The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891

MUNUC 33 ALOHA ‘OE

by Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai'i

Haʻaheo e ka ua i nā pali Proudly swept the rain by the cliffs Ke nihi aʻela i ka nahele As it glided through the trees E hahai (uhai) ana paha i ka liko Still following ever the bud Pua ʻāhihi lehua o uka The ʻāhihi lehua of the vale

Aloha ʻoe, aloha ʻoe Farewell to thee, farewell to thee E ke onaona noho i ka lipo Charming one who dwells in the shaded bowers One fond embrace, One fond embrace, A hoʻi aʻe au ‘Ere I depart Until we meet again Until we meet again

ʻO ka haliʻa aloha i hiki mai Sweet memories come back to me Ke hone aʻe neii Bringing fresh remembrances Kuʻu manawa Of the past ʻO ʻoe nō kuʻu ipo aloha Dearest one, yes, you are mine own A loko e hana nei From you, true love shall never depart

Maopopo kuʻu ʻike i ka nani I have seen and watched your loveliness Nā pua rose o Maunawili The sweet rose of Maunawili I laila hiaʻia nā manu And ‘tis there the birds of love dwell Mikiʻala i ka nani o ka liko And sip the honey from your lips

Aloha ʻoe, aloha ʻoe Farewell to thee, farewell to thee E ke onaona noho i ka lipo Charming one who dwells in the shaded bowers One fond embrace, One fond embrace, A hoʻi aʻe au ‘Ere I depart Until we meet again Until we meet again

For other Hawaiian or Hawaiian-inspired bangers, feel free to check out the Spotify playlist that we made for committee, linked here!

1 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 TABLE OF CONTENTS

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CHAIR LETTER………………………….…………….……………….……..…3

CRISIS DIRECTOR LETTER……………………………………………………..5 OVERVIEW OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE……………………………7

POWERS OF COMMITTEE…………………………………………………….9

STATEMENT ON RESPECT & SENSITIVITY………………………………….10

PRE-COMMITTEE HISTORY OF HAWAI’I…………………………………..12 GEOGRAPHY, TOPOGRAPHY, & GEOLOGY…………………………….16

SOCIAL STATE OF AFFAIRS, 1891………………………………………….19

LYDIA KAMEHAMEHA, A.K.A. QUEEN LILI’UOKALANI…………………23

HAWAI’I & THE REST OF THE WORLD………………………………………25 NAMES & POSITIONS……………………………………………………….27

DELEGATE BIOGRAPHIES…………………………………………………..28

2 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 CHAIR LETTER

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Aloha and welcome to beautiful Hawai’i, an island paradise, home of hula dancing and white-sand beaches, where trouble lurks just beyond the horizon…

My name is Jordanna, and I am so excited to be your chair. I am a fourth-year, studying Political Science and Near Eastern Languages & Civilizations. Outside of academics, I chair a committee (Unification of Yemen, 1989) at ChoMUN, our Model UN conference for college students. I also serve as Editor-in-Chief of the Chicago Journal of Foreign Policy and conduct research on US- NATO relations.

At MUNUC, I will be chairing in character as Queen Lili’uokalani, the head b–– in charge of the Hawaiian islands. Queen Lili’uokalani was a dedicated leader, and a staunch defender of her people and kingdom. As you will learn, she did everything in her power to resist American imperialism and preserve Hawaiian sovereignty. She also composed and performed music, including Aloha ‘Oe, a banger that has been covered by the likes of Elvis Presley and Johnny Cash. As chair, I hope to channel some of Queen Lili’uokalani's incredible character –– though, for your benefit, with less singing.

Because this committee is a bit different, I think it is important to discuss its historical context. This committee takes a critical approach to American history; it examines our country’s complicated relationship with economic exploitation and imperialism. Even today, people are reluctant to acknowledge that the United States is an empire, and the stories of those subjugated by the United States are only now seeing the light of day. Through this committee, we hope to bring these stories to the forefront. As such, it bears reminding that delegates should not aid the United States in annexing or otherwise dominating Hawai’i.

As Chair, I will look for spirited, high-level, and ultimately respectful debate. Speeches and directives should convey a strong understanding of the topic and should be creative and entertaining, when possible. Carter and I will reward delegates that have clear visions for the body and the Hawaiian Kingdom, and who can make these visions a compelling reality. We expect all of

3 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 you to bring your best to each and every session. Model UN is a long game, and the delegate whose actions shape committee is the delegate who has been present and engaged for the entire weekend. The trajectory of this committee is heavily reliant on delegate action, so we are looking forward to seeing where you decide to take Hawai’i! å

Again, I am so thrilled to be chairing this committee. We’re going to have an incredible weekend. Carter and I cannot wait to welcome you all to Hawai’i…

Sincerely,

Jordanna Yochai [email protected]

4 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 LETTER FROM THE CRISIS DIRECTOR

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Members of the Council,

Aloha, and welcome to an inflection point for the Hawaiian islands: a time of change, of opportunity, and all too often, of heartbreak. Welcome, in other words, to the Council of Queen Lili’uokalani. My name is Carter and I’m thrilled to be your Crisis Director as you fend off the colonizers, strengthen the islands, and lead Hawai’i into her glorious future.

A bit about myself: I’m a fourth-year in the College at the University of Chicago, studying Political Science and Environmental Studies. I originally hail from Louisville, Kentucky (pronounced Loo-a- vul)–– home of horse racing, fried chicken, and Muhammad Ali. Outside of coursework, I am the President of our competitive Model UN Team, and I am a Crisis Director for a committee (The Communist International, 1917-1965) at ChoMUN, our collegiate Model UN conference. This is my third year at MUNUC; last year, I served as the Chair for Barack Obama’s Presidential Campaign, 2008. I also work at UChicago’s Community Programs Accelerator as a consultant for nonprofits on Chicago’s South Side, and I spend my limited free time exploring this beautiful city and finding good food.

Jordanna and I are beyond excited to be running this committee. In addition to her comments on the value of this committee in critically assessing American history, I’ll add that this committee is pertinent for many other reasons: it centers upon an under-discussed region, the Pacific Islands, and simulates a state with a female head of government. It also captures the world at a critical juncture, the turn of the century, where many of the practices and systems that we now take for granted came into existence. We hope that you will use this committee to explore and advance an optimistic and empowering outlook.

A few notes on what I look for as an executive... First and foremost, respect is the name of the game. Overly aggressive tactics and generally poor-spirited actions will not be well received. That said, I trust you all to behave like adults! I hope to see energetic and constructive debate on the crises we present you with, as well as robust and creative backroom action on your part. Want to

5 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 do well? Come prepared with plenty of research under your belt on your character, the committee topic, and the time period. Then, use notes and joint personal directives (JPDs) to prove to us that you have a firm grasp on the committee!

Jordanna and I are thrilled to see how you all steer this committee, and we have full faith that you will do an admirable job. When things get challenging and you don’t think you can overcome the problems, just remember: “Ua mau ke ea o ka ʻāina i ka pono” –– the life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness. We’ll see you very soon!

All the best,

Carter Squires [email protected]

6 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 OVERVIEW OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE

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This is a continuous crisis committee and will be structured accordingly. If we decide to modify parliamentary procedure, we will let you know in advance and provide time to ask questions.

Here is an outline of the points, motions, and orders that we will be accepting, as well as their precedence. Everything is listed for you below, most to least disruptive. While it is by no means necessary to memorize this, a good command of parliamentary procedure can help delegates pass motions and even speak more often in the front room.

1. Motion to Modify Debate:

○ Open, Adjourn, or Close Debate –– These are largely self-explanatory.

○ Suspend the Rules –– These are appropriate to introduce before breaks between sessions but, outside of that, occur infrequently.

2. Points:

○ Of Order –– These are used when delegates believe there is an error in parliamentary procedure or a lapse in decorum. These should be raised immediately after the infraction and may interrupt speeches.

○ Of Personal Privilege –– These are allowed to interrupt speeches. They are used for any non-committee-related personal discomforts. Typical requests include speaking volume, air conditioning, etc.

○ Of Inquiry –– These should not interrupt a speech. They are used to ask questions about the committee rules or information relevant to the topic at hand.

7 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 3. Motion to Enter Voting Procedure: This is used to vote on a directive. Only introduced directive or amendments may be voted on.

○ With Modifications –– This is used to vote on a directive or amendment with any additional aspect to the motion. Commonly, this includes for and against speakers and the Chair’s summary of each directive. Within such motions, more speakers and/or modifications are more disruptive.

○ Without Modifications

4. Motion to Extend the Previous Moderated Caucus: The committee may vote to extend the previous moderated caucus. The extension cannot be longer than the original moderated caucus, and the original speaking time must be kept.

5. Motion to Introduce Directives: This is used when a delegate wants to introduce all of the directives on the floor with the requisite amount of signatories.

6. Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus: This is a form of debate in which delegates may move around the room and speak freely about merging, directives, etc. A total time must be requested when the motion is made, but the topic is not formalized.

○ Longer caucuses are more disruptive.

