ghtly less talented as an au­ thor in botanical subjects. This, her second work on mushrooms is a paperback guidebook of 133 pages written expressly for amateur and Die Rose non-trained agaricolog'ists living in the Pacific Northwest. The book, however, will be almost Gergely Mark. Verlag der Ungarischeri Akad­ as useful far beyond that area since few species emie der Wissenschaften, Budapest. 1962. 366 of mushrooms are confined geographically to pages, 8vo, 48 black and white plates plus 7 an area as limited as the Pacific Northwest. in color. Bound in a convenient pocket size of 7% Called the Queen of Flowers by rosarians and inches by 5 inches, the books is divided into six others, the rose stands at the pinnacle of popu­ chapters: Edible Mushrooms (63 species) ; Poi­ larity among garden flowers. sonous Mushrooms (14 species); Non-poisonous Mushrooms to be Avoided (7 species); Cookery. The book begins with a taxonomic classifica­ A chapter on poisonous mushrooms is contrib­ tion of the genus Rosa according to Rehder. uted by Varro E. Tyler, professor of pharma­ Seventy-two species of wild rose are described cognosy at the University of vVashington. Pho­ under the appropriate Class. This part of the tographs, 48 in color plus 33 in black and white, work is highly useful, since for reference pur­ illustrate all but three of the mushrooms dis­ poses the origins of some garden hybrids are cussed. indicated along with the appropriate wild par­ In the author's own words " this book is for ental species. Much of the book is devoted to the mushroom hunter, an answer to the ever modern garden roses under the various classes, recuning question, 'Is it good to eat?' "; and the i.e., hybrid tea, tea, remomant, polyantha, poly­ book clearly answers another question, 'What is antha hybrid, Horibunda, rugosa, rugosa hybrid, the difference between a mushroom and a toad­ multiflora, sempervirens, and rambler. For each stool?' variety the date of introduction and the parent­ As a field guide this book is a must. More age is given as well as a full description of the books of this kind are needed to help crystallize plant. native instincts of untrained persons yearning to At the end of the book, cultural methods are understand the great out-of-doors. The book covered as they obviously must apply under con­ has on ly one fault, a ll of the illustrations should tinental European conditions. There is a sec­ have been in color, for without color accurate tion on rose culture under glass. A tabulation identification of mushrooms is impossible. In of rose varieties by class and by color also is general the color is ex cell en t. In this book the given. Some geneologies of rose hybrids are University of 'Washington Press has scored an­ given and there is a glossary and a short bibli­ other success in the field of natural history ography, plus a good index. Rose cultivar or pu bl ica tions. variety names are cited with single quotation FREDERICK G. MEYER marks in accordance with the current Interna­ tional Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, thus in this respect the book is up-to­ date. T echnically, the book has been beauti­ American Wildlife and Plants fully produced. The black and white photo­ graphs and the colored plates of garden roses A guide to wildlife food habits: the use are superb. The text is in German. of trees, shrubs, weeds, and herbs by birds FREDERICK G. MEYER and mammals of the United States Alexander C. Martin, Herbert S. Zim, and Arnold L. Nelson. Dover Publications, Inc., 180 Varick Street, l\ew York 14, New York. 1951 (Dover Paperbound Edition, 1961) . 500 A Sense of Nature pages. III ustra ted. $2.00. (Library)

John Hay and Arline Strong. Doubleday & A new edition of a book originally published Co. New York. 128 plates with descriptive about ten years ago. It discusses native animals captions. (Library) and birds and their food. Plants, native and a few cultivated kinds, are published to interest (Basically a photographic l'ecord of children bird lovers in the problem of wildlife food habi­ and natu re.) tat and the plants that provide food for them. The Gardeners' Pocketbook

Pistillate cones of Metasequ.oia glyptostroboides

Metasequoia glyptostroboides thought to represent ancestral forms, or 'National' to be closely related to the Redwood, Sequoia sempen;il·ens, and the California The most notable plant to be called a Big Tree, Sequoiadendl·o17 gigonteum. "living fossil " is Ginkgo biloba - the Others were considered to be more close­ Ginkgo, or Maidenhair Tree. In 1941 , Iv related to the Bald Cypress, Taxodi­ with the naming of the fossil genus um distichum, of southeastern United Nletasequoia and the discovery four States. It remained for a Japanese bot­ years later of living trees in China, an­ anist named Miki to discover that many other "living fossil" was "born." The of the fossils previously described as be­ metasequoia story, however, had its be­ longing to, or being closely related to, ginning nearly a hundred years ago. the modern genera, Sequoia, Sequoia­ In mid-1800, a fossil plant that was to dendron and Taxodium, were different be later named Sequoia lana;sdorfii was in a number of respects. The most discovered in deposits laid down during striking difference noted was the oppo­ the Eocene, a geological period dating site arrangement of the leaves in the fos­ sil, as opposed to the alternate arrange­ back 70 million years. During this pe­ ment in the other genera. For this and riod the plant was wide spread in the other reasons, Miki, in 1941, established middle latitudes of North America and the new genus Metasequoia. This was Asia. Similar fossil plants were discov­ four years before it was definitely known ered and were also assigned as species of that living plants of this species existed the genus Sequoia because they were in China. [174] J U LY ]963 , VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 175

Metasequoia glyptostroboides 'National', a selection of the Dawn Red­ wood made at the U. S. National Arboretum for its well-shaped upright habit. This tree is ten years old. 176 THE Arv[ERICAN BORTICUL TURAL MAGAZINE

A c ., •

Leaf characteristics of (A) Taxodium distichum, (B) Metasequoia glyptostroboides, and (C) Sequoia sempervirens.

