The First King: Kamehameha’s Council of
Chiefs
BearMUN 2020
Chair: Gamin Kim
Crisis Director: Kai Smith
“Ua mau ke ea o ka ʻāina i ka pono.”
“The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness.”
—King Kamehameha I
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Table of Contents
1. Welcome Letters
2. Format of Committee
3. Historical Background
a. Polynesian Arrival into Islands
b. Ancient Hawaiian Rulers and Society
i. Ku
ii. Kane
iii. Kanaloa
iv. Lono
v. ‘Aumakua
d. Kapu System
e. European Exploration of Hawaiian Islands
4. Geography
a. Hawai’i (The Big Island)
i. Kona
ii. Kohala
iii. Hilo
iv. Hamakua
v. Puna
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vi. Ka’u
b. Maui
c. Oahu
d. The Rest of the Hawaiian Islands
i. Kaua'i & Niihau
ii. Moloka’i, Lana’i, & Kaho’lawe
5. Current Situation
a. Kamehameha’s Background & Upbringing
b. Death of King Kalani’opu’u
c. Major Threats to Unification
6. Questions to Consider
7. Character List
8. Glossary of Terms
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Hello Delegates,
My name is Gamin Kim, and I am honored to be your Chair for The First King: Kamehameha's Council of Chiefs at BearMUN. I am a junior at UC Berkeley majoring in Political Science and minoring in Data Science and Public Policy. This is my third year on the circuit, and I have previously served as a Vice-Chair for the North Korean Board of Longevity committee in our collegiate conference, UCBMUN XXIII, and the Chief of Staff Internal for UCBMUN XXIV as a part of Secretariat. I’ve also had the privilege of formerly being a part of UCBMUN’s Diversity and Inclusion Committee and chairing for the North Korean committee during BearMUN last year.
Other than model UN, I am also involved in research on campus, Delta Phi Epsilon, the foreign–service professional fraternity on campus, and occasionally play the flute as a part of a pit orchestra. I love cooking, hiking, cycling, and listening to podcasts when I'm not busy with coursework. I am also really happy that I have the opportunity to run a committee with Kai this year as he is one of my closest friends outside of model UN. Although I had little knowledge of Kamehameha before this, his enthusiasm and appreciation for Hawaiian culture and history drew me into chairing this committee. Kai and I cannot wait to see what will happen in committee and are looking forward to witnessing the Council of Chief's plans for the future of the Hawaiian islands. The history of Hawaii is largely overlooked, and I hope you will learn more about it with me by researching before coming to BearMUN and by being part of this committee this November.
Warmly, Gamin Kim Chair The First King: Kamehameha's Council of Chiefs
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Hello Delegates,
I am very excited to welcome you to The First King: Kamehameha's Council of Chiefs. My name is Kai Smith and I am thrilled to serve as Crisis Director for this dynamic committee. This is my third year at UC Berkeley and my second staffing experience. I have been involved in Model UN since Junior High, and thoroughly enjoyed staffing Ad-Hoc last year and being a chair for UCBMUN’s Diversity and Inclusion Committee. I am studying Chemistry and BioEngineering, with an emphasis on physical chemistry and molecular engineering. I am excited to see the creative ways in which you all handle the unique challenges of Hawaii during one of its most tumultuous periods.
When not doing model UN, I can be found exploring Cal’s various libraries or baking bread. I also work with the professional chemistry fraternity, Alpha Chi Sigma, where I run fundraising and participate in STEM outreach programs targeted at underprivileged students in Oakland. My father grew up on the Big Island, and I still have family on the Kohala Coast. I have always been interested in Kamehameha’s life, mainly for the reason that I wondered whom my Grandmother’s business was named after. Hawaiian history is incredibly complex, and much of it is shrouded in legend. I am looking forward to a fast-paced committee that combines the rich culture of Hawai'i with ingenuity and purpose.
Yours, Kai Smith Crisis Director The First King: Kamehameha's Council of Chiefs
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Format of Committee
Hawaiian history encompasses the story of one of the most intriguing and dynamic civilizations in the world, but it is often overlooked. In this committee, we will be exploring the unification of the Hawaiian Islands. King Kamehameha I was the first individual to unite all of the islands under one rule. Due to translation issues and erasure from missionary groups, the fine details of King Kamehameha’s Hawaiian unification is shrouded in mystery, so it will be more effective to observe the political affairs during this period and the geographical distribution of the Islands as you prepare for this Committee.
You will form a council of advisors to Kamehameha, assisting him in decisions and battles that will decide whether or not he is successful in his conquest. Throughout the committee it will be vital to take into account the segment of the Hawaiian population that you represent, and how best to ensure your people's well being. We hope this background guide will be a helpful resource to learn more about the essential aspects of Hawaiian history, culture, religion, and geography. We have also included a thorough biography for each character in the character list to assist you in familiarizing yourself with your characters and their influence. If you have any questions or are confused about any material presented in the guide, please do not hesitate to ask for clarification. We both are excited to welcome every one of you to The First King:
Kamehameha’s Council of Chiefs, and cannot wait to see each of your plans of action when BearMUN starts.
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Historical Background
Polynesian Arrival into Islands
The Polynesians initially migrated to the Hawaiian Islands via voyaging canoes from the
Marquesas, Tongan, Samoan, and Tahitian Islands around 300 to 600 AD.1 Polynesians were able to accomplish this feat without the use of scientific instruments and instead looked towards the stars, sun, moon, and patterns from the ocean like swells, currents, and local wave characteristics. They also utilized downward sailing to their best advantage, which is to set course to the latitude upwind of the destination and have the wind carry the boat to the point after reaching the desired latitude.2 These early
Polynesian settlers brought a plethora of stories, chants, plants, and domesticated animals that eventually became the foundation of Hawaiian society. These included taro, ti (cordyline plant), kukui (candlenut), noni (Indian mulberry), olona (type of flowering shrub), `uala (sweet potato), wauke (paper mulberry tree), chickens, pigs, and dogs.3 Early Hawaiian rule was mainly in the form of chieftains that ruled small communities, but battles often broke out between these communities for territorial control.4
1 “Polynesian Migration.” HawaiiHistory.org. Info Grafik, Inc. http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page.
2 “Polynesian Navigation.” LEARNZ navigation. http://www.learnz.org.nz/location192/bg-standard-f/polynesian-navigation.
3 Ibid.
4 “Hawaii—History and Heritage.” Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution, 6 November 2007. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/hawaii-history-and-heritage-4164590/.
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Large Polynesian migration occurred for a second time around 1000 to 1300 AD.
The second wave of Polynesian migrants mainly traveled back and forth between the
Hawaiian Islands and the Society Islands located in present-day French Polynesia.
Between their initial migration and the rise of early Ancient Hawaiian rule, they also implemented a series of reforms that greatly affected social structure and established new religious additions and restrictions to the Kapu system. Initial governance by the councils of elders and experts, the ‘aha councils, later became the benchmark for a ruling class whose elevated position was identified by their lineages, known as the ali’i.
The second wave of Polynesian entry into the Hawaiian Islands was generally marked with a flourishing population and development of public works projects such as extensive irrigation systems, temples (heiau), and fish ponds. Settlements prospered near the coastal parts of the islands with farms that were located in the lower valleys.5
Improvements in agricultural technology allowed for dryland gardens to be planted along the Hawaiian floodplains.6 After this period of renaissance brought forth from
Polynesian influence, Hawaiian culture became more culturally and artistically distinctive from other civilizations located among the Pacific Ocean. Expressive works and activities such as the hula, the making of the kapa (fabric from the fiber of trees and shrubs), and featherwork design are some examples that showcase the evolution of
Hawaiian traditions.7
5 “Pre-contact Timeline.” HawaiiHistory.org. Info Grafik, Inc. http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page.
