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The Lofoten Islands – a Stakeholder Analysis Within the Scope of Possible Petroleum Activities

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The Lofoten Islands – a Stakeholder Analysis Within the Scope of Possible Petroleum Activities Integrated coastal zone management in Norway The Lofoten Islands – A stakeholder analysis within the scope of possible petroleum activities by René Cortis Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Double Degree Master Program in Water and Coastal Management Master Thesis Integrated coastal zone management in Norway The Lofoten Islands - A stakeholder analysis within the scope of possible petroleum activities by René Cortis First Supervisor: Justin Beaumont Second Supervisor: Jürgen Köster Acknowledgement This master thesis is the icing on the cake of the double degree master program of Water & Coastal Management and Environmental & Infrastructure Planning at the Universities of Oldenburg (D) and Groningen (NL). When I started thinking about the Lofoten Islands as a topic for my master thesis one year ago, I had been there only twice, not more than one week in total. One year later the area of Lofoten and Vesterålen became the new home of my wife and me. Through the writing of the master thesis, my stay in Lofoten in June and July and the move to Stokmarknes in Vesterålen in September, I feel very close to this fascinating coastal region. With this thesis, five years of education as a geographer end – five years of multifaceted education, great field trips, difficult tests, nice people and a lot of fun, too. Writing such a thesis demands a lot of self-discipline and it was not easy to be disciplined all the time. The temptation of procrastination was huge and I could not always resist it. I want to thank my wife Julia for her understanding and patience over the last months. You are wonderful. I also want to thank my whole family and especially my parents Christiane and Gerald for their support during the 5 years of my studies. Thanks to my sister Franziska for the hiking tour on the island of Værøy and to my mother-in-law Anita for your patience (and fried potatoes). Special thanks also to Gyri for renting me the room in Kabelvåg and to Renate Westje for her proofreading and language advice. Further on, I want to thank Johan Woltjer for accepting the topic and of course my two supervisors Justin Beaumont in Groningen and Jürgen Köster in Oldenburg for their I academic support. Special thanks to Heidi Müller-Heinz at the Academic Examination Office for her straightforward way. Moreover I want to mention are all my fellow students in Oldenburg and especially in Groningen. I had a great time with you. Last but not least, I want to thank Freia (chocolate), Coca Cola (caffeine), Sigur Rós (Icelandic music), Röyksopp (Norwegian music), Adjágas (Samii music) and many other great musicians for keeping me alive during the long nights at the computer. Stokmarknes, 8th February 2011 René Cortis II Table of content Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................................. I Table of content ................................................................................................................................ III List of figures ..................................................................................................................................... VI List of tables .................................................................................................................................... VIII Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. IX 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Aim ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background and rationale ........................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Problem definition ................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Expected outcomes .................................................................................................................. 4 1.5 Social and political relevance ................................................................................................... 4 2. Theory ............................................................................................................................................ 5 2.1 Reasons for a stakeholder analysis in an integrated and collaborative approach ................... 6 2.2 Stakeholder theory ................................................................................................................ 12 2.3 Cultural theory ....................................................................................................................... 15 2.4 Rationale ................................................................................................................................ 19 3. Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 20 3.1 Qualitative research ............................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Literature ............................................................................................................................... 23 3.3 Interviews ............................................................................................................................... 23 3.3.1 Why talk to people? ........................................................................................................ 24 3.2.3 Sampling .......................................................................................................................... 25 4. ICZM in Norway and Lofoten ....................................................................................................... 27 4.1 Political system ...................................................................................................................... 27 4.2 Planning system ..................................................................................................................... 27 4.2.1 History of the planning system ....................................................................................... 28 4.2.2 Present planning system ................................................................................................. 28 4.3 Coastal zone management ..................................................................................................... 29 4.3.1 Use of the Norwegian coastal zone ................................................................................ 30 4.4 Management plan .................................................................................................................. 31 5. The Lofoten Islands and its natural, socio-cultural and socio-economic environment ............... 33 III 5.1 Natural Environment and its natural resources ..................................................................... 34 5.1.1 Natural resources definition ........................................................................................... 34 5.1.2 Geology and Geomorphology ......................................................................................... 35 5.1.3 Climate ............................................................................................................................ 38 5.1.4 Terrestrial environment .................................................................................................. 44 5.1.5 Marine environment ....................................................................................................... 47 5.2 Region and its cultural resources ........................................................................................... 53 5.2.1 History and early settlements ......................................................................................... 53 5.2.2 Municipalities .................................................................................................................. 55 5.3 Economy ................................................................................................................................ 59 5.3.1 Agriculture ...................................................................................................................... 59 5.3.2 Fishery ............................................................................................................................. 59 5.3.3 Fish farming ..................................................................................................................... 62 5.3.4 Retail trade ...................................................................................................................... 64 5.3.5 Manufacturing ................................................................................................................ 64 5.3.6 Tourism and leisure ......................................................................................................... 65 5.3.7 Petroleum development ................................................................................................. 68 6. Stakeholders ................................................................................................................................ 77 6.1 Natural and cultural environment ........................................................................................
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