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Death in Ancient Rome DEATH IN ANCIENT ROME Death in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook is an expertly selected compilation of ancient texts in translation on the subject of death in ancient Rome. Mortality rates were high in ancient Rome and how a person died was no less important than how they lived. Despite the brutality of the assassina- tions that feature in accounts of Roman political life, laudable figures faced their deaths with dignity and stoicism, their last words set down for posterity. Whether a Roman’s end was met in war, gladiatorial combat, execution, murder, suicide, or simply ill health, it was almost certain to have been a visible part of Roman life; even a spectacle. To understand life in Rome, we need to understand death in Rome. This book will enable you to do just that by providing the essential primary sources on death, dying and the dead in Roman society and investi- gating their value and significance. The sources include literary evidence such as poetry, letters and philos- ophy, as well as epitaphs and other inscriptions, along with visual material of, in particular, funerary monuments and cemeteries. This varied evidence collectively builds a vivid picture of how people died, were buried, commemorated and remembered, and what the living believed happened to the dead after they were gone. Topics covered include the deathbed, making a will, memory promotion, the funeral, the cemetery, funerary monuments, mourning rituals, expres- sions of grief and afterlife beliefs. Valerie M. Hope is Lecturer in the Department of Classical Studies at the Open University. Her main research interest is Roman social history, focusing on Roman funerary customs and funerary monuments. Her previous publications include Constructing Identity: The Roman Funerary Monuments of Aquileia, Mainz and Nimes (2001) and Death and Disease in the Ancient City (2000). DEATH IN ANCIENT ROME A sourcebook Valerie M. Hope First published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2007 Valerie M. Hope This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hope, Valerie M., 1968– Death in ancient Rome: a source book / Valerie M. Hope. — 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Death—Social aspects—Rome. 2. Funeral rites and ceremonies— Rome. 3. Rome—Religious life and customs. I. Title. HQ1073.5.R66H67 2007 306.90937'6—dc22 2007020941 ISBN 0-203-39248-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-33157-9 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-33158-7 (pbk) ISBN10: 0-203-39248-5 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-33157-9 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-33158-6 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-39248-5 (ebk) In memory of Valentine Lewis Stephens 14 February 1914 to 26 November 2003 and Rona Mary Stephens 7 July 1915 to 19 February 2007 May the earth lie lightly upon you CONTENTS List of figures x Acknowledgements xi Abbreviations xii Introduction 1 Studying Roman death 1 What this book is and isn’t 5 Parameters 6 Using this book 7 1 Dying 9 Introduction 9 Infant mortality 10 Death in old age 14 Disease and disaster 18 Murder and mayhem 23 Battle and siege 25 Death as entertainment 28 Suicide 31 Love and death 37 Good deaths and bad deaths 39 2 Mortality and memory 46 Introduction 46 Born to die 47 Eat, drink and be merry 51 Live well and die well 53 Making a will 56 Inheritance-hunters 60 vii CONTENTS Wills and memory 63 Monuments and memory 71 Destroying memory 80 3 Funerals 85 Introduction 85 Planning, instruction and cost 86 Undertakers 90 The moment of death 93 Preparing the body 97 The funeral procession 100 Laments and speeches 104 Cremation and inhumation 107 At the pyre 111 After the funeral 115 Public funerals 120 Elite funerals 122 4 The cemetery 128 Introduction 128 Urban burial 129 Cemetery development 135 Monuments in the cemetery 141 Monuments in the landscape 148 Maintaining the cemetery 152 Military cemeteries and burials 155 Exclusion from the cemetery 162 Abuse of the cemetery 165 5 Grief 172 Introduction 172 Guidelines for mourning 173 Parents and children 180 Lost love 189 Cicero and grief 195 Philosophical consolation 200 Poetic laments and consolations 205 viii CONTENTS 6 The afterlife 211 Introduction 211 The soul 212 Heaven or hell? 215 Alternative beliefs 223 Belief and disbelief 226 Ceremonies for the dead 231 Ghost stories 236 Raising and laying ghosts 242 Appendix 248 Bibliography 258 Index 270 ix FIGURES 1 The pyramid tomb of Caius Cestius Epulo, Rome. 65 2 The tomb of Publius Vesonius Phileros, Pompeii. 