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F ilt UL.. ~ TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: A STUDY IN COMMUNICATION MONOGRAPH SERIES VOLUME FIRST STUDIES IN TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: PARTS A-D, First Edition [Foundations, A First Study in Transportation Markings: The U.S., International Transportation Markings: Floating & Fixed Marine] University Press of America, 1981 Second Impression, Mount Angel Abbey, 1993 PART A, FOUNDATIONS Second Edition, Revised & Enlarged, Mount Angel Abbey 1991 PART B, A FIRST STUDY IN TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: THE U.S. Second Edition, Revised & Enlarged, Mount Angel Abbey 1992 PARTS C & D, INTERNATIONAL MARINE AIDS TO NAVIGATION Second Edition, Revised, -- Mount Angel Abbey, 1988 VOLUME II FURTHER STUDIES IN TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: PART E, INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES, First Edition, Mount Angel Abbey, 1984 PART F, INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY SIGNALS, First Edition, • Mount Angel Abbey, 1991 PART G, INTERNATIONAL AERONAUTICAL AIDS TO NAVIGATION, First Edition, Mount Angel Abbey, 1994 PART H, A COMPREHENSIVE CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS Projected -- VOLUME III DATA BASE OF TRANSPORTATION MARKING PHENOMENA: PART I, IIRolodex" Format PART J, Computer Format .. Projected .. .. I iii.. .. TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: A STUDY IN .. COMMUNICATION MONOGRAPH SERIES III VOLUME II FURTHER STUDIES IN -- TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS -- PART G III III INTERNATIONAL AERONAUTICAL NAVIGATION AIDS III Brian Clearman III Mount Angel Abbey • 1994 • • III TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface vii Acknowledgments viii Abbreviations . x Dedicated to the Memory of 33 AERONAUTICAL NAVIGATION AIDS: INTRODUCTION & LDC, 1928-1992 EARLY DEVELOPMENTS A Introduction 1 Terminology, The Nature of Aero Transportation Markings & Methodological Concerns . 1 Copyright (c) 1994 by Mount Angel Abbey 2 Aeronautical Nav Aids: Physical Properties & Semiotics 9 at Saint Benedict, Oregon 97373 B History of Aero Nav Aids 1 Introduction & Early Aviation All Rights Reserved Developments 16 2 Early History of Aero Aids, 1919-1937. 20 3 Development of Aero Aids, Library of Congress Cataloging-In-Publication Data 1938-1943. 32 4 Final Developments Before ICAO, 1944-1950. 37 Clearman, Brian. International aeronautical navigatIon aIds I BrIan Clearman. p. em. -- (Transportation markings v. 2) (Further studies 34 THE CLASSIFICATION in transportation markings; pt. G) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and Indexes. ISBN 0-91B941-08-3 A Main Classification 1. Alrports--Trafflc control--Dlsplay systems. 2. Traff1c signs and stgnals. 3. Aids to aIr navigation. I. Title. II. Series: 1 Introduction 49 Clearman, Brian. Transportation markings; v. 2. III. Serles: 2 Main Classification. 51 Clearman, Brian. Further studies 1n transportation mark1ngs ; pt. G. 3 Explanatory Notes 54 TA1245.C56 1984 vol. 2, pt. G B Variant Classification [TL725.3.S47] 629' .042 s--dc20 1 Classification. 60 [629.13] 94-14557 CIP 2 Explanatory Notes 63 C Pictorial Representations 1 Illustrations 72 Note: the LC # preassigned to this monograph is different 2 Explanatory Notes 78 than the one printed in the CIP data sheet. The preassigned # is 94-076173 ii i.ii 35 LIGHTED AERO NAVIGATION AIDS 37 AERO ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION AIDS A Approach Lighting 1 Introduction 85 A Fully Integrated Systems 2 Equipment. 87 1 Chapter 37: Overview & 3 Messages 89 Changes 139 B Final Approach Lighting 2 Instrument Landing Systems 142 1 Introduction 92 3 Microwave Landing Systems 145 2 Messages . 93 B Independent & Partially Integrated 3 Equipment. 99 Aids C Runway & Taxiway Lighting 1 VOR, TACAN, VORTAC & DME. 148 1 Background, Terminology & 2 Beacons & Multi-mode Radio Functions. 101 Aids. 151 2 Inset Lights 102 3 Elevated Lights 105 APPENDIX: COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF ICAO AERO 4 Messages for Inset & Elevated NAV AIDS, 1949-1991. 159 Lights 107 D Beacons & Obstruction Lighting BIBLIOGRAPHY 169 1 Introduction 112 2 Beacons 113 INDICES: 3 Obstruction Lights 115 4 Messages for Beacons & Obstruction i General Index 191 Lights 118 ii Index of Types of Aids and Systems 193 36 PARTIALLY-LIGHTED & UNLIGHTED AERO iii Index of Names: Personal, NAVIGATION AIDS Corporate & Organizational 207 A Signs & Markings 1 Introduction to Chapter 36 121 2 Signs: Types & Messages 123 3 Markings: Types & Messages 124 B Indicators, Markers, Obstruction Markings & Restricted Use Markings 1 Indicators: Types & Messages 129 2 Markers: Types & Mesages. 130 3 Obstruction Markings: Types & Messages . 