Index of Languages

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47932-5 — Languages of the World 3rd Edition Index More Information

Index of Languages

!Kung, 234–235 Andi, 149 |Xam, 235 Apache, 365 ǃKung, 236 Apalaí, 391, 437 ǃXóõ, 235–237, 240 Apurinã, 100, 387–388, 394 ǃXu,˜ 237 Arabic, 9, 22, 32, 52, 61, 76–77, 80, 93, 100, 135, ǀXam, 235–236 156, 175, 182, 185–193, 196, 198, 203–206, ǁXegwi, 235 208–214, 219–220, 227, 229, 232, 242, 244, ǂHõã, 236 302, 438 ǂHua, 235 Aramaic, 185–186, 190, 192–193, 213 Arapesh, 330 Abaza, 152, 154 Arawak, 389 Abenaki, 366 Arawum, 326 Abidji, 381 Archi, 151 Abkhaz, 126, 150, 152–154, 156, 172, 174, 207, Armenian, 51–52, 58, 100, 124, 147–148, 155, 274, 306 182, 213, 297 Achagua, 389 Aromanian, 47 Acholi, 220–221 Assamese, 82, 85–86 Adamawa Fulfulde, 359 Assiniboin, 370 Adamorobe Sign Language, 426 Atayal, 296, 302, 305–306 Adyghe, 152–154, 156–157, 395, 398 Australian Sign Language, 430, 434 Afar, 33, 186 Avar, 149–150, 157–158, 161, 163, 177, 207 Afrikaans, 47, 218, 244 Avestan, 21, 79, 335 Agul, 149, 151, 207 Awa Cuaiquer, 24 Ainu, 135, 137, 280 Awadhi, 81 Aka, 92 Awera, 25 Akan, 224, 232, 347, 432 Aymara, 155, 392–393, 437 Akhvakh, 149 Azerbaijani, 123, 149, 172 Akkadian, 185, 190, 213 Azeri. See Azerbaijani Alabama, 369 Alamblak, 333 Babuza, 296 Albanian, 51–52, 54, 213, 297, 447 Bacairí, 391, 437 Aleut, 9, 126, 135, 175, 362, 367, 372–374, 414, Bagvalal, 150 418, 423, 425 Bai, 348 Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language, 433 Balinese, 298, 304 Alsea, 375 Balkan Gagauz Turkish, 124 Altai, 124 Balkar, 124, 154, 177 Alutor, 132 Baluchi, 79 Amdo Tibetan, 253, 258 Bambara, 225, 243 American Sign Language, 426, 429–432, 434, 438 Bamum, 243 Amharic, 100, 102, 155, 189, 193, 199, 213, 215, Barambu, 348 437 Barbareno Chumash, 174 Amis, 295–296, 301–302, 306–307 Bardi, 355–356 Amto, 331 Baré, 389 Amur Manchu, 24 Barngarla, 341

472 Index of Languages

Basay, 296 Cheyenne, 366 Bashkir, 123, 127 Chhattisgarhi, 82 Basque, 1, 14, 45, 48, 61–62, 64, 71, 86–87, Chichewa, 100, 102, 225, 243 90–91, 94, 99, 101–102, 136, 151, 158, 163, Chickasaw, 369 275, 309, 341, 350, 415, 421, 423–424 Chinese, 16, 23, 84, 95, 129, 135, 249–258, Bassa, 242 260–264, 266, 269–270, 272, 274, 276–278, Batsbi, 175 283, 296, 301, 303, 306–307, 332, 383, 390, 395 Bedawiyet, 186 Chingoni, 315 Belarusian, 25, 34, 52, 69, 72–73 Chinook, 375 Belhare, 282 Chintang, 32 Bengali, 18, 26, 43, 76, 78, 81, 85–89, 96 Chocheño, 377 Bezhta, 149, 151, 162 Choctaw, 369, 380 Bhojpuri, 82 Chontal, 383 Bikya, 24 Chukchi, 132–133, 135–136, 347, 372, 416 Blackfoot, 174, 366 Chukot, 132, 369 Bodo, 91 Chulym, 123 Bolgar. See Chuvash Chuvash, 114, 123–124, 127 Bosnian, 6, 9, 22, 52 Classical Aztec, 381 Botlikh, 150 Classical Mandaic, 190 Boumaa Fijian, 304, 306 Coast Miwok, 377 Brahui, 87–88 Coatlan Mixe, 386 Breton, 33–34, 50, 100, 102 Comanche, 362, 370 British Sign Language, 426–427, 429–430, 434 Coptic, 185, 278 Brokkat, 253 Cora, 99 Buin, 331, 335 Cornish, 45, 50 Bulgarian, 9, 52, 54, 447 Corsican, 47, 66, 207, 294, 328 Bunun, 296, 306 Cree, 120, 174, 346, 366 Bura Sign Language, 433 Crimean Tatar, 147, 157 Buriat, 130 Croatian, 9, 22, 52, 55, 92 Burmese, 253–256, 258, 261 Cumbric, 50 Burushaski, 14, 76, 93–95, 100, 274, 409, 421, Czech, 52–53 423–424 Dagaare, 99 Cabécar, 24 Dakota, 346, 370 Cameroon Pidgin, 244 Danish, 6, 47, 430, 434 Cantonese Chinese. See Chinese Danish Sign Language, 430, 434 Catalan, 47, 62 Dargin. See Dargwa Cayuga, 367 Dargwa, 177 Cebuano, 295, 298, 301 Dari, 78 Celtiberian, 50 Dayak, 296 Central Atlas Tamazight, 203 Delaware, 366 Central Tibetan, 253, 258 Dendi, 221 Chalcatongo Mixtec, 383 Dhalanji, 342 Chamalal, 150 Dido. See Tsez Chamorro, 31, 304–306 Dinka, 220–222 Chatino, 383 Dolgan, 124 Chavacano, 298 Dongolawi, 220 Chechen, 62, 100, 149, 152, 157–159, 172, 174, 207 Dothraki, 436, 438–439 Cherokee, 367 Dumun, 326