Metasequoia was found to occur nat­ the M etase qn oia is now so widely found urally in Hupeh and Szechuan provinces in cultivation. In 1947 the Arnold Ar­ in Western China at approximately 30 boretum provided funds for a collecting degrees north latitude. Its range is lim­ trip to procure seeds from China; and, ited to an area of approximately 300 in 1948 the National Arboretum re­ square miles. It occurs at alti tudes of ceived some of the seeds collected on from 2100 to 4000 feet and in sandy, that expedition. Approximately 300 slightly acid soils. It apparently grows seedlings were raised and planted in the best along streams and in seepage areas heavy clay acid soils at the National Ar­ which probably accounts for its native boretum and in sites having different name Shui-sha meaning water fir or light and moisture conditions (average spruce. The largest tree measured was annual rainfall in \l\Tashington, D. C., is about 105 feet in height and 7 feet in 41 inches). diameter. The following chart shows the 1958 It is to the credit of the late Dr. E. D. height of these seedlings after ten grow­ Merrill of the Arnold Arboretum that ing seasons:

Number of Average Height Range in Height Site Characteristics Trees (Feet) (Feet) Moist-full sun 21 18.8 15.5 to 35 Moderately dry-high shade 123 5.6 3 to 9.2 of oaks and poplars Moderately moist-full sun 46 12.6 6 to 18.5 Seasonally moist-full sun 44 14.1 8.4 to 20.5 Dry slope-full sun 39 12.9 5.9 to 25.0 JULY 1963, VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 177

The lower trunk of Metasequoia glyptostroboides becomes distinctly a buttress type as the tree ages.

In addition to differences in growth is quite likely that 'National' can be rate, there are also variables in growth safely grown in Zone 6 (U. S. Depart­ habit from narrow pyramidal to nearly ment of Agriculture Hardiness Zone globose forms. Globose, or spreading Map) temperatures ranging from ten be­ forms, seemed to arise from pyramidal low zero to zero). 'National' started pro­ specimens that, after a few years, showed ducing pistillate cones (female seed bear­ a sharp decrease in the annual terminal ing cones) when nine years old, but no growth of the main axis, probably the seeds have been produced. No staminate result of damage to the terminal bud. cones (male) have ever been observed. In 1958 a fast-growing, narrow-pyra­ No serious insect or disease problems midal seedling was selected at the Na­ have been noted. Grass and flowering tional Arboretum, and it was given the shrubs should grow well under its light name 'National'. In all other respects shade. this selection is similar to other j\1.eta­ 'N ational' has been distributed to a sequoia seedlings that have been ob­ number of arboretums and botanical served. It attained a height of 35 feet in gardens throughout the country. Plants ten growing seasons from seed while should be available in the commercial growing in a moist site in full sunlight. nursery trade within two or three years. Cuttings from this selection grew 11 feet in five years in a nursery row. Like References many other seedlings of lvletasequoia, Chaney, Ralph "V.: Sequ.oia, Taxodill.rn and most of this height was attained in the Metasequoia, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. 40, first five years of growth. And like the Part 3, 1950 species, 'National' is a deciduous conifer Merrill, E. D.: Metasequoia, Another Living Fos· with leaves that turn an attractive cop­ sil, Arnoldia, March, 1949 per red in the fall. The summer foliage Li, Hui-Lin: The Discovery and Cultivation of Metasequoia, Morris Arb. Bul., Dec. 1957 is a bright green and growth is about Creech, J. L.: Propagation ot Metasequoia by continuous throughout the summer. The Juvenile Cuttings, Science, Vol. 108, pp. 664- lower trunk becomes attractively but­ 665, 1948 tressed after about ten years of growth. -FRANCIS DE Vos, Assistant Director, No winter injury was evidenced after ex­ U. S. National ATboTetum, Washington, posure to two degrees below zero, and it D. C. 178 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Something About Crinums C. americanum, the swamp lily of southeast United States, will grow in Crinum is a bulbous, lily-like plant of drier ground, since often natural popula­ the Amaryllis Family grown most satis­ tions are found growing half in the wa­ factorily where zero temperatures sel­ ter and half on the dry bank. The flow­ dom, if ever, occur. There are perhaps ers are fragile assemblages of narrow a hundred species and a host of hybrids snow-white tepals which are brightened -some natural and some induced by by rose-colored stamens. They are held man. For our use, only a few are well just above the mound of dark green, known. Once planted, crinums are per­ strap-shaped leaves. If we were as poetic manent; they are highly showy and flow· as the Japanese, we might call this cri­ er from early spring until the last buds num "W·hite Crane Serenely Standing." are caught by the first kming frost. C. latifolia from India is another To move a fully grown clump is a white-flowered species among the more day's work, since the bulbs of some grow robust growing sorts. Its five-foot leaves as large as footballs and they must be clasping at the base form a stout trunk­ dug carefully so as not to injure the like stem which holds them well above fleshy feeding roots. Another reason they the ground. The flower stalk rises to six are seldom moved is that they resent be­ feet and supports twelve or more trum­ ing transplanted, often remaining flower­ pet-shaped flowers reminding one of less for years in a new location. We had Easter lilies. In an old clump a new one that took six years to recover and to st.alk rises as the flowers on the old one bloom. fades and the clump is seldom without In general the names of crinums are color for a long season. in great confusion, even the "authori­ C. amoenum from Burma came to us ties" behind their paper curtain seldom via a dealer in Michigan; it has pros­ agree. V\Then it comes to the plants in pered here giving on the average two gardens, catalog names are cheek-by-jowl blooms a bulb each July. The small with Latin and near neighbors of "com­ flowers in a large umbel look like a mon" names. In this paper we are using lady's flower-bedecked hat since they all the names under which plants came to open at the same time. This is a good us. plant near patios as it opens at sundown, Most crinums, if not all, bloom at and the white flowers are easily seen at dusk, staying fresh until the heat of the night. next noon then drooping only to freshen There are several nameless white. again in the cool of the day. All are fra­ flowered hybrids found in old gardens grant, but in varying degrees. which are well worth growing, one often All crinums form clumps by offsets; called Mayor August lily from its habit s?me more ~lowly than others, but given of flowering either month depending tIme all WIll form picturesque groups upon the amount of rainfall. Moisture which are striking features of the land­ triggers its blooming mechanism more scape. Some set seed and these placed than does the season of the year. This upon cl amp sand will soon send out a has the largest flowers of any crinum we ti?y bulb which, upon entering the soil, know. WIll send up a single leaf at first, soon Two other cultivars with drooping followed by others. ·We have grown white flowers are similar to the Mayor seedlmgs, but as of this writing, none August lily, one known as 'The Seven have flowered. Sisters' blooms a bit before the other The scapes are tall and heavy, and un­ which is called 'Martha Washington'. less staked, are apt to fall over. Crinums One other white crinum merits men­ do best in a deep fertile loam with hu­ tion here. It is a third generation hy­ mus and manure added. '!\Tater should brid called 'Gordan Wayne'. This is low be given while the plants are in active growing with large round flowers in mid­ growth, since rains seldom are sufficient. summer. It has the vigor which often is The color of the flowers is deeper in associated with hybrids and freely sets cloudy showery weather. seed. C. bul~ispermum and its hybrids will flOUrIsh In colder climates if given a Milk and Wine Lilies thick winter mulch, but they are the The crinums most often seen are least attractive of the genus. called Milk and Wine lilies from tropi. JULY 1963, VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 179