134 4 Restricted Use Area Visual Aids 136 v iv r I I I II' PREFACE Volume II of the TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: A STUDY IN COMMUNICATION MONOGRAPH SERIES III' continues the studies began in Volume I, Parts A-D. The earlier volume reviewed communication concepts - especially those of semiotics and of the role in transportation markings (Part A) and it presented a survey of surface, air, and -- marine markings in the U.S. (Part B). The first volume ended with an examination of one segment I' of international transportation markings: marine aids to navigation ( Parts C & D). Parts C & D were revised and republished as a separate unit in 1988 under the title of International Marine Aids to Navigation. A major revision of Part A, -- Foundations, has also been completed. The revision includes an enlargment and revamping of semiotic considerations, an addition of material on electromagentic and acoustical processes with -- their role in transportation markings, and an addition of material on design and trans portation markings. Part B has also undergone -- revision including a major expansion of the classifications. Volume II continues the international -- & studies begun with Parts C D. There are four intended parts for the second volume: International Traffic Control Devices (Part E), - published in 1984; International Railway Signals (Part F) published in 1991; Aero- nautical Navigation Aids (Part G), the focus of the - present study; and A Comprehensive Classification of International Transportation Markings (Part H), projected. -- The present monograph examines currently employed radio and visual aero aids. vi • vii •III I11III Officially-sanctioned aids - as presented in To many libraries that rendered aid: Air International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) University Library in Alabama; the University of and augmented by North Atlantic Treaty - California, Davis Libraries; the University of Organization (NATO), U.S. and other sources California, Berkeley Libraries especially provides much of the foundation of the study. .. Catherine Cortelyou and her colleagues at the This format is true of the other monographs in Institute of Transportation Studies Library; the Series as well. Classification continues Congress; Humboldt County Library, especially its vital role for the studies. A subchapter on Lena, the inter-library loan person in Eureka aero history is also vital to the monograph. and Joy Moore in McKinleyville; International - Civil Aviation Association Library, Montreal; The monograph views radio aids and visual Mount Angel Abbey Library, especially Darlene aids as a single, unified subject. That may Strand, inter-library loan coordinator; Oregon run counter to the many who view radio aids as State University Library; Portland State navigation aids, and visual aids as airport/ - University Libraries; University of Oregon airfield/visual/ground aids. Few, in fact, Libraries; University of Washington Libraries. speak of a single field of aero safety devices no matter what terminology is employed. The -- To many manufacturing concerns that supplied problem of a split is mirrored in the lack of an information: Airflo Instruments, Glastonbury CNi agreed upon overarching term. The use of "aero Thorn Europhane, Paris; Cegelec, Paris; navigation aids" by the writer may lead to Crouse-Hinds, Windsor Locks CT; EG&G, Salem, MAi confusion and to irritation by those seeing two -- Hughey & Philips, Simi V~lley, CA; TWR, Houston, disciplines or one discipline with two TX; Ameriel, Atlanta; Siemens, Braunsweig, semiautonomous aspects. Yet some unified .. Germany; Godfrey Engineering, Tampa, FL; ITT designation was necessary if one perceives a Avionics, Nutley, NJ; Jacquith Industries, single field. Syracuse, NY; Mannairco, Mansfield, OH; Nautel, Tantallon, NS, Canada; Slo-Idman Oy, Mantsala, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Finland; Omnipol/Tesla, Praha; Ulmer • Aeronautique, Paris; ADB, Zaventem, Belgium; Unitron International, Atlanta; Danaid, To Abbot Peter Eberle and the Monks of Mount .. Copenhagen; Toshiba, Tokyo; Valley Illuminators, Angel Tukwila, WA; Westinghouse Electric, Cleveland; General Electric, Hendersonville, NC; Sepco, To those who assisted in the production of the Windsor Locks, CT; Sylvania, Electric Products, monograph: Mark Parker OSB, proofreading; Justin • Ipswich, MA; Tull Aviation, Armonk, NY; Hertz OSB, computer assistance; Pius Harding and Multi-Electric, Chicago; Devore, Alburquerque; his staff at the print shop, covers and Wilcox, Kansas City, MO. supplies. • To many governmental aviation organizations that rendered assistance: Civil Aviation Authority, viii .- ix .. I'll Canberra, Australia; Regie der Luchtwegen, Zaventem, Belgium; Transport Canada, Ottawa, Organizations Canada; Civil Aviation Administration, --- Copenhagen, Denmark; Aviation Civile, Paris, AACI Airports Internationale d' France; Deutsche Flugscherung, Offenbach, Eclairage/lnternational Germany; Aeronautica Civil, Mexico; NATO, Commission on Illumination Brussels; Luftfartsverket, Oslo, Norway; Civil -- CAA Civil Aviation Authority or Aviation Authority, Singapore; Aviacian Civil, Administration (various