Index of Languages 473

Dutch, 2–3, 6, 8, 10, 12–14, 27, 46, 218, 292, 359, French, 2, 6, 13, 15–18, 26–28, 33, 37, 40, 47–49, 384, 430 55, 61–62, 67, 73, 94, 114, 127, 159, 165, Dutch Sign Language, 430 191, 206–209, 212, 221, 228, 240–241, 243, Dyirbal, 31, 175, 232, 342, 349–354, 396, 441 251, 256, 260, 265, 268–269, 277, 291, 316, 324, 346, 359, 363, 373, 390, 427–428, East Futunan, 292–293, 297, 301, 314 434–435, 438–439 Eastern Pomo, 403 French Sign Language, 434 Eblaite, 190 Frisian, 13–14, 27, 47 Èdó, 48, 233, 248 Fula, 213, 224, 228 Eel River Athabascan, 377 Fulfulde. See Fula Ekari, 330 Fuyu Kyrgyz, 123 Emilian, 25 Ende, 300 Gǁana, 235 Enets, 119–120, 122, 275 Gagauz, 61, 124, 128, 147 Enga, 330 Galician, 9 English, xv, 1–3, 7, 9–10, 12, 14–15, 17–18, Gallaecian, 50 20–21, 23–24, 26, 28, 33, 39, 43, 46, 48, 50, Gascon, 40, 61–62 52, 55–56, 60–61, 64, 68–69, 72, 75, 77, Gaulish, 45, 50 83–84, 91, 93–95, 98–99, 101–102, 106, 112, Ge’ez, 190, 193 114, 116, 122, 126–127, 131–132, 136–139, Georgian, 62, 94, 99–100, 102, 126, 147, 151, 143, 145, 154–155, 159–161, 163, 165–166, 157, 163–170, 172–173, 182, 342 174, 176, 179, 194–195, 197, 206–207, 209, German, 6, 8, 10, 12–15, 18, 27, 32, 39, 46, 56, 214, 222, 227, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239, 241, 58, 62, 69, 110, 112, 127, 165, 175, 228, 241, 243–247, 249, 252–253, 255–256, 259–261, 292, 324, 337, 395, 399, 435, 438 263–264, 274, 277, 279, 281, 283, 301, 303, Ghodoberi, 150–151 305, 308–309, 311, 313, 316, 321–323, Gilaki, 79 335–336, 338–339, 343–346, 348, 352–354, Gondi, 25, 88 359, 362–364, 366–367, 369–370, 373–374, Gothic, 44–45 377–378, 380, 382, 384, 390, 393, 398, Greek, 16–18, 20, 27, 44, 51–52, 54, 59, 72, 75, 427–429, 431–434, 436, 438–439, 444–447 77, 112, 124, 146, 175, 185, 264, 292, 297, Erzya Mordvin, 99, 202 300, 335, 422, 447 Esperanto, 435, 438 Guajajara, 99 Estonian, 52, 71, 99, 110–111, 115–116, 199, Guaraní, 99, 213, 362, 389, 393–394 201, 386 Gujarati, 78, 82 Even, 129 Gurindji Kriol, 346 Evenki, 129, 137, 306, 410 Gurrgoni, 25 Éwé, 224, 232, 388 Eyak, 365 Hadza, 155, 235, 437 Haida, 365 Faroese, 47 Halkomelem, 374 Farsi, 55, 77–78, 156, 171 Hanunó’o, 299–300, 382 Favorlang, 296 Harari, 193 Fijian, 2, 100, 102, 226, 295, 300–301, 304–305 Hausa, 185–186, 189, 203, 213, 244–246, 276, Finnish, 16, 58, 70–71, 99, 110–116, 119, 347, 438 121–122, 126, 131, 140–141, 238, 386, 438 Hawaiian, 19, 175, 287, 294–295, 300–306, 331, Flemish, 6, 8, 47, 58 380, 413, 438 Forest Nenets, 119 Hebrew, 16, 49, 69, 135, 185–187, 189–191, 193, Franco-Provençal, 47 196, 198–200, 207, 211, 214, 260, 348, 390, 395, 429, 435