6 Ibid.
7 “The Hawaiian Culture” HawaiiHistory.org. Info Grafik, Inc. http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page.
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Ancient Hawaiian rulers and society
Ancient Hawaii was ruled by the ali’i nui, or the supreme leader. The first ali’i nui was the indigenous chief Kapawa, whose burial practice standardized the burials for later ali’i nuis and detached the ali’i ruling class from the rest of Hawaiian society.8 Early
Ancient Hawaii was predominantly governed by rulers from the House of Liloa between
1125 to 1725.
Ancient Hawaiian Rulers9
- Pillika’alea (1125-1155)
- Kukohou (1155-1185)
- Kaniuhu (1185-1215)
- Kanipahu (1215-1245)
- Kama’iole (1245-1255)
- Kalapana (1255-1285)
- Kahaʻimaoeleʻa (1285-1315)
- Kalaunuiohua (1315-1345)
- Ku’aiwa (1345-1375)
- Kahoukapu (1375-1405)
- Kauholaunimahu (1405-1435)
8 Mitchell, Donald D. Kilolani. R esource Units in Hawaiian Culture. Honolulu: Kamehameha Publishing, 1992. 1992. http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0units-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewi n.
9 Fornander, A. An Account of the Polynesian race, its origin and migrations and the ancient history of the Hawaiian people to the times of Kamehameha. London: Trübner, 1878
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- Kihanuilulumoku (1435-1465)
- Liloa (1465-1495)
- Hakau (1495-1510)10
- Umi-a-Liloa (1510-1525)
- Keali’iokaloa (1525-1545)
- Keawenuia’umi (1575-1605)
- Keakealani Kane (1605-1635)
- Keakamahana (1635-1665)11
- Keakealaniwahine (1665-1695)12
- Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku and Kalanikauleleiaiwi (1695-1725)13
- Alapa’i (1725-1754)
- Keawe’opala (1754)14
- Kalaniʻōpuʻu (1754-1782)15
10 Liloa’s first born son and the heir to the throne, Hakau, was overthrown by his second born son Umi-a-Liloa, who became the next ali’i nui.
11 Keakamahana was the first female ruler in Hawaiian history.
12 Keakealaniwahine was the second female ruler in Hawaiian history.
13 Both ruled together as Kalanikauleleiaiwi was Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku’s half-sister and wife.
14 Keawe’opala died in battle, but his son, Kalaimanokahoʻowaha, met Captains James Cook as the high chief of the Hawaiian Islands.
15 The House of Liloa was reinstated with K alaniʻōpuʻu, the grandson of K eaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku. A fter Kalaniʻōpuʻu’s rule, his son Kiwala’o became the ali’i nui in 1782.
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The history of Ancient Hawaiian rulers gives insight as to who is selected to be an heir and is reflective of the societal progress made by the islands over time. Although the earlier Ancient Hawaiian rulers were all male-identifying, two ali’i nuis toward the later part were female-identifying. From the timeline, one additional observation was that the reign of each ali’i nui was relatively peaceful except for a few clashes in between. What is also surprising is that one royal house was able to control power for a majority of time before this committee started with Kamehameha’s plan to usurp
Kiwala’o. The reign of co-ali’i nuis, Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku and Kalanikauleleiaiwi, gives some context as to the marriage norms in Ancient Hawaii. This power sharing structure was only possible because K alanikauleleiaiwi was technically considered to be ranked higher than her husband because of her paternal descent from the O’ahu royal dynasty.16 M arrying your cousin or other relatively close member of the family was not frowned upon in Ancient Hawaiian society.
Hawaiian Religion
The religion of the Hawaiian islands is based on the religion brought by the original
Polynesian settlers.17 The religion consists of a system of deities and ancestors that influence and watch over the islanders. These deities and ancestors appear to the
Hawaiian people to give blessings, provide protection, or watch over their people. Each
16 Fornander, A. A n Account of the Polynesian race, its origin and migrations and the ancient history of the Hawaiian people to the times of Kamehameha. London: Trübner, 1878
17 “Hawaiian Religion.” Encyclopedia.com, 27 September 2020. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/hawaiian-reli gion.
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major deity can take different forms under different circumstances, a few notable examples being pale-skinned humans, ocean or land-dwelling creatures, and even natural phenomena such as lava.18 There are four major deities; Kane, Kanaloa, Ku
(Kuka’ilimoku), and Lono.19 These four are all derived from the original religion of the
Polynesians and retain names similar to those in Polynesian culture. The Hawaiian pantheon has expanded to include new deities as well, such as Pele, goddess of volcanoes. Many of these deities are relatively minor, so their descriptions and powers will be less relevant to committee than the major four. As previously mentioned, the
Hawaiians also believe that their ancestors are always watching over them. These ancestors, known as the ‘aumakua, take the form of constellations and animals to watch over the people.20 Hawaiian culture places great importance upon lineage, and the ancestors one has can be a defining factor in how one is viewed in society.
The four main deities brought from Polynesian culture, Kane, Kanaloa, Ku, and
Lono, all play important roles upon the island. Each of these deities is placed into the hands of an important figure in Hawaiian society that is responsible for conducting rituals for the god/goddess.21 Control of a deity means that an individual is responsible for all sacred rituals for the deity and allows them to enter sacred areas without punishment. For example, Kamehameha was granted responsibility for Ku, the war god
18 “Hawaiian Religion.” Encyclopedia.com, 27 September 2020. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/hawaiian-reli gion.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
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by his Uncle before he passed away and ceded the throne to his son.22 Each of these deities represents a unique aspect of life in Hawaii.
Ku
Ku, also known as Kuka’ilimoku, is the god of war. Along with his wife Hina, they form a pair representing fertility. Ku is best known as the only major god that represents a form of violence. Ku’s rituals were the only main ones that included human sacrifice, usually lawbreakers, prisoners of war, or slaves.23 Usually, Ku was only invoked during times of extreme conflict or need, as the consistent sacrifice of pigs and men was often too much for the islands. Ku consists of many different forms, changing his name and appearance when it suits him. For example, Kumoku Hali’i is the island spreader who is responsible for forest growth. The forms most often taken by Ku and his wife Hina are
Kuka’ilimoku and Pele, the goddess of fire and volcanoes responsible for the creation of the islands.24 Ku holds particular relevance to this committee as he is the god that has been entrusted to Kamehameha. This gives Kamehameha authority to perform sacred rituals for Ku and to interpret Ku’s omens of war and peace. Ku’s blessing is one of the warriors, and some suggest Kamehameha’s incredible battle prowess is directly linked to the war god.
22 “Hawaiian Religion.” Encyclopedia.com, 27 September 2020. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/hawaiian-reli gion.
23 Luomala.
24 Ibid.
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Kane
Kane is the God of Life. Kane’s main exploits are the creations of various freshwater springs on the island as well as supervising occupations that rely on life, such as fishing and farming.25 Like Ku and Hina, Kane also takes many forms. The most notable of which is Kane-hekili, Kane of Thunder, the deity from which the ruling class of Maui is said to be descended from.26 Kane’s blessing is particularly important to armies because of a lack of fresh water available away from safe havens. To have control of Kane essentially allows for the divine authority to utilize streams and springs for military purposes.
Kanaloa
Kanaloa is the younger brother of Kane and is often worshipped alongside Kane.