7. Motion for a Moderated Caucus: This is a form of debate in which the duration, speaking time, and the topic of discussion must be established. These are generally 5-12 minutes long with a speaking time of 30, 45, or 60 seconds. The duration must be divisible by the speaking time.

○ Round Robin –– A Round Robin begins with the motioning delegate and proceeds to their left or right. Delegates may “pass” and refuse their speech.

○ These are more disruptive if they take more time or contain more speeches.

8 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 POWERS OF COMMITTEE

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This committee will simulate the Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani I of Hawai’i. Though this committee is a Privy Council in name and composition, we expect this committee to operate in a manner analogous to any government cabinet. Your directives will be laws, enacted with the full weight of the Hawai’ian government.

The decision to simulate the Queen’s Council, as opposed to the Cabinet of Hawai’i, in fact, was intentional. As you will learn, Hawai’i was dominated by white capitalists and would-be colonizers; at the time of Queen Lili’uokalani’s ascent, a great deal of the cabinet would have been non-native Hawaiians. Because we are uniquely interested in the experience of peoples subjugated by the United States, we wanted to ensure that the committee reflected that, and that delegates possessed a broader range of interests, powers, and backgrounds.

And indeed it does! The members of the Privy Council are all native Hawaiians, and many are women. They represent a diverse set of perspectives. They are cabinet members, members of the royal family, civil servants, activists, local leaders, and friends of the Queen. With the exception of one, all of the members of the Privy Council existed, and could very well have been found on the Queen’s Privy Council. We hope that you take advantage of your character’s unique connections, resources, and background in constructing your crisis arc.

If you have any questions about the powers of committee, please reach out to us via email ([email protected] & [email protected]) or ask us a question during committee.

9 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 STATEMENT ON RESPECT & SENSITIVITY

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MUNUC strives for historical accuracy while acknowledging that atrocities have occurred throughout history and should not be simulated cheaply, if at all. For that reason, we ask while participating in Aloha ‘Oe: Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891, you do not use “historical realism” as justification for racism, sexism, homophobia, etc. Our committee is a place for creative solutions and collaboration, not bigotry or disrespect. Actions and rhetoric that would be unacceptable in 2021 are unacceptable in the context of this committee.

We intend for this committee to resist American attempts to annex Hawai’i. Imperialism and colonialism have an overwhelmingly negative legacy; they were responsible for large-scale exploitation and cultural erasure. When forming your goals for committee, please be aware of the problematic nature of these two concepts.

We will not react kindly to notes, directives, and speeches that assert, implicitly or explicitly, that Hawai’i would be better off if it were dominated by the United States or its corporate proxies (e.g. sugar planters). That is to say: tread carefully. Establishing an ideology and/or working toward a larger goal is useful in crisis committees, and we will never prevent you from doing the aforementioned. We only ask that, in the process, you do not negate anyone’s identity, subjugate or dehumanize entire peoples on the basis of ethnicity, religion, nationality, etc.

Not acting with the expected level of decorum will result in your being pulled from committee to talk to an executive and, if necessary, will involve MUNUC’s Secretariat. Please cooperate with us in trying to maintain a respectful, dignified, and productive committee atmosphere.

If you have any concerns, feel free to send the executives an email or pull us aside before or after committee sessions. Our goal is for you to make the most of your experience at MUNUC!

10 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 Hilo, Kailua-Kona Kingdom of Hawai’i 29 January 1891

Dear Friends, Fellow Patriots,

Earlier today, I was crowned Queen of the Kingdom of Hawai’i. The enormity of this moment is not lost on me; I am, indeed, profoundly honored to be our nation’s first female ruler. It is with a heavy heart, then, that I abstain from tonight’s festivities. But it would be ill-advised, unconscionable even, to celebrate at a time like this. Our beloved Hawai’i is in imminent danger, and we must come together to preserve its sovereignty and integrity.

The attack on Hawai’i began four years ago, and it shows no sign of ending soon. When my predecessor, King Kalakaua, signed the so-called Bayonet Constitution, he all but handed our homeland to those would-be colonizers, the Hawaiian League… at the expense of our people and way of life! These sugar planters, transplants from the United States and Europe, now possess a disproportionate amount of political and economic power. My heart aches; these cruel and selfish men care little about Hawai’i beyond its potential to make them billionaires. Our people increasingly lack autonomy; they are victims to the whims of capitalists and would-be colonizers.

The United States’ shadow looms large over our homeland, and calls for our annexation are plentiful. We must not allow this; we must not surrender our sovereignty or our right to self-government. And so, I humbly ask you to stand alongside me in defense of our people, our kingdom, and our way of life. The challenges that we will face are immense. Thank you for your patriotism, for your commitment to one another and to Hawai’i.

“‘A’ohe pu’u ki’eki’e ke ho’a’o ‘ia e pi’i.” –Hawaiian Proverb “No cliff is so tall that it cannot be climbed.” –Hawaiian Proverb

Faithfully Yours,

Lydia Kamehameha

Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i

11 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 PRE-COMMITTEE HISTORY OF HAWAI’I

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Pre-18th Century: Early Hawaiian Settlements

The exact start date of Hawaiian civilization is not perfectly clear, with the first Polynesian settlers estimated to have arrived between 300 and 1100 C.E.1 Over the next centuries, settlers formed structured and hierarchical societies on each island, each with its own chief, but with similar cultural and religious practices across the islands.2 Hawaiian society was highly organized and held together largely by religion--these religious practices were based on taboos (kapu) and formed a rigid society, guiding laws, traditions, and a strict caste system.3 A critical component of this practice was the Hawiian concept of land tenure, which dictated that land could not be owned, merely managed and tended––mirroring feudal orders in Japan and Europe.4 From 1100 through the 1700s, life continued much in this way: agriculture spread rapidly across the islands, infrastructure (irrigation systems, trails, money) became increasingly complex, and a combination of laws and religious tradition created a well-organized, albeit hierarchical, society.

1778-1887: Contact with Europe & Unification Under Kamehameha

In 1778, James Cook became the first European to land on the islands (and, in European fashion, attempted to kidnap the ruling chief of Hawai’i, but was killed in the process).5 Contact with the West would permanently and fundamentally alter the trajectory of the Hawaiian Islands.

From 1791 to 1810, with some assistance from European technology, Kamehameha I, a formerly- exiled member of the Hawaiian nobility, conquered the other Hawaiian chiefs and unified the

1 Athens, J. Stephen, Timothy M. Rieth, and Thomas S. Dye. 2014. “A Paleoenvironmental and Archaeological Model- Based Age Estimate for the Colonization of Hawai’l.” American Antiquity 79 (1): 144–55. https://doi.org/10.7183/0002- 7316.79.1.144. 2 Hitch, Thomas Kemper, and Robert M. Kamins. 1992. Islands in Transition: The Past, Present, and Future of Hawaii’s Economy. Honolulu: First Hawaiian Bank : Distributed by University of Hawaii Press. 3 Ibid. 4 Lucas, Paul F. Nahoa, Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation, and University of Hawaii at Manoa, eds. 1995. A Dictionary of Hawaiian Legal Land-Terms. Honolulu, Hawaii: Native Hawaiian Legal Corp. : University of Hawaiʻi Committee for the Preservation and Study of Hawaiian Language, Art, and Culture. 5 Campbell, Jeff. 2009. Hawaii. Footscray, Vic.; London: Lonely Planet. https://samples.overdrive.com/?crid=1F585E5A-0CC8-46B8-B971-1C0B60A1A74C&.epub-sample.overdrive.com. 12 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 archipelago into the Kingdom of Hawai’i.6 In doing so, he emerged the sole leader of the archipelago, and began unifying the disparate cultures and systems present on each individual island. He unified the legal code, and began promoting trade and closer cooperation with the United States and Europe.7

By 1820, Christian missionaries were arriving in full force. Following a familiar playbook, missionaries forcefully converted most natives to Christianity and brought devastating diseases.8 Europeans and Americans quickly became a powerful elite, integrating themselves into advisory positions in government and dominating the economy. Often forcibly, Hawiians began to adopt European practices, such as in the 1840s when the long-standing inability to own land was abolished.9 In a critical step, elites built up the sugar industry with a series of plantations around 1850, drawing in nearly 200,000 contract workers from Asia. Facing invasions from France, Kamehameha III increased ties with the United States for protection––the US, seeing an opportunity, pressured Hawai’i into an exclusive economic relationship.10

Over the next decades, American and European elites continued to prosper, integrating themselves into the highest echelons of political and economic power, as native Hawaiians continued to lose sovereignty over their homeland.11 By the 1870s, the royal family was in turmoil, as Kamehameha V died without any heirs. William Charles Lunalino was elected the monarch, and died a year later. also without