474 Index of Languages

Heiltsuk-Oowekyala, 375 Japanese Sign Language, 430 Hindi, 22, 26, 32, 43, 55, 75–77, 81–82, 84–87, Javanese, 297 89, 92, 94–96, 98–100, 102, 104–105, 163, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, 190 168, 275, 399, 410, 438 Jin Chinese, 252 Hindustani. See Hindi; Urdu Ju|’hoan, 234, 235, 237, 238, 245 Hittite, 55 Judeo-Arabic, 191 Hixkaryana, 49, 437, 439 Judeo-Persian, 191 Hmong, 269, 422 Judeo-Spanish, 67–69, 191, 240 Hoanya, 296 Judeo-Tat, 92, 171 Hopi, 370 Judezmo. See Judeo-Spanish Hua, 331 Juhuri. See Judeo-Tat Huallaga (Huanuco) Quechua, 175 Jula, 244 Huichol, 370 Hungarian, 16–17, 58, 60, 71, 109–118, 126, Kaapor, 394 140–142, 256 Kabardian, 152–154, 156, 169, 178, 207 Hunzib, 149 Kabuverdianu, 244 Hupa, 377–379 Kabyle, 189, 203–205 Huron, 367 Kalaallisut, 372 Kalenjin, 220, 223–224 Ibibio, 243, 245 Kalmyk, 130 Icelandic, 47, 322–323, 434 Kanakanabu, 296 Idoma, 245 Kanembu, 219 Igbo, 224, 226, 245 Kannada, 75, 87–88 Ijo, 224 Kanum, 347–348 Ilocano, 298 Kanuri, 219–220 Imbabura Quechua, 392, 403 Karachai-Balkar, 157 Indonesian, 31–32, 192, 217, 291–292, Karachay-Balkar. See Karachai-Balkar 298, 304–305, 316, 318, 325, 329, Karaim, 124 331, 347 Karakalpak, 124 Ingush, 149, 157–158, 306 Karata, 150 Inuit, 32, 372–373 Karelian, 120 Inuktitut, 372, 398 Karkin, 377 Inupiaq, 372–373 Karuk, 377–379 Inupiatun, 372 Kashkay, 124 Irish, 16–18, 20, 28, 40, 49–50, 112, 259, 348 Kashmiri, 82, 85–86, 95, 99, 106, 388 Irish Gaelic, 28, 50 Kashubian, 52 Isan, 266, 269 Kato, 377 Israeli Sign Language, 429 Kavalan, 296, 305–306 Italian, 6, 16, 18, 27, 32, 37, 40, 47, 49, 55, 61, Kazakh, 123–124, 127 67, 73, 206–208, 348, 410, 430 Kenzi, 220 Italian Sign Language, 430 Kéo, 300 Itelmen, 24, 132–133, 155, 438 Kerek, 132–133 Itik, 25 Ket, 129–131, 135, 347 Ketagalan, 296 Jakaltek, 347–348 Kewa, 333, 335, 354 Japanese, 32, 48, 84, 99–100, 102, 175, 249–251, Khakas, 123 258, 270–273, 275, 283, 301, 308, 332, Khalaj, 128 362–364, 386, 409, 411–413, 421, 427, 430, Khams Tibetan, 253, 258 438, 442 Khanty, 116–117, 202