Although less referenced in Hawaiian literature, Kanaloa takes an important place as the god of he’e, which means both squid and healing. As such, he oversees sea creatures and ocean weather.27 Despite his somewhat less important stature, Kanaloa did have a portion of each lunar month assigned to honor him. However, due to historical erasure by Hawaiian Christian converts, this time has been lost. After missionaries flocked to the Islands they began to actively suppress native Hawaiian religion. Being the least important of the major deities due to a lack of temples and festivals Kanaloa was the first to essentially disappear once his priests passed away. Much of what we know about
25 Luomala.
26 Ibid.
27 “Kumukahi: Living Hawaiian Culture.” Kamehameha Publishing. http://www.kumukahi.org/index.php/units/ke_ao_akua/akua/kanaloa.
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Kanaloa comes from revisionist writings in the 19th century from Christian converts that can be classified as unreliable.28 For the period of this committee, Kanaloa’s importance stems from being able to claim a divine blessing as well as the healing and care that his priests provide.
Lono
The last of the major Hawaiian deities is Lono, who represents abundance. Overseeing both peace and winter storms, Lono allows for the people of the island to feed themselves and keep their families safe. Lono plays an especially important role during the months of November to March, where the Hawaiian rainy season leads to an abundance of crops. A chief called the Makahiki is responsible for a celebration each year to mark the return of Lono to the island and ask for a blessing of abundance.29
Lono’s blessing is particularly important for the rulers because the people may interpret a poor harvest as Lono’s anger at the current King. In addition, Lono’s priests have a vast knowledge of farming, which may provide vital for any ruler that wants to expand.
‘Aumakua
The ‘aumakua are the ancestors of the Hawaiian people. Unlike the four deities already mentioned, the ‘aumakua do not have many festivals or rituals dedicated to them.
However, their importance stems from Hawaiian emphasis on lineage and family.30
Many Hawaiian people interpret certain animals or phenomena as their ‘aumakua and
28 Luomala.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
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when they seek the guidance of their ancestors they watch for signs through these outlets. For this committee, the ‘aumakua is less relevant than the major four deities, but it should be noted that the Hawaiian people will interpret large migrations of animals or appearances of creatures such as manta rays as particularly auspicious.
The major deities all play a large role in how the Hawaiian islands interact with each other. Chiefs must make the requisite sacrifices before going to war and also honor seasons of peace, such as Lono’s annual festival. For Kamehameha to succeed in conquering the islands, he must find favor of the gods to demonstrate his rightful rule.
Kamehameha already has the duties of Ku, but the other three remain open-ended for now. With control of Ku, Kamehameha may declare times of war and gather the support of the people to fight with his army. The other deities will become increasingly relevant for Kamehameha to justify his rule and desire to unite the islands.
Kapu System
The Kapu System refers to the legal system of ancient Hawaii. Kapu translates directly to rules, and the Kapu System was a codified version of the decrees of the gods. The system served as a way to segregate men and women, as well as the ruling ali’i and commoners.31 The systemic segregation created great inequality between social classes and genders.
The first major division of Kapu was between men and women. They had to eat separately, and their food was also prepared separately. In addition, women were
31 “Kapu System.” Kaizen Wong. http://kaizenwong.angelfire.com/Kapu_System.pdf.
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forbidden from eating foods such as pork, bananas, and coconuts among other items.32
Notably, Kapu did not apply to the gender nonbinary and nonconforming in Hawaiian society. Instead of applying Kapu for men and women to the gender nonbinary, there were seperate rules for these nobinary priests known as Mahu. The Mahu were relegated to the roles of teachers and historians and distinctly separate from both men and women.33
Kapu’s other major division was between the ali’i, the ruling class, and the commoners. Commoners' shadows could not touch the ali’i or any of the ali'i belongings unless they were an appointed servant.34 Also, Pahu Kapu, a symbol of two crossed staffs with white balls on top, indicated locations where only the ali’i could enter.35 To break the Kapu was to go against the gods, and often the punishment was a warrant for the individual resulting in death.
In addition to these major divisions, Kapu also regulated activities that ranged from every day to ritualized. Tasks such as fishing, crop harvesting, and clothing were all regulated. Chiefs oversaw all tasks and all results had to be reported.36 Ceremonies, sacrifices, and rituals were all included, and who could perform each portion was also
32 Williams, Julie Stewart. From the Mountains to the Sea: Early Hawaiian Life. Honolulu: Kamehameha Publishing, 1997. http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0english-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escape win.
33 Kleiber, Eleanor and D. Keali’i MacKenzie. “Gender Identity and Sexual Identity in the Pacific and Hawai’i: Introduction.” University of Hawai’i at Mānoa Library. University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, 2012. https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/Pacificsexualidentity.
34 “Kapu System.” Kaizen Wong. http://kaizenwong.angelfire.com/Kapu_System.pdf.
35 “Kapu.” Hawaiian Mythology. Weebly. https://ancienthawaiiangods.weebly.com/kapu.html.
36 “Kapu System.” Kaizen Wong. http://kaizenwong.angelfire.com/Kapu_System.pdf.
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recorded. The honor of performing these rituals was given to high ranking chiefs and priests and commoners were not allowed to view sacred rituals.
The punishments for disobeying Kapu varied from material fines to the execution of the whole family. It was common for the native police, called ‘ilamuku, to hunt down lawbreakers and execute them.37 The only way to avoid the ‘ilamuku was to find a place of refuge, pu’uhonua, before being caught. There were several pu'uhonua scattered across the islands, each with their respective high priest called a Kahuna that resided there. Once at the pu’uhonua the lawbreaker could be officially pardoned by the
Kahuna. Once the pardon was given and the ‘ilamuku notified of the pardon the lawbreaker could return to normal life.38 Notably, lawbreakers could seek pardon at a pu’uhonua for any crime and in all but the most extreme cases return to a normal life.
However, in practice, it was difficult to travel to the pu’uhonua and in most cases, the individual would be caught before they reached safety.
The Kapu system served to strengthen the ruling ali'i’s hold on the islands. The ruling class was viewed as divine and therefore Kapu was the god’s will. Many people believe that if they violated Kapu the gods would take direct action and see them killed.
39 Kapu served not only as the law of the islands but also as a tool for the male-dominated chiefs to consolidate their power over their subjects.
37 “Kapu System.” Kaizen Wong. http://kaizenwong.angelfire.com/Kapu_System.pdf.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
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For Kamehameha, Kapu is particularly relevant for two reasons. The first of which is that if Kamehameha breaks Kapu in his dealings with any other chief he will have to seek refuge at a pu’uhonua until he is pardoned. The second is that one of his favored wives, Ka’ahumanu,40 is a large proponent of reforming the Kapu system for greater equality. There are many voices in Hawaii calling for reformation, and you will have to assist Kamehameha in balancing Hawaiian tradition with the change that lies on the horizon.
European Exploration of Hawaiian Islands
The first contact between Hawaii and the western world occurred when Captain James
Cook landed at the town of Waimea on the remote western island of Kaua'i in 1778.
Cook, who was part of the British Royal Navy, named the archipelago the Sandwich
Islands. Cook’s first visit notably introduced metal to Kaua'i during the brief stay.41 In
1779, Captain Cook returned to the islands, this time to Kealakekua Bay on the western side of the Big Island. Kealakekua is a sheltered harbor to the south of the major city of
Kailua-Kona where clear water allows for the deep coral reefs to be seen on the seafloor.
The Bay is a sacred location associated with Lono. As mentioned prior, there is a yearly festival to honor Lono, and since many Hawaiian histories refer to Lono as a pale skinned deity the Hawaiians believed that Cook was Lono. The Hawaiians treated Cook
40 Blumberg, Naomi, Grace Young, et.al. “Kaahumanu.” Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, 1 June 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kaahumanu.
41 “Captain Cook reaches Hawaii.” History. A&E Television Networks, LLC, 16 January 2020. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/cook-discovers-hawaii.