6 Siler, Julia Flynn. 2012. Lost Kingdom: Hawaii’s Last Queen, the Sugar Kings and America’s First Imperial Adventure. 1st ed. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. 7 Kamakau, Samuel Manaiakalani. 1992. Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. Rev. ed. Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. 8 Bailey, Thomas A. 1931. “Japan’s Protest Against the Annexation of Hawaii.” The Journal of Modern History 3 (1): 46– 61. https://doi.org/10.1086/235690. 9 Trask, Haunani-Kay. 1999. From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawaiʻi. Rev. ed. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 10 Siler, Julia Flynn. 2012. Lost Kingdom: Hawaii’s Last Queen, the Sugar Kings and America’s First Imperial Adventure. 1st ed. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. 11 Ibid. 13 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 an heir.12 David Kalakaua, a descendent of former island chiefs, and brother of Lili’uokalani, was elected King in 1874.13

1887: The Bayonet Constitution

King Kalakaua, hoping to find favor with the United States, began his reign by negotiating a treaty which established free trade between Hawai’i and the United States, bringing in millions of dollars in revenue but dramatically increasing American influence over the islands.14 Kalakaua, exercising relatively limited power as the monarch, began to run afoul of the empowered American elites on the island. By June 1887, the conflict reached a tipping point. On July 1, a group of soldiers known as the Honolulu Rifles, serving as the informal militia of Hawaii’s powerful and white elite class, stormed the royal palace. The soldiers demanded that King Kalakaua dismiss his cabinet, who supported his authority. Kalakaua, outgunned, complied.15

Over the next week, a group of lawyers drafted a new constitution. Like the Honolulu Rifles, these lawyers were affiliated with the Hawaiian League––a secret society of powerful whites on the island who despised the monarchy and favored the annexation of Hawai’i by the United States.16 Though the constitution did not move towards annexation, it did hand the Pearl Harbor port over to the U.S. Military and stripped the Monarchy of considerable power. This new constitution empowered the legislature, giving it the ability to override royal vetoes while also preventing Kalakaua from appointing members to the legislature’s House of Nobles.17 While this sounds, tentatively, like a step towards democratic governance and enfranchisement, it most certainly was not. The constitution added property and income requirements to be able to serve in the legislature, stripping almost all native Hawaiians of the ability to be represented.18 Kalakaua,

12 Homans, Margaret, and Adrienne Munich, eds. 1997. Remaking Queen Victoria. Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth- Century Literature and Culture 10. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. 13 MacLeod, Roy M., and Philip F. Rehbock, eds. 1994. Darwin’s Laboratory: Evolutionary Theory and Natural History in the Pacific. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 14 Van Dyke, Jon M. 2008. Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawaii? Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 15 Kinzer, Stephen. 2007. Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. 1st paperback ed. New York, NY: Times Books. 16 Mirza Ph.D, Rocky M. 2010. American Invasions: Canada To Afghanistan, 1775 To 2010. Trafford Publishing. http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9781466956889. 17 Ibid. 18 Liliuokalani, Lydia K., and Glen Grant. 2004. Hawaii’s Story. 9. print. Honolulu, Hawaii: Mutual publ.

14 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 quite literally at gunpoint, was coerced into signing the so-called Bayonet Constitution into law. With it, he signed away the power of the Hawaiian Monarchy.

15 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 GEOGRAPHY, TOPOGRAPHY, & GEOLOGY

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Geography of Hawai’i

Hawai’i is an archipelago, consisting of 137 distinct islands and occupying upwards of 1,500 miles.19 It is located in the Pacific Ocean, approximately 2,000 miles southwest of the contiguous United States. Its geography, geology, and topology differentiate it from other states. Only seven of Hawaii’s 137 islands are inhabited: Hawai’i, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau. Hawai’i, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and Oahu constitute the Kingdom of Hawai’i.

Hawai’i was formed by volcanic activity at an undersea magma source, the Hawaiian Hotspot.20 Though the tectonic plates move further northwest each year, the Hotspot’s position is fixed. As such, new volcanoes and new volcanic islands are routinely produced, albeit remarkably slowly.21 The Hawaiian islands began to form at the end of the Cretaceous Period.22 The Big Island, Hawai’i, is the largest and youngest island in the archipelago.23 Its formation began over one million years ago, thanks to five oceanic volcanoes.24 Over time, the volcanoes erupted, creating thin sheets of lava.25 These lava sheets accumulated and, eventually, emerged from the sea to form one island with five volcanic peaks.26

19 Lee S. Moettler, “Hawaii,” Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.), accessed March 1, 2021, https://www.britannica.com/place/Hawaii-state. 20 John C. Derrick, “Hawaii Geology and Geography,” Guide of US Hawaii (Hawaii Travel), accessed March 1, 2021, https://www.hawaii-guide.com/content/posts/hawaii_geology_and_geography. 21 Ibid. 22 Lee S. Moettler, “Hawaii,” Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.), accessed March 1, 2021, https://www.britannica.com/place/Hawaii-state. 23 John C. Derrick, “Hawaii Geology and Geography,” Guide of US Hawaii (Hawaii Travel), accessed March 1, 2021, https://www.hawaii-guide.com/content/posts/hawaii_geology_and_geography. 24 Ibid. 25 Ibid. 26 Ibid. 16 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 Topography of Hawai’i Owing to their origin, the eight Hawaiian islands and 124 Hawaiian islets are home to many volcanoes, some active and some dormant.27 Most of the active volcanoes are located on Hawai’i, the Big Island.28 The presence of these volcanoes has contributed to the large number of devastating earthquakes and tsunamis in the archipelago’s history, most recently in 1868.

Hawai’i is distinguished by its topography, which includes beaches, mountains, and valleys. The Pacific Ocean, crashing against the shorelines of the Hawaiian islands, carried shells and sediments onto the shore.29 Over time, the water eroded much of the sediment, reducing large shells to sand and creating the region’s famed beaches.30 Moreover, a temperate climate, aided by heavy rainfall in mountainous areas, produced a great deal of runoff. This runoff water was responsible for erosion and shaped the grooves, ridges, and V-shaped valleys characteristic of volcanic islands like those of the Hawaiian archipelago.

Geology of Hawai’i

Hawai’i is also home to an incredible diversity of plants and animals, many of whom are unique to the archipelago. Its tropical climate and rich soil make it well-suited for the production of sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, and macadamia nuts.31 Most animals were brought to the island by human beings, and prominent animals include the bat, mongoose, rat, and feral pig.32 Hawaii’s waters are home to marine life, such as seals, turtles, and many types of fish.33

27 Lee S. Moettler, “Hawaii,” Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.), accessed March 1, 2021, https://www.britannica.com/place/Hawaii-state. 28 Ibid. 29 Ibid. 30 Ibid. 31 Jamie Kiffel-Alcheh, “Hawaii Pictures and Facts,” National Geographic Kids (National Geographic, February 16, 2021), https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/geography/states/article/hawaii-1. 32 Ibid. 33 Ibid. 17 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 Further, Hawai’i is home to thousands of species of trees, ranging from perfumed magnolias and plumeria to fruit-producing ohi’a ‘ai trees.34 There are also thousands of flowering plants native to Hawai’i, including beautiful orchids.35

34 Ibid. 35 Ibid. 18 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 SOCIAL STATE OF AFFAIRS, 1891

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Demographics

The most recent census of the Hawaiian Kingdom was done in 1890, counting a population of 89,990, and reflects the demographic information below. As should be noted, the share of Native Hawaiians as a percentage of the population has been in rapid decline since Western contact in the late 1700s.

Hawaiian Nationals 48,107 Aboriginals (pure/part) 40,622 Natural-born Hawaiian Nationals This includes foreigners who were naturalized as Hawaiian, and those born in the Kingdom of foreign parentage who acquired Hawaiian nationality by birth. 7,495 Portuguese 4,117 Chinese and Japanese 1,701 Other White Foreigners 1,617 Other Nationalities 60 Immigrants 41,873

United States Nationals 1,928 Chinese Nationals 15,301 Japanese Nationals 12,360 Portuguese Nationals 8,602 British Nationals 1,344 German Nationals 1,034 French Nationals 70 Polynesians 588 Other Nationalities 60

19 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 Education & Literacy

As early as the mid-1800s, Hawai’i had established a comprehensive system of schooling. Missionaries traveling to Hawai’i in the early 1800s began working to promote literacy to enable Hawaiians to read the Bible. King Liholiho established schools beginning in 1820 in order to encourage Native Hawaiians to learn to read, and by 1834, the literacy rate among Hawaiians reading the Hawaiian language was estimated to be between 91 and 95%.36 In 1841, King Kamehameha III merged school systems, and officially created the first public school system in Hawai’i, which primarily taught in the Hawaiian language. In fact, Hawai’i became the first nation to make education required for children between the ages of six and fifteen.37

It is hard to overstate the extent to which Hawai’i has had major success promoting literacy. As Americans and Europeans flood the islands, they remain shocked at the near-universal literacy rates, which currently far surpass practically any other nation in the world. However, because white colonizers are not themselves fluent in Hawaiian, they are attempting to increase the influence and importance of English in daily life. Replacing Hawaiian with English as the de jure language of Hawai’i would represent a devastating blow to Hawaiian history and culture, and would put Native Hawaiians at a significant disadvantage compared to their European counterparts.