Index of Languages 475

Khasi, 91 Latin, 15–18, 20, 26–27, 44–45, 47–48, 52, 56, Khinalug, 149, 151 59, 61–64, 67–68, 72–73, 75, 77, 85, 112, Khmer, 91, 213, 258, 261–263, 265–266, 269, 134, 192, 203–204, 206, 209, 211–212, 228, 347 256, 260, 263–264, 274, 292, 335, 390, 394, Khoekhoe, 234, 306 410, 414 Khotanese, 79 Latvian, 33–34, 52, 110 Khowar, 93 Laz, 147, 163 Khvarshi, 149, 151 Lezgian, 126, 136, 149, 151, 157, 159, 161, 177, Kichaga, 202, 225 275 Kikuyu, 348 Light Warlpiri, 32, 345 Kinyarwanda, 225, 232, 243 Lillooet, 374 Kirundi, 231, 243 Limburgian-Ripuarian, 25 Klamath, 175, 378 Lingala, 244 Klingon, 436–438 Lishana Deni, 25 Kolyma Yukaghir, 129, 137–139, 145, 347 Lithuanian, 16, 21, 52, 69, 277, 435 Komi, 99, 114, 116, 120 Livonian, 34, 65 Konkani, 82, 85, 95 Lombard, 25 Korana, 235–236 Low Saxon, 25 Korean, 84, 100, 250–251, 258, 270–273, Lowland/Oaxaca Chontal, 385 280–281, 308, 409, 411–412, 414, 423, 442 Luganda, 228 Koreguaje, 99 Luiseño, 370 Korku, 91, 265 Lunanakha, 253 Koro, 92 Lunda, 232 Koryak, 132–133, 135–136, 369 Luo, 220–223 Koyra Chiini, 221 Luvale, 232 Koyraboro Senni, 221, 347 Luwian, 55 Kpelle, 225–226, 232 Luxembourgish, 47 Krio, 244 Lycian, 55 Kriol, 32, 346 Kryz, 149 Ma’anyan, 316 Kuikúro, 391 Maasai, 221–224 Kuku-Yalanji, 99 Macedonian, 9, 52, 54, 447 Kuman, 335 Macushi, 391 Kumyk, 123 Madurese, 298, 304 Kunigama, 270 Magi, 334 Kurdish, 25, 79, 81, 99, 151 Magori, 334 Kurukh, 88 Maipure, 100, 389 Kusunda, 274–275 Maisin, 334 Kuy, 88 Maithili, 82 Kwadi, 235 Majang, 222 Kwakiutl, 375 Makatao, 296 Kyrgyz, 123–124, 127 Makhuwa, 202 Malagasy, 49, 218, 274, 292, 294–295, 302, Ladakhi, 258, 306 304–308, 310–316, 318, 321–323, 347, 439 Ladino. See Judeo-Spanish Malay, 16, 258, 266, 292–293, 295, 298, 301–302, Lak, 149, 158 314, 316, 337 Lakota, 362, 370–371, 402 Malayalam, 75, 87–90, 201 Lamkang, 31 Maldivian, 226 Lao, 258, 265–267, 269 Malecite-Passamaquoddy, 366

476 Index of Languages

Maltese, 45, 61, 182, 206–208, 213, 316 Murrinhpatha, 32 Managalasi, 357 Musan, 331 Manchu, 129, 410–411, 415 Muskogee, 369 Mandan, 370 Mandarin Chinese. See Chinese Nǀu, 235–236 Manipuri, 91, 371 Na’vi, 436–438 Mansi, 116–117 Naasioi, 331 Manx, 45, 50 Nadëb, 389, 394 Maori, 2, 19–20, 31, 120, 287, 294–295, 300–302, Nahuatl, 369–370, 378, 381 304–305, 413 Nake, 326 Mapudungun, 369 Nàmá, 234, 236, 240 Marathi, 76, 78, 82, 87 Nanabin Sign Language, 433 Marquesan, 304 Nanai, 130, 411 Marwari, 81 Naro, 235 Massachusett, 366 Navajo, 174, 360, 362–365, 367, 370, Mattole, 377 381, 401 Mazanderani, 79 Ndebele, 244 Media Lengua, 346 Nepali, 81, 85–86, 275 Mednyj Aleut, 346 New Zealand Sign Language, 434 Mehri, 193 Nez Perce, 376 Meitei, 253 Ngadha, 300 Melpa, 330 Ngambai, 223 Menominee, 366 Nganasan, 119, 122 Merya, 108, 118 Ngbandi, 244 Meshchera, 108, 118 Nicaraguan Sign Language, 425 Meskwaki, 362, 366 Nigerian Pidgin, 244 Miami-Illinois, 366 Nihali, 274 Michif, 346 Niuean, 49, 306 Midob, 222–223 Nivkh, 130, 132, 135, 137, 347, 418–419, 423 Mien, 269, 422 Nobiin, 220–221, 223 Min Nan Chinese. See Chinese Nogai, 157 Mindiri, 326 Nootka, 174, 375 Mingrelian, 147, 163 Northern Tepehuan, 99 Mixtec, 383 Norwegian, 6–7, 12–13, 32, 47, 70, 288, 316, 335 Mlahsö, 190 Nubi, 244 Mogholi, 130 Nunggubuyu, 369 Mohawk, 31, 362, 367, 441 Nyawaygi, 342 Mokilese, 304 Nyikina, 355–356 Mon, 91, 261–262, 265–266, 269 Nyulnyul, 355–356 Mongolian, 130–131, 175, 258, 408, 411, 415 Montagnais, 400 Occitan, 47, 328 Montenegrin, 6, 22, 52 Odia, 78, 82, 86 Mordvin, 110–111, 116 Ojibway. See Ojibwe Morisyen, 244 Ojibwe, 366 Moroccan Spoken Arabic, 191 Okinawan, 270, 273 Motu, 307 Old Church Slavonic, 52 Mundari, 91, 261, 265, 306 Old French Sign Language, 434 Mura, 331 Old Norse, 11, 47, 209, 414 Murom, 108, 110, 118 Omaha, 370