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and his sailors like gods until one of the sailors passed away and the Hawaiians realized that the sailors were normal men.42 Once this occurred and the special treatment ceased,
Cook decided to set sail. However, rough seas caused him to have to return to
Kealakekua Bay to repair the ship. Once Cook and the crew returned, the Hawaiians attempted to drive them off and stole a side boat. After this altercation, Cook ordered his men to land to attempt to retake the boat. In this effort, one of the westerners shot and killed a chief. Angered, the Hawaiians overwhelmed Cook’s men and killed many of them, including Cook himself. The Englishmen retreated, firing upon the shore with the intent to kill as many Hawaiians as possible, and would eventually return to England without their captain.43 Cook’s altercation with the native Hawaiians would set a precedent for distrust of Westerners among the Hawaiians and would lead to extreme wariness in years to come.
Many years later, father and son duo Simon and Thomas Metcalfe decided to go on a trading expedition with their rendezvous point as Kealakekua Bay. The elder Simon
Metcalfe’s ship, the *Eleanora*, was the first to reach Kealakekua Bay. Once they arrived, a small boat was once again stolen. Metcalfe decided to depart early and go to
Olowalu under the guise of trading. Once there, the Hawaiians returned the boat and as an apology the thigh bones of the now executed thief.44 Metcalfe considered the apology
42 “Captain Cook reaches Hawaii.” History. A&E Television Networks, LLC, 16 January 2020. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/cook-discovers-hawaii.
43 “Captain Cook killed in Hawaii.” History. A&E Television Networks, LLC, 13 February 2020. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/captain-cook-killed-in-hawaii.
44 “The Hawaiian Culture” HawaiiHistory.org. Info Grafik, Inc. http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page.
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insufficient and ordered the cannons to target all of the boats that had rowed out to trade with the ship. This incident, known as the Olowalu massacre resulted in over 100 deaths and a further 100 major injuries.45 The massacre caused a Kapu to be placed on the next ship that docked on the islands. This happened to be the F air American, captained by the younger Thomas Metcalfe. The ship was attacked and every sailor save for one, Isaac Davis, was killed.46 The Hawaiians also captured a sailor from E leanora known as John Young. These two foreigners were brought to Kamehameha along with the captured F air American. Kamehameha saw the potential in the weapons on the ships and tasked Davis and Young with training his men to operate the vessel.
As of the start of the committee, there are no formal relations between Hawaii and other nations. The civilization that has come into contact with them the most, the
British, generally regard them as simple people and their actions show their callousness towards Hawaiian life. The potential that Western weapons show is immense, yet there is currently no reliable way to obtain metal and firearms. As Hawaii continues to interact with the western world there is a reason for an abundance of caution. Not only do the westerners seem to treat the Hawaiians with disdain, but it also appears that the visitors are increasingly obsessed with two things: exotic items and religion. If Hawaii is to consider trading with the westerners for weapons they will have to avoid conceding too much of their native hunting grounds and protect their culture from Christian missionaries who seek to convert the native Hawaiians.
45 Upton, Emily. “The Olowalu Massacre of 1790.” Today I Found Out, 26 September 2013. http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/09/olowalu-massacre-1790/.
46 Ibid.
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Geography
The geography of the Islands holds particular importance to this committee. As
Kamehameha’s board of advisors part of your responsibility will be to assist
Kamehameha in his battle plans and political deals. It will be important to know each island's allegiance and their differences as the committee progresses.
The Hawaiian Islands47
Hawai’i (The Big Island)
Hawai’i is the largest of the Hawaiian islands, as well as the most recently formed. This geological recency has created an island with both large dormant volcanoes and an active lava flow on the east side of the island. The Big Island can be split into nine different districts, consisting of North and South Kohala, Hamakua, North and South
47 “The Hawaiian Islands.” HawaiiCity. ZG Hawaii, Inc. http://www.hawaiicity.com/hawaiimap/.
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Kona, Ka’u, Puna, and North and South Hilo.48 Of these, the largest cities are
Kailua-Kona and Hilo, located on opposite sides of the island.49 The island contains 10 of 14 different climate zones and varies widely in the weather experienced based on island location.50 For this committee, we will focus on a few specific areas of cultural significance.
The Big Island’s boundaries51 52
48 “Big Island of Hawaii Districts.” To-Hawaii.com: Hawaii Travel Guide. To-Hawaii.com. https://www.to-hawaii.com/big-island/districts.php.
49 Ibid.
50 Paiva, Derek. “Hawaii has 10 of the world’s 14 climate zones: An explorer’s guide to each of them.” Hawai’i Magazine, 10 November 2015. https://www.hawaiimagazine.com/content/hawaii-has-10-worlds-14-climate-zones-explorers-guide-each-t hem.
51 “Big Island of Hawaii Districts.” To-Hawaii.com: Hawaii Travel Guide. To-Hawaii.com. https://www.to-hawaii.com/big-island/districts.php.
52 Derrick, John C. “Maps of the Big Island of Hawaii.” GuideofUS, 21 August 2020. https://www.hawaii-guide.com/big-island/big-island-hawaii-maps.
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Kona
Kona, also known as Kailua-Kona rests at the base of Mount Hualalai and is framed by
Kailua Bay.53 The largest city on the western side of the Big Island, the town of Kailua is a center of Hawaiian culture. The city’s surrounding regions contain religious centers such as Pu'uhonua O Hōnaunau, a shelter point for lawbreakers as described in the previous Kapu section.54 The region is ruled by a variety of chiefs, each with influence over a section of the city’s inhabitants.
Kohala
Kohala is the northernmost of the Hawaiian Districts. It has one major seaport in
Kawaihae.55 Kohala is the closest Big Island seaport to any other Hawaiian island, which makes it a hub for inter-island trading, especially with nearby Maui. Kohala is the district where Kamehameha was born and where he has the strongest base of supporters. Economically, Kohala is split between fishermen and traders at the port of
Kawaihae and those who work in agriculture.56 Kohala contains the mountain town of
Waimea, which is surrounded by open grasslands and offers views of the Koala
Mountains and Mauna Kea. Although during Kamehameha’s time Waimea holds little
53 Tikkanen, Amy, Veenu Setia, Virginia Gorlinsky, et. al. “Kailua-Kona.” Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 July 2011. https://www.britannica.com/place/Kailua-Kona.
54 “Pu’uhonua o Hōnaunau.” National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. https://www.nps.gov/puho/index.htm.
55 “Chapter VI: Development and Human Activity on the West Coast of the Island of Hawai’i.” National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior, 15 November 2001. https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/kona/history6d.htm.
56 Ibid.
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significance it will come to serve as a travel hub for travelers that seek to go from the
Kohala Coast to Hilo. In modern times, Waimea is a ranching town where the Hawaiian cowboy or Paniolo lifestyle was born.
Hilo
Hilo is the largest of Hawaii’s cities, one where Polynesian settlers have been living since 1100 CE.57 Hilo is one of the three large seaports on the island, along with Kona and Kohala. With an eastern facing seaport, Hilo’s importance will only grow with continued contact with British missionaries and traders. The area receives an incredible
275 days of rain a year,58 complicating any military conflict that would occur due to spoilage of dried foods and boggy battlegrounds. Hilo’s lush weather results in large varieties of flora unique to the Hawaiian islands flourishing there. Much of this unique flora and fauna is of interest to British merchants and could potentially be leveraged as a commodity in trading. As a result of its large port, the people here grow a variety of crops and harvest the relative abundance of the ocean, trading with neighboring towns and even islands. Hilo’s chief impotence stems from its large populations, but its agricultural prowess makes it a vital city to control for Kamehameha.