78 3 A marble sarcophagus depicting a child’s deathbed, Rome. Photograph: copyright British Museum. 95 4 Relief from the tomb of the Haterii, Rome. Photograph: copyright Alinari. 98 5 Relief of a funeral procession, Aquila. Photograph: copyright Alinari. 100 6 The columbarium of Pomponius Hylas, Rome. 116 7 Tomb 51 of the Isola Sacra necropolis, Portus. 134 8 Amphorae burials at the Isola Sacra necropolis, Portus. 135 9 A bench tomb at the Nolan Gate, Pompeii. 137 10 Vigna Codini, Columbarium III. 139 11 The mausoleum of Augustus, Rome. 143 12 Tomb of Caius Calventius Quietus, Pompeii. 144 13 The Herculaneum Gate necropolis, Pompeii. 146 14 The via Annia necropolis, Aquileia. 147 15 The Isola Sacra necropolis, Portus. 148 16 The Igel Saul, near Trier. 150 17 Tomb 15 of the Isola Sacra necropolis, Portus. 155 18 The tombstone of Dannicus, Cirencester. Photograph: copyright Corinium Museum, Cirencester. 157 19 Tombs under the Vatican car park, Rome. 168 20 The tombstone of Marcus Valerius Celerinus, Cologne. 235 x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Emma-Jayne Graham, Janet Huskinson, Paula James and David Noy for reading parts, or all, of this book while it was in preparation. I appreciate their time and help. I would also like to thank the staff at Routledge for their assistance and patience. I owe a debt of thanks to my colleagues in the Department of Classical Studies at the Open University for creating a stimulating, but above all, friendly and supportive working envi- ronment. Most of all I thank my family: my parents for their encouragement; and my husband, Art, for his toleration of ‘Roman death’. Our children, Oliver, Matthew and Jacob, have often been a welcome distraction from the sombre nature of this project. I would defy anyone to read the words of Quintilian (5.25) and not to give thanks for their family. Finally I acknowl- edge my maternal grandparents who died while this book was being written; it is dedicated to their memory. xi ABBREVIATIONS AE Année Epigraphique CIG Corpus Inscriptionum Graecorum CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CLE Carmina Latina Epigraphica IA Inscriptiones Aquileiae IG Inscriptiones Graecae ILS Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae SB Sammelbuch Griechisher Urkunden aus Aegypten xii INTRODUCTION Writing and compiling a sourcebook can be a challenging and, at times, a thankless task. I have often agonized over what to include and what to omit, and the best ways to select, shape and organize the material. And still I am haunted by the prospect that I have overlooked some gems or, perhaps even worse, other people’s favourite quotations and images! Producing this book, nevertheless, has been an enjoyable task. It was a stimulating process to confront, explore and piece together such a vast array of evidence, and engage with scholarly interpretations of it. I was motivated initially by the need for an overview of Roman death; for an access point into both the rituals of death and the diverse available evidence. My own interest in Roman death began as a social historian who, in exploring varied social groups, heavily plundered the evidence of death, but often found that evidence removed from the actual context and meaning of death itself. Roman death, everything from deathbed to afterlife, has rarely been addressed as an overall subject by modern scholars (see below). Not since Toynbee’s book (1971) has death in the Roman world properly taken centre stage, and this work was heavily biased toward monumental evidence. Therefore in the breadth of its coverage this volume represents something new. The book is designed to appeal to those interested in Roman death in all its guises, archaeological, epigraphic, literary and art historical, who often want or need to see their own specialist topics in a wider context. It will also be of value to those interested in death during other historical periods, death specialists from other disciplines (for example sociology and anthropology), students of Classical Studies and the general reader who simply wants to know more about how the Romans disposed of, commemo- rated and remembered their dead. Studying Roman death Death is very much a part of life, and where mortality rates are high the pres- ence of death was, and is, a constant reality. How death shapes life and how life is reflected in the customs and rituals of death are areas of interest to researchers in many fields.
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