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Wave Nature of Matter: Made Easy (Lesson 3) Matter Behaving As a Wave? Ridiculous!
Wave Nature of Matter: Made Easy (Lesson 3) Matter behaving as a wave? Ridiculous! Compiled by Dr. SuchandraChatterjee Associate Professor Department of Chemistry Surendranath College Remember? I showed you earlier how Einstein (in 1905) showed that the photoelectric effect could be understood if light were thought of as a stream of particles (photons) with energy equal to hν. I got my Nobel prize for that. Louis de Broglie (in 1923) If light can behave both as a wave and a particle, I wonder if a particle can also behave as a wave? Louis de Broglie I’ll try messing around with some of Einstein’s formulae and see what I can come up with. I can imagine a photon of light. If it had a “mass” of mp, then its momentum would be given by p = mpc where c is the speed of light. Now Einstein has a lovely formula that he discovered linking mass with energy (E = mc2) and he also used Planck’s formula E = hf. What if I put them equal to each other? mc2 = hf mc2 = hf So for my photon 2 mp = hfhf/c/c So if p = mpc = hfhf/c/c p = mpc = hf/chf/c Now using the wave equation, c = fλ (f = c/λ) So mpc = hc /λc /λc= h/λ λ = hp So you’re saying that a particle of momentum p has a wavelength equal to Planck’s constant divided by p?! Yes! λ = h/p It will be known as the de Broglie wavelength of the particle Confirmation of de Broglie’s ideas De Broglie didn’t have to wait long for his idea to be shown to be correct. -
Chemistry in Italy During Late 18Th and 19Th Centuries
CHEMISTRY IN ITALY DURING LATE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES Ignazio Renato Bellobono, CSci, CChem, FRSC LASA, Department of Physics, University of Milan. e-mail add ress : i.bell obon o@ti scali.it LASA, Dept.Dept. ofPhysics, Physics, University of Milan The birth of Electrochemistry Luigi Galvani, Alessandro Volta, and Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli From Chemistry to Radiochemistry The birth of Chemistry and Periodic Table Amedeo Avogadro and Stanislao Cannizzaro Contributions to Organic Chemistry LASA, Dept.Dept. ofPhysics, Physics, University of Milan 1737 At the Faculty of Medicine of the Bologna University, the first chair of Chemistry is establishedestablished,,andandassigned to Jacopo Bartolomeo BECCARI (1692-1766). He studied phosphorescence and the action of light on silver halides 1776 In some marshes of the Lago Maggiore, near AngeraAngera,, Alessandro VOLTA ((17451745--18271827),),hi gh school teacher of physics in Como, individuates a flammable gas, which he calls aria infiammabile. Methane is thus discovereddiscovered.. Two years laterlater,,heheis assignedassigned,,asas professor of experimental phihysicscs,,toto the UiUniversi ty of PiPavia LASA, DtDept. of PhPhys icscs,, University of Milan 1778 In aletter a letter to Horace Bénédict de Saussure, aaSwissSwiss naturalist, VOLTA introduces, beneath that of electrical capacitycapacity,, the fundamental concept of tensione elettrica (electrical tension), exactly the name that CITCE recommended for the difference of potential in an electrochemical cell. 17901790--17911791 VOLTA anticipatesanticipates,,bybyabout 10 yearsyears,,thethe GAYGAY--LUSSACLUSSAC linear de ppyendency of gas volume on tem pp,erature, at constant pressurepressure,,andandafew a fewyears later ((17951795)) anticipatesanticipates,,byby about 6years 6 years,,thethe soso--calledcalled John Dalton’s rules ((18011801))ononvapour pressure LASA, Dept.Dept. -
Twenty Five Hundred Years of Small Science What’S Next?
