Ch.Ch. 4.4. TheThe ParticleParticle NatureNature ofof MatterMatter

이병호 서울대 전기공학부 [email protected]

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech ThomsonThomson

… he achieved the most brilliant work of his life - an original study of cathode rays culminating in the discovery of the electron, which was announced during the course of his evening lecture to the Royal Institution on Friday, April 30, 1897.

Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940) http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Fig. 4-5, p. 111

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech ThomsonThomson의원자모델의원자모델

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech MillikanMillikan

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923

“for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect”

Robert Andrews Millikan (1868-1953)

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Fig. 4-8, p. 115

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Fig. 4-9, p. 116

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech RutherfordRutherford

Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Fig. 4-10, p. 120

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Fig. 4-11, p. 121

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech RutherfordRutherford의원자모델의원자모델

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Fig. 4-12, p. 123

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech 태양과태양과 행성 행성 –– No No ProblemProblem

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech DilemmaDilemma

Fig. 4-21, p. 131

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech 왜왜?? -- Maxwell Maxwell’’ss EquationsEquations D =⋅∇ ρ B =⋅∇ 0 ∂B E −=×∇ ∂t ∂D JH +=×∇ ∂t

,cf. == μεHBED

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Oh,Oh, MyMy GodGod……

111⎛⎞ =−R⎜⎟ ⎜⎟22 λ ⎝⎠nnfi

Fig. 4-15, p. 127

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Fig. 4-18, p. 128

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech BohrBohr

Niels Henrik David Bohr Niels Bohr Institute Group Photo 1960 (1885-1962)

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Bohr’sBohr’s AtomAtom ModelModel

mvre == n ( n 1,2,3,...) ⎛⎞h ⎜⎟ = ⎝⎠2π 1 ee22 EKU=+= mvk2 − =− k 22e rr 2 2 ⎛⎞ke mve ⎜⎟∵ 2 = ⎝⎠rr

Fig. 4-22, p. 132

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Bohr’sBohr’s AtomAtom ModelModel

n22 rnn ==2 1, 2, 3, ... mkee 2 o aro ≡=1 2 =0.529A Bohr radius mkee

Fig. 4-23, p. 133

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Bohr’sBohr’s AtomAtom ModelModel

ke2 ⎛⎞1 13.6 Enn =−⎜⎟22 =−eV = 1,2,3,... 2ano ⎝⎠ n

EEif−= hf 111fke2 ⎛⎞ ==⎜⎟ − ⎜⎟22 λ cahcnn2 ofi⎝⎠

Fig. 4-24, p. 134

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech CorrespondenceCorrespondence PrinciplePrinciple –– ClassicalClassical LimitLimit

hn→→∞0 or : Classical limit

Example

Fig. 4-26, p. 140

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Franck-HertzFranck-Hertz ExperimentExperiment

Fig. 4-27, p. 141

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Fig. 4-28, p. 142

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Ch.Ch. 5.5. MatterMatter WavesWaves

이병호 서울대 전기공학부 [email protected]

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech DeDe BroglieBroglie

Louis de Broglie (1892-1987)

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech DeDe BroglieBroglie

Light Electron

입자 로 아는데 파동(전자파: Maxwell)으로 알았는데, Æ (Thomson) , 입자의성질도(Einstein)!!! 파동의성질도? (뭐의 파동인가는 모르겠지만…)

h Ehfpc== λ = p h E p = f = λ h pmv= γ E 22224224=+=pc mcγ mc

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech nrnλ = 21,2,3,...π =

mvre = n

Fig. 5-2, p. 153

Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Seoul National University NRL HoloTech Seoul National University NRL HoloTech