Health & Welfare

Prior to Western contact, health on the Hawaiian Islands is not particularly well documented, though it seems that transmissible disease rates were quite low, diets were very healthy, and physical activity was high. A joint emphasis on mental, emotional, spiritual, and physical health, promoted by expert priests called kahunas, helped to establish a holistic system of health and wellness.38

36 OHA Research Division. 2017. “A Native Hawaiian Focus on the Hawaiʻi Public School System, SY2015.” Hoʻonaʻauao (Education) Fact Sheet 1. Honolulu: Office of Hawaiian Affairs. https://19of32x2yl33s8o4xza0gf14- wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/A-Native-Hawaiian-Focus-on-the-Hawaii-Public-School-System.pdf. 37 Ibid. 38 Hope, Bradley E, and Janette Harbottle Hope. 2003. “Native Hawaiian Health in Hawaii: Historical Highlights.” Californian Journal of Health Promotion 1: 9. 20 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 Following European and American contact, however, Hawiian health outcomes deteriorated significantly. Transmissible diseases--including measles, influenza, cholera, scarlet fever, and tuberculosis– wiped out tens of thousands of Hawaiians with no natural immunity.39 Throughout the 1800s, Europeans attempted to “modernize” the Hawiian health system by increasing vaccinations, establishing medical schools, and building water filtration plants. At the time of committee specifically, a wave of Hansen’s disease (leprosy) is spreading across some parts of the island, with nearly 1,200 people affected.

Economic State of Affairs, 1891

At the time of committee, Hawaii’s economy relies very heavily on agricultural production. Following the establishment of the first commercially-viable sugar plantations in the mid-1800s, sugar production on the islands has skyrocketed, with the United States as the biggest buyer of Hawaiian sugar.40 In an 1876 treaty with the United States, Hawai’i agreed to provide its sugar tariff-free to the United States, in exchange for preferential access to American manufactured goods. As such, there has been little incentive for Hawai’i to develop its own industrial sector, nor has there been the requisite capital procurement to do so. With the sugar industry booming, demands for labor increased sharply– around 18,000-20,000 Hawaiians are currently involved in the sugar industry, many of them workers from China, Japan, and Portugal.41

As a result of the 1876 Treaty, the vast majority of Hawaii’s foreign trade is with the United States. When the Treaty was renewed in 1883, the US recognized this advantageous position, and used it to extract concessions: namely, full use of Pearl Bay (now called Pearl Harbor) for shipping. When Kalakaua refused, US interests flexed their influence to draw up a new Constitution and force the King to sign the treaty. In 1890, Congress passed the McKinley tariff, which completely erased the advantages that the 1876 Treaty had provided to Hawaiian sugar producers over other foreign sugar producers selling in the US market. Consequently, by 1891, the value of Hawaiian exports had plunged by nearly 30%. Planters and business interests on the islands (who tend to be Americans) are furious at this development, and thus increasingly consider Hawaii’s political

39 Ibid. 40 La Croix, Sumner. 2002. “The Economic History of Hawai‘i: A Short Introduction,” February. 41 Ibid. 21 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 independence from the US as a serious liability. Basically, if Hawai’i is so economically dependent on the US, these interests believe Hawai’i ought to be politically linked to the US– as a territorial possession thereof.

22 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 LYDIA KAMEHAMEHA, A.K.A. QUEEN LILI’UOKALANI

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Lydia Kamehameha, also known as Lili’uokalani, was born on September 2, 1838 in Honolulu, Hawai’i to members of the Hawaiian Royal Family.42 Her parents were a high-ranking chief and chieftess, and her mother, Keohokalole, served as an advisor to King Kamehameha III.43

In 1842, at the age of four, Lili’uokalani began her education at the Royal School, so named because each student at the school had been formally deemed eligible for the throne of the Hawaiian Kingdom.44 At any rate, Lili’uokalani, along with her thirteen classmates, was taught in English.45 The students learned things like reading, writing, spelling, penmanship, arithmetic, geometry, algebra, physics, geography, history, bookkeeping, and music. Though she did not always enjoy her studies, Lili’uokalani was a strong student and talented musician, finishing third in her class.

After finishing school, she joined the Court of King Kamehameha IV.46 She became engaged to William Charles Lunalilo in 1857 but broke off her engagement shortly thereafter, at the insistence of King Kamehameha IV. Thereafter, she was romantically involved with Captain John Dominis, an American-born official in the Hawaiian government. The two became engaged in 1860 and married in 1862, when Lili’uokalani was 24 years old.47 Though the pair never had children, their marriage was quite happy.

In 1874, Lili’uokalani’s brother, David Kalakaua, was elected King of Hawai’i.48 When her brother and Hawaii’s heir apparent, William Pitt Leleiohoku died in 1877, she became the heir to the

42 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Liliuokalani,” Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.), accessed March 1, 2021, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Liliuokalani. 43 Ibid. 44 David Blatty, “Liliuokalani,” Biography.com (A&E Networks Television, April 22, 2020), https://www.biography.com/royalty/liliuokalani. 45 Ibid. 46 Ibid. 47 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Liliuokalani,” Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.), accessed March 1, 2021, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Liliuokalani. 48 Ibid. 23 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 throne.49 In the years that followed, Lili’uokalani laid the foundations for her reign, establishing the Kamehameha Schools and serving as regent during King Kalakaua’s 1881 world tour.50 Indeed, it was in her capacity as regent that she both won supporters and made enemies; when a smallpox outbreak prompted Lili’uokalani to close the Port of Oahu, she was hailed by locals but chastised by Hawaii’s wealthy sugar planters.51 Over time, relations between Lili’uokalani and the sugar planters would only grow more hostile.

In 1887, Lili’uokalani embarked upon a world tour, during which she was received by the likes of U.S. President Grover Cleveland and Britain’s Queen Victoria.52 While traveling, she learned that her brother had been coerced at gunpoint into signing a new constitution, “the Bayonet Constitution.”53 This document stripped the monarchy of its power, while simultaneously granting more power to American and European businessmen. The Princess was furious.54

In January of 1891, David Kalakaua died, and Lili’uokalani became the first woman to take the throne.55 A staunch advocate for the Hawaiian people, Lili’uokalani has been antagonized by foreign businessmen, or haole, since the beginning of her reign.56 The Queen, however, remains ambitious; she wishes to restore power to her beloved people.

49 Ibid. 50 Ibid. 51 David Blatty, “Liliuokalani,” Biography.com (A&E Networks Television, April 22, 2020), https://www.biography.com/royalty/liliuokalani. 52 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Liliuokalani,” Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.), accessed March 1, 2021, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Liliuokalani. 53 David Blatty, “Liliuokalani,” Biography.com (A&E Networks Television, April 22, 2020), https://www.biography.com/royalty/liliuokalani. 54 Ibid. 55 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Liliuokalani,” Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.), accessed March 1, 2021, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Liliuokalani. 56 Ibid. 24 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 HAWAI’I & THE REST OF THE WORLD

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Oceania & Polynesia

Polynesia is an expansive region of the Pacific Ocean, vast in both its territory and its cultural diversity. As seen in the map below, Hawai’i sits at the northern vertex of the “Polynesian triangle,” which stretches from Hawai’i in the north to New Zealand in the southwest and Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in the southeast. The region began to be settled around 3,000 years ago, beginning with the westernmost islands and moving east. As Polynesians reached each island, some individuals would stay behind and form settlements there, and others would later venture onward to further islands. As a result, there is a degree of cultural similarity between many of the islands of Polynesia, even those separated by hundreds of miles of open ocean.57 Hawai’i was one of the last remaining islands to be settled by humans, and is somewhat more distinct from the rest of the region due to its distance.

In recent years, Hawai’i has had only limited contact with the rest of Polynesia– there are no meaningful treaties or agreements between Hawai’i and the other islands, for instance. Though the regions are culturally and historically similar, there does not yet exist any sort of shared Polynesian identity, owing largely to the limited seafaring technology of the time, which prevents an ongoing back-and-forth of ideas and relationships. Nevertheless, there is significant potential for the islands of Polynesia to increase their interactions, especially as sea travel speeds up and the region faces outside threats from colonizers.

57 “Polynesian Culture - Traditional Polynesia.” n.d. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Polynesia. 25 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 Great Britain Since first contact with Captain James Cook of Britain in 1778, Hawai’i has had off-and-on relations with European countries, especially Britain. British officials became prominent on the islands in the years after Cook’s arrival, especially as landowners and businessmen. Hawai’i currently serves as a strong strategic point for the British Empire owing to their close relationship and is a frequent resupply point for whalers and traders crossing the vast Pacific.58 As the United States increases its presence over the islands, however, British influence is increasingly waning.

Asian Continent

The most significant relationship between Hawai’i and Asia is one-way: immigrants heading across the Pacific Ocean to work as laborers on the islands. Japanese and Chinese immigrants alone constitute around one-third of Hawaii’s population, and have since the mid-1800s. As the US continues to dominate the foreign relations of Hawai’i, however, interactions with the governments of China, Japan, and other Asian countries have been minimal. Nevertheless, Asia is about as near to Hawai’i as is the United States, making it a potentially significant partner for the future.