IVA N N . A N DERSO N One of the better "Milk and Wine" C,.inum cal Africa and exotic Zanzibar, in allu­ beautiful species which has been used in sion to the white petals with stripes hybridizing over and over again. This down the center in varying shades of species is a midseason bloomer with shell wine red. The lush bright green foliage pink flowers of excellent form and sub­ of these plants looks strange where frosts stance. It is one crinum which demands and ice cut them to the ground each to be grown in shade; in full sun the year. leaves burn badly, often to the point of C. scabrum is the earliest to flower. defoliating the plant. The plant is me­ Although its foliage completely disap­ dium in size and the leaves are borne on pears in winter, growth comes back a stem-like neck, ten to twelve inches quickly and the short stalk rises in June. tall. This makes an accent plant of The flowers resemble fat white tulips great charm. with crimson or maroon lines on the re­ C. 'Cecil Houdyshel' is often regarded verse. This is a fast multiplier forming as the most beautiful of all crinums. It thick clumps and definitely a choice has soft rose-pink flowers, whi te at base garden subject. of the tube, of medium size produced C. campanulatum is the pastel mem­ above six foot leaves of bright green. It ber of this group, having nicely formed takes several years to establish and to nodding bell-shaped flowers of very pale produce fully sized flowers with the pink with soft flesh-colored stripes. This depth of coloring for which it is famous. in a sizable clump can be the highlight C. 'Louis Bousanquet' is similar in of any June garden. color although not quite so spectacular, The Milk and Wine crinums most of­ but it makes a large clump quickly and ten seen are C. fimbriatum and C. kirkii. the flowers appear over a long season. These flower in August and September Another pink is C. 'H. J. Elwes' with with flowers sometimes as large as mag­ bright pink flowers on wine-colored nolia blossoms. The wine color is a stalks which hold the blossoms just deeper shade in these species than in above the short leaves. The relatively some others. small size of the plant makes this a good Remaining are only the pink and red subject for growing in pots farther species to mention. C. moorei is a most north. 180 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