Index of Languages 477

Oneida, 367 Proto-Niger-Congo, 232 Onondaga, 367 Proto-North-Germanic, 414, See Old Norse Oriya. See Odia Proto-Pama-Nyungan, 326 Oromo, 186 Proto-Samoyedic, 122 Oroqen, 129 Proto-Semitic, 415 Oscan, 45 Proto-Slavic, 26, 52 Ossetian, 79–80, 169–170, 200, 398 Proto-Tibeto-Burman, 421 Ossetic. See Ossetian Proto-Tukanoan, 389 Otomi, 383 Proto-Uralic, 58, 122, 415, 417 Proto-West-Germanic, 11, 47 Paiwan, 296, 302, 305–306 Proto‑Yeniseian, 421 Pali, 81 Provençal, 25 Panare, 391, 437 Puari, 331 Pangasinan, 298 Punjabi, 76, 78, 82, 85 Papora, 296 Puyuma, 296, 305–306 Pashto, 78–79, 81, 169–170 Paumarí, 389 Quebec Sign Language, 434 Pazih, 296, 307 Quechua, 155, 346, 392–393, 398, 403, 437 Pedi, 244 Pemon, 391 Rajasthani, 81 Persian. See Farsi Rangpuri, 82 Phoenician, 185, 190 Rapanui, 276, 287, 294–295, 300–302, 304–305, Phrygian, 59 439 Picard, 25 Rarotongan, 295, 301, 332 Pirahã, 4, 31, 382, 394–395, 398–399 Rawo, 331 Pitta-Pitta, 357 Republic of Ireland Sign Language, 434 Polabian, 45, 52 Romani, 25, 43, 54–55, 75, 82, 85 Polish, 32, 37–39, 52–53, 69, 72–73, 110 Romanian, 17, 27, 47–49, 54, 110, 447 Portuguese, 9, 26–27, 47, 73, 94, 241, 243–244, Romansch, 6 265, 359, 395–396 Rongga, 300 Powhatan, 2, 366 Rotokas, 331 Proto‑Afroasiatic, 183, 187, 415, 417 Rotuman, 175, 295, 301 Proto-Algonquian, 400 Rukai, 296, 305–306 Proto-Altaic, 410, 417 Russian, xv, 2–3, 7, 9, 13–14, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26, Proto-Australian, 277 31–35, 37, 40, 52–53, 55–56, 59–60, 69, Proto-Austronesian, 292–293, 412 72–73, 84, 98, 102, 108–110, 114, 116, Proto-Berber, 204, 415 118–123, 127–130, 132–133, 147, 149–152, Proto‑Celtic, 50, 59 154, 156–157, 159, 161, 169–170, 172, 175, Proto-Cushitic, 415 217, 223, 228, 260–261, 274, 276–278, 302, Proto‑Dravidian, 277, 417–418 309, 311, 324, 335, 346, 348, 353, 369, 382, Proto-Finno-Ugric, 278 397, 421, 428, 435, 438–439 Proto-Germanic, 11, 13, 26, 59, 279 Rusyn, 9, 52 Proto-Indo-Aryan, 59 Rutul, 149 Proto-Indo-European, 11, 20–21, 55, 58, 71, 277, 335, 414, 417 Saami, 66, 70, 99, 114, 116, 119–120, 388 Proto-Iranian, 59 Saaroa, 296 Proto-Italic, 59 Sabellic, 45 Proto-Kartvelian, 417 Sacapultec, 174 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, 294, 297, 314 Saclan, 377