58 “Hawaii Protectorate.” 2001. British Empire History. 2001. https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/hawaii.htm. 26 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 NAMES & POSITIONS

Kamuela Parker Minister of Foreign Affairs

Joseph Nāwahī Minister of the Interior

Curtis Piʻehu Iaukea Ambassador to Great Britain

John Lot Kaulukoʻu Attorney General

Paulo P. Kanoa Minister of Finance

John Owen Dominis Prince Consort of Hawai’i

Victoria Kaʻiulani Crown Princess of Hawai’i

David Kawananakoa Prince of Hawai’i

Virginia Kapoʻoloku Poʻomaikelani High Chieftess of Kaua’i

Lydia Aholo Daughter of Lili’uokalani

Robert Hoapili Baker Colonel in the Hawaiian Military

John Tamatoa Baker Colonel of the Queen’s Staff

Emma Metcalf Nakuina Commissioner of Private Ways & Water Rights

John Green Hoapili District Judge for North Kona & South Kona

Edward Kamakau Lilikalani Member of the Legislature

Emma Nāwahī Newspaper Publisher

Kini Kapahu Wilson Hula Dancer & Socialite

Antone Rosa Head of the National Reform Party

Kimika Pudihala Leader of the Hawaiian Students’ League

John Ena Jr. Magnate & Nobleman

George Charles Mo’oheau Beckley Director of the Wilder Steamship Company

Abraham Kaleimahoe Fernandez Liaison to Church of Jesus Christ of LDS

Kapiʻolani Former Queen Consort of the Hawaiian Islands

John Likikene Richardson Legal Counsel

Junius Ka’ae Logistics Expert

27 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 DELEGATE BIOGRAPHIES

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Kamuela Parker, Minister of Foreign Affairs

Born into wealth and nobility in 1853, Kamuela Parker has lived the life of a well-connected aristocrat. Parker’s grandfather, John Palmer Parker, was a member of an American hotel family, and moved to Hawai’i where he married Chiefess Kipikane and had a son (Parker’s father). As a young man, Kamuela Parker was educated at the prestigious Oahu College, where he developed friendships with many members of the nobility and established long-lasting connections. When his grandfather died, Parker inherited the Parker Ranch, a massive cattle ranch on the Big Island, and quickly began diversifying his agricultural portfolio. Parker looked toward the sugar industry, establishing the Pa’auhau Plantation in 1878 and investing in the Pacific Sugar Mill in 1879. As a result of his increasing economic power, Parker found himself at the center of Hawaiian business and social circles, with exceptional power in real estate markets specifically.

Already socially well-connected, Parker was asked by King Kalakaua to serve on the Privy Council in 1883. In this role, he traveled abroad on official state business, establishing important connections in mainland America. In 1886, he was appointed to the House of Nobles, where he served until 1890. Parker now finds himself in his first cabinet post, and is widely recognized as the most influential member of the cabinet. Now, Parker is forced to walk a balanced line between pleasing his friendly American interests and representing the native Hawaiians from whom he descends. Not only that, Parker also has a keen eye toward expanding his investments and economic holdings--though he certainly has much to build upon.

Joseph Nāwahī, Minister of the Interior

Joseph Nāwahī, known by his full Hawaiian name Iosepha Kaho’oluhi Nāwahīokalani’ōpuʻu, was born in Kaimu on the island of Hawai’i in 1842. He was born into a family of chiefly ancestry, though his ancestry was not emphasized. He received his formal education at the Hilo Boarding School, a Protestant school run by an American missionary. In 1857, Joseph transferred to the Lahainaluna School in Maui. After graduating in 1861, he elected to continue his education at the

28 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 Royal School, where he was educated alongside members of the royal dynasty. Thereafter, he worked as a teacher in Hawai’i, first establishing his own boarding school and later working at his alma mater, the Hilo Boarding School. Though Joseph was close to the many Christian missionaries that he worked with, he remained a staunch Hawaiian nationalist.

Continuing his intellectual pursuits, Joseph eventually became a self-taught lawyer. By the time he was 30 years old, he had earned a law degree; this facilitated his entrance into politics. Joseph entered the political realm in 1872, when he became a member of the Hawaiian House of Representatives, first representing Puna and later Hilo. He currently serves in the legislative assembly and has established himself as an anti-imperialist. Following the Bayonet Constitution of 1887, Joseph Nāwahī has made his Hawaiian patriotism the foremost of his political positions.

Outside of his career, he is an accomplished artist. He married his second wife, Emma Nāwahī, in February 1881. The two share three sons and one adoptive daughter: Albert Kahiwahiwa,

Alexander Ka’e’eokalani, the late Joseph Jr., and Emmeline Kauleinamoku.

Curtis Piʻehu Iaukea, Ambassador to Great Britain

Curtis Pi’ehu Iaukea was always destined for great things. Born into the Hawaiian noble class the expectations upon him were immense given his lineage and father’s service as a district magistrate and family’s service to the royal family.

As a baby, Curtis went to go live with his uncle in the Hawaiian Capital city Honolulu. There he grew up in close proximity to the Palace, frequenting the Hawaiian court, and serving as a companion for Prince Albert. Unfortunately tragedy did not escape the young boy and the Prince, who had grown to be a close friend of Curtis, died at the age of 4 and a year later his uncle suffered unsurvivable injuries having had to rescue Curtis from a well. Curtis carried around these losses for the rest of his life, with the guilt of the death of his uncle weighing heavily on him and driving him to new heights in his career. Iaukea became a ward of the state and as such was groomed to serve the King. It wasn’t until 1874 however, until Curtis truly rose to recognition. He caught the eye of the new King Kalakaua during a tour of Hawai’i and soon became the personal

29 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 aide to the King’s younger brother. This led to a life filled with numerous activities, the most prominent being the palace glee club and Curtis became known for a voice as smooth as honey.

Now having become a close confidante of both the King and his brother, Iaukea was commissioned as captain of the Princes Own Artillery Corps in 1878 and later proved his prowess and earned his way up the rankings to third in command to the King. With the trust that Curtis had rightfully earned by the King, in 1883 he was commissioned as the King’s ambassador. Despite little to no experience in the art of diplomacy, his quick wit and charm won over many dignitaries and royals across Europe and Russia on Iaukea’s trips abroad representing Hawai’i on diplomatic tours. After such a success he was appointed ambassador to Great Britain, and although this meant a future life of considerably less exciting meals that were most likely pickled or preserved alongside tea that was more milk than anything else, the thought of a life filled with scones and afternoon tea and of course that this position was a great honour bestowed upon him, Curtis willingly accepted the ambassadorial role.

John Lot Kaulukoʻu, Attorney General

John Lot Kauluko’u was born in 1841 in Keauhou, Hawai’i to parents of Spanish and Hawaiian descent. After his parents passed away, John was sent to Lahainaluna, a Protestant missionary school, in Maui. After graduating in 1869, he worked as a teacher in Kona. One year later, he married his wife Susie, with whom he currently shares six children (three daughters and three sons). In 1873, bored of teaching, John elected to pursue a legal career, taking on odd jobs while simultaneously studying under Charles Coffin Harris, a lawyer that had served both Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V. It is worth noting that he also worked with Albert Francis Judd, Kamehameha V’s Attorney General. Under the tutelage of these great lawyers, he earned a great deal of legal expertise and made many connections in the field.

In 1877, after becoming a lawyer, John was appointed District Magistrate of Koolaupoko. Three years later, in 1880, he transitioned from law to politics; he successfully ran for the House of Representatives and was re-elected in both 1882 and 1884. In addition to winning re-election, in 1882, John was appointed secretary to John Makini Kapena, a great Hawaiian diplomat, which enabled him to participate in contract labor negotiations with Japan. After 1884, he had a short-

30 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 lived political appointment as Postmaster General, prior to the king appointing him as Attorney General in 1886.

Paulo P. Kanoa, Minister of Finance

Even before his own government service, Paulo P. Kanoa was familiar with the Hawaiian political landscape. His hanai (adopted) father, Paulo Kanoa, had served as Royal Governor of Kaua’i from 1847-1877, balancing the needs of local chiefs and money-hungry sugar planters. His son was soon to follow in his footsteps, becoming a land appraiser for Kaua’i in 1875. In 1881, as a member of the Hawaiian National Party, he was appointed to the same gubernatorial position his father held 4 years earlier and remained in this position until 1886. While managing his duties as Royal Governor, he was simultaneously a member of the House of Nobles in the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom, having been appointed by King Kalakaua in 1882. In 1886, he was appointed Minister of Finance, but had to resign in 1887 due to the Bayonet Constitution’s forced change in government. However, he won his seat in the House of Nobles back democratically in 1890.

Outside of government, Kanoa helped found a civic club called Hale Naua in September 1886. This society combined ancient Hawaiian religious and cultural practices with Freemason beliefs. Kanoa was also well-endowed, managing the 51,000-acre estate of crown princess Victoria Kamamalu ever since she gave him exclusive control over it in 1856. However, he paid little attention to class distinctions when entertaining guests, hosting parties that attracted both local laborers and Hawaiian royalty. At the time of this committee, Kanoa faces a difficult decision as to whether he should remain in his government position or fight the colonial powers that toppled Kalakaua.