The hybrid called 'The Twelve Apos­ qualm. It is patient of delays in plant­ tles' is one of the first to bloom in ing, so that the bag of bulbs can be spring. The pale flesh pink flowers stand pushed aside until all the other hurry­ far above the long bright green foliage. up jobs have been done. It has been C. 'Ellen Bousanquet' has rose-red planted here in January and given good flowers of great size and might be taken results. It does not appear to mind for a fine Hippeastmm. The plant whether one is careful or not in the makes a clump of dark green leaves depth of planting. which, on an average, are six feet in The leaves begin to appear 111 au­ length and make a fine accent subject tumn, depending on the date of plant­ for growing in a border of azaleas. Since ing, but usually within two weeks. They this crinum dies to the ground in winter and is just beginning to grow at azalea make mats of grass-like foliage, with the time there is no competition. somewhat glaucous leaves lying flat on the ground until the mass is large. All crinums are of the easiest culture when grown in soil to which humus has Through this, the flowers on scapes been incorporated and moisture is pro­ about six to ten inches tall, depending vided in the growing season. They will on shade, rise and open their six pointed reward the gardener with beautiful and star-shaped blooms, basically an off unusual flowers from spring until au­ white but variously tinted with bluish tumn frost, almost. lavenders, to deeper almost purple lines -VI/. O. FREELAND) Columbia) S. C. particularly on the reverse. There is no appreciable scent to the blooms, but the leaves if crushed will give off an odor of garlic. The blooming often lasts a month or more. Some seed is produced and seedlings have appeared here, but the more com­ mon increase comes from the tiny off­ Tritelia uniflora sets that appear about the base of the Among the numerous plants that have bulbs, sometimes with a short exten­ been known in gardens for many, many sion resembling the cormlets of gladiolus years, and yet do not seem to have made or montbretia. Once planted, it is diffi­ a fixed place for themselves, is the small cult to remove, and if one wants to move Argentinian bulb that may be listed in it, he must start digging his plants be­ catalogues as Tl'itelia unifiora) M illa fore the foliage dies off-here in May. unifiora) or Brodiaea unifioTa, depending on the authority consulted by the cata­ At times, varieties are offered, with logue maker. some distinction in the color range; and one may, if he wishes make his o""n iso­ For the gardener in the Deep South. it is a sure thing. It appears to mind lations of nearly colorless individuals_ neither heat nor cold, drought or wet­ Actually, in the experience of the writer, ness, when these are phases of "the the color forms are not well marked as weather." It will provide sheets of bloom they come from dealers, but as yet no for long periods in early spring and a flower has bloomed that is poor. There mass of winter greenery from its leaves is some variation, however, in the size produced in autumn, that seem not to and shape of the individual segments of mind even the lows of the last season 8° the corolla, some very narrow and strap­ and 10 °F. nor fairly extended period~ of like, some almost rounded. near !reezing weather. In the garden For those of us, who for lack of suffi­ here, It has been largely planted in a va­ cient winter cold, cannot plant sheets riety of sites, some that are in full sun of crocus, the smaller scillas, chiono­ a.nd usually dry in summer, some in par­ cloxas, and snowdrops, this is a welcome tIal shade ~nd some that have fairly sight. Of course, no substitute is ever as deep shade 111 summer. There is little difference in response. fine as the plant desired, but Tl'itelia) There are several other virtues. First the name most common to the writer, is of all, . it ~s cheap so that one may in­ fine in its own right.-B. Y. MORRISON> dulge 111 It by the hundred without a Pass Chistial1, il1ississippi. JULY 1963, VOLUME 4·2, NUMBER 3 181

P. H. BRYDON Pileostegia viburnoides in the garden of Mrs. Hillyer Brown, Burlingame, California.

J.OHWl Habitat of Crinum asiatioum var. japonicum (foreground) under Pinus thunbergii on shore of Osezaki in Idzu Province, Japan. 182 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL TvIAGAZINE

Pileostegia viburnoicles able medium for its growth, and if planted on a north facing wall, or in a The accompanying illustration of similar exposure where the plant has Pileostegia vibumoides was taken on some respite from hot summer sun, the September 13, 1962 in the garden of foliage retains its rich green texture. Mrs. Hillyer Brown, Burlingame, Cali­ The writer has yet to see seed set on fornia. The plant is growing in an en­ our plants in the Strybing Arboretum. closed courtyard where it has become an Cuttings of the current year's growth, attractive loose-flowing shrub about taken in October, root easily in sand un­ eight feet wide and five feet high. It is der intermittent mist.-P. H. BRYDON, about ten years old and is supported on Dil'ector, StTybing ATboretum, Golden a heavy wire stisp -entled betwee'n-- rwo up­ Gate PaTk, San Fmncisco, California. right iron pipes. The vigorous growth is restrained by pruning in October, just A Japanese Crinum after flowering. Mrs. Brown has success­ CTinum asiaticum var. japonicum is fully transplanted rooted lay.ers from t~e the one member of the genus CTinum lower shoots; and, by plantll1g them III hanging baskets, has obtained an unus­ native to Japan. Apropos of Mr. Free­ ual effect, particularly since the layers land's discussion on crinums, elsewhere flowered the year following planting. in this issue, a note on the Japanese member of the group may be of interest Plants of P. vibumoides in the Stry­ as a logical plant for trial in localiti:s bing Arboretum were obtained from the with a climate analogous to that dIs­ U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1937 cussed here. This variety of crinum is a and they have now attained a height of maritime plant found in Japan on the forty feet bv adhering to the trunks of beaches of the southern coasts facing the Monterey Cypress, Cupl'essus mac1'Q­ Pacific Ocean. These are the areas of cm'pa. Apparently the aerial roots re­ Japan frequented by highly sal~-toler.ant quire a rough surface on which to cling plants. The writer has seen thIS vanety since the plants readily ascend the growing on beaches where the plants Cypress trunks. If planted against a wall, must be regularly inunda~ed with se.a however, it may take some time for the water. C. asiaticum var. Japomcum IS roots to take hold, possibly because of not grown as an ornamental. in Japan the lime in the masonry and the smooth­ except in those areas where It has be­ ness of the surface. come naturalized. The Japanese on the Pileoste.9: ia vibuT170 ides, PJ. 78 375, small island of O-shima at the end of from Foxhill Hardy Plant Farm, Kes­ Kii Peninsula, occasionally cultivate ton, Kent, England, is a h andsome ever­ crinum as a garden plan~ on open, dry green climber native to N.E. India, Chi­ hillsides where it flowers from lulv to na, and Formosa. Seed was sent to the September; introduced as P.I. 235,504. Arnold Arboretum in 1908 by E. H. Wil­ The local name of C. asiaticum var. son and plants were subsequently intro­ japonicum is Rama.-omoto. The scapes duced to cultivation by the U.S.D.A.'s are 18 to 24 inches tall; the flowers are Office of Plant Introduction in 1934, white with strap-like s~gments. The 1935, 1936 and 1937. Only one species curious, large, white, and fleshy seeds, of the genus has been described and it is about 1 inch in diameter, resemble a reported as hardy in gardens along the bulb. According to the Japanese, the Pacific Coast from San Francisco to Seat­ seeds float in the sea and when finally tle. The dull green leathery leaves are washed ashore, germinate to produce a oblanceolate from 3 to 5 inches long and new stand. Among the plants found as­ % to 1Y 2 inches wide. In San Francisco sociated with this crinum variety in J a­ the flowers open in early September and pan are the Japanese black pine, s~o.re are borne on terminal panicles which juniper, eurya, pittosporum, and alpIl11a. clothe the green column of handsome It should be noted that although the leaves with a covering of creamy white. plant discussed is subjected to ?ccasion­ Actually, it is the stamens which pro­ al light frosts, the coastal regIOns ~re duce the effect rather than the corolla wi thin a broad arc of sou them Japan lll­ since the small petals are quite incon­ fluenced by warm currents that ~ow spicuous. A light porous soil to which from tropical regions and a subtropical has been added a liberal dressing of peat environment is evidenced by the plant moss and well decayed manure is a suit- life.-JoHN L. CREECH, U. S. Depm·tment JULY 1963, VOLUME 42, NUMBER 3 183