Twenty Five Hundred Years of Small Science What’s Next? Lloyd Whitman Assistant Director for Nanotechnology White House Office of Science and Technology Policy Workshop on Integrated Nanosystems for Atomically Precise Manufacturing Berkeley, CA, August 5, 2015 Democritus (ca. 460 – 370 BC) Everything is composed of “atoms” Atomos (ἄτομος): that which can not be cut www.phil-fak.uni- duesseldorf.de/philo/galerie/antike/ demokrit.html Quantum Mechanics (1920s) Max Planck 1918* Albert Einstein 1921 Niels Bohr 1922 Louis de Broglie 1929 Max Born 1954 Paul Dirac 1933 On the Theory of Quanta Louis-Victor de Broglie Werner Heisenberg 1932 Wolfgang Pauli 1945 Erwin Schrödinger 1933 *Nobel Prizes in Physics https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel- 00006807 Ernst Ruska (1906 – 1988) Electron Microscopy Magnifying higher than the light microscope - 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates /1986/ruska-lecture.pdf Richard Feynman (1918-1988) There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, An Invitation to Enter a New Field of Physics What would happen if we could arrange the atoms one by one the way we want them…? December 29, 1959 richard-feynman.net Heinrich Rohrer (1933 – 2013) Gerd Binnig Atomic resolution Scanning Tunneling Microscopy - 1981 1983 I could not stop looking at the images. It was like entering a new world. Gerd Binnig, Nobel lecture Binnig, et al., PRL 50, 120 (1983) Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 C60: Buckminsterfullerene Kroto, Heath, O‘Brien, Curl and September 1985 Smalley - 1985 …a remarkably stable cluster consisting of 60 carbon atoms…a truncated icosahedron. Nature 318, 162 (1985) http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatis chemistry/landmarks/fullerenes.html Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 Curl, Kroto, and Smalley Positioning Single Atoms with a Scanning Tunnelling Microscope Eigler and Schweizer - 1990 …fabricate rudimentary structures of our own design, atom by atom. -
Business Unit Newsflash
No.2 2017 PDC Center for High Performance Computing Business Unit Newsflash Welcome to the PDC Business Newsflash! The newsflashes are issued in the PDC newsletters or via the PDC business email list in accordance with the frequency of PDC business events. Here you will find short articles about industrial collaborations with PDC and about business events relevant for high performance computing (HPC), along with overviews of important developments and trends in relation to HPC for small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and large industries all around the world. PDC Business Unit Newsflash | No. 2 – 2017 Page 1 HPC for Industry R&D PRACE Opens its Doors Further for Industry from world-leading research conducted over the last decade by a team of researchers at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Their project, called “Automatic generation and optimization of meshes for industrial CFD”, started on the 1st of September 2017 and will continue for one year. In early 2017 PRACE opened up a new opportunity for business and industrial partners to apply for both HPC resources and PRACE expert-help through what are known as Type-D PRACE Preparatory Access (PA Type-D) Meanwhile other Swedish SMEs continue to be applications. The objective of this was to allow active within the PRACE SHAPE programme. For PRACE users to optimise, scale and test codes on example, the Swedish SME Svenska Flygtekniska PRACE systems. Type-D offers users the chance Institutet AB was successful with an application to start optimization work on a PRACE Tier-1 called “AdaptiveRotor”. The project is expected system (that is, a national system) to eventually to start soon and will last six months. -
Named Units of Measurement
Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Units.pdf 1 NAMED UNITS OF MEASUREMENT © Dr. John Andraos, 2000 - 2013 Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ONTARIO M3J 1P3, CANADA For suggestions, corrections, additional information, and comments please send e-mails to [email protected] http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/ Atomic mass unit (u, Da) John Dalton 6 September 1766 - 27 July 1844 British, b. Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth, Cumberland, England Dalton (1/12th mass of C12 atom) Dalton's atomic theory Dalton, J., A New System of Chemical Philosophy , R. Bickerstaff: London, 1808 - 1827. Biographical References: Daintith, J.; Mitchell, S.; Tootill, E.; Gjersten, D ., Biographical Encyclopedia of Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Units.pdf 2 Scientists , Institute of Physics Publishing: Bristol, UK, 1994 Farber, Eduard (ed.), Great Chemists , Interscience Publishers: New York, 1961 Maurer, James F. (ed.) Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography , Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1981 Abbott, David (ed.), The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists: Chemists , Peter Bedrick Books: New York, 1983 Partington, J.R., A History of Chemistry , Vol. III, Macmillan and Co., Ltd.: London, 1962, p. 755 Greenaway, F. Endeavour 1966 , 25 , 73 Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1844 , 60 , 528-530 Thackray, A. in Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography , Charles Scribner & Sons: New York, 1973, Vol. 3, 573 Clarification on symbols used: personal communication on April 26, 2013 from Prof. O. David Sparkman, Pacific Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA. Capacitance (Farads, F) Michael Faraday 22 September 1791 - 25 August 1867 British, b. -
A Tribute to Jean Perrin
A TRIBUTE TO JEAN PERRIN l Henk Kubbinga – University of Groningen (The Netherlands) – DOI: 10.1051/epn/2013502 Nineteenth century's physics was primarily a molecular physics in the style of Laplace. Maxwell had been guided by Laplace’s breathtaking nebular hypothesis and its consequences for Saturn. Somewhat later Van der Waals drew upon his analysis of capillarity. The many textbooks of Biot perpetuated the molecularism involved in all this. Jean Perrin, then, proposed a charmingly simple proof for the well-foundedness of the molecular theory (1908). 16 EPN 44/5 Article available at http://www.europhysicsnews.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2013502 JEAN PERRIN FEATURES ean [Baptiste] Perrin enrolled in 1891 at the Ecole and Robert Koch and fancied a state of science in which b P.16: Normale Supérieure de Paris, the nursery of France’s the microscope had not yet been invented. In such a situ- Saturn (with Titan) edge-on as viewed academic staff. The new ‘normalien’ came from Lyon ation Pasteur and Koch—let’s say, medical science in by the Hubble and had passed a typically French parcours: primary general—might have concluded all the same that con- Telescope (2012; Jschool and collège ‘en province’, lycée at Paris. The ‘nor- tagious diseases were caused by invisibly small living courtesy: NASA). maliens’ of the time were left-winged politically, but wore beings which infect a victim and set out immediately to uniforms, though, and despised their Sorbonne fellow multiply, before attacking subsequent victims etc. Effec- students. Mathematics made the difference; Perrin had tive countermeasures might have been developed in that passed without any trouble. -
A Worldview in Practice: Cross-Disciplinary Propose for Textbooks and Course Materials
International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education (IJCDSE), Volume 10, Issue 1, March 2019 A Worldview in Practice: Cross-Disciplinary Propose for Textbooks and Course Materials Noemih Sá Oliveira, Susan Bruna Carneiro Aragão Sistema Mackenzie de Ensino – Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute Brazil Abstract This paper presents a case study about the founded, in São Paulo, the American School. The development of a cross-disciplinary propose for pre- foundation of the new school represented a turning primary, primary and secondary private school point in Brazil. The school introduced a series of textbooks and course materials based on a Judeo- pioneering and innovative pedagogical and social Christian educational worldview. A private Brazilian practices. Among them, the end of racial system of education, Sistema Mackenzie de Ensino discrimination in admissions (legally authorized by (SME), located in São Paulo-Brazil, developed this the government until then), the creation of mixed proposal. SME is reasoned in a worldview, which gender classes and the abolition of physical considers ontology precedes epistemology to try to punishments [1]. Throughout its existence, it has reach a more integrated perception, comprehension, implemented courses with the objective of covering and reflection of the study object. A cross- new areas of knowledge and accompanying the disciplinary team of teachers gathered to elaborate a evolution of society with intense participation in the critical basis for producing and reviewing the community. Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute (MPU) textbooks and course materials. This rational basis has become recognized by tradition, pioneering and considered the guidelines of the National Brazilian innovation in education, which enabled it to reach Curriculum Parameters and academic researches. -