478 Index of Languages

Saisiyat, 296, 307 Spanish, 9, 15, 17, 23–24, 26–27, 47, 55–56, Sakha, 2, 123, 137, 275 60–62, 67–69, 73, 100–102, 114, 127, Sakizaya, 296 163, 198, 199, 201, 206, 208, 212, 228, Salar, 128 240–241, 243, 259, 261, 268, 346, 348, 359, Samaritan Aramaic, 190 369, 378, 381, 387, 391–392, 394, 434, Samoan, 19–20, 31, 175, 295, 301–302, 306 438–439 Sandawe, 155, 235, 437 Spanish Sign Language, 434 Sango, 243–244 Spokane, 374 Sanskrit, 16, 21, 44, 72, 75–77, 81, 83–84, 88, St’át’imcets, 374–375 297, 316, 335, 410 Sumerian, 190, 213, 421–422 Santali, 91, 261–262 Sundanese, 298, 304, 306, 347 Sardinian, 27, 47 Svan, 147, 150, 163 Sarmathian, 59 Swahili, 23, 33, 213, 224–226, 228–232, 234, Scots, 5, 47 242–243, 246, 430, 438 Scottish Gaelic, 31, 50 Swazi, 244 Seediq, 296, 306–307 Swedish, 6, 12–13, 16, 18, 32, 47, 70, 110, 228, Selkup, 119, 122 359, 426 Seneka, 367 Swedish Sign Language, 426 Serbian, 6, 9, 22, 52–54, 92 Syriac, 52, 190, 192 Serbo-Croatian. See Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Seroa, 235 Tabasaran, 149, 151, 439 Seselwa Creole French, 244 Tachelhit. See Shilha Sesotho, 228 Tadaksahak, 221 Shanghainese, 252, 258, See Chinese Tagalog, 93, 295, 298, 302, 304–305, 308, 310, Shawnee, 366 312, 320, 413 Shehri, 193 Tahitian, 302 Shilha, 203 Taino, 387 Shona, 228, 244 Taivoan, 296 Shoshone, 370 Taiwan Sign Language, 430 Shuswap, 174 Taiwanese, 252, 307, See Chinese Sicilian, 25, 67, 207, 328 Tajik, 78, 99 Sidamo, 186 Takelma, 375 Sindhi, 78, 82 Talysh, 79, 149, 169, 171–172 Sinhalese, 81, 85–86, 95, 226 Tamasheq, 203 Siraya, 296 Tamazight, 205 Siuslaw, 375 Tamil, 75, 81, 87–88, 90 Siwa, 203 Taokas, 296 Siwai, 331 Tapieté, 99 Slovak, 52–53 Tarahumara, 370, 381 Slovenian, 9, 52 Tariﬁt, 203, 205 Sogdian, 79 Tashawit, 203 Somali, 33, 186 Tasmanian, 326, 329, 424 Songhay, 203, 247 Tat, 56, 79, 92, 149, 169, 171–172 Soqotri, 193 Tatar, 123, 125, 143–144, 157, 356, 398 Sora, 369 Tboli, 382 Sorbian, 52 Tebul Sign Language, 433 Sotho, 244 Telugu, 75, 87–89, 95–100, 102 South Italian, 25 Ter-Saami, 66 Southern Tiwa, 369 Thai, 258, 261, 265–269, 347, 421

Index of Languages 479

Thao, 294, 296, 301, 305, 307, 314 Ute, 370 Tigré, 99, 193 Uyghur, 59, 123–127 Tigrinya, 99, 190, 193 Uzbek, 123–126, 275, 316 Tillamook, 374 Tindi, 150 Vai, 243 Tiriyó, 391 Valman, 388 Tlingit, 362, 365 Vanimo, 331 Tocharian, 21, 45, 55, 59 Vasavi, 381 Tofa, 123 Venda, 244 Tohono O’odham, 370 Venetan, 25, 328 Tok Pisin, 336–339, 346 Veps, 109, 120 Tolai, 337 Vietnamese, 32, 49, 91, 213, 250–251, 258, Tolowa, 377 261–264, 267, 269, 347 Tongan, 2, 19–20, 31, 287, 295, 301, 303, Votic, 66, 116 306 Tripuri, 91 Wakhi, 93 Tsakhur, 34, 149, 151, 179–180, 228 Walloon, 6 Tsez, 162 Wappo, 377, 399 Tsonga, 244 Warapu, 331 Tsou, 296, 306 Waray, 388 Tswana, 244 Warlpiri, 32, 342, 344–345, 382 Tulu, 88 Warrwa, 355–356 Tundra Nenets, 119 Welsh, 50, 335 Tundra, or Northern, Yukaghir, 129 Western Dani, 330 Turkish, 16, 45, 48, 54, 61, 68, 71, 95, 98, 102, Western Neo-Aramaic, 192 110, 114, 123–127, 136–137, 146–147, 157, Wichita, 174, 369 174, 182, 199–200, 276, 390, 410, 415, 438, Wiyot, 174, 377 442 Wolaytta, 186 Turkmen, 123–125, 147 Wolof, 224, 232 Tuva, 124, 151 Wu Chinese. See Chinese Tuvalu, 295, 301 Wutung, 331 Tuvan, 123 Tuyuca, 136 Xavánte, 394 Tzeltal, 384 Xhosa, 225, 244–245, 275 Tzotzil, 383–384, 402 Xiri, 235 Tzutujil, 402 Yaghnobi, 169 Ubykh, 65, 154, 275 Yakut. See Sakha Udege, 122, 130, 145 Yaqui, 370 Udi, 149–150, 157 Yazgulyam, 103 Udmurt, 100, 102 Yiddish, 5, 25, 47, 69–70, 191, 435 Ukrainian, 7, 9, 33, 37–39, 52, 69, 72–73, 109 Yidin, 341–342 Umbrian, 45 Yimas, 332–333, 335, 354, 356 Upper Guinea Crioulo, 244 Yokuts, 376 Uradhi, 175, 357 Yoruba, 224, 232–233, 245 Urdu, 22, 77–78, 80–81, 92–93, 170 Yucatán Maya, 383 Urum, 124 Yucuna, 389 Usan, 332 Yue Chinese. See Chinese