Crinum asiaticl£m var. japonicum in its native habitat in Japan. 184 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE of Agl'iculture, Agl'icultuml R esearch Less impressive, after the winter or­ SeTvice, Crops Research Division, B elts­ deals, is !lex muchigara (P.I. 235,574) ville, Maryland. represented by three trees, that now give the appearance of large shrubs in the Possible New Hollies For The South making rather than trees. There is little The severe winter of 1961-1962, fol­ suggestion of a good leader; and the gen­ lowed by a summer of long periods of eral habit, as compared to those of the drought, made a first trial for the species preceding species, and during the winter of holly to be noted later. That season assumed a somewhat bronzed coloration was followed by another winter with that was not unpleasant and that one even more extremes of low temperatures, hoped would suggest an adaptation to and the growing season began with an­ cold. There was little loss of foliage in other long drought, broken only in late either winter, but there was great loss June. of small twigs and in one case of the In the planting there are two groups branch that approximated a leader. of three each of !lex liukiuensis. Each Growth in the spring of 1963, was the showed some leaf damage in the 1961- last to appear among these four species 1962 winter and very slow recovery in and has been far from robust. summer. In the winter of 1962-1963, The one species that comes closest to appearing like a holly one might have there was almost complete defoliation; seen somewhere is !lex integra (P.L 235 ,- but, spring has brought an excellent re­ 508) of which there are three specimens. covery of shoot growth and a reasonably There was no leaf damage in either win­ fine mass of leaves. There is little differ­ ter, but one tree lost a leader that had ence in the two groups; although the developed as a new growth in the late three planted where they get a little summer of 1962 and was not properly more afternoon sun, show less height. ripened. This was replaced in 1963. The The trees are now 4Y2, 6, and 8 feet tall, foli age is dark green and very handsome. as compared to the other group with one As these specimens have held their at 5 and two at 10 feet. If the present branches all the way to the base of the development is normal, they will all trunks, it would appear that this is a make small trees, fairly open in habit choice thing for planting as a specimen. with ascending branches, well clothed, N one of these trees has flowered or with the rather smallish leaves, that do fruited, and one looks forward to such not suggest the traditional holly. The a happening, even if the fruits of I. bark of the new growths is definitely red­ muchigam are described as black. The dish, as are the petioles of the leaves. others are said to be all red. (P.L 237,877 and 237,880) The only other holly species here, that Closest to this species in general ap­ competes with them at all is !lex old­ pearance is !lex 1'Otunda (P.L 237,879) . hamii which is as evergreen as I. integra The three trees here are 8 to 10 feet but carries its leaves in a more drooping tall, well branched, with ascending fashion, as if almost wilted.-B. Y. NloR­ branches, and good masses of evergreen RISON, Pass C hTistian, M ississipii. leaves-again of the less-familiar holly type. The new shoots are not reddish as Tritelia's New Name in I. liukiuensis; nor do the petioles In the last issue of Plant Life, there is, show any reddish color. These three among many other interesting things, a trees have the possible advantage of a brief discussion of the Genus Tristagma little more overhead shade from young established by Poeppig in 1833 . It is in pines. There was some defoliation, how­ this newly established grouping that our ever, and a little winter killing of the old TTitelia tmiflom Lincll. must now weaker twig growths. As yet, there is be found. Its new name will be T Ti ­ nothing to suggest the name j·otunda. stagma unifloTum (Lincll) Traub. E

ALTRUISM

the total regard for others as a principle of action

is always an especially nice thought

As we near the Christmas Season this year, a time many of us usually feel more inclined to be an altruist, why not select a gift that will extend your altruistic deed through the entire year-a Gift Membership in the American Horticultural Society. .

Think how helpful four issues of The American Horticultural Magazine will be for your best friend. Then, there are eight issues of The AHS Gardeners Forum, unlimited library loans of the best horticultural books, unlimited answers to gardening questions, free seeds-all of which will be reminders of your thoughtfulness.

Your gift will be announced just before Christmas, inclosed III one of the dis­ tinctive greeting cards the Society uses.