Edmond Halley (1656 – 1742)
Section 1: Science in the Early 18th Century 1 Lessons 1-15: Science in the Early 18th Century Lesson 1: Edmond Halley (1656 – 1742) The 17th century was a time of great progress in the way natural philosophers understood the heavens. With the help of Kepler’s Laws, Newton had produced his theory of gravity, which explained why the planets in the solar system orbit the sun. There was still a lot left to explain, but Newton had provided an incredibly important insight into how the solar system works. Towards the end of that century, a young natural philosopher by the name of Edmond Halley (hal’ ee) visited Newton to discuss some details regarding the way the planets orbit the sun. While he didn’t contribute a lot to our understanding of the planets, this young natural philosopher did help us figure out something else about what is seen in the heavens. Halley was the son of a very successful English soap merchant who was also named Edmond. Because his father was wealthy, he had the best education money could buy. At an early age, he This portrait of Edmond Halley was painted by Scottish became interested in astronomy, and his father artist Thomas Murray. purchased some very expensive equipment to help him observe the heavens. This allowed him to make some keen observations of Mars as the moon passed between it and the earth. He published those observations in a scientific paper at the ripe old age of 20! He continued to observe the heavens as much as he could. -
The Story of the Invention of the Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM)
ANNALS OF SCIENCE, Vol. 65, No. 1, January 2008, 101Á125 Searching for Asses, Finding a Kingdom: The Story of the Invention of the Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM) GALINA GRANEK and GIORA HON Department of Philosophy, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Received 25 October 2006. Revised paper accepted 17 May 2007 Summary We offer a novel historical-philosophical framework for discussing experimental practice which we call ‘Generating Experimental Knowledge’. It combines three different perspectives: experimental systems, concept formation, and the pivotal role of error. We then present an historical account of the invention of the Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM), or Raster-Tunnelmikroskop,and interpret it within the proposed framework. We show that at the outset of the STM project, Binnig and Rohrer*the inventors of the machine*filed two patent disclosures; the first is dated 22 December 1978 (Switzerland), and the second, two years later, 12 September 1980 (US). By studying closely these patent disclosures, the attempts to realize them, and the subsequent development of the machine, we present, within the framework of generating experimental knowledge, a new account of the invention of the STM. While the realization of the STM was still a long way off, the patent disclosures served as blueprints, marking the changes that had to be introduced on the way from the initial idea to its realization. Contents 1. Introduction: accounts of the invention of STM ..................102 2. A novel methodological framework: ‘Generating Experimental Knowledge’ . .........................................104 3. A new account: the three phases .............................106 3.1 Phase one: the blueprint*patent disclosures of STM. -
Otto Stern Annalen 4.11.11
(To be published by Annalen der Physik in December 2011) Otto Stern (1888-1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics J. Peter Toennies,1 Horst Schmidt-Böcking,2 Bretislav Friedrich,3 Julian C.A. Lower2 1Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganisation Bunsenstrasse 10, 37073 Göttingen 2Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt 3Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin Keywords History of Science, Atomic Physics, Quantum Physics, Stern- Gerlach experiment, molecular beams, space quantization, magnetic dipole moments of nucleons, diffraction of matter waves, Nobel Prizes, University of Zurich, University of Frankfurt, University of Rostock, University of Hamburg, Carnegie Institute. We review the work and life of Otto Stern who developed the molecular beam technique and with its aid laid the foundations of experimental atomic physics. Among the key results of his research are: the experimental test of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities (1920), experimental demonstration of space quantization of angular momentum (1922), diffraction of matter waves comprised of atoms and molecules by crystals (1931) and the determination of the magnetic dipole moments of the proton and deuteron (1933). 