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Diplomarbeit Die Rechtsstellung der Frau im Gewohnheitsrecht des Nordens Albaniens Eine rechtshistorische Darstellung DIPLOMARBEIT Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Magistra der Rechtswissenschaften an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. Eingereicht bei Ao.Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr.phil. Anita Prettenthaler-Ziegerhofer Am Institut für österreichische Rechtsgeschichte und europäische Rechtsentwicklung Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz von Isida Kreuzer Graz, September 2014 Ich erkläre ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen nicht benutzt und die den Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen inländischen oder ausländischen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Die vorliegende Fassung entspricht der eingereichten elektronischen Version. Graz, September 2014 …………………………………… Danksagungen An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich recht herzlich bei meiner Betreuerin Frau Univ.-Prof. Dr. Anita Prettenthaler-Zigerhofer bedanken, die mich beim Verfassen dieser Arbeit sehr unterstützt hat und mir immer mit hilfreichen Ratschlägen zur Seite gestanden ist. Darüber hinaus möchte ich mich besonders bei meinen beiden Schwestern Ilona und Irsa Toska bedanken, die mich in meinem Leben mit viel Liebe und Verständnis begleitet haben und begleiten. „Ju jeni dhurata me e bukur, qe Zoti me beri mua“. Bedanken möchte ich mich auch bei meinen Eltern Vitore und Sheuqet Toska, die immer an mich glauben. Mein größter Dank gilt aber vor allem meinem Ehemann Manuel Kreuzer, der mich bei meinen Entscheidungen immer mit viel Liebe unterstützt und vorangetrieben hat. http://www.ezilon.com/maps/europe/albania-physical-maps.html, 01. 09. 2014. Inhalt 1. Einleitung ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Definition „Kanun“ .......................................................................................................................... 3 3. Das albanische Gewohnheitsrecht. Ein Überblick ........................................................................... 4 3.1. Der Kanun des Leke Dukagjini (KLD) ............................................................................................ 4 3.2. Der Kanun des Skenderbeu (KS) .................................................................................................. 5 3.3. Der Kanun der Laberia (KL) .......................................................................................................... 6 3.4. Der Kanun der Berge (Hochlandes) (KM) .................................................................................... 6 4. Wichtige Prinzipien im KLD.............................................................................................................. 7 4.1. Die Gastfreundschaft „mikpritja“ ................................................................................................ 7 4.2. Das Ehrenwort „besa“ ................................................................................................................. 8 4.3. Die Ehre „nderi“ ........................................................................................................................... 9 4.4. Die Mannhaftigkeit .................................................................................................................... 11 5. Auszüge strafrechtlicher Bestimmungen vom KLD ....................................................................... 12 5.1. Öffentliches Strafrecht .............................................................................................................. 12 5.1.1. Die Blutrache „gjakmarrje“ ................................................................................................... 12 5.1.1.1. Blutrache und Frauen ........................................................................................................ 14 5.2. Strafen innerhalb der Familie .................................................................................................... 16 6. Gesellschafts- und Familienstruktur .............................................................................................. 16 6.1. Gesellschaftsstruktur ................................................................................................................. 16 6.2. Die Familienstruktur .................................................................................................................. 17 6.2.1. Das Haus (die „Familie“) ........................................................................................................ 17 6.2.2. Die Teilung des Haushaltes .................................................................................................... 18 6.2.3. Der Hausherr ......................................................................................................................... 19 6.2.3.1. Der Hausherr innerhalb der Institution Haus .................................................................... 19 6.2.3.2. Der Hausherr außerhalb der Institution Haus ................................................................... 20 6.2.3.3. Faktische Haus-Führung durch die Frau ............................................................................ 20 6.2.4. Die Hausherrin ....................................................................................................................... 20 6.2.5. Der Hausvorstand .................................................................................................................. 21 6.2.6. Die übrigen Hausmitglieder ................................................................................................... 22 7. Verlobung ...................................................................................................................................... 24 7.1. Verlobungsauflösung und die Rechtsfolgen .............................................................................. 26 7.1.1. Die Auflösung der Verlobung vom jungen Mannes .............................................................. 26 7.1.2. Die Auflösung der Verlobung von der jungen Frau ............................................................... 27 8. Von der Verlobung bis zur Hochzeit .............................................................................................. 28 9. Ehe ................................................................................................................................................. 33 9.1. Arten der Ehe............................................................................................................................. 34 9.1.1. Die legitime Ehe ..................................................................................................................... 34 9.1.2. Das Konkubinat ...................................................................................................................... 35 9.1.3. Ehe als Folge der Entführung................................................................................................. 36 9.1.4. Ehe „ad experimentum“ ........................................................................................................ 38 9.2. Eheverbote ................................................................................................................................ 39 9.3. Die Rechtsstellung der verheirateten Frau im Haus des Mannes ............................................. 40 9.4. Gegenseitige Rechte und Pflichten der Eheleute ...................................................................... 42 10. Die Auflösung der Ehe ............................................................................................................... 44 10.1. Die Entfernung....................................................................................................................... 44 10.2. Die Verstoßung ...................................................................................................................... 45 10.2.1. Rechtsfolgen der Verstoßung ................................................................................................ 46 10.3. Das Flüchten der Frau aus dem Haus des Mannes „t’ikunit“ ................................................ 48 10.3.1. Das begründete Flüchten ...................................................................................................... 48 10.3.2. Das unbegründete Flüchten .................................................................................................. 49 10.3.3. Das Vorgeben oder Bestreiten des begründeten Flüchtens ................................................. 50 11. Tod ............................................................................................................................................. 51 11.1. Allgemeines ........................................................................................................................... 51 11.2. Natürlicher Tod ...................................................................................................................... 52 11.2.1. Natürlicher Tod vor der Hochzeit .......................................................................................... 53 11.2.2. Natürlicher Tod nach der Hochzeit ....................................................................................... 53 11.3. Die Tötung der (jungen) Frau ...............................................................................................
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