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SCUOLA SUPERIORE PER MEDIATORI LINGUISTICI (Decreto Ministero Dell’Università 31/07/2003) Via P SCUOLA SUPERIORE PER MEDIATORI LINGUISTICI (Decreto Ministero dell’Università 31/07/2003) Via P. S. Mancini, 2 – 00196 - Roma TESI DI DIPLOMA DI MEDIATORE LINGUISTICO (Curriculum Interprete e Traduttore) Equipollente ai Diplomi di Laurea rilasciati dalle Università al termine dei Corsi afferenti alla classe delle LAUREE UNIVERSITARIE IN SCIENZE DELLA MEDIAZIONE LINGUISTICA “L’Aeronautica Militare come mediatore di Pace nelle operazioni di Peace- Keeping” RELATORI: CORRELATORI: prof.ssa Adriana Bisirri prof.ssa Marilyn Scopes prof. Dino Schettino prof.ssa Luciana Banegas prof.ssa Claudia Piemonte CANDIDATA: Loredana Aquino ANNO ACCADEMICO 2013/2014 1 Sommario INTRODUZIONE ................................................................................................... 4 L’AERONAUTICA MILITARE ................................................................................ 9 1.1 Origini e storia ............................................................................................. 9 1.2 Lo stemma ................................................................................................. 28 1.3 Le Frecce Tricolori ..................................................................................... 30 LE OPERAZIONI DELL’ AERONAUTICA MILITARE IN AMBITO NAZIONALE 32 2.1 Le operazioni in ambito nazionale di ricerca e soccorso (SAR) ................ 33 2.2 Il trasporto umanitario ................................................................................ 39 2.3 Missioni di solidarietà ................................................................................ 43 2.4.1 Operazione Gran Sasso ..................................................................... 46 2.4.2 Le operazioni Jupiter ........................................................................... 49 2.4.3 L’Operazione Giotto 2009 ................................................................... 50 2.4.4. Joint Air Task Group 'Falco' ............................................................... 54 2.4.5 Operazioni Strade Sicure e Strade Pulite ........................................... 55 LE OPERAZIONI DELL’AERONAUTICA MILITARE IN AMBITO INTERNAZIONALE: IL PEACE KEEPING .......................................................... 56 3.1 Le missioni di pace all’estero: terminologia e classificazione .................... 57 3.2 Le forze di Peace-Keeping e i loro membri: organi sussidiari e agenti delle Nazioni Unite ................................................................................................... 64 3.3 Il mediatore nei conflitti .............................................................................. 68 3.4 La partecipazione italiana alle missioni internazionali: cenni storici .......... 78 ESEMPI DI PARTECIPAZIONE DELL’AERONAUTICA MILITARE ALLE OPERAZIONI DI PEACE KEEPING DAL SECONDO DOPOGUERRA AD OGGI ............................................................................................................................ 87 4.1 Il Congo ..................................................................................................... 88 4.2 La Somalia................................................................................................. 96 4.3 Il Kosovo .................................................................................................. 100 4.4 Timor Est ................................................................................................. 106 4.5 Iraq .......................................................................................................... 109 4.6 Afghanistan.............................................................................................. 114 CONCLUSIONI ................................................................................................. 120 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 125 THE ITALIAN AIR FORCE ................................................................................ 126 1.1 Origins and history ................................................................................... 126 2 1.2 Coat of Arms of the Italian Air Force ....................................................... 129 1.3 The Frecce Tricolori ................................................................................. 131 NATIONAL OPERATIONS ................................................................................ 133 2.1 Humanitarian Missions ............................................................................ 134 2.2 Search and Rescue (SAR) ...................................................................... 138 2.3 Solidarity Missions ................................................................................... 139 AIR FORCE OPERATIONS ABROAD .............................................................. 142 3.1. Peace Support Operations (PSO) .......................................................... 143 3.2 Types of PSO .......................................................................................... 145 3.3 The Role of Mediation ............................................................................. 150 3.4. Air Force Peacekeeping: More than 50 Years of History ....................... 157 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 160 INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................. 162 La Aeronáutica Militar ....................................................................................... 163 1.1 Orígenes e historia .................................................................................. 163 1.2 El escudo de armas de la Aeronáutica Militar Italiana ............................. 167 1.3 El escuadrón de vuelo acrobático “Frecce Tricolori” ............................... 169 LAS OPERACIONES DE LA AERONÁUTICA MILITAR EN TERRITORIO NACIONAL ........................................................................................................ 171 2.1. Operaciones de ayuda humanitaria ........................................................ 173 2.2. Búsqueda y rescate (SAR) ..................................................................... 176 2.3. Misiones de solidaridad .......................................................................... 178 MISIONES EN EL EXTRANJERO .................................................................... 179 3.1. Misiones de paz ..................................................................................... 180 3.2.Tipos de misiones de paz ........................................................................ 182 3.3 El papel de la Mediación ......................................................................... 187 3.4 El mantenimiento de la paz: más de 50 años de historia ........................ 191 CONCLUSIONES ............................................................................................. 195 BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................ 196 SITOGRAFIA .................................................................................................... 198 ALLEGATI ........................................................................................................ 199 3 INTRODUZIONE Lo scopo fondamentale delle Nazioni Unite, così com’è enunciato nel primo paragrafo dell’art. 1 della Carta di San Francisco1, consiste nel mantenere la pace e la sicurezza internazionale. Lo scopo per cui le Nazioni Unite sono state istituite è pertanto di impedire il generarsi di nuovi potenziali conflitti e, allo stesso tempo, di agire affinché altri conflitti già in corso giungano ad una soluzione, per quanto possibile, pacifica. Nella prassi delle Nazioni Unite, alle misure per il mantenimento della pace e della sicurezza internazionali previste dalla Carta si è fin dagli anni 1 Si tratta della Carta dell’ONU. Lo Statuto (o Carta) delle Nazioni Unite è l'accordo istitutivo dell'Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite (ONU). Fu firmato a San Francisco il 26 giugno 1945 da 50 dei 51 paesi membri (la Polonia, non presente alla conferenza, firmerà ad ottobre) a conclusione della Conferenza delle Nazioni Unite sull'Organizzazione Internazionale. Entrò in vigore il 24 ottobre 1945, dopo la ratifica da parte dei 5 membri fondatori: Cina, Francia, Unione Sovietica, Regno Unito, e Stati Uniti. Lo Statuto dell'ONU Capitolo I FINI E PRINCIPI Articolo 1 I fini delle Nazioni Unite sono: Mantenere la pace e la sicurezza internazionale, ed a questo fine: prendere efficaci misure collettive per prevenire e rimuovere le minacce alla pace e per reprimere gli atti di aggressione o le altre violazioni della pace, e conseguire con mezzi pacifici, ed in conformità ai princìpi della giustizia e del diritto internazionale, la composizione o la soluzione delle controversie o delle situazioni internazionali che potrebbero portare ad una violazione della pace; Sviluppare tra le nazioni relazioni amichevoli fondate sul rispetto del principio dell'eguaglianza dei diritti e dell'autodeterminazione dei popoli, e prendere altre misure atte a rafforzare la pace universale; Conseguire la cooperazione internazionale nella soluzione dei problemi internazionali di carattere economico, sociale, culturale od umanitario, e nel promuovere ed incoraggiare il rispetto dei diritti dell'uomo e delle libertà fondamentali per tutti senza distinzioni di razza, di sesso, di lingua o di religione; Costituire un centro per il
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