Hamakua
The region of Hamakua is similar to Hilo in terms of climate and economy. The region is a large rainforest and is regarded as one of the most scenic locations on the island due
57 Chauhan, Yamini, Virginia Gorlinski, Parul Jain, et. al. “Hilo.” Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, 20 February 2012. https://www.britannica.com/place/Hilo.
58 Ibid.
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to its many waterfalls. The area’s most notable geographic landmark is Mauna Kea, a large dormant dome volcano that towers at around 14 thousand feet above sea level.59
The volcano is a sacred site, one which symbolizes the realm of the Hawaiian Deities and the Hawaiian ancestors. The area around the volcano is under a Kapu that prevents all non-priests or chiefs from ascending the mountain.60 In modern times, the volcano is of particular interest for astrologists as the remote locations of the islands allow for clear star viewing. The native Hawaiians are very much against the construction of telescopes on the mountain, particularly as the scientists tend to abandon old telescopes instead of properly disposing of them and keeping the mountain pristine.61 The conflict continues to this day, and a compromise seems unlikely soon.
Puna
Much of Puna is regarded as a sacred area and as a result, it’s small population gives it the reputation of a backwater district with little to no relevance. In Hawaiian religion,
Puna is where the Fire Goddess Pele resides in the crater of the Kilauea volcano.62 Puna hosts a large volcano area and is rich in history and natural resources.63 However, due to
59 Yamanaka, Katie Young. “Mauna Kea: Stargaze from the Sacred White-Capped Mountain.” Hawaii.com. https://www.hawaii.com/big-island/attractions/mauna-kea/.
60 Corbin, Amy. “Mauna Kea.” Sacred Land Film Project, 15 August 2014. https://sacredland.org/mauna-kea-united-states/.
61 Ibid.
62 Kim, Alice. “The Cultural History of Puna, Hawaii.” Hawai’i Groundwater & Geothermal Resources Center. University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, 8 December 2014. https://www.higp.hawaii.edu/hggrc/the-cultural-history-of-puna-hawaii-2/.
63 Matsuoka, Jon K., Luciano Minerbi, Pualani Kanahele, et. al. “Native Hawaiian ethnographic study for the Hawaii Geothermal Project proposed for Puna and Southeast Maui.” eVols. University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, May 1996. https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/19366.
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the proximity of active lava flows many choose to live outside of Puna. As a result, Puna is less populated and most often associated with the modern slang term Puna boy, which carries connotations of being uncultured and backward. Despite the current slang, Puna in Kamehameha’s time carries great importance to Hawaiian mythology and presents a difficult landscape for armies to navigate.
Kau
Kau extends across the southern portion of the Big Island. Along its northeastern border, it shares a volcanic area with Puna.64 The most famous volcano located on Kau is Mauna Loa, which holds the title of the largest active volcano on the planet.65 Mauna
Loa extends across much of the Big Island and its lava flows have given birth to fertile soils and rich farmland.66 The rain that characterizes much of the northern portion of the island is still present in Kau albeit at a lesser amount. As the largest of the Hawaiian districts, Kau sprawls along the southern shores hiding both black sand beaches and secluded woodlands.67 Although Kau lacks a bustling population, it presents an ideal hiding place for political enemies or those seeking to escape the Kailua-Kona or Hilo.
Political enemies or lawbreakers who are convinced that a pu’uhonua will not grant them a pardon may choose to live in hiding in the forests instead, seeking to survive on their own rather than risk execution.
64 “Kau.” The Hawaiian Islands. Hawaii Tourism Authority. https://www.gohawaii.com/islands/hawaii-big-island/regions/kau.
65 “Mauna Loa.” United States Geological Survey. United States Department of the Interior. https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mauna-loa.
66 “Kau.” Big Island Guide. http://bigislandguide.com/destinations/kau.
67 Ibid.
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Maui
Maui is both the closest island to Hawaii and the second largest. Maui is the capital seat of an empire solidified under Kahekili II who is responsible for conquering three additional islands along with his inherited kingdom of Maui.68 King Kahekili II is a valiant warrior with an illustrious legacy. He looks to leave his kingdom to his son
Kalanikupule or his brother Kaeokulani.69 The Maui empire is potentially interested in acquiring Hawaii but recognizes that it would be near impossible to invade the Big
Island and gain the support of the local people.
The island of Maui is the landmass that contains both West Maui Mountain and
Haleakala, connected by an isthmus.70 The island notably has whales that migrate to the
Au’au channel in the winter, providing both whale oil and meat.71 Similar to the big island, Maui’s northwest is dry while the eastern region is rich with rainfall. In terms of military conquest, Maui presents a significant challenge in that it cannot be treated as a single landmass, but rather as two islands. The isthmus that connects the volcanoes would leave any military vulnerable, and there are many valleys and ridges that can hide ambush attackers along the volcano slopes.
68 “Kahekili, Father of Kamehameha.” The House of Kamakahelei, 17 May 2018. https://houseofkamakahelei.org/articles/kahekili-father-of-kamehameha.
69 Ibid.
70 “Maui Geography.” To-Hawaii.com: Hawaii Travel Guide. https://www.to-hawaii.com/maui/geography.php#:~:text=Maui%20»%20Geography-,Maui%20Geography,b y%20a%20low%2Dlying%20isthmus>.
71 Ibid.
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O’ahu
O’ahu is technically part of the Maui empire, added under Kahekili II. O’ahu is the third biggest island and holds the city of Honolulu, although the city is less important at the time than the major ones on Maui and Hawai’i.72 The island is made up of two connected mountain ranges, the Koolau and Waianae ranges.73 Instead of an isthmus, a large plateau connects the ranges. O’ahu politically plays a secondhand role to Maui but it gives Kahekili II the advantage of having two distinct islands that are potential seats of power. In the event of an invasion of Maui, he can simply retreat to Honolulu and plot to retake Maui, while if O’ahu is captured his main military in Maui can easily return to O’ahu to repel invaders.
The Other Hawaiian Islands
Kaua’i & Ni’ihau
The remainder of Hawaii’s islands are all relatively small except for Kaua'i. Kaua'i has its ruler, King Kaumualii, who is said to be a shrewd diplomat.74 Kaua'i also effectively controls Ni’ihau, which is the furthest west of any of the islands. Both islands are
72 Blakely, Ellen Sue. “Honolulu.” Encyclopedia.com. https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/united-states-and-canada/us-political-geography/honolulu.
73 Levy, Michael, Gloria Lotha, Amy McKenna, et. al. “Oahu.” Britannica. Encyclopædia, 2 April 2020. https://www.britannica.com/place/Oahu.
74 “The Royal Coconut Coast has a Rich History.” Royal Coconut Coast Association. RCCA. https://royalcoconutcoast.com/kauai-history/.
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relatively uninhabited but are also isolated from the rest of the islands.75 The Kaieie
Waho channel separates Kaua'i from O’ahu and is 72 miles long, the longest separation of any of the islands.76
Moloka’i, Lana’i, & Kaho’olawe
Three smaller islands surround Maui and are part of the empire. They present little political or military threat but remain vital for any King who wants to truly unify the
Hawaiian islands. The most westward is Moloka’i which resides between Maui and
Oahu. Kaunakakai is Moloka’i's largest city, residing in the southern midsection of the island.77 Lana’i is to the south of Moloka’i and consists mainly of various fishing villages. The soil is rich but due to the island’s smaller size and access to the Au’au channel results in the majority of the labor going toward seafaring.78 The smallest of the eight islands are Kaho’olawe. Kaho’olawe is only 45 square miles and lacks fresh water, making it an unideal place to live and resulting in its incredibly sparse population.79
These three islands, Moloka’i, Lana’i, and Kaho’olawe are all part of the Maui empire.