480 Index of Languages

Yugur, 124 Zarma, 221, 223 Yupik, 274, 372 Zazaki, 25 Yurok, 377–379 Zenaga, 203 Zoogocho Zapotec, 359 Zaghawa, 219 Zoque, 362, 386, 389 Zande, 227 Zulu, 225, 244–245 Zapotec, 383 Zuni, 360

Index of Terms

Active agreement system, 371, 443 cognates, 9, 15–16, 52, 69, 72, 84, 112, 187, 254, adverb, 8, 11, 255, 322, 443 294, 301 Agent, 309, 311, 321, 353, 371, 443 comparative reconstruction, 14–15, 17, 21, 56, agglutinative, 90, 94, 113, 122, 126, 132, 135, 112, 254, 292, 319, 408, 420, 444 151, 158–159, 166–167, 170, 172, 177–178, consonants, 9–10, 15, 17, 20, 22, 38, 52–54, 84, 222, 226, 245, 247, 254, 265, 271, 275–278, 89, 93, 112, 128, 132, 147, 154–155, 159, 282, 321, 332–333, 341, 370, 381, 392–393, 165, 170, 196–197, 203, 214, 225–226, 408, 410–411, 441–443 237–239, 243, 258, 262, 279, 297, 302, alveolar ridge, 20, 89, 165, 236, 381, 443 304–305, 330, 332, 337, 341, 355, 366, 374, Anatolian hypothesis, 58 378, 383, 411–412, 432, 441, 443–448 applicative construction, 314, 443 affricate, 54, 436, 443, 446 Armenian Hypothesis, 58 alveolar, 20, 84, 89, 159, 165, 204, 226, auxiliary verb, 7, 122, 166, 343, 446 235–236, 245, 331, 337, 339, 378, 381, 385, 432, 436, 443 Bantu expansion, 234 click, 218, 226, 235–238, 444 Beneficiary, 311, 315, 443 dental, 89, 235–236, 331, 339, 444 bound morpheme, 278, 338, 443 doubly articulated stop, 218, 225–226, 444 case marking, 63–64, 71, 104, 114, 132, 158–159, ejective, 154–155, 159, 165, 169–170, 176, 163, 168, 172–174, 176, 179, 201–202, 210, 378, 385, 444 256, 265, 271, 313, 334, 341, 346, 348–350, fricative, 9–10, 20, 54, 112, 165, 204, 207, 214, 352, 374, 376, 383, 411, 448 294, 319, 373, 378, 381, 443, 445–446 absolutive, xviii, 64, 159, 163, 166–168, 170, implosive, 187, 226, 245, 445 173, 274, 351, 353–354, 373, 376, 383, labial, 84, 159, 245, 331, 337, 446 443–444, 448 lateral, 235–236, 363, 366, 378, 381, 432, 436, dative, xviii, 55, 63, 105, 122, 126, 166, 168, 446 170, 173, 212, 223, 276, 353, 439 palatal, 226, 236, 332, 341, 446 elative, 114–115, 162 prenasalized, 218, 226, 314, 332, 447 ergative, xviii, 64, 71, 86, 94, 105, 136, 151, retroflex, 89, 339, 447 158–159, 163, 166–168, 173, 176, 178–179, uvular, 159, 165, 179, 204, 270, 373–374, 448 274, 309, 333, 341–342, 348, 351, 353–354, velar, 93, 112, 159, 226, 319, 331, 337, 448 357, 371, 373–374, 376, 383, 403, 441, constructed languages, xvi, 5, 406, 434, 436 443–444, 447–448 contact, 2, 4, 13, 54, 58, 66, 68–70, 109, 121–122, genitive, xviii, 53, 55, 63, 80, 97–98, 100–101, 157, 162, 169, 182, 191, 203, 206, 213, 218, 104, 121–122, 152, 166, 170, 174, 200–202, 236, 249–251, 262, 291, 297, 307, 316, 327, 208, 210–211, 223, 274, 276, 439 334, 336–337, 355, 360, 377, 379, 395, 409, illative, 115, 162, 392 414, 432, 442, 447 inessive, 114–115, 162, 170 copula, 109, 283, 286, 444 nominative, xviii, 53, 63–64, 67, 71, 79, 85–86, creole, 240, 244, 336–337, 339, 346, 444 90, 121, 156, 166–168, 170, 178–179, 208, creolization, 336, 339, 444 221, 223, 271, 274, 276, 309, 342, 351–354, 357, 364, 370–371, 376, 392, 403, 411, 439, dependent-marking, 71, 172–173, 178, 282–283, 442, 446–447 321, 357, 402 classifier, xviii, 255, 262–263, 267, 391, 444 dialect continuum, 8–9, 54, 153, 340, 444

