WH07_TE_ch10_s03_MOD_s.fm Page 338 Wednesday, March 7, 2007 2:59 PM Flag of Italy, 1833 Step-by-Step WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO SECTION Instruction 3 Stirrings of Nationalism After a failed revolution against Austrian rule in northern Objectives Italy, many rebels, fearing retribution, begged for funds to As you teach this section, keep students pay for safe passage to Spain. Giuseppe Mazzini (mat SEE focused on the following objectives to help nee), still a boy, described his reaction to the situation: them answer the Section Focus Question “ He (a rebel) held out a white handkerchief, merely say- and master core content. ing, For the refugees of Italy.’ My mother . dropped 3 some money into the handkerchief. That day was the ■ List the key obstacles to Italian unity. first in which a confused idea presented itself to my mind ■ Understand what roles Count Camillo . an idea that we Italians could and therefore ought to Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi played struggle for the liberty of our country. .” in the struggle for Italy. —Giuseppe Mazzini, Life and Writings Focus Question How did influential leaders help to create ■ Describe the challenges that faced the Giuseppe Mazzini, a unified Italy? new nation of Italy. around 1865 Unifying Italy Prepare to Read Objectives Although the people of the Italian peninsula spoke the same lan- Build Background Knowledge L3 • List the key obstacles to Italian unity. guage, they had not experienced political unity since Roman Ask students to recall the issues facing • Understand what roles Count Camillo Cavour times. By the early 1800s, though, Italian patriots—including the German states during unification. and Giuseppe Garibaldi played in the struggle Mazzini, who would become a revolutionary—were determined to Ask them to predict what kinds of issues for Italy. build a new, united Italy. As in Germany, unification was brought nationalist leaders in Italy would face as • Describe the challenges that faced the new about by the efforts of a strong state and furthered by a shrewd, they tried to unify their country. nation of Italy. ruthless politician—Count Camillo Cavour (kah VOOR). Terms, People, and Places L3 Set a Purpose Camillo Cavour Obstacles to Italian Unity ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection Giuseppe Garibaldi For centuries, Italy had been a battleground for ambitious foreign aloud or play the audio. anarchist and local princes. Frequent warfare and foreign rule had led peo- emigration ple to identify with local regions. The people of Florence consid- AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Stirrings of Nationalism ered themselves Tuscans, those of Venice Venetians, those of Naples Neapolitans, and so on. But as in Germany, the invasions Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence As you Ask What event is Mazzini describ- of Napoleon had sparked dreams of national unity. read, create a timeline showing the sequence of ing? (An Italian rebel was begging for The Congress of Vienna, however, ignored the nationalists who events from 1831 to 1871 that led to Italian money so that he could escape after a unification. hoped to end centuries of foreign rule and achieve unity. To Prince failed revolt against Austria.) Why was Metternich of Austria, the idea of a unified Italy was laughable. At Vienna, Austria took control of much of northern Italy, while Haps- this significant to him? (He saw this 1831 as a turning point when he realized Mazzini founds burg monarchs ruled various other Italian states. In the south, a that the Italians should be free from Young Italy. French Bourbon ruler was put in charge of Naples and Sicily. foreign rule.) In response, nationalists organized secret patriotic societies and 1830 1850 1870 focused their efforts on expelling Austrian forces from northern ■ Focus Point out the Section Focus Italy. Between 1820 and 1848, nationalist revolts exploded across Question and write it on the board. the region. Each time, Austria sent in troops to crush the rebels. Tell students to refer to this question as they read. (Answer appears with Section 3 Assessment answers.) Vocabulary Builder ■ Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use words from this section. Terms, People, and Places. Teaching Resources, Unit 3, p. 26; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 ■ Have students read this High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence section using the Guided Questioning constitute, p. 339 vt. to set up; establish strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, You need eleven players to constitute a soccer team. have them fill in the timeline with events that led to Italy’s unification. successor, p. 340 n. a person who succeeds another to an office or rank The senator decided not to run for reelection, and he campaigned for his Reading and Note Taking Study assistant to become his successor. Guide, p. 116 338 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe WH07MOD_se_CH10_s03_s.fmWH07_TE_ch10_s03_MOD_s.fm Page 339 Monday,Page 