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Ke Ali'i Nui 'O Kalani'öpu'u

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Ke Ali'i Nui 'O Kalani'öpu'u OFFICE OF HAWAIIAN AFFAIRS RESEARCH DIVISION OFFICE OF HAWAIIAN AFFAIRS RESEARCH DIVISION Works Cited Timeline of Events Archer, J. & Ellis, W. (1822–1823). The Depository of the Kings of Hawaii, Adjoining the Place of Ke Ali‘i Nui ‘o Kalani‘öpu‘u Refuge at Honaunau. In Kamakau, S. M. (1992). Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii, (Rev. Ed.). Honolulu, HI: Kamehameha Schools Press. ca. 1729 CE Birth of Kalani‘öpu‘u Dibble, S. (1843). A History of the Sandwich Islands. Lahainaluna, HI: Press of the Mission Seminary. Fornander, A. (1878). An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origin and Migrations and the Ancient 1754 CE History of the Hawaiian People to the Times of Kamehameha I. Volumes I, II, III. London: Trub- Death of Alapa‘i, Kalani‘öpu‘u ner. becomes ruler of Hawai‘i Island Fornander, A. (1918). Fornander’s Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folklore. Volume 5, Parts I, II, III. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press. ca. 1758 CE Hawai‘i State Archives Digital Collection. (1891). Häna Maui, from the Bluffs. Accessed 7 November Birth of Kalani‘öpu‘u’s nephew, 2014 at http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=897 Kamehameha Kaläkaua, D. (1888). The Legends and Myths of Hawaii. New York, NY: Charles L. Webster & Com- pany. 1759–1781 CE Kamakau, S. M. (1992). Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii, (Rev. Ed.). Honolulu, HI: Kamehameha Schools Kalani‘öpu‘u captures Ka‘uiki Press. Fortress and gains control of the Kamakau, S. M. (1996). Ke Kumu Aupuni: Ka Mo‘olelo Hawai‘i no Kamehameha Ka Na‘i Aupuni a Häna district in Maui. me Käna Aupuni i Ho‘okumu Ai. Honolulu, HI: ‘Ahahui ‘Ölelo Hawai‘i. 1760 CE Kame‘eleihiwa, L. (1992). Native Land and Foreign Desires: Pehea Lä E Pono Ai. Honolulu, HI: Bish- Birth of Kalani‘öpu‘u’s son, op Museum Press. Kïwala‘ö Kealoha, J. M. (1862, April 10). Ke Au Ia Kamehameha. Ka Hoku o Ka Pakipika. Buke 1, Helu 29, ‘Ao‘ao 1. 1775 CE Kalani‘öpu‘u raids Kaupö, Maui Kuykendall, R. S. (1938). The Hawaiian Kingdom, Volume I 1778–1854. Honolulu, HI: University of Ali‘i (chiefs) of Hawai‘i Island wearing mahiole (helmets) and ahu‘ula (feathered capes) as insignia of their high status and lineage. Oil on canvas by Herb Käne, 2013. Hawai‘i Press. Battle of Kalaeoka‘ïlio Pukui, M. K. & Elbert, S. H. (1986). Hawaiian Dictionary. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press. distinguished himself as a brilliant fighter and mili- The High Chief Kalani‘öpu‘u Pukui, M. K. & Korn, A. L. (1979). The Echo of Our Song: Chants and Poems of the Hawaiians. Hon- 1775–1779 CE tary strategist. Throughout his life, he conducted olulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press. Kalani‘öpu‘u wages constant By Holly K. Coleman brutal military campaigns on the islands of Maui, war on Kahekili Moloka‘i, Läna‘i, and O‘ahu. Through extensive Te Rangi Hïroa (Buck, P. H). (2003). Arts and Crafts of Hawai‘i. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press. Honored in oral histories as a fierce warrior, Kala- warfare and diplomacy, Kalani‘öpu‘u would be- ni‘öpu‘uäka‘ïamamao was an ali‘i nui (high chief) Timoteo, J. W. (1861, December 12). Ka Hoku o Ka Pakipika. Buke 1, Helu 12, ‘Ao‘ao 1. 1776 CE come ruler of all of Hawai‘i Island. Slaughter of Kalani‘öpu‘u’s from the district of Ka‘ü on the island of Hawai‘i. Webber, J. (1787). A Chief of the Hawaiian Islands. National Library of Australia, Canberra. Accessed elite ‘Älapa force at the Battle of Kalani‘öpu‘u (ca. 1729–1782 CE) was of the illustri- 7 November 2014 at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Webber’s_oil_painting_ Although he was well known for his ruthlessness Ahulau ka Pi‘ipi‘i ‘o Kakanilua ous lineage of generations of Hawai‘i Island rulers, ‘A_Chief_of_the_Sandwich_Islands’,_1787.jpg during war, historical accounts also describe Kala- including the ‘Ï family of Hilo, and the great chiefs Westervelt. W. D. (1923). Hawaiian Historical Legends. New York, NY: Fleming H. Revell Company. ni‘öpu‘u as a knowledgeable and capable ruler. As Keawe and Lïloa. an acknowledgement of his military nature and suc- 1779 CE cess in war, Kalani‘öpu‘u became known to Hawai- Most of the graphics incorporated in this Information Sheet are paintings completed by Native Ha- Death of Captain James Cook Kalani‘öpu‘u was tested as a young commander in waiian artist and historian Herb Käne (1928–2011). He completed 