John Owen Dominis, Prince Consort of Hawai’i

John Owen Dominis was born to a Croatian father and a mother from New England in New York in 1832, though he hardly remembers his life before Hawai’i. The family immigrated to the islands in 1837, where King Kamehameha III awarded them a large plot of land. Dominis’ father was killed when his ship sank in 1846; his mother, Mary, opened an inn (“Washington Place”) to support herself and her son. Washington Place was highly successful, and Dominis attended a prestigious

31 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 day school adjacent to the Royal School. At recess, Dominis would always walk to the school and mingle with the young Princes and Princesses, befriending many of them. By 1856, he was traveling with the royal family–safe to say, Dominis knows the value of social climbing.

In 1862, Dominis married Lydia Kamakaʻeha Pākī–the future Queen Lili’uokalani. This represented the crown jewel (no pun intended) in Dominis’ scheme to grow closer to royalty, but it came at a cost. Their marriage is not a happy one. Dominis refused to have children with Lili’uokalani; his extended family frowned upon their interracial marriage; and he has repeatedly cheated on the Queen (even having an illegitimate son with one of Lili’uokalani’s servants in 1883). Nevertheless, the marriage (and his friendship with Kamehameha V) earned Dominis many honors and privileges: Royal Governor of Oahu (1868–), Privy Council (1863–), House of Nobles (1864-1886), Royal Governor of Maui (1878-1886). He also served on the Boards of Health, Education, and Immigration, where he retains valuable connections. Dominis is also a dedicated freemason and holds the 33rd degree. All told, Dominis is one of the most powerful members of Hawai’ian society, and will stop at nearly nothing to empower himself further. But at what cost?

Victoria Kaʻiulani, Crown Princess of Hawai’i

Victoria Ka’iulani was born in 1875 to Princess Miriam Likelike of Hawai’i and Archibald Scott Cleghorn, a Scottish businessman. She is technically an only child, though she has three paternal half sisters: Rose Kaipuala, Helen Mani’ialiheua, and Annie Pauahi. Ka’iulani was raised outside of Honolulu, in a Waikiki estate called ‘Āinahau. As a child, she was educated by a series of American and British governesses. Owing to her elite education, she became fluent in English, Hawaiian, French, and German.

When her mother died in 1887, Ka’iulani inherited ‘Āinahau, a vast and incredibly valuable estate. Two years later, at the age of thirteen, she and her half sister, Annie, were sent to Europe to be educated, though Annie left England shortly thereafter. At any rate, while in England, Ka’iulani was placed under the guardianship of a British businessman and Hawaiian sugar investor Theo H. Davies. She currently attends the Great Harrowden Hall School in Northamptonshire, though she has returned to Hawai’i to assist her aunt, Queen Lili’uokalani. Princess Ka’iulani is extremely well-

32 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 educated, with robust connections across the British Isles; at the age of fifteen, she is first in line to the throne and, as such, one of the most powerful individuals in the Kingdom of Hawai’i.

David Kawananakoa, Prince of Hawai’i

David Kawananakoa was born in 1868 in Honolulu to High Chief David Kahalepouli and his wife, Victoria. It was never a doubt in his parent’s mind that Kawananakoa would rise to prominence; they even curated the personal surname of Kawananakoa for him which translates to fearless prophecy.

As a member of the noble class, whose own mother was sister to the Queen, David has gotten everything in life, and knows many fellow members of the Hawaiian elite. He was not exceptionally bright but made up for it by the fact that he was a man related to a Queen with only 2 daughters and as such was declared a third heir in 1883 to calm the politics of the time.

When he was younger, he had somewhat of a tendency to be a bit of a troublemaker and was sent by the government to attend military school in California. To Hawaii’s dismay however, the young prince spent more time introducing the locals to the art of shredding up the surf along the Santa Cruz shoreline than improving his military skills. David was then sent to the Royal Agricultural College in Cirencester in 1890 in the hopes that the icy waters of Great Britain would force Kawananakoa to focus more on his studies but alas David became one of the first surfers in the British Isles even teaching his english tutor how to surf.

After his time abroad, in 1891 David was recalled to Hawai’i to start his duty in serving the royal family and became a member of Queen Lili’uokalani’s Privy Council where he serves her with undying loyalty.

Virginia Kapoʻoloku Poʻomaikelani, High Chieftess of Kaua’i

Virginia Kapo’oloku Po’omaikelani was born in Pi’ihonua, Hilo, Hawai’i on April 7, 1839, the second daughter of Princess Kinoiki Kekaulike of Kaua’i and High Chief Kuhio Kalaniana’ole of Hilo. Virginia is Hawaiian royalty through and through… Her grandfather was Kaumuali’i, the final king

33 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 of Kaua’i before it was ceded to Kamehameha I/the unified Hawaiian Islands; her stepmother was Queen Regent Ka’ahumanu; her older sister, Kapi’olani, is the former queen of Hawai’i and the widow of King Kalakaua. That is to say: Virginia is very well connected!

Her childhood was unremarkable, and she was raised in a manner typical of elite Hawaiian women. In 1855, she married Hiram Kahanawai, a steward of Queen Emma. The couple did not have any children, though they adopted and raised their nephew Prince Edwrd Abnel Keli’iahonui. With her husband, she served as the Queen’s household retainers for many years. Indeed, Virginia was one of Emma’s most trusted ladies-in-waiting for many years. She only left her post with Queen Emma when her brother-in-law, Kalakaua, became the King of Hawai’i in 1874. At that point, she was granted the title Princess and joined the royal court.

In 1884, she was named the Governor of Hawai’i, for which she was paid an annual salary of $3,500. In 1887, she served as President of the Board of Health. She currently serves as Guardian of the Royal Tombs at the Royal Mausoleum of Hawai’i and President of the Board of Genealogy of Hawaiian Chiefs. She is a respected and powerful chieftess, with close connections to the royal family. Finally, it is worth noting that, more often than not, she prefers to use her Hawaiian name, Po’omaikelani.

Lydia Aholo, Hānai Daughter of Lili’uokalani

Born in 1878, Lydia Aholo is the third child of Keahi and Luther Aholo. Her father, Luther, served as Minister of the Interior from 1886-1887 and later as secretary to John Owen Dominis, Governor of Maui and husband to Queen Lili’uokalani. This close connection, as well as the fact that the queen was childless, caused Lili’uokalani to adopt Aholo under the hānai tradition, despite criticism from her husband, mother in-law, and brother (and then king) Kalakaua. Aholo grew up in the lap of luxury with the finest care and education, but her mother’s early death still had an impact on her even as she grew older. Yet her relationship with the queen progressed until the two told each other almost everything, drawing comfort from each other’s presence. Although quite busy with her duties, Lili’uokalani always made time for Aholo and emphasized the importance of Hawaiian culture to her. Although Aholo is still a teenager at the time of this

34 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 committee, she holds a lot of subtle influence in court, especially with the queen, and should not be underestimated.

Robert Hoapili Baker, Colonel in the Hawaiian Military

Do NOT bring up genealogy with Robert Hoapili Baker, it’s a touchy subject. Baker insists he is a descendant of the revered House of Moana, it’s not totally clear whether that’s true, but it’s a big point of pride for Baker and his brother, John Tamatoa Baker. At any rate, Baker was not raised by his family. He was taken into the care of Anglican Archdeacon George Mason, and educated at a series of prestigious Anglican boarding schools: the Luaehu School and St. Alban’s College. Like many boarding school boys his age, Baker took a keen interest in the military, and became a lieutenant on the household guard of King Kalakaua. Falling into the King’s good graces, Baker was elected to the House of Representatives in 1880, where he created government-funded study-abroad programs for students to travel internationally.

Baker has hopped between a series of major governmental positions–Kalakaua’s Privy Council (1884-1886), Governor of Maui (1886-1888), aide de camp and military advisor to Kalakaua (1888- 1890). In 1891, Baker traveled with his dear friend King Kalakaua to San Francisco, where the King met his untimely death. Baker sat at the King’s deathbed and recorded his voice on a phonograph cylinder (which he keeps guarded even today). Queen Lili’uokalani recognized the value of a loyal military commander, and kept Baker on her Privy Council as well as in his position leading the Hawaiian Military as a Colonel. As a Colonel, Baker works closely with Hawaii’s most skilled soldiers, and enjoys strong support from the troops. Baker is fiercely loyal to the monarchy, but he does fear that Lili’uokalani is too hesitant to use military instruments to protect Hawai’i.

It is worth noting that, in 1879, Baker and his brother modeled for Thomas Ridgeway Gould’s famed Kamehameha Statues. In this regard, the pair may have been among the first paid celebrity impersonators.

35 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 John Tamatoa Baker, Colonel of the Queen’s Staff

John Tamatoa Baker was born in 1952 in ‘Oahu to Adam C. Baker, an English sea captain, and Luka Pruvia, the daughter of a Tahitian missionary. Unsurprisingly, then, Baker is part Hawaiian, Tahitian, and English. His adoptive brother was Robert Hoapili Baker, another important figure in Queen Lili’uokalani’s Privy Council. He and his brother were educated at the Lahainaluna School, an American missionary school in Maui. Baker’s wife is High Chieftess Ululani Lewai Peleiōhōlani, an influential woman who served as Governess of Hawai’i from 1886 to 1888.