------Detach and return Please enter a Gift Membership for Name Street City ______Zone______State ______Send Gift Card Signed ______------Check inclosed for 0 1 year $6.00; 0 2 years $11.00; 0 3 years $15.00 Name Street Ci ty ______Z0 n e______Sta t e ______

[1-8] Distil1eauished

Discriminating Discerning

Christmas is coming-it is time to begin thinking of sending your Christmastide greet­ ings, and this year, the American Horticultural Society offers a solution to the peren­ nial pleasure: Horticultural Art Cards. The three samples shown above are available for immediate delivery. They were printed from engravings used to illustra te the covers of the early issues of The Na­ tional Horticultural Magazine, and represent the original linoleum carvings of Editor Morrison. These cards are distinctive and far more interesting than the usual run of mass pro­ duced cards displayed in the shops at this holiday season_ Certainly they have far greater appreciative value to your horticultural-or art connoisseur friend, because they were crafted by the gifted editor and have been admired by thousands of mem­ bers for many years. They have an indefinable charm that cannot possibly pertain to something new and unloved. Whether or not the recipient is predisposed in favor of horticultural subjects, or this medium of art; whether or not he fully understands his greetings, he is sure to be flattered by the implication that he is a discerning person. And who knows, these cards may start your friends on the road to becoming gardening enthusiasts. ------American Horticultural Society, 1600 Bladensburg Road, Northeast, Washing. ton 2, D. C. Please send me the following Season's Greeting Cards for which I inclose $---­ o 50 0 100 each, The ChTistmas Rose, printed on a fine grade of 0 red 0 green paper o 50 '0 100 each, Pine Cones and n Bm nch, printed on a fine grade of 0 red 0 green paper o 5 ~ ) 0 JOO each, N ({1 'cisS IIS , printed on a fine grade of '0 red '0 green paper $6.50 for a box of 50. $12.00 for a box of 100. White envelopes iNcluded

Name

Street Ci ty ______. ___ . ___ . ____ ._. ______. ______._ __ _ Zone ____ .______State ______

[2-8] ; ,. \ f \ \ ,' I ~ , l f •.1 J ~ f ~ ! \ ,I . , \ I J

..... ,' ......

Nickerson Color Fan The American Horticultural groups, but the Nickerson Color industries and SOCieties dealing Society has been interested for Fan, which has been approved with color systems in America, many years in making available by America's outstanding color The chart uses color names that to the horticultural public a foundation, can well become the have been selected as standard popularly priced color chart that standard everywhere. by the Inter-Society Color Coun­ could be used as a standard in Included with the color chart cil and the National Bureau of all phases of horticulture. Ac­ is a twelve-page booklet explain­ Standards. cu rate charts, in the past, have ing the use of the fan in detaiL been too costly to publish at a Printed in small type, on each Judges who have used the fan moderate price. color, is the popular color name report that the color chips are No color chart, except those and its numerical designation in so easy to handle, particularly with a thousand colors or more, the Munsell System of Color when working with .color classes, can con tain all the colors needed Notations which is fast becoming that they prefer it to any other by all the various horticultural accepted as standard by many color reference. ------_._------American Horticultural Society-1600 Bladensburg Road, N.E.-Washington 2, D. C.

Please send me one copy of the Nickerson Color Fan

J inclose $ ______for the o ivlembers price $6.37 o Non-members price $7.50

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[3-8] the PEONIES

Amateur, professional grower, or scientist: Here is a book you will enjoy reading, profit from reading. Authoritative, truly comprehensive, yet with interest main­ tained-you explore this family of superb plants about which so little is generally known. You may, or may not be familiar with names of the men and women who wrote this book. We anly can say: You would search far to find people who know more about Peonies-who are better able to share with others, interestingly, the results of their experienclls, the findings of their research. EDITORS-JohnC. Wister, Director, Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Founda­ tion, Swarthmore College; Gertrude S. Wister. CONTRIBUTORS-Silvia Saunders; P. P. Pirone; William H. Krekler; Harold E. Wolfe. Getting down to specifications at this book: It, of course, deals with both TREE PEONIES (Suffruticosa or Moutan, DeIavayi, lutea, potanini) and the more familiar HERBACEOUS PEONIES. For both, there are chapters on culture. Descriptions. Propagation. Check lists of varieties. Lists of growers. Botanical classifications. Pests and diseases. History. Breeding. Bibliography. This 200+ page book is illustrated with over 60 expertly done photographs and line drawings. Published by the American Horticultural Society, it is being offered to Members at 20% discount.

American Horticultural Society-1600 Bladensburg Road, N .E.-Washington 2, D. C.

Please send me one coPY, of The Peonies.

Members Price I inclose $ ______for the o Cloth-bound Edition .$5.50 o $4.40 o Paper-bound Edition $3.50 o $2.80

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r4-8J Books that you can obtain through A. H. S. at appreciable savings. Gardening Books are ideal for your study, entertainment and gifts to gardening friends.

ROSES--GROWING FOR EXHIBITING WINDOW SILL GARDENING Harold HAllen $4.95 James Underwood Crockett $2.95

CARNATIONS FOR EVERYONE GARDEN DESIGN Montagu C. Allwood $3.95 Sylvia Crowe $8.95

HOW TO MAKE CONTAINERS AND ACCESSORIES FOR CACTUS GUIDE FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Ladislaus Cutak $3.95 Jean B. Amer & Alma L. Grey $3.95

D£SIGN AND DEPTH IN FI.OWER ARRANCE~IEYr llESIGN IN FLOWER A.RIlANGE~IENT EmIlia H. Cyphers $3.95 John T. Arms & Dorothy N. Arms $4.75

l'Ol.IACF. I \RRAr\C:F.~J EN'I S ~lINIATURE GARDENS Anne Ashberry $4.95 Emma H. Cyphers $3.95

MUSHROOM GROW INC TODAY FRUIT ANI) VEGETABl.E ,\RRANC;t<: i\IF.N')'S F. C. Atkins $5.00 Emma H. Cyphers $3.95