400 paintings of life in Hawai‘i ians as “Kalanikümai‘eiwakamoku” (“The Heavenly and the South Pacific and was recognized as a living treasure of Hawai‘i in 1984. Käne was instru- the military campaigns of the ali‘i Alapa‘inui, and mental in reviving Native Hawaiian voyaging traditions, and was one of the founders of the Polyne- 1782 CE Ruler of the Nine Islands”). sian Voyaging Society. In 2013, the voyaging canoes Höküle‘a and Hikianalia embarked on a Mäla- Death of Kalani‘öpu‘u ma Honua Worldwide Voyage: one of their destinations is Waitangi, Aotearoa. Battle of Moku‘öhai For more information on Käne or to view some of his work, please visit: http://herbkanehawaii.com/ 1810 CE Research Division For more information on the Mälama Honua Worldwide Voyage, please visit: Unification of the Hawaiian http://www.hokulea.com/ Land, Culture, and History Section Islands by Kamehameha Information Sheet, November 2014 8 Office of Hawaiian Affairs 560 N. Nimitz Hwy, Suite 200, Honolulu, HI 96817 www.oha.org Office of Hawaiian Affairs 560 N. Nimitz Hwy, Suite 200, Honolulu, HI 96817 www.oha.org 1 OFFICE OF HAWAIIAN AFFAIRS RESEARCH DIVISION OFFICE OF HAWAIIAN AFFAIRS RESEARCH DIVISION A Shark Chant for Kalani‘öpu‘u The following chant celebrates the ancestry and military skill of Kalani‘öpu‘u, who had acquired authority over shark-gods and over other chiefs who served those gods (Pukui & Korn, 1979). Sharks as ‘aumäkua (ancestral spirits/familial or personal gods) provided assistance and guidance to Native Hawaiians. This chant hails Kalani‘öpu‘u for his power over creatures which are praised for their strength and beauty. Left: Ka Pae ‘Äina o Hawai‘i/The Hawaiian Islands. Right: Hawai‘i Island, with the six moku (districts) outlined and shaded. Source: OHA, 2014. Through the authority of his kapu, Kalani‘öpu‘u held the right to Feeding the ‘aumakua (familial shark guardian). Oil on canvas by Herb Käne, 2013. wear a chiefly feather cloak. He Mo‘okü‘auhau: A Genealogy The following genealogy shows Kalani‘öpu‘u’s lineage directly con- Family and Ancestry nected to Lïloa (ca. 1490 CE), who was considered one of the fore- He Mele Manö no Kalani‘öpu‘u Kalani‘öpu‘u, the right to impose kapu on the land is yours: most ali‘i nui of the island of Hawai‘i. The format of this chant starts Kalani‘öpu‘u was born around ‘O Kalani‘öpu‘u, ke kü o ke kapu o ka moku iäia, The right of a shark with arched dorsal fin to bare teeth 1729 CE, during a time when I pi‘i ke käkala, i kekë ka niho o ka manö, with the naming of the father (“‘O __ ke käne”), the naming of the Ka püko‘a noho a ka i‘a nui o ka hïhïmanu, Of a coral reef to house a great stingray mother (“‘O __ ka wahine”) and ends with the birth of the child many significant wars for politi- Ke koa‘e lele i uka, ke aku lele i kai, Of a koa‘e-bird to take wing for the upland (“Hänau ‘ia ‘o __”)(Fornander, 1878; Dibble, 1843). cal control were occurring in ‘O ka manu kïna‘u nana i popo‘i ka ‘ale iki, ka ‘ale nui, Of an aku-fish to leap and plunge in the sea the Hawaiian Islands. Battles Näna i pani ka i‘a kapu ‘o Kepanilä, Of a certain mottled bird, a swift snatcher, were especially fierce on Ha- To pounce alike on the small billow and the huge ‘O Lïloa ke käne, ‘o ‘Akahiäkuleana ka wahine. Ka manö käkau ‘öni‘oni‘o i luna o ka moku o Ka‘ula e. wai‘i Island, which at the time E ö e Kalani‘öpu‘u o hou o ka moku, And the right to bar and baffle the pathway of Kepanilä, Hänau ‘ia ‘o Umiälïloa. was divided into six moku ‘O kou inoa ia, e ö mai e. Streaked like a tattoo, sacred marked shark of Ka‘ula Island ‘O Umiälïloa ke käne, ‘o Kapukiniälïloa ka wahine. (districts) that were ruled by Ka läläkea, ka manö ke‘ehi ‘ale, Now answer us, Kalani‘öpu‘u, fierce Island-piercer! Hänau ‘ia ‘o Keali‘iokaloa. several ali‘i nui. These districts Ka niuhi moe lawa ‘o Kalani‘öpu‘u, This is your name chant: ‘O Keali‘iokaloa ke käne, ‘o Makuahineapalaka ka wahine. included Hämäkua, Hilo, ‘O ka hö‘elo‘elo wela ‘ole ia o ka maka, You are a white-finned shark riding the crest of the wave, Hänau ‘ia ‘o Kükailani. O Kalani‘öpu‘u: Puna, Ka‘ü, Kona, and Kohala. ‘O ka umu ia nana e hahao i ka ‘ena‘ena. ‘O Kükailani ke käne, ‘o Ka‘ohukiokalani ka wahine. ‘O Kawelo loloa nana e ho‘äliali, A tiger shark resting without fear Hänau ‘ia ‘o Kaikilani. A ‘a‘ä ‘o Kalanikaulelekahiwa. A rain quenching the sun’s eye-searing glare Kalani‘öpu‘u was the firstborn ‘O Lonoikamakahiki ke käne, ‘o Kaikilani ka wahine. O lalapa nö ka läua keiki A grim oven glowing underground: son of Kalaninui‘ïamamao, a Hänau ‘ia ‘o Keakealanikäne.
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