1 Introduction Short lists of the pioneers of quantum mechanics featured in textbooks and historical accounts alike typically include the names of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Arnold Sommerfeld, Niels Bohr, Max von Laue, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac, Max Born, and Wolfgang Pauli on the theory side, and of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Ernest Rutherford, Arthur Compton, and James Franck on the experimental side. However, the records in the Archive of the Nobel Foundation as well as scientific correspondence, oral-history accounts and scientometric evidence suggest that at least one more name should be added to the list: that of the “experimenting theorist” Otto Stern. -
Theory and Experiment in the Quantum-Relativity Revolution
Theory and Experiment in the Quantum-Relativity Revolution expanded version of lecture presented at American Physical Society meeting, 2/14/10 (Abraham Pais History of Physics Prize for 2009) by Stephen G. Brush* Abstract Does new scientific knowledge come from theory (whose predictions are confirmed by experiment) or from experiment (whose results are explained by theory)? Either can happen, depending on whether theory is ahead of experiment or experiment is ahead of theory at a particular time. In the first case, new theoretical hypotheses are made and their predictions are tested by experiments. But even when the predictions are successful, we can’t be sure that some other hypothesis might not have produced the same prediction. In the second case, as in a detective story, there are already enough facts, but several theories have failed to explain them. When a new hypothesis plausibly explains all of the facts, it may be quickly accepted before any further experiments are done. In the quantum-relativity revolution there are examples of both situations. Because of the two-stage development of both relativity (“special,” then “general”) and quantum theory (“old,” then “quantum mechanics”) in the period 1905-1930, we can make a double comparison of acceptance by prediction and by explanation. A curious anti- symmetry is revealed and discussed. _____________ *Distinguished University Professor (Emeritus) of the History of Science, University of Maryland. Home address: 108 Meadowlark Terrace, Glen Mills, PA 19342. Comments welcome. 1 “Science walks forward on two feet, namely theory and experiment. ... Sometimes it is only one foot which is put forward first, sometimes the other, but continuous progress is only made by the use of both – by theorizing and then testing, or by finding new relations in the process of experimenting and then bringing the theoretical foot up and pushing it on beyond, and so on in unending alterations.” Robert A. -
The Discovery of Subatomic Particles
The Discovery of Subatomic Particles Steven Weinberg I. W. H . Freeman and Co mpa ny NE W Y ORK Staff and students at the Cavendish Laboratory, 1933 . Fourth row: J. K. Roberts, P. Harteck, R. C. Evans, E. C. Childs, R. A. Smith, Top row: W. ]. Henderson , W. E. Dun canson, P. Wright, G. E. Pringle, H. Miller. G. T. P. Tarr ant , L. H. Gray, j . P. Gort, M. L. Oliphant , P. I. Dee, ]. L. Pawsey, Second row: C. B. O. Mohr, N. Feath er, C. W. Gilbert , D.Shoenberg, D. E. Lea, C. £. Wynn-Williams. R. Witty, - -Halliday, H . S. W. Massey, E.S. Shire. Seated row: - - Sparshotr, J. A.Ratcliffe, G. Stead, J. Chadwick, G. F. C. Searle, Third row : B. B. Kinsey, F. W. Nicoll, G. Occhialini, E. C. Allberry, B. M. Crowt her, Professor Sir J. J. Thomson, Professo r Lord Ruth erford, Professor C. T. R. Wilson, B. V. Bowden, W. B. Lewis, P. C. Ho, E. T. S. Walton, P. W. Burbidge, F. Bitter. C. D. Ellis, Professor Kapirza, P. M. S. Blackett , - - Davies. 13 2 The Discovery of the Electron This century has seen the gradual realization that all matter is composed of a' f~w type s of elementary particles-tiny units that apparently cannot be subdi vided further. The list of elementary particle types has changed many times dunng the century, as new particles have been discovered and old ones have been found to be composed of more elementary constituents. At latest count there are some sixteen known types of elementary particles.