THE NEW CHRISTMAS MAKE-IT BOOK j\100ERN ART iN FLO¥.'ER ARRAf':CEMENT Barbara Baer $2.95 Emma H. Cyphers $4.50

CULTIVATED CONIFERS IN NORTH AMERICA HOLIDA Y FLOWER ARRANG£I\'i ENTS L. H. Bailey $13.95 Emma H. Cyphers $3.95

STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE NATURE ART AND FLOWER ARRANGEMENT (Three volumes) Emma H. Cyphers $4.95 L. H. Bailey $59.95 LANDSCAPINC YOUR OWN HOME HORTUS SECOND Alice Dustan $4.95 L. H. Bailey $14.95 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ROSES IN NATURAL COLOR FLOWER SHOW THEMES AND CLASSF.s Henry Edland $6.00 Dorothy Biddle $1.95 JAPANESE GARDENS FOR TODAY DRIED FLOWERS WITH A FRESH LOOK David H. Engel $15.00 Eleanor Reed Bol ton $6.95 GROWING FOR SHOWING PRESSED FLOWER PICTURES AND CITRUS-SKIN Rudy .T. Favretti $3.95 DECORATIONS VAR IEGATED FOLIAGE PLANTS Ruth Voorhees Booke $6.95 Paul Fischer $11.75 RHODODENDRONS AND AZALEAS Clement G. Bowers MODERN INDOOR GARDENING $12.95 G F Gardiner $4.75 ALL ABOUT VINES AND HANGING PLANTS Bernice Brilmayer COLOUR ALL YEAR ROUND $5.95 Roy Genders $5.95 BURRAGE ON VEGETABLES Albert C. Burrage GLADIOLI AND THE MINIATURF.S $4.75 Roy Genders $4.95 AMERICA'S GARDEN BOOK MINIATURE CHRYSANTHEMUMS AND KOREANS James & Louise Bush-Brown $8.95 Roy Genders $4.50 JAPANESE FLORAL ART Rachel Carr MINIATURE ROSES $12.50 Roy Genders $3.95 THE GEISHA STORY: WITH DOLL AND FLOWER CONTEMPORARY FLOWER ARRANGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS Rae L. Goldson $4.95 Billie T. Chandler $5.00 EXOTICA III BONSAI-MINIATURE TREES A. B. Graf (One volume) $38.00 Claude Chidamian $3.95 (Two volume library edition) $45.00 THE PRUNING MANUAL Everett P. Christopher $6.95 IMAGINATIVE SMALL GARDENS Nancy Grasby $4.95 GETTING STARTED WITH RHODODENDRONS AND AZALEAS TREE CARE Harold J. Clarke $4.95 John M. Haller $6.95

USING PLANTS FOR HEALING SUCCULENTS IN CULTIVATION Nelson Coon $4.95 Vera Higgins $4.95

USING WAYSIDE PLANTS HER GARDEN WAS HER DELIGHT Nelson Coon $3.95 Buckner Hollingsworth $4.00 [6.81 HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN JAPANESE FLOWER ARRANGEMENT FOR BEGINNERS STATES AND CANADA Nina Clark Powell $3.50 Romeyn B. Hough $10.00 DAFFODILS, OUTDOORS AND IN SPRAYING, DUSTING, AND FUMIGATING OF PLANTS Carey E. Quinn $4.50 WaIter Hough &: Freeman Mason $7.95 MANUAL OF CULTIVATED TREES AND SHRUBS WILD FLOWERS Alfred Rehder $13.95 Homer House $17.95 CORSAGE CRAFT CITRUS FRUITS Glad Reusch &: Mary Noble $4.95 Harold Hume $11.95 1l0TANY FOR GARDENERS GARDENING IN THE LOWER SOUTH Harold William Rickett $4.75 Harold Hume $7.95 DESIGN FOR FLOWER ARRANGERS THE ORCH .~RD AND FRUIT GARDEN Dorothy W. Riester $7.50 Edward Hyams &: A. A. Jackson (net) $29.95 ROCHFORD BOOK OF HOUSE PLANTS THE MACMILLAN WILDFLOWER BOOK T. Rochford &: R. GoreI' $6.00 Clarence J. Hylander .$9.95 ROCKWELL'S NEW CO~IPI.ETE BOOK OF FI.OWER WORLD OF PLANT LIFE ARRANGEMENT Clarence Hylander $10.95 F. F. Rockwell &: Esther Grayson $5.95

RHODODENDRONS OF THE WORLD 10.000 GARDEN QUESTIONS ANSWERED BY 20 EXPERTS David Leach $25.00 F. F. Rockwell, Editor $5.95

DAHLIAS FOR EVERYONF. ' rH~' COMPLETE BOOK OF LILIES T. R. H. Lebar $3.95 F. F. Rockwell, ~sther Grayson, &: Jan deCraff $5.95

WILDFLOWERS OF NORTH AMERICA IN FULL COLOR THE ART OF FLOWER AND FOl.IAG~· ARRANC,EMENT Robert Lemmon &: Charles Johnson $9.95 Anna Hong Rutt $5.95

THE HOW AND WHY OF BETTER GARDEN INC, DRIFTWOOD IN THE HOM E Laurence Manning $4.00 Florence Schaffer $3.95

VOUR GARDEN IN THE SOUTH THE LAWN BOOK Hamilton Mason $7.75 Robert W. Schery $5.95