Baker is perhaps best known for his achievements in the political realm. In the late 1880s, he ran for a seat in the House of Representatives, the lower house in the Hawaiian legislature, and won as a member of the Hawaiian National Party. Thereafter, he participated in the legislative assemblies of 1886 and 1890. At approximately the same time, King Kalākaua appointed Baker sheriff of the Island of Hawai’i. He was also, of course, a member of the King’s Privy Council. At present, John Baker is a member of Queen Lili’uokalani’s Privy Council and was recently granted the title Colonel. Like his older brother, Baker is fiercely anti-annexationist and fiercely opposes American interference in Hawai’i.

It is worth noting that, in 1879, Baker and his brother modeled for Thomas Ridgeway Gould’s famed Kamehameha Statues. In this regard, the pair may have been among the first paid celebrity impersonators.

Emma Metcalf Nakuina, Commissioner of Private Ways & Water Rights

Emma was born in 1847 to a Hawai’i native and a New Yorker. Her maternal family were considered low ranking chiefs in service to the royal family and her father, who was naturalised as a Hawaiian citizen shortly before her birth, was a sugar planter and government land surveyor.

Emma and her father bonded over their love of education and languages and the two became inseparable. It is to her father’s credit that she can speak Greek, Latin, Hebrew, German, English and Hawai’i. Emma had planned to study at the Young Ladies Seminary in California at the desire

36 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 of her father but his death shortly before her enrollment in 1866 curbed these plans and instead Emma remained in Hawai’i to grieve the loss of a parent, advocate, and confidante.

In 1867, Emma married Frederick William Beckley who was also of Hawaiian noble descent and they had seven children. She served as lady in waiting to Queen Kapi’olani. Her husband died in 1881 and suddenly she found herself in need of a way to support her children. King Kalakaua appointed Emma as curator of the Hawaiian National Museum and Government library through which she was able to establish herself as an authority in Hawaiian history and culture.

Emma remarried in 1887 this time to Reverend Moses Kuaea Nakuina. Throughout her life it seemed that Emma could not escape the tragedy as they had a son who died shortly after birth and a daughter who contracted leprosy. Despite the loss that Emma experienced in her life, this did not stop her from reaching professional heights that her father raised her to achieve and in 1892 she was appointed Commissioner of Private Ways and Water Rights for the district of Kona in Oahu, dealing specifically with the issues of resolving water usage and rights in the district.

John Green Hoapili, District Judge for North Kona & South Kona

John Green Hoapili was born in 1833 in Ke Au Hou, North Kona, Hawai’i, to Kanehoa and Kapaleiliahu. His family is descended from the ancient kings and high chiefs of Hawai’i and Maui. As a result, John is considered a kinsman of King Kalakaua and Queen Lili’uokalani.

In 1866, he was elected to the House of Representatives, where he served from 1866-1867. After serving this legislative term, he was appointed District Magistrate and District Judge for his home district of North and South Kona. In addition, in 1886, King Kalakaua appointed him a member of the Privy Council of State. When Governess of Hawai’i Uluani Lewai Baker attempted to appoint him the Chief Magistrate in 1888, she was blocked by the haole in the government. As such, he remains the Magistrate and Judge for North and South Kona.

He is married to Ami Pinehasa Wood.

37 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 Edward Kamakau Lilikalani, Member of the Legislature

Although Edward Lilikalani’s exact parentage is disputed, his political affiliations are not. After graduating from Oahu College, he quickly became the protegee of King Kalakaua and was elected to the Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom’s House of Representatives in 1876 with the king’s support. He served in this position through 1886, making many friends within the king’s inner circle. However, he also made enemies of those hostile to Kalakaua, such as Queen Emma, the widow of Kamehameha IV, and John L. Stevens, the U.S. Minister to Hawai’i. They attacked him by saying he was only fawning around the king in the hopes of gaining power and that he had no ideas of his own. Whether or not these accusations were true, it was certainly the case that Lilikalani has risen through the ranks of Hawaiian government by making powerful friends. Now that his biggest benefactor has just been stripped of his power, he will need to think of new ways to maintain his foothold in government and preserve life as he knew it.

Emma Nāwahī, Newspaper Publisher

One of the youngest members of committee at 23, Emma Nāwahī has nevertheless already earned a reputation as a bad b––. Her mother is the daughter of a minor Hilo chief, and her father is a Chinese immigrant who came to Hawai’i to earn his riches in the sugar trade. Nāwahī was brought up on the family’s sugar plantation with her four sisters--as young women, they were known as “the Flowers of China,” and were regarded as some of the most talented and beautiful women in all Hawai’i. She married Joseph Nāwahī in 1881 as his second wife, though this marriage has been widely regarded as political expediency for Ms. Nāwahī–she prefers to go it alone whenever possible.

Charming and well-connected, Nāwahī moved to Honolulu with her husband, where she became a lady-in-waiting and close confidante of Queen Lili’uokalani. With the Americans rapidly escalating in their aggression, she has become a key political organizer and activist in opposition to American domination of Hawai’i. She is an influential member of the Hawaiian Women’s Patriotic League and the Democratic Party of Hawai’i, and has founded the newspaper Ke Aloha Aina, which is a crucial voice in the resistance of American influence. The newspaper is written in the Hawaiian language, and is widely distributed (underground) across all the islands, where it is

38 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 read voraciously by Nāwahī’s growing leagues of supporters. With her personal fortunes and immense sway, Nāwahī hopes to fan the flames of independence while also advancing her own political influence.

Kini Kapahu, Hula Dancer & Socialite

Ana Kini Kapahukulaokamamalu Kuulani McColgan Huhu was born on March 4, 1872, the fourteenth child of Kala’iolele and Irish sugarcane plantation owner John C. McColgan. She is the hānai, or adoptive, daughter of Kapahukulaokamamalu, a generous and childless stranger who assisted her mother during Kini’s birth; it is in Kapahukulaokamamalu’s honor that she adopted the name “Kini Kapahu.” She grew up next door to King Kalakua and Queen Lili’uokalani.

Kini Kapahu only attended school for three years before dropping out to pursue dance, having learned hula from her mother, a former court dancer. When she was just fourteen, King Kalakua invited Kini Kapahu to join the royal court’s hula troupe, Hu Lei Mamo. Though her hānai mother, Kapahukulaokamamalu, opposed the public performance of dance, Kini Kapahu was finally allowed to join the royal court’s hula troupe when she was sixteen. At present, she is one of seven dancers in the royal hula troupe. She is trained in Hawaiian dance, ballroom dance, singing, and ukulele. Though she is uneducated, she is fairly well-connected and influential, owing to her popularity as a dancer and proximity to Hawaii’s royal court.

Antone Rosa, Head of the National Reform Party

Antone was born on the island of Molokai and as a Hawaiian native, knows the islands and its inhabitants like the back of his hand. The son of a portuguese fisherman, he was born into a comfortable life but not one with many prospects. The fishing life was not going to be for him mostly due to his paralysing fear of the ocean and getting his feet wet. Antone knew that he had to study extra hard in school in order to forge his own path and alongside excelling in the obvious courses, he became fluent in English, Hawaiian and French. His academic excellence earned Rosa a job clerking for Chief Justice Charles Coffin Harris straight after school and his hard work and dedication promoted him to Deputy Clerk of the Supreme Court in 1877.

39 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 The glimmer of responsibility and power is no match for any man but for Antone it was just out of reach. His lack of a law degree prevented him from rising higher in the ranks of the judicial system but he was not about to give up on the allure of power and recognition. So Rosa went back to school and earned a law degree and passed the bar in 1884. With a glistening career up to this point it was only natural for him to be appointed Attorney-General in 1855.

In 1877, Antone was put forward as an Independent candidate for representative from Honolulu. Despite his rise from humble beginnings, Antone never forgot the island that raised him or its inhabitants. At meetings to discuss candidate positions, Rosa spoke in the native Hawaiian language and actively condoned the illegal actions of the Honolulu Rifles and Reform Party of Hawai’i but was later defeated. Despite this political setback, Rosa had no need to worry because later that year his reputation earned him the position of private secretary to King Kalakaua and later Acting Commander in chief of the Forces of the Kingdom, Acting Adjutant General and Acting Governor of Oahu.

Antone completely exceeded all expectations of what was to become of him given his birthright and to cap it all off in 1890, he ran unopposed as the National Reform candidate for the representative of Oahu and won where, during this time, he actively worked to reform the party from its previous cabinet.

