The Early Reception and Appropriation of the Apostle Peter (60–800 CE) Euhormos Greco-Roman Studies in Anchoring Innovation Series Editors Irene J. F. de Jong (University of Amsterdam) Eric M. Moormann (Radboud University Nijmegen) Editorial Board Stephen E. Hinds (University of Washington, Seattle) Caroline Kroon (University of Amsterdam) Margaret Miles (University of California, Irvine) Maarten De Pourcq (Radboud University, Nijmegen) Sitta von Reden (University of Freiburg) Michael Sommer (Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg) Liba Taub (University of Cambridge) Advisory Board Josine Blok – Luuk de Ligt – Olivier Hekster – Andre Lardinois – Ineke Sluiter – Teun Tieleman – Onno van Nijf – Miguel John Versluys – Antje Wessels volume 1 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/euho The Early Reception and Appropriation of the Apostle Peter (60–800 CE) The Anchors of the Fisherman Edited by Roald Dijkstra LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. In this volume, all Greek and Latin texts are translated by the authors, unless indicated otherwise. Cover illustration: Peter with fishing net at the miraculous draught of fishes on a mosaic in the Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, around 500 CE (CKD, RU Nijmegen). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Dijkstra, Roald, 1985– editor. Title: The early reception and appropriation of the apostle Peter (60–800 ce) : the anchors of the fisherman / edited by Roald Dijkstra. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2020. | Series: Euhormos: Greco-Roman studies in anchoring innovation, 2590-1796 ; volume1 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020000530 (print) | LCCN 2020000531 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004425675 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004425682 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Peter, the Apostle, Saint. | Peter, the Apostle, Saint—Art—History. | Peter, the Apostle, Saint—In literature—History. | Peter, the Apostle, Saint—Cult—History. | Popes—Primacy—History. | Christianity and culture—History—Early church, ca. 30–600. | Christianity and culture—History— Middle Ages, 600–1500. Classification: LCC BS2515 .E25 2020 (print) | LCC BS2515 (ebook) | DDC 225.9/2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020000530 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020000531 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 2590-1796 isbn 978-90-04-42567-5 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-42568-2 (e-book) Copyright 2020 by the Authors. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Foreword vii Ineke Sluiter Preface viii Roald Dijkstra List of Illustrations x Abbreviations xii Contributors xiv part 1 Anchoring the Apostle: the Volume and Its Concept 1 Peter, Popes, Politics and More: the Apostle as Anchor 3 Roald Dijkstra 2 Ruling through Religion? Innovation and Tradition in Roman Imperial Representation 26 Olivier Hekster part 2 Anchoring the Authority of Peter 3 From Petrus to Pontifex Maximus 43 John R. Curran 4 The Multiple Meanings of Papal Inscriptions in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages 58 Thomas F. X. Noble 5 Attitudes to Jewish and Roman Power in the Gospel and Acts of Peter 81 Markus Bockmuehl 6 Peter, the Visionary before the Pope: Early Receptions of the Apostle in Marginal Communities 99 Régis Burnet vi Contents part 3 Anchoring Peter in Art and Poetry 7 The Role of Peter in Early Christian Art: Images from the 4th to the 6th Century 115 Jutta Dresken-Weiland 8 The Death of Peter: Anchoring an Image in the Context of Late Antique Representations of Martyrdom 135 Markus Löx 9 Romulus and Peter: Remembering and Reconfiguring Rome’s Foundation in Late Antiquity 172 Mark Humphries 10 Sedulius’ Peter: Intention and Authority in the Paschale carmen 188 Carl P. E. Springer part 4 Anchoring the Cult of Peter 11 Peter without Paul: Aspects of the Primordial Role of Simon Peter in an Early Christian Context 203 Annewies van den Hoek 12 The Architectural Appropriation of the Apostle Peter by the Early Christian Popes 231 Kristina Friedrichs 13 The Cult of Peter and the Development of Martyr Cult in Rome. The Origins of the Presentation of Peter and Paul as Martyrs 250 Alan Thacker 14 Anchoring the Rock: the Latin Liturgical Cult of Peter in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages 277 Els Rose General Bibliography 293 Index locorum 324 General Index 333 Foreword EUHORMOS is an international book series intended for monographs and collective volumes on Greco-Roman antiquity. Specifically, we welcome for publication manuscripts related to the concept of ‘anchoring innovation’ by classical scholars of all disciplines from all over the world. Books in this series will be published as much as possible in Open Access. EUHORMOS is one of the results financed by the Dutch so-called Gravitation Grant (2017), award- ed to a consortium of scholars from OIKOS, the National Research School in Classical Studies. See https://www.ru.nl/oikos/anchoring-innovation, where we also list earlier results from this research program. The ancient world saw many examples of change and innovations. The unique accessibility of materials from and about this period in the ancient Mediterranean frequently makes it possible to analyze successful and unsuc- cessful ‘anchoring’ of change: the various ways in which ‘the new’ could (or could not) be connected to and embedded in what was already deemed fa- miliar. ‘New’ and ‘old’ are mostly not used as objective labels, but also a mat- ter of the perception, framing, and valuation by relevant social groups and actors. ‘The new’ is not restricted to the technical or scientific domains, but can also include the ‘new information’ imparted by speakers through linguistic anchoring strategies; innovations in literature and the other arts; political, so- cial, cultural, legal, military, or economic innovation; and new developments in material culture. The name ‘Euhormos’ itself is well-anchored. It is the Homeric term for a harbor ‘in which the anchoring is good’, although the careful reader will notice that danger is never far away. This dynamic nature of ‘anchoring’ and the risks involved in it are embraced by our research team as part of the title. For now though we will focus on its auspicious aspect, since we are looking forward to affording ‘good anchorage’ to studies contributing to a better understanding of ‘anchoring innovation’ in Greco-Roman Antiquity. Ineke Sluiter Academic Director Leiden, August 2019 On behalf of the Governing Board of the Anchoring Innovation Program Preface In fall 2014, Dr Dorine van Espelo and I were given the opportunity to share a postdoctoral research project on the early papacy at Radboud University, under supervision of Professor Olivier Hekster. We were part of the pilot project of the Anchoring Innovation research group, part of OIKOS (National Research School in Classical Studies), which gathered scholars on classical antiquity from all over the Netherlands and from all fields. We worked on widely diverg- ing topics, but we united in our use of the same approach, that of Anchoring Innovation. Thanks to a generous grant from the Dutch government, Anchoring will continue for years to come. Our project, Popes and expressions of Roman power: Anchoring religious poli- tics in periods of change (200–800 CE), surpassed the traditional boundaries of antiquity. It aimed at bringing together the too often separated fields of (late) antique and (early) medieval studies, thus reflecting the close collaboration of the chairs in ancient and medieval history at Radboud University. Thanks to the Academy Colloquia grant of the KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) we had the opportunity to close our project under perfect circumstances with an international conference followed by a PhD masterclass in the beautiful Trippenhuis in Amsterdam: Peter, Popes and Politics. Expressions of power in the late antique and early mediaeval world. We are very grateful to the KNAW and also to the additional sponsors: OIKOS Anchoring Innovation as well as the Institute for Historical, Literary and Cultural Studies and the History Department from Radboud University. The proceedings of the masterclass, Anchoring Sanctity, can be retrieved from the