MINIATURE PLANTS FOR HOME AND GREENHOUSE HOW TO MAKE MONEY FROM YOUR HOME Elvin McDonald .$5.95 GREENHOUSE Peggie Schulz .1f5.95 HOW TO GROW ROSES J. Horace McFarland &: Robert Pyle $3.95 HANGING FLOWER AND PLANT DECORATIONS Zelda W. Schulke $3.95 EDIBLE WILD PLANTS Oliver P. Medsger $6.95 HOLIDAY AND PARTY TABLE SETTINGS Zelda W. Schulke $4.50 FLOWERING TREES OF THE WORLD Edwin Menninger $18.95 A TREASURY OF CHRISTMAS DECORATIONS Zelda W. Schulke $3.95 AFRICAN VIOLETS, GLOXINIAS AND THEIR RELATIVES ARTS AND CRAFTS FOR FLOWER ARRANGERS Harolcl E. Moore, Jr. $10.00 Kathryn H. Seibel $5.95

THE GRASSES GARDEN PLANTS IN COLOR Alma Chestnut Moore $5.00 Henry T. Skinner, Editor $42.50

GARDENING IN THE SHADE GARDEN SMARTLY Harriet K. Morse $5.95 Nancy R. Smith $4.50

POISONOUS PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES JAPANESE FLOWER ARRANGING Walter C. Muenscher $6.50 Norman Spamon $15.00

AN EASY GUIDE TO HOUSEPLANTS JUST WEEDS Amo &: Irene Nehrling $2.95 Edwin R. Spencer $4.50

GARDENING, FORCING, CONDITIONING, AND DRYING SEVEN KEYS TO DISTINCTION IN FLOWER FOR FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS ARRANGEMENT Amo &: Irene Nehrling $3.95 Anita Stelle $3.95

PROPAGATING HOUSE PLANTS FLOWER SHOW RIBBON·WINNING ARRANGEMENTS Amo &: Irene Nehrling $4.95 Mrs. Raymond Stoltz $5.95

GARDENING IN A SMALL GREENHOUSE OUTDOOR GARDENING IN POTS AND BOXES Mary Noble &: J. L. Merkel $4.95 George Taloumis S5.95

PLANTS INDOORS HANDBOOK OF WILDFLOWER CULTIVATION Mary Noble &: J. L. Merkel $6.95 Kathryn Taylor & Stephen Hamblin $5.95

HOME ORCHID GROWING WINDOW·BOX GARDENING Rebecca T Northen $10.95 Henry Teuscher $4.50

[7-8] SPECIAL ISSUES PUBLISHED .81' AM'ERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

THE AZALEA HANDBOOK 1952 Cloth, 160 pages, 43 pla.tes . $3.00

HANDBOOK OF HOLLIES 1957 Paper, 204 pages, 67 plates $3.00

CULTIVATED PALMS 1961 Cloth, 192 pages, 123 pla.tes $4.95

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THE AZALEA BOOK: published by D. Van Nostrand Company in 1958 -is successor to the Azalea Handbook, and is offered to American HOIti· cultural Society members at the special price of $6.45, postpaid, publishers price is $8.95. 320 pages, 6 color pages and 56 black and white photographs.

[5-8] THE CAMELLIA BOOK GARDEN ENEMIES J ohn Threkeld $7.75 Cynthia Westcott $3.75

GA RDEN POOLS, WATER LILIES, AND GOLDFISH PLANT DISEASE HANDBOOK C. ·L. Thomas $5.95 Cynthia Westcott $15.00

SDIPLE PRACTICAL HYBRIDIZING PLANT DOCTORING IS FUN D. C. Thomas $3.95 Cynthia '''' estcott $4.50

THE DRIFTWOOD BOOK l'EW TECHNIQUES WITH DRIED FLOWERS Mary E. Thompson & Leonid Skvirsky $5.95 Sarah Whitlock & Martha Rankin $2.50

PERSIA N GA RDENS AND GARDEN PAVILIONS OLD ROSES FOR M ODERN GARDENS Richard Thomson $750 Donald N. Wilber $12.50 FLOWER ARRANGEMENT ART OF JAPAN C . ~'IELLIA CULTURE Mary C. Wood Oapanese style binding) $3 .25 E. C. Tourje $11.50 (Paperbound) $1.50 THE AMARYLLIS MANUAL Hamilton Traub .$7.95 GARDEN ING; A NEW WORLD FOR CHILDREN Sally Wright $2.75 n ECORATING WITH pons AND CONES THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM GARDEN BOOK El eanor Van Rensselaer $4.95 Donald Wyman $6.50

DECORATING WITH SEED MOSAICS, CHIPPE D GLASS TREES FOR AMERICAN GARDENS AND PLANT MATERIAL Donald Wyman $8.95 Eleanor Van Rensselaer $5.91) SHRUBS AND VL'IES FOR AMERICAN GARDENS THERAPY THROUGH ' HORTICULTURE Donald Wyman $8.50 Donald Watson & Alice Burlingame , $4.95 GROUND COVER PLANTS PLANT PROPAC;ATION PRACTICES Donald Wyman $4.95 James S. Wells $7.95 JAPANESE ART OF MINIATURE TREES AND ANYONE CAN GROW ROSES LANDSCAPES Cynthia Westcott $3.75 Y. Yoshimura & C. M. Halford $7.50

ORDER B LA ·NK PRICE The retail or list price for each title is given as of the time of going to press AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY and is subject tq change without notice. 15% discount on pUTChases by A H S 1600 Bladensburg Road, Northeast members. Books sent postpaid when Washington 2, D. C. j)ayment accompanies order.

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8·8 J . MA RI ON SHULL

Helianthus angustifolius A most acceptable source of yellow in the late perennial border