339 June Wednesday, 26, 2006 11:06 March AM 7, 2007 3:00 PM Mazzini Establishes Young Italy In the 1830s, the nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy. The goal of this secret society was Vocabulary Builder Teach “to constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation.” In 1849, constitute—(KAHN stuh toot) v. to set up; Mazzini helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome, but French establish forces soon toppled it. Like many other nationalists, Mazzini spent much Obstacles to Italian Unity of his life in exile, plotting and dreaming of a united Italy. Instruct L3 Nationalism Takes Root “Ideas grow quickly,” Mazzini once said, ■ Introduce: Vocabulary Builder “when watered by the blood of martyrs.” Although revolution had failed, Have students read the Vocabulary nationalist agitation had planted seeds for future harvests. Builder terms and definitions. Ask To nationalists like Mazzini, a united Italy made sense not only because students to predict how the word of geography, but also because of a common language and history. National- constitute might be used in the ists reminded Italians of the glories of ancient Rome and the medieval context of Italian unification. papacy. To others, unity made practical economic sense. It would end trade barriers among the Italian states and stimulate industry. ■ Teach Ask What was the geographi- cal and political situation in Italy What forces hindered Italian unity? in the early 1800s? (Italy was a patch- work of separate states, many under for- The Struggle for Italy eign control. Most Italians identified After 1848, leadership of the Risorgimento (ree sawr jee MEN toh), or primarily with their regions. However, Italian nationalist movement, passed to the kingdom of Sardinia, which Napoleon’s invasions had sparked a included Piedmont, Nice, and Savoy as well as the island of Sardinia. Its desire for national unity.) What argu- constitutional monarch, Victor Emmanuel II, hoped to join other states ments did nationalists like Mazzini to his own, thereby increasing his power. offer in support of national unity? (Italy was a single geographic unit and Cavour Becomes Prime Minister In 1852, Victor Emmanuel made its people had a shared language and Count Camillo Cavour his prime minister. Cavour came from a noble history.) family but favored liberal goals. He was a flexible, practical, crafty politi- cian, willing to use almost any means to achieve his goals. Like Bismarck ■ Analyzing the Visuals Refer stu- in Prussia, Cavour was a monarchist who believed in Realpolitik. dents to the image at the bottom of this Once in office, Cavour moved first to reform Sardinia’s economy. He page, of people celebrating the newly improved agriculture, had railroads built, and encouraged commerce by created Republic of Venice. Ask How supporting free trade. Cavour’s long-term goal, however, was to end Aus- are the people in this scene showing trian power in Italy and annex the provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. pride in their country? (by waving flags, celebrating their independence) How do scenes like these inspire nationalists? (They show that they have the support of the people.) Independent Practice Opposing Austrian Rule Biography To help students understand In March 1848, nationalists in Venice the role artists played in Italian national- took over the city’s arsenal and declared the establishment of the ism, have students read the biography Republic of Venice (left). Their success Giuseppe Verdi and complete the work- was short lived, however, as the sheet. republic was soon disbanded and Venice again fell under the rule of Teaching Resources, Unit 3, p. 29 Austria in 1849. The image above is a draft of a speech written by Camillo Cavour in 1861. Monitor Progress As students complete their timelines, cir- culate to make sure they are recording the correct sequence of events leading to Italian unification. For a completed ver- sion of the timeline, see Note Taking Transparencies, 153 Solutions for All Learners L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers To help students track the work of different Italian Use the following resources to help students acquire leaders, have them create a two-column chart, basic skills. Answer labeled Leader and Contribution. Have them include Adapted Reading and Note Taking the names Giuseppe Mazzini, Victor Emmanuel, Count Study Guide Due to warfare and foreign rule, many people Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. As they read, have ■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 116 thought of themselves not as Italians, but as them note the way that each person contributed to ■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 117 belonging to their region or city. Also, powerful the uniting of Italy. foreign rulers quickly crushed revolts. Chapter 10 Section 3 339 0338_wh09MODte_Ch10s3_s.fm Page 340 Wednesday, May 30, 2007 2:55 PM The Struggle for Italy L3 Intrigue With France In 1855, Sardinia, led by Cavour, joined Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean War.