Kimika Pudihala, Leader of the Hawai’ian Students’ League

Have you ever slightly exaggerated your qualifications to get a job? Kimika Pudihala knows the feeling. Not that she’s unqualified–Pudihala is immensely bright and accomplished–but she’s also a 19 year old exchange student from Chicago, Illinois. Born to immigrants–a Japanese father and a Mexican mother–in Chicago, Pudihala was attending the University of Chicago, studying law and sociology, before the school foreclosed in 1888. Seeking a new opportunity, Pudihala applied for funding to study at Oahu College, and enrolled in 1889. It was not long after Pudihala’s arrival that she used her strong leadership skills to found the Hawaiian Students’ League, and immediately began recruiting thousands of members. Pudihala formed the league to advocate for greater rights and resources for young Hawaiians, though has recently also focused her efforts on resisting American incursion.

40 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 Pudihala, on a whim, mailed an application to Queen Lili’uokalani to serve on the Privy Council as a consultant on student and youth-related issues. Sure, she may have exaggerated her age, level of education, and time spent in Hawai’i (not to mention, people don’t really apply for Council spots), but the Queen admired her boldness and brought Kimika on board. Pudihala is regarded as something of a wunderkind, especially for her extremely effective (yet somehow also warm) managerial style, and her absolute disdain for incompetence or dishonesty. On the council, Pudihala intends not only to prove her mettle, but to use the power of Hawaiian youth and students to change society for the better. And who knows, maybe she’ll get some college credits along the way.

John Ena Jr., Magnate & Nobleman

John Liwaikalaniopuu Ena has a unique perspective on Hawaii’s relationship to the rest of the world because of his mixed Chinese-Hawaiian heritage, his father having come to Hilo as a sugar planter during Kamehameha III’s reign. After adopting the Hawaiian surname Ena, he married high chieftess Kaikilani, a descendant of Hawaiian royalty. John was born in 1845 and had a largely Catholic education, later moving to Honolulu to work as a clerk for steamship company T. R. Forster & Co. Because Ena invested in the company, when Forster formed his Inter-Island Steam Navigation company in 1883, Ena was a founding partner. He later became vice president of the company.

Outside of business, Ena is also involved in politics, serving as Kalakaua’s Privy Council of State from 1888-1891 and decorated as an Officer of the Royal Order of the Crown of Hawai’i in 1886. His wealth, political and business clout, and large family will surely be on his mind as resources he can use during this turbulent time, especially in terms of how he can balance gaining money from the sugar industry and staying on good terms with Hawaiian royalty.

George Charles Mo’oheau Beckley, Director of the Wilder Steamship Company

There once was a ship that went to sea, the owner was “Admiral” Beckley // He told tall tales, he hunted whales, he made a lot of money // Soon did the steamships come, to ferry islanders to and from // One day, when the shipping is done, he’ll take his leave and go.

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George Charles Mo’oheau Beckley was born in 1849 as a High Chief in the Hawaiian Royalty, with both parents having royal lineage as far back as the 15th Century, with his mother being recognized as a Chief herself. Seafaring is in Beckley’s blood, as his grandfather was a British sea captain who advised Kamehameha I on naval strategy. As a young man, Beckley was a cabin boy and crewmate on a number of whaling expeditions--jobs he took as early as 8 years old. Beckley is known to… well, exaggerate his exploits, but he claims he was kidnapped by pirates, voyaged to the North Pole, and discovered gold in Alaska. In 1871, Beckley went to work for Samuel G. Wilder. He had an early brush with King Kalakaua, as Wilder used his steamships to campaign for the King in the 1874 Election. Beckley soon bought shares in the company, and became a director- -taking over when Wilder died. In the following 15 years, Beckley traveled around the world on his steamships–Australia, San Francisco, Polynesia, and more. He became a friend of Princess Lili’uokalani in 1887 when she rode on one of his ships, his closeness to the monarchy led him to leap to Kalakaua’s defense against the Bayonet Constitution. Because of his loyalty, Beckley was appointed to Lili’uokalani's Privy Council when she took the throne. In this role, he advises on naval and commercial matters, while also seeking to grow his own enterprises.

Abraham Kaleimahoe Fernandez, Liaison to Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

Abraham Kaleimahoe Fernandez was born in Maui, the son of Kalama Kaleimahoe. Nothing is known of his father, though there are many rumors about Fernandez’s parentage. One particularly interesting rumor asserts that Fernandez may be the illegitimate son of the late King Kalakaua, as the two were close and Kalakaua went out of his way to maintain a relationship with Fernandez. Nevertheless, Fernandez was raised by his mother’s third husband, Peter Fernandez, a Spaniard. He married Minerva Eliza Davis in 1877. The couple had five children– Adelaide, Madeleine, Clara, Minerva, and E.K.

When Kalakaua died, Fernandez was offered a position on the Lili’uokalani’s Privy Council, an acknowledgement of how close he was to the late king. Since then, he has served the Kingdom. Local gossip indicates that his official position “Liaison to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints” may, in fact, be a front that allows him to monitor and report on the activities of Mormons

42 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 in Hawai’i. If this is true, it is ironic; Fernandez speaks positively of his interactions with the Latter- Day Saints and plans to convert soon. He and his entire family are strong supporters of the Native Hawaiian Monarchy.

Kapiʻolani, Former Queen Consort of the Hawaiian Islands

Kapi’olani was born into the elite, born to a High Chief and Chiefess and the great-niece of a woman who openly defied the goddess Pele in an attempt to demonstrate her faith in Christianity. This willpower, sense of self, and determination certainly did not skip any generations when it comes to Kapi’olani particularly when her name means the arch of heaven.

Kapi’olani was raised with her family and two sisters at their home in Hilo until she was eight at which point she was sent to Kona and then came under the guardianship of King Kamehameha in Honolulu when she was sixteen. In 1852, shortly after her eighteenth birthday, Kapi’olani married a man thirty years her senior. High Chief Bennett Namakeha was uncle to Queen Emma, the wife of Kamehameha IV, and so Kapi’olani served her as lady in waiting during her marriage which ended eight years later with the death of Chief Bennet Namakeha.

Despite no longer having a husband, Kapi’olani remained in service to Queen Emma afterwards as they became close confidants and Kapi’olani was even trusted as chief nurse of the royal prince. However this trust came crumbling down just two years later when the young prince died and Queen Emma in her grief blamed Kapi’olani for it as the child was under her care.

Kapi’olani remarried in 1863, this time to David Kalakaua who was not royal but instead an aspiring politician who had held many government positions. Her husband's aspirations were untenable and in 1874 he became the monarch of Hawai’i and Kapi’olani his queen consort. As queen consort, Kapi’olani took an interest in bettering the health of Hawai’i residents and established the Kapi’olani Maternity Home as well as frequently visiting hospitals, particularly those dealing with people afflicted with leprosy which became one of her defining traits as queen consort.

43 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 The death of her husband in 1890 really affected Kapi’olani and after the succession of her sister- in-law Lili’uokalani, she retired from public life, preferring the quiet to the bustling ways of social events although she remains a source of knowledge and advice as well as a confidante of the new queen.

John Keone Likikine Richardson, Legal Counsel

Colonel John Keone Likikine Richardson was born on December 15, 1853 in Waikapu, Maui, Hawai’i. An orphan, he was raised by Maui Sheriff Thomas Everett and his wife. A gifted student, he elected to pursue a career in law after graduating. John was admitted to the Hawaiian Bar at a young age and, shortly thereafter, became a prominent attorney in Maui courts, owing to his intelligence and talent.

In 1884, John was elected to the House of Representatives of Hawai’i. Three years later, in 1887, he was elected to the upper house of the Hawaiian assembly, the House of Nobles, where he served for one year. John was appointed to the Queen’s Privy Council in 1891 and serves as her legal counsel, providing the Queen with advice on all legal matters. He is fiercely anti-annexation, and would stop at nothing to secure and maintain Hawaiian sovereignty and self-government. As such, much of his advice to the Queen is about how native Hawaiians can legally exercise more influence in government.

Junius Ka’ae, Logistics Expert

Much of Junius Ka’ae’s career is overshadowed by scandal, but he was a massively influential force in Hawaiian business, politics, and labor. In his early career, he worked as an agent of labor contract for the island of Kauai from 1877-1882. In 1882, King Kalakaua appointed him to the Hawaiian Legislature’s House of Nobles, where he served until the Bayonet Constitution was established in 1887. At around the same time, he served on the Hawaiian Board of Health, which dealt with licensing kahuna (traditional medicine practitioners), and was the Registrar of Conveyances from 1886-1887. In December 1886, the king appointed him to his advisory council, the Privy Council of State.

44 The Privy Council of Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawai’i, 1891 | MUNUC 33 Ka’ae is best known for his opium corruption scandal, which was satirized by political pamphlet the Gynberg Ballads in 1887. Reports claimed that Ka’ae had convinced Chinese rice planter Tong Kee to bribe King Kalakaua $75,000 in order to get an opium sales license. The money was reportedly given to Ka’ae, but the license was mistakenly given to a different Chinese immigrant. Enraged, Kee outed both Ka’ae and the king; this information was used by the Reform Party when drafting the Bayonet Constitution as justification for ousting much of the government. Although Ka’ae has been publicly humiliated, he still holds sway with many government and business officials, and knows how to play the field to his advantage. However, he will need to tread carefully lest he get caught in another mishap.

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