482 Index of Terms

Differential Object Marking, 80, 199, 444 numerals, 43, 48, 92, 95–97, 99, 110, 116–117, diglossia, 192, 444 176, 229, 255, 263, 268, 270, 294, 332, 339, DNA studies, 60, 62, 119, 169, 184, 216, 312 356, 379, 397–398, 412, 440, 444 vigesimal number system, 62, 94 evidentiality, 110, 127, 129, 136–137, 139, 176, 445 palatalization, 21, 155, 170, 447 ﬁeld linguistics, 28 parameter, 101, 261, 369, 410, 442 fusional morphology, 53, 71, 79, 103, 126, 170, parametric theory, 76, 101–102 172, 177–178, 245, 254, 275–277, 279, 282, participle, 10, 40, 48, 309, 447 321, 369, 439, 441, 445, 448 Patient, 309, 353, 371, 443, 447 phonotactic rules, 303, 447 gender, 68, 79, 90, 95, 113, 116, 127, 170, 173, Pidgin, 244, 336 176, 187–188, 197–198, 204, 209, 222, polysynthetic morphology, 32, 71, 131, 282, 228–230, 232, 265, 267–268, 306, 312, 333, 366–369, 374–375, 381, 408, 441, 447 392–393, 444–445 postposition, 70, 81, 98, 100, 102, 271, 273, 308, glottis, 155, 165, 385, 444 447 Great Vowel Shift, 27, 113, 240, 445 proto-language, 11, 19, 21, 45, 277, 293, 356, 410, 415, 421, 423, 447 head-marking, 71, 172–174, 178, 282–283, 321, 357, 402 reduplication, 294, 303–304, 312, 338, 447

inﬁxation, 305 serial verb construction, 233, 447 isogloss, 9 sign language, 425–427, 432, 434 isolate, 45, 61, 76, 93–94, 100, 132, 222, 235, split ergativity, 86, 168, 342, 349–350, 447 274, 377, 396, 409, 415, 421, 423, 446 Swadesh lists, 412–413 isolating, 71, 79, 103, 126, 172, 177–178, 226, 232, syllabary, 243, 367, 448 240, 245, 254–256, 259, 262, 265, 267, synthetic morphology. See Fusional morphology 269–271, 275–279, 282, 321, 360, 369, 441, 446 Theme. See Topic Kurgan hypothesis, 58 three-way case marking system, 376, 448 tonal languages, 93, 187, 219, 221, 225, 256–258, Language maps, xvi, 32–36, 62, 128–129, 213 262–263, 265, 267, 270, 330, 383, 441, larynx, 20, 155, 446–448 448 lenition, 19, 68, 258, 411, 446 lingua franca, 23, 81, 150, 191, 224, 280, 307, universal grammar, 274, 339, 395, 448 446–447 uvula, 159, 448 loanword, 16, 157, 197, 207, 209, 229, 303, 390, 446 V2. See Verb-Second Verb-Second, 8, 259, 323 Magyar migration, 118 vocal cords, 20, 155, 159, 165, 363, 381, modal, 12, 337, 446 445–446, 448 multiple argument agreement, 367–368, 446 vowel harmony, 113–114, 122, 126, 136, 222, 276, 410, 448 noun class, 173, 179, 222, 228–232, 314–315, 332–333, 341, 349–350, 356, 424, 441, 446 writing system, 164, 185, 203, 242, 251–252, noun incorporation, 131, 366, 368, 374, 446 264, 367, 373, 383