Control of these peripheral islands will largely be a result of the control of Maui and
O’ahu.
75 “Kauai’s History.” Kauai.com. www.Kaua'i.com/Kaua'i-history.
76 “Hawaii Ocean Channels.” To-Hawaii.com: Hawaii Travel Guide. To-Hawaii. https://www.to-hawaii.com/oceanchannels.php.
77 “Molokai.”Go Hawaii. Hawaiian Tourism Authority. www.gohawaii.com/culture/i slands/molokai.
78 Murray, Lorraine, Neha Parwani, Amy Tikkanen, et. al. “Lanai.” Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, 22 June 2012. https://www.britannica.com/place/Lanai.
79 Das, Darshana, Veenu Setia, Amy Tikkanen, et. al. “Kahoolawe.” Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, 22 September 2011. https://www.britannica.com/place/Kahoolawe.
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Current Situation
The Committee will begin in approximately April 1782 after the death of the previous king on the Big Island. Kamehameha will have returned to Kailua-Kona and the committee will be with him in his main supporter base in the city.
The following family tree shows the lineage of the three men closest to the throne. Kiwala’o is the eldest son of the king, Keoua Ku’ahu’ula is Kiwala’o’s younger half brother, and Kamehameha is Kiwala’o’s second cousin.
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Kamehameha’s Background and Upbringing
Kamehameha was born to Kekuiapoiwa and Chief Keoua of Kohala in 1758.80 His birth coincided with Halley’s comet, showing a divine favor and the birth of a powerful chief.
Because of the circumstances of his birth, Kamehameha spent his first few years in the secluded Waipi’o valley at the northern tip of the big island in the Kohala district.81
Eventually, Kamehameha joined his father in Kailua until his father’s death.82 After the passing of Kamehameha’s father, King Kalani’opu’u, his uncle, took Kamehameha under his wing and trained him to fill his father’s formal role as chief of Kohala.83
Under the tutelage of his Uncle, Kamehameha participated in trading and eventually fought against Captain Cook at Kealakekua Bay.84 This event caused many other chiefs to notice Kamehameha’s prowess and leadership abilities. During the battle it was said that Kamehameha took charge and led the warriors to victory, demonstrating extraordinary combat skills as they stormed the ship. In addition, Kamehameha is credited with moving the Naha Stone, a 7,000-pound volcanic rock.85 Any individual that can move the Naha stone is said to be destined to rule the island of Hawaii.
80 Augustyn, Adam, Neha Parwani, Emily Rodriguez, et. al. “Kamehameha I.” Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, 4 May 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kamehameha-I.
81 Ibid.
82 “King Kamehameha.” The Hawaiian Islands. Hawaii Tourism Authority. https://www.gohawaii.com/culture/history/king-kamehameha.
83 “Kamehameha the Great.” National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior, 28 February 2015. https://www.nps.gov/puhe/learn/historyculture/kamehameha.htm.
84 Ibid.
85 Kealamakia, Spencer. “Remember the Naha Stone.” Hawai’i Magazine, 7 November 2017. https://www.hawaiimagazine.com/blog-series/island-dispatch/remember-naha-stone.
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Kamehameha is not only a warrior but also a politician and leader. As a tactician, he seeks to gain advantages through information and unexpected tactical maneuvers.
He was trained in combat and military tactics by Kekuhaupi’o, one of Hawaii's most famed warriors.86 With Kekuhaupi’o’s help, Kamehameha has mastered every form of hand to hand combat and has become unparalleled in skill with the spear.
Death of King Kalani’opu’u
During the clash at Kealakekua bay, Kamehameha gained a reputation as a fearsome leader and warrior. The old king was feeble and as he grew ill he decided to split his kingdom between his sons Kiwala’o and Kamehameha. To Kiwala’o, he left his political empire. To Kamehameha, he left control of the war god Ku, giving Kamehameha divine right to perform many sacred rituals that would normally be above his social station.87
By dividing the kingdom, the King had created a situation where two men unequal in social status both held substantial power over the kingdom. Although the cousins had a similar upbringing, traditionally Kiwalao would inherit the entire empire and all religious duties his father held. Kiwalao was born a royal, one who had been trained to become King from birth and was expected to take the throne and continue his father’s legacy. By contrast, Kamehameha was two degrees removed from the throne and was descended from a father who did not share the political prowess of the late king. Even
86 “Kamehameha the Great.” National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior, 28 February 2015. https://www.nps.gov/puhe/learn/historyculture/kamehameha.htm.
87 Ibid.
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before Kalani’opu’u died, Kiwalao and Kamehameha clashed. Kamehameha performed important rituals that were designated for Kiwala’o, insulting Kiwala’o authority. There is much speculation over why Kamehameha was given control of the war god and unfortunately there is no clear answer. The best approximation is that Kalani’opu’u deemed Kamehameha to be a much better warrior and therefore should be responsible for the god relating to warfare.
Once King Kalani’opu’u died, the process of Kiwala’o inheriting the kingdom began. There are conflicting stories on how the traditional post-funeral land division went. One version is that Kiwala’o was to inherit direct rule over the kingdom with
Kamehameha functioning as the high chief of Kohala. Kamehameha and his backers have been staunch in their view that the old king left Kiwala’o Ka’u, Puna, and Hilo while giving Hamakua, Kohala, and Kona to Kamehameha.88 Regardless of the true claim, Kamehameha currently holds control of Kohala while Kiwala’o controls the rest of the island as a result of a maneuver that moved him back to Honaunau 20 miles south of Kailua-Kona before Kamehameha could take full control of Kona.89 The two now stand at odds, fighting not only a battle for succession but an ideological war of who has the right to ascend to the throne.
88 “Kamehameha the Great.” National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior, 28 February 2015. https://www.nps.gov/puhe/learn/historyculture/kamehameha.htm.
89 Ibid.
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Major Threats to Unification
The Big Island will be Kamehameha’s first true test. It is vital that he recovers the provinces that he was promised by King Kalani’opu’u as soon as possible. Kohala and
Hamakua should be relatively easy; however, Kiwalao will not surrender Kona without conflict. Kiwalao’s claim to the throne is too strong for Kamehameha to ignore. In addition, Kiwalao’s warrior sibling Keoua should be taken into consideration as a threat to the throne. Kiwalao is hardly the only threat to the unification of Hawaii. Across the seas, the kingdoms of Maui and Kaua'i loom. A weak Hawaii could result in unwanted intervention from other islands. Aside from other rulers, Kamehameha will have to fight growing movements for independence for the Hawaiian provinces as well as religious backlash from influential Kahuna.
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Questions to Consider
1. How to Handle Kiwalao
At the start of committee Kiwala’o is 20 miles south of Kailua-Kona at
Honaunau. His main goal is to gain full control of both the island and the throne.
Kiwala’o’s father’s seat of power was Kailua-Kona, so he will likely make a move
to seize the city soon. In the event of a defeat at Kailua-Kona Kamehameha will
have to retreat to Kohala, the only region on the Big Island that he has full
control over. If Kiwala’o is defeated, he will either retreat to Hilo and attempt to
turn that into a seat of power or attempt to restock for another attack in Ka’u.
Kamehameha must consolidate control of Kailua-Kona as soon as possible. The
committee will have to decide the best way to do this, as well as how to keep tabs
on Kiwala’o and eventually ensure that he is no longer a threat.
2. Priority of Territories
The committee will have to decide which territories are most vital for
Kamehameha, and act decisively to secure them. Kona and Hilo are the most
important districts in terms of populations, economy, and politics, but to support
these cities the other territories are needed as well. Kamehameha already has
Kohala, and under the claims from the previous land divisions, holds a claim for
Hamakua. Kiwalao technically has the right to Puna, Ka’u, and Hilo. The
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committee may decide to either invade these other territories to secure a military
takeover of the island or to achieve a diplomatic takeover via negotiation.
3. Potential Invasion from Maui
With the division on the Big Island, Maui may consider this a prime chance to
add another island to their empire. It will be important to establish diplomatic
relations with Maui but to also remain independent enough to where Maui is
unable to pressure Kamehameha into joining the empire. It will be up to the
committee on how Kamehameha will interact with Maui and prevent Kiwala’o
from receiving their assistance.
4. Character Goals to Consider
How will Kamehameha's rise to power benefit your character? If you are a chief,
how will you utilize Kamehameha’s throne to help your territory flourish? If you
are Kamehameha’s relative, how will you ensure that a dynasty forms? For
religious leaders, how will Kamehameha benefit the people and receive the
blessing of the gods? While you advise Kamehameha as a committee you must
also be aware of how your family and people will be affected by the decisions
made.
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Character List
Keeaumoku Pāpaiahiahi (Father in Law of Kamehameha)
Keeaumoku is a chief from the region of Kona in western Hawai’i. He is one of five chiefs who declared an initial allegiance to Kamehameha. Keeaumoku is a seasoned warrior whose daughter happens to be one of Kamehameha’s favorite wives.90 His allegiance lies to whom he believes can lead Hawai’i best and is a major figure in
Kamehameha’s armed forces. He holds considerable military power and political connections. His major weakness is that he is not directly connected with the royal line, but through Kamehameha his children may be able to eventually inherit the throne.
Keawe-a-Heulu (First Cousin Once Removed of Kamehameha)
Keawe-a-Heulu is one of the five chiefs of Kona who declared allegiance to
Kamehameha and backed him for the throne. His usefulness to Kamehameha lies not only in his military prowess, but in political awareness as well.91 As one of
Kamehameha’s chief negotiators, Keawe-a-Heulu looks to help solidify his King’s goals through diplomatic understanding, but will not shirk from conflict if needed. His strengths lie in his connections to many chiefs in Kona, Kohala and Hamakua.
90 “Keeaumoku Pāpaiahiahi.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. Project Gutenberg. http://www.self.gutenberg.org/articles/eng/Keeaumoku_Pāpaiahiahi.
91 “Keawe-a-Heulu.” Geni, 30 September 2018. https://www.geni.com/people/Keawe-a-Heulu/6000000004047388000.
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Kameʻeiamoku (First Cousin Once removed of Kamehameha)
Kameʻeiamoku has favorable relations with the current king of Maui, and has been told to watch over Kamehameha and ensure his survival.92 Another chief of Kona who declared loyalty to Kamehameha, Kameʻeiamoku’s ultimate goal is for the unification of the Hawaiian Islands. Despite his ties to Maui, he remains fiercely loyal to
Kamehameha. He serves as a politician and advisor to Kamehameha and is particularly adept at negotiation and leading his constituents in Kona. He is also notably anti-western, having been mistreated at the hands of foreigners during negotiation.
Kame’eiamoku’s relationship with Maui presents a unique opportunity to establish diplomatic negotiation that others would be unable to do.
Kamanawa (First Cousin Once removed of Kamehameha, Twin of Kame’eiamoku)
Kamanawa, much like his twin Kame’eiamoku, is a chief from Kona who backs
Kamehameha for the throne. He retains the same connections to Maui as his brother.
Kamanawa’s main difference is his relationship with Kamehameha’s widowed mother.93
Because of his marriage to Kamehameha’s mother, Kamanawa is more invested in
Kamehameha’s success as a dynasty rather than unifying the Hawaiian Islands. Like his brother, he is a skilled negotiator who seeks to expand his family’s influence. Unlike his
92 “Kame’eiamoku.” Geni, 10 August 2020. https://www.geni.com/people/Kame-eiamoku-nīʻaupiʻo/6000000003199480474.
93 “Kamanawa.” Geni, 8 August 2020. https://www.geni.com/people/Kamanawa-I-nīʻaupiʻo/6000000024601001348.
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brother Kamanawa holds less of a grudge against foreigners and has less qualms about negotiating with both Maui and British ships to help Kamehameha reach the throne.
Kekūhaupiʻo (Kamehameha’s Teacher)
Kekūhaupiʻo is a skilled warrior who taught Kamehameha how to fight from a young age. The last of the five major Kona chief’s loyal to Kamehameha, Kekūhaupiʻo is best known for reasons other than his political power. Due to his role as the young king’s mentor, he has the closest relationship with Kamehameha and is a confidant of the
King.94 As a result of the relationship, Kekūhaupiʻo puts Kamehameha’s health before any political or military ambition and seeks to ensure that the King will be safe at all times. He holds particular military influence and is a trusted tactician, especially with his squad of elite soldiers that he has trained.
Ka’ahumanu (Wife of Kamehameha)
Ka’ahumanu is a politically minded individual who supports her husband’s desire to unite the islands.95 She is particularly interested in systems of government and breaking of historical boundaries that separate Hawaiian men and women. Although she is loyal to her husband, she also acts to influence him to make favorable decisions for the people. Due to Kapu Ka’ahumanu is in a unique situation where she holds considerable
94 Young, Peter T. “Kekūhaupi’o.” Ho’okuleana. Blogspot, 16 November 2013. http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2013/11/kekuhaupio.html.
95 Blumberg, Naomi, Grace Young, et. al. “Kaahumanu.” Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, 1 June 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kaahumanu.
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sway over the women of Kona in a way that no men could rival. The support of non-warrior families in Kona could be the deciding factor between Kamehameha and
Kiwalao and Ka’ahumanu is uniquely poised to take advantage of this disparity.
Isaac Davis (Welsh Seaman)
Issac Davis is the sole surviving member of the crew of the F air American. He was discovered by Kamehameha’s people and was brought to the King.96 Over time, he has become a close confidant and friend to the King. He is both politically active and incredibly loyal to the king who saved his life. Although this committee begins chronologically before Issac Davis’s capture, this character can act as though he is already an advisor and friend of the king when the committee starts. Isaac Davis is one of only two characters with knowledge of western technology and as such should focus on how western weapons and tactics can provide Kamehameha the edge needed to secure victory.
John Young (English Seaman)
John Young is a crew member of the *Elenora* who was discovered by one of the chiefs loyal to Kamehameha.97 Young was found around the same time as Issac Davis and the two men are very close. In addition to being a friend of the king, Young, along with
96 “Isaac Davis.” National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior, 28 February 2015. https://www.nps.gov/puhe/learn/historyculture/isaacdavis.htm.
97 “John Young.” National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior, 28 February 2015. https://www.nps.gov/puhe/learn/historyculture/john-young.htm.
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Davis, was instrumental in introducing Western weapons and battle tactics to the king.
Young’s focus should be similar to Davis, but could also alternatively pursue the route of collaborating with the West to increase Kamehameha’s legitimacy.
Hewahewa (Kahuna Nui / High Priest)
Hewahewa serves as Kamehameha's religious leader, holding a station that constitutes the absolute authority on religious rituals, festivals and interpretations.98 This position is particularly important as Kamehameha’s rise to power has been through the control of the war god. Hewahewa’s personal beliefs are against idols and the oppressive Kapu system. His beliefs align with Ka’ahumanu, particularly those on the boundaries between women and men in Hawaiian society. In this committee, Hewahewa will find success in being able to utilize his divine mandate to stir the sentiments of the more religious segments of the population.
Kahuna ‘O Kuka’ilimoku (Kahuna of the War God)
This Kahuna is the religious leader designated for Kuka’ilimoku, the war god.99
Although this role is technically Kamehameha’s since this is the King’s advisor board, he has appointed someone to serve as his interest in this area. As such, this Kahuna is responsible for omens of war and pre-war/battle rituals, as well as helping
98 Young, Peter T. “Hewahewa.” Ho’okuleana. Blogspot, 23 October 2014. http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2014/10/hewahewa.html.
99 Brigham, William. “Kukailimoku.” In M emoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History, 31-37. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1899. www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0feather-000Sec--01en-50-20-contact-book--1-010escapewin&a= d&d=D0.10&toc=0
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Kamehameha’s warriors’ morale. This character has both religious and direct military power, unlike the other Kahunas.
Kahuna ‘O Lono (Kahuna of Cultivation)
This Kahuna is the liaison between the people and Lono, the god of agriculture, rain, and cultivation. Lono oversees the prosperity and happiness of the people, and it is up to this Kahuna to bring prosperity to Kamehameha’s empire.100 In addition, Lono is responsible for the Makahiki celebration, or the Hawaiian new year festival. This character has control of much of the agriculture and food as the success of the harvest is determined by Lono, and the people will give the priests significant amounts of food and resources if the harvest is good.
Kahuna ‘O Kane (Kahuna of Life)
Kane is the Hawaiian deity of life, specifically freshwater, which allows for humans to sustain life. Kane manifests in freshwater springs found throughout Hawaii, as well as in sunlight that allows for plant growth and warmth.101 The Kahuna of Kane is responsible for the tending and discovery of springs and assisting the Hawaiian people in thriving. This Kahuna excels in both city building and covert operations for the military. Kane’s blessing will be vital if Kamehameha wants to transform a seat of power or create a new settlement.
100 “Kumukahi: Living Hawaiian Culture.” Kamehameha Publishing. www.kumukahi.org/.
101 Ibid.
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Kahuna ‘O Kanaloa (Kahuna of the Ocean)
Kanaloa is often called Kane’s companion, travelling with him to find new springs. In addition, Kanaloa serves as the god of the ocean, and is especially important regarding sailing, as he controls the ocean winds.102 Kanaloa’s Kahuna is responsible for appeasing the ocean god and assisting Kamehameha with attaining the god’s favor to allow for safe ocean travels and bountiful fishing. This character has a distinct advantage in naval operations and will have a high success rate in operations that involve ocean travel or ocean resources.
Ali’i Kohala (Chief of Kohala)
The Ali’i of Kohala represents the interests of the people and fellow Ali’i of Kohala in
Kamehameha’s court. Kohala is the district where Kamehameha was born and is geographically the oldest part of the island. Kohala is split into North and South Kohala, where the north is mainly jungle and canyons. The south has many green pastures, where pigs and the recently introduced chicken are raised, and sandy beaches, where fishing thrives.103 The Ali’i Kohala has direct control of a major port giving them control over almost a third of the island’s merchants.
102 “Kumukahi: Living Hawaiian Culture.” Kamehameha Publishing. www.kumukahi.org/.
103 “South Kohala Yesterday and Today.” South Kohala Community Development Plan, November 2008. www.hawaiicountycdp.info/site-resources/pictures/south-kohala/skcdp-chapter-2
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Ali’i Hamakua (Chief of Hamakua)
The Ali’i of Hamakua represents the interests of the people and fellow Ali’i of Hamakua in Kamehameha’s court. Hamkua gets an incredible amount of rain and is known for its agriculture.104 Its largest geographical indicator is Mauna Kea. The Ali’i Hamakua will have significant advantages in agriculture and also serves as a necessary bridge between the two coasts, making it a location for potential warfare.
Ali’i Hilo Ke ‘Akau (Chief of North Hilo)
The Ali’i of North Hilo represents the interests of the people and fellow Ali’i of North
Hilo in Kamehameha’s court. North Hilo serves as a bridge between the main city of
Hilo and the less populous Hamakua.105 This region’s buffer status makes it particularly important to Kamehameha considering that South Hilo will be the likely seat of power of the opposition if Kamehameha takes Kona.The Ali’i Hilo Ke ‘Akau has access to an abundance of flora and fauna, some of which may have interesting properties if researched.
Ali’i Hilo Ka Hema (Chief of South Hilo)
The Ali’i of South Hilo represents the interests of the people and fellow Ali’i of South
Hilo in Kamehameha’s court. South Hilo contains Hilo Bay, a center of fishing
104 Minkus, Dave. “Three Reasons I Love the Hamakua Coast.” Hawaii Life, 20 February 2018. www.hawaiilife.com/blog/three-reasons-love-hamakua-coast/.
105 “Hilo: Economy.” Advameg, 2020. www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Hilo-Economy.html.
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commerce that faces away from the remainder of the Hawaiian Islands. The area receives ample rainfall and is one of the most important districts in regards to population and economics.106 South Hilo will be a very contested region, as control of both Kona and South Hilo will all but determine the ruler of Hawaii. The Ali’i Hilo Ka
Hema has control over a major port as well as the advantages of flora and fauna provided to North Hilo.
Ali’i Ka’u (Chief of Ka’u)
The Ali’i of Ka’u represents the interests of the people and fellow Ali’i of Ka’u in
Kamehameha’s court. Ka’u is the least populous of the Hawaiian district but is also the largest geographically.107 Due to their low population and reclusiveness many people who would prefer to remain hidden reside in the backwoods of Ka’u. The Ali’i Ka’u will have to walk the line between finding Kamehameha’s political enemies that reside in his lands and preserving the isolation that has resulted in a greater degree of autonomy for
Ka’u. The Ali’i Ka’u’s main advantage is in its ability to hide covert operations and shelter those that may be unsavory for the throne.
106 “Hilo: Economy.” Advameg, 2020. www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Hilo-Economy.html.
107 “5 Fast Facts About Ka'u, Hawaii's Forgotten Paradise.” Big Island Guide, 3 April 2018. bigislandguide.com/facts-about-kau-forgotten-paradise.
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Ali’i Puna (Chief of Puna)
The Ali’i of Puna represents the interests of the people and fellow Ali’i of Puna in
Kamehameha’s court. Puna is largely wooded but contains the town of Volcano, which resides near steady lava flows and the Thurston Lava tube.108 Puna is generally considered a less important district by the rest of Hawaii, however due to the proximity to the volcanoes the people tend to be more spiritual than Hilo to the north. For
Kamehameha, controlling Puna will give a tactical advantage against Hilo as well as an opportunity to gain the blessing of Pele, the goddess of Volcanoes and creator of the
Hawaiian islands. The Ali’i puna’s main strength is large quantities of obsidian, which is used in weapon making, as well as incredibly rich soil for farming.
108 “Hawai'i Volcanoes.” National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior, 25 November 2019. www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/maps.htm.
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Glossary of Terms
- ‘—known as ‘Okina, represents a glottal stop or a short pause in the word.
- Ali’i—Hawaiian for Chief, ruling over a segment of the population and identified
by Kapu to be seperate from the commoners
- Ali’i Nui—Supreme Chief, used interchangeably in this BG with the king.
- Kahuna—Hawaiian for priest
- Kapu —the legal system of ancient Hawaii
- ‘Aumakua—Hawaiian ancestors
- Pu’uhonua—place of refuge, lawbreakers travel to one to be pardoned for their
crimes by a Kahuna
- ‘Ilimoku—Hunters of lawbreakers, administers of the punishments of Kapu
- Kuka’ilimoku—The god of war
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- Lono—Goddess of abundance
- Kane—the god of life
- Kanaloa—God of squid and healing
- Mahu—gender neutral Hawaiian priests
- Pahu Kapu—a symbol of two crossed staffs with white balls on top, designated
areas only priests